Article(id=1311349987187974834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349919793905738, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509307, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758124800000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790579800649, onlineDateStr=2026-09-28, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790579800649, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790579800649, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790579800649, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311349919793905738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='12', pageStart='2113', pageEnd='2304', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790579784582, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790588408144, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1311386089701597565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349919793905738, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1311386089701597566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349919793905738, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2145, endPage=2152, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311349987380912819, articleId=1311349987187974834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Association between the proportion of elderly population and HIV/AIDS based on a Bayesian spatio-temporal model, columnId=1228016567443718970, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods Advances, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze how population aging affects HIV/AIDS incidence and mortality, and to explore the modifying role of socioeconomic factors in this association.

Methods

Data on reported HIV/AIDS incidence and mortality, demographic structure, and socioeconomic indicators were collected from 31 provinces in mainland China between 2004 and 2020. A Bayesian spatio-temporal model was constructed with the proportions of different age groups as key explanatory variables. Covariates included per capita gross domestic product (GDP), number of health institutions, population density, sex ratio, education leveland annual mean temperature. The modifying effects of socioeconomic indicators were also analyzed.

Results

At the national level, each 1% increase in the proportion of the population aged 0-14 years was associated with a 1.1% increase in the relative risk of HIV/AIDS mortality (95%CI: 1.001-1.021). Each 1% increase in the proportion of the population aged ≥65 years was associated with a 2.0% increase in the relative risk of HIV/AIDS incidence (95%CI: 1.006-1.033) and a 1.8% increase in the relative risk of HIV/AIDS mortality (95%CI: 1.004-1.033).The effect modification analysis showed that, across different strata of sex ratio and education level, population aging was significantly positively associated with HIV/AIDS incidence and mortality, while the linear trends of sex ratio and education level on incidence and mortality were not significant.

Conclusion

The progression of population aging increases the relative risk of HIV/AIDS incidence and mortality, and sex ratio and education level may partially modify the association between aging and HIV/AIDS.

, authors=Qiu-ping HUANG1, 2, Yu WANG1, Qi-lan WEN1, Guang-tai CHEN3, Zhi-cheng DU1, authorsList=Qiu-ping HUANG, Yu WANG, Qi-lan WEN, Guang-tai CHEN, Zhi-cheng DU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhi-cheng DU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311349989243183816, articleId=1311349987187974834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=基于贝叶斯时空模型的老龄人口占比与艾滋病关联研究, columnId=1228016567632462653, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=流行病与统计方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

本研究旨在分析人口老龄化对HIV/AIDS发病率及死亡率的影响,并探讨社会经济因素对人口老龄化与HIV/AIDS发病率、死亡率关联的修饰效应。

方法

收集中国大陆31个省区市2004—2020年报告的HIV/AIDS发病与死亡数据、人口结构及社会经济指标。构建以不同年龄段人口占比为主要解释变量的贝叶斯时空模型,校正因素包括人均国内生产总值(GDP)、医疗卫生机构数量、人口密度、性别比、受教育率和年平均气温,并分析社会经济指标的修饰效应。

结果

在全国层面,“0~14岁”人口比例每增加1%,HIV/AIDS死亡相对风险增加1.1%(95%CI:1.001~1.021);“≥65岁”人口比例每增加1%,HIV/AIDS发病相对风险增加2.0%(95%CI:1.006~1.033),死亡相对风险增加1.8%(95%CI:1.004~1.033)。修饰效应结果:在不同男女性别比和受教育率分层中,人口老龄化与HIV/AIDS发病率及死亡率均呈显著正向关联,但两者对发病率及死亡率的线性趋势均不显著。

结论

人口老龄化的进程提高了HIV/AIDS发病及死亡的相对风险,且男女性别比、受教育率可能在一定程度上调节老龄化与HIV/AIDS关联。

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黄秋萍(1994—),女,硕士在读,技师,研究方向:医学检验

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杜志成,E-mail:
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figureFileSmall=6whdBMgqML1zNIQUVHVUDg==, figureFileBig=vhXpjSbu+eF5wU4prkq96Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311349995937293049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349987187974834, language=CN, label=图5, caption=社会经济因素对人口老龄化—HIV/AIDS死亡率关联的修饰效应森林图, figureFileSmall=6whdBMgqML1zNIQUVHVUDg==, figureFileBig=vhXpjSbu+eF5wU4prkq96Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311349996012790522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349987187974834, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Global Moran I statistics for the proportions of three population age groups and HIV/AIDS incidence and mortality rates in 31 provincial-level administrative regions of mainland China, 2004-2020

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Year0~14岁15~64岁≥65岁HIV/AIDS发病率HIV/AIDS死亡率
20040.332a0.386a0.278a0.123b0.025a
20050.225a0.217a0.133a0.161a0.025b
20060.343a0.446a0.227a0.064b0.010b
20070.315a0.379a0.250a0.147b0.098b
20080.312a0.378a0.209a0.159a0.183a
20090.315a0.424a0.194a0.156a0.205b
20100.301a0.350a0.251a0.185a0.240b
20110.278a0.366a0.204a0.205a0.258b
20120.267a0.328a0.241a0.181a0.261b
20130.315a0.349a0.222a0.235a0.283b
20140.264a0.332a0.159a0.274a0.319a
20150.283a0.286a0.268a0.327a0.334a
20160.298a0.302a0.246a0.374a0.378a
20170.184a-0.026a0.222a0.340a0.467a
20180.154a0.122a0.210a0.371a0.385a
20190.068a0.043a0.249a0.391a0.463a
20200.336a0.307a0.346a0.497a0.508a
), ArticleFig(id=1311349996088287995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349987187974834, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2004—2020年中国大陆31个省区市三年龄段人口占比与HIV/AIDS发病率、死亡率全局莫兰系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Year0~14岁15~64岁≥65岁HIV/AIDS发病率HIV/AIDS死亡率
20040.332a0.386a0.278a0.123b0.025a
20050.225a0.217a0.133a0.161a0.025b
20060.343a0.446a0.227a0.064b0.010b
20070.315a0.379a0.250a0.147b0.098b
20080.312a0.378a0.209a0.159a0.183a
20090.315a0.424a0.194a0.156a0.205b
20100.301a0.350a0.251a0.185a0.240b
20110.278a0.366a0.204a0.205a0.258b
20120.267a0.328a0.241a0.181a0.261b
20130.315a0.349a0.222a0.235a0.283b
20140.264a0.332a0.159a0.274a0.319a
20150.283a0.286a0.268a0.327a0.334a
20160.298a0.302a0.246a0.374a0.378a
20170.184a-0.026a0.222a0.340a0.467a
20180.154a0.122a0.210a0.371a0.385a
20190.068a0.043a0.249a0.391a0.463a
20200.336a0.307a0.346a0.497a0.508a
), ArticleFig(id=1311349996197339900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349987187974834, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Regression coefficients from the Bayesian spatiotemporal model for 31 provincial-level administrative regions of mainland China, 2004-2020

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因变量自变量模型1
RR(95%CI)
模型2
RR(95%CI)
发病率Age0~141.006(1.001~1.011)1.003(0.994~1.011)
Age15~640.989(0.984~0.994)0.994(0.989~0.999)
Age65+1.019(1.003~1.034)1.020(1.006~1.033)
死亡率Age0~141.016(1.007~1.025)1.011(1.001~1.021)
Age15~640.982(0.976~0.988)0.987(0.982~0.992)
Age65+1.015(1.001~1.030)1.018(1.004~1.033)
), ArticleFig(id=1311349996260254461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349987187974834, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2004—2020年中国大陆31个省区市贝叶斯时空模型回归系数值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因变量自变量模型1
RR(95%CI)
模型2
RR(95%CI)
发病率Age0~141.006(1.001~1.011)1.003(0.994~1.011)
Age15~640.989(0.984~0.994)0.994(0.989~0.999)
Age65+1.019(1.003~1.034)1.020(1.006~1.033)
死亡率Age0~141.016(1.007~1.025)1.011(1.001~1.021)
Age15~640.982(0.976~0.988)0.987(0.982~0.992)
Age65+1.015(1.001~1.030)1.018(1.004~1.033)
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基于贝叶斯时空模型的老龄人口占比与艾滋病关联研究
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黄秋萍 1, 2 , 王钰 1 , 温绮岚 1 , 陈广泰 3 , 杜志成 1
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2026,53(12): 2145-2152
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现代预防医学 |流行病与统计方法 2026 , 53 (12) : 2145 -2152
基于贝叶斯时空模型的老龄人口占比与艾滋病关联研究
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黄秋萍1, 2, 王钰1, 温绮岚1, 陈广泰3, 杜志成1
作者信息
  • 1.中山大学公共卫生学院,广东 广州 510080
  • 2.中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院
  • 3.广东省卫生健康委员会事务中心
通讯作者:
杜志成,E-mail:
作者简介:

黄秋萍(1994—),女,硕士在读,技师,研究方向:医学检验

Association between the proportion of elderly population and HIV/AIDS based on a Bayesian spatio-temporal model
Qiu-ping HUANG1, 2, Yu WANG1, Qi-lan WEN1, Guang-tai CHEN3, Zhi-cheng DU1
Affiliations
  • School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509307
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目的

本研究旨在分析人口老龄化对HIV/AIDS发病率及死亡率的影响,并探讨社会经济因素对人口老龄化与HIV/AIDS发病率、死亡率关联的修饰效应。

方法

收集中国大陆31个省区市2004—2020年报告的HIV/AIDS发病与死亡数据、人口结构及社会经济指标。构建以不同年龄段人口占比为主要解释变量的贝叶斯时空模型,校正因素包括人均国内生产总值(GDP)、医疗卫生机构数量、人口密度、性别比、受教育率和年平均气温,并分析社会经济指标的修饰效应。

结果

在全国层面,“0~14岁”人口比例每增加1%,HIV/AIDS死亡相对风险增加1.1%(95%CI:1.001~1.021);“≥65岁”人口比例每增加1%,HIV/AIDS发病相对风险增加2.0%(95%CI:1.006~1.033),死亡相对风险增加1.8%(95%CI:1.004~1.033)。修饰效应结果:在不同男女性别比和受教育率分层中,人口老龄化与HIV/AIDS发病率及死亡率均呈显著正向关联,但两者对发病率及死亡率的线性趋势均不显著。

结论

人口老龄化的进程提高了HIV/AIDS发病及死亡的相对风险,且男女性别比、受教育率可能在一定程度上调节老龄化与HIV/AIDS关联。

贝叶斯时空模型  /  人口老龄化  /  艾滋病病毒/艾滋病
Objective

To analyze how population aging affects HIV/AIDS incidence and mortality, and to explore the modifying role of socioeconomic factors in this association.

Methods

Data on reported HIV/AIDS incidence and mortality, demographic structure, and socioeconomic indicators were collected from 31 provinces in mainland China between 2004 and 2020. A Bayesian spatio-temporal model was constructed with the proportions of different age groups as key explanatory variables. Covariates included per capita gross domestic product (GDP), number of health institutions, population density, sex ratio, education leveland annual mean temperature. The modifying effects of socioeconomic indicators were also analyzed.

Results

At the national level, each 1% increase in the proportion of the population aged 0-14 years was associated with a 1.1% increase in the relative risk of HIV/AIDS mortality (95%CI: 1.001-1.021). Each 1% increase in the proportion of the population aged ≥65 years was associated with a 2.0% increase in the relative risk of HIV/AIDS incidence (95%CI: 1.006-1.033) and a 1.8% increase in the relative risk of HIV/AIDS mortality (95%CI: 1.004-1.033).The effect modification analysis showed that, across different strata of sex ratio and education level, population aging was significantly positively associated with HIV/AIDS incidence and mortality, while the linear trends of sex ratio and education level on incidence and mortality were not significant.

Conclusion

The progression of population aging increases the relative risk of HIV/AIDS incidence and mortality, and sex ratio and education level may partially modify the association between aging and HIV/AIDS.

Bayesian spatio-temporal model  /  Population aging  /  HIV/AIDS
黄秋萍, 王钰, 温绮岚, 陈广泰, 杜志成. 基于贝叶斯时空模型的老龄人口占比与艾滋病关联研究. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (12) : 2145 -2152 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509307
Qiu-ping HUANG, Yu WANG, Qi-lan WEN, Guang-tai CHEN, Zhi-cheng DU. Association between the proportion of elderly population and HIV/AIDS based on a Bayesian spatio-temporal model[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (12) : 2145 -2152 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509307
随着中国人口老龄化加剧,65岁及以上人口已达1.9亿,占总人口13.5%,接近深度老龄化社会[1]。传统观点普遍认为性行为随年龄增长而减少,但仍有相当一部分老年人保持性活跃[2]。加之抗逆转录病毒治疗(ART)的普及和早期检测的强化,艾滋病流行病学特征呈现新的趋势[3],老年人群HIV感染率显著上升,HIV/AIDS感染者老龄化问题受到广泛关注[4]。
近年来,关于老年人群与艾滋病的研究逐渐增多,如Fu L等[5]采用估计年度百分比变化分析1990—2019年60~89岁人群HIV感染的全球、区域和国家负担,得出全球老年HIV负担呈总体下降,区域上升的格局;关明玥等[6]通过轨迹分析模型探讨我国2013—2021年≥60岁HIV感染者死亡情况及变化趋势,得出老年HIV感染者死亡密度受年龄影响较大,且主要集中于男性患者;金怡晨等[7]运用joinpoint回归分析我国2015—2022年≥60岁HIV感染者流行特征和变化趋势,得出老年HIV感染风险意识较差、不安全性行为多,感染风险高;Yuan F等[8]通过时空聚类分析四川省2008—2019年老年HIV/AIDS分布特征,得出老年人已成为四川HIV/AIDS流行的关键人群;Feng S等[9]基于四川省2004—2019年HIV/AIDS数据,构建整合年龄结构与性传播的动力学模型,证实老年群体在HIV传播中作用关键。
现有研究大多以老年HIV/AIDS患者为研究对象,较少从整体人口结构角度直接探讨人口老龄化程度与HIV/AIDS之间的关联,且缺乏对社会经济因素修饰效应的系统分析。此外,多数研究主要关注发病率,对死亡率的关注不足。因此,本研究利用贝叶斯时空模型探究人口老龄化对HIV/AIDS发病率和死亡率的影响,有研究表明HIV的传播和分布具有显著的时空异质性[10],一方面,中国艾滋病疫情在省级尺度上具有较强的空间依赖性,另一方面,同一地区连续年份的疾病风险并非相互独立,而是受到既往流行水平、防控措施持续性等因素的影响,表现出明显的时间依赖性。在上述背景下,若采用传统回归模型并假设观测值之间相互独立,可能低估参数不确定性,甚至导致回归系数估计偏倚。贝叶斯时空模型可以通过整合时间和空间的随机效应,对影响因素与疾病之间的关系进行更精准的估计[11]。
HIV/AIDS病例数据来源于公共卫生科学数据中心,基于我国法定传染病网络直报系统汇总,按照《HIV/AIDS病例报告网络直报工作指南》的病例标准进行报告。艾滋病病毒感染者(HIV):符合HIV抗体确认试验阳性判断标准,或符合HIV感染替代策略Ⅱ阳性判断标准。艾滋病病人(AIDS):(1)流行病学史同急性HIV感染。(2)以下任一临床表现:①原因不明的免疫功能低下;②持续原因不明的全身淋巴结肿大(淋巴结直径大于1cm);③慢性腹泻多于4~5次/日,3个月内体重下降大于10%;④合并有口腔链珠菌感染、卡氏肺囊虫肺炎、巨细胞病毒感染,弓型体病、隐球菌脑膜炎,进展迅速的活动性肺结核、皮肤粘膜的kaposi肉淋巴瘤等;⑤中青年患者出现痴呆症。(3)以下3项实验室检查:①抗HIV抗体阳性经确诊试验证实者;②CD4淋巴细胞总数小于200/mm3或200~500/mm3;③可找到合并感染的病原学或肿瘤的病理依据。
三个年龄段人口比例、各省人口总数、人均GDP、医疗卫生机构数、性别比、人口密度、年平均气温、受教育率等社会经济指标来源于《中国统计年鉴》,数据时间范围为2004—2020年,空间范围为中国大陆31个省区市。
采用折线图描述全国HIV/AIDS发病率及死亡率变化趋势;使用百分条图及Mann-Kendall(MK)趋势检验分析年龄结构变化;通过时空热图描述各省HIV/AIDS发病率及死亡率变化趋势;
空间自相关用于评估变量在地理空间上的聚集程度,包括全局和局部空间自相关(LISA)两类指标[12]。本研究采用全局Moran I指数评估HIV/AIDS发病率、死亡率及各年龄段人口比例的空间聚集性。当I<0且P<0.05时,表示存在负相关;当I>0且P<0.05时,表示存在正相关;I值越大,空间相关性越明显。检验水准α=0.05,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
首先采用Spearman相关分析检验三年龄段人口占比间的共线性。结果显示:“0~14岁”人口占比与“15~64岁”人口占比(ρ=-0.83,P<0.001)及“≥65岁”人口占比(ρ=-0.48,P<0.001)均呈显著负相关,提示存在多重共线性,故模型1分别以三年龄段人口占比为解释变量进行建模。其次,现有研究表明社会经济因素包括经济、医疗、教育、性别、气候等均对HIV/AIDS发病率与死亡率产生显著影响[13-15],因此本研究在模型2中控制了人均GDP、医疗资源、人口密度、性别比、教育水平和年平均气温等混杂因素,其中重点关注以“≥65岁”人口占比作为表征指标的人口老龄化对HIV/AIDS发病率及死亡率的影响。
最后,为进一步探究社会经济因素对人口老龄化与HIV/AIDS发病率和死亡率关联的修饰效应,我们进一步在贝叶斯时空模型中引入“≥65岁”人口占比与社会经济指标的交互项进行分析,具体指标包括人均GDP、医疗卫生机构数、男女性别比、人口密度、受教育率和年平均气温。社会经济指标按照四分位数分层,主要考虑该分组方法不依赖变量分布形式,能够在保证各组样本量相对均衡的同时,更好地反映社会经济水平由低至高的梯度变化。修饰效应结果以相对风险(RR)及其95%可信区间(CI)通过森林图进行可视化展示。最后,采用meta回归方法,对修饰效应中有统计学意义的指标进行趋势性检验,检验其RR值随分组顺序的线性变化趋势。
在本研究中我们假设第d省第t年HIV/AIDS病例数/死亡数服从泊松分布:
ydt表示第d省第t年报告的HIV/AIDS病例数/死亡数,edt表示第d省第t年预期的HIV/AIDS病例数/死亡数,θdt表示第d省第t年实际病例数/死亡数与预期病例数/死亡数之比,即疾病发病率/死亡率RR。贝叶斯时空模型建模如下:
其中β0为截距,Age表示年龄段人口占比,χi(i=2,3,4,5,6,7)表示混杂变量(人均GDP、医疗卫生机构数、男女性别比、人口密度、受教育率、年平均气温),β1和βk为对应变量的回归系数,log(population)表示对数化人口总数,为偏移量,ϕdt为空间-时间随机效应。为刻画时空相关性,设ϕt为第t年的空间效应向量,其满足一阶自回归结构(AR(1)):
其中,Q(W,ρs)为空间精度矩阵,基于Leroux条件自回归模型构建:
W为空间邻接矩阵(基于Queen邻接原则构建)。参数先验设定为:
贝叶斯时空模型的构建基于R 4.4.2,采用CARBayesST包(version 4.0)实现。模型收敛性以潜在尺度缩减因子(Potential Scale Reduction Factor, PSRF)评估,一般认为,当PSRF值接近1且小于1.1时模型为良好收敛,本研究所有参数的PSRF值范围为1.0~1.1;模型拟合效果用残差散点图评价,本研究拟合的模型绝大部分散点在0水平线上下随机分布,标准化残差超过±2的比例均小于2%,说明模型拟合较为稳定。参数估计采用马尔可夫链蒙特卡洛(Markov Chain Monte Carlo, MCMC)模拟方法实现,具体设置为总迭代2 000 000次,前400 000次作为预热,每隔200次保留一次样本,3条链并行采样,并启用MALA算法(Metropolis-adjusted Langevin algorithm)以加快收敛速度,固定效应回归系数β的先验均值与方差参考拟合的Quasi-Poisson广义线性模型(GLM)结果设定,从而有助于提高模型的收敛效率与后验有效样本量,其余参数均采用默认的弱信息先验,以体现对时间与空间结构的不确定性。
如图1所示,2004—2020年全国HIV/AIDS发病率由1.26/10万上升至10.76/10万,其中2004—2019年持续上升,2020年略有下降。HIV/AIDS死亡率由2004年的0.06/10万上升至2020年的2.62/10万,整体上升但增幅较缓。
图2及MK趋势检验结果显示,2004—2020年全国“≥65岁”人口比例显著上升(τ>0,P<0.05),“0~14岁”人口比例显著下降(τ<0,P<0.05),“15~64岁”人口比例变化不显著(P>0.05),表明我国老龄化程度持续加深,中年人口比例相对稳定。
图3结果显示,不同省份HIV/AIDS发病率和死亡率在时间维度上呈不同变化趋势,空间分布差异显著,风险较高区域主要集中在新疆、四川、重庆、贵州、云南和广西,并呈明显聚集分布。
表1全局空间自相关分析显示,2004—2020年中国大陆31个省区市三个年龄段人口占比与HIV/AIDS发病率和死亡率均呈现显著的全局空间自相关性(P<0.05),提示相关变量在地理空间上存在聚集分布特征。
本研究基于贝叶斯时空模型评估三个年龄段人口比例对HIV/AIDS发病率和死亡率的影响,模型1为基础模型,模型2校正人均GDP、医疗机构数、人口密度、性别比、受教育率和年平均温度等混杂因素,结果如表2所示,全国层面上,“0~14岁”人口每增加1%,HIV/AIDS死亡相对风险增加1.1%,“15~64岁”人口每增加1%,HIV/AIDS发病相对风险减少0.6%,死亡相对风险减少1.3%,“≥65岁”人口每增加1%,HIV/AIDS发病相对风险增加2%,死亡相对风险增加1.8%。
图4和图5结果显示,男女性别比和受教育率可能对人口老龄化—HIV/AIDS发病率、死亡率关联存在修饰效应。发病率方面,在男女性别比最低的Q1至最高的Q4区域,RR及95%CI依次为1.021(1.008~1.033)、1.019(1.006~1.032)、1.019(1.006~1.032)、1.027(1.014~1.041);在受教育率最低的Q1至最高的Q4区域,RR及95%CI依次为1.035(1.022~1.048)、1.035(1.020~1.050)、1.024(1.010~1.038)、1.023(1.010~1.037)。死亡率方面,在男女性别比最低的Q1至最高的Q4区域,RR及95%CI依次为1.021(1.009~1.034)、1.021(1.008~1.035)、1.021(1.007~1.035)、1.027(1.013~1.042);在受教育率最低的Q1至最高的Q4区域,RR及95%CI依次为1.045(1.028~1.063)、1.042(1.023~1.062)、1.030(1.012~1.048)、1.025(1.008~1.043)。
趋势性检验结果显示,男女性别比对发病率(Z=0.572 2,P=0.567 2)及死亡率(Z=0.550 2,P=0.582 2)的线性趋势均无统计学意义;受教育率对发病率的趋势检验未达统计学意义(Z=-1.506 0,P=0.132 1),对死亡率呈边缘显著的负向趋势(Z=-1.774 4,P=0.076 0)。
校正混杂因素后的模型显示,不同年龄段人口比例与HIV/AIDS发病率和死亡率在关联方向和效应强度上存在差异,其中“≥65岁”人口比例与两者均呈显著正向关联,且其正向效应幅度在三个年龄段中最为突出,提示在人口结构转型背景下,人口老龄化可能在推动HIV/AIDS发病及死亡负担上升中发挥更为关键的作用。
从潜在机制看,人口老龄化对HIV/AIDS疾病负担的影响可能通过生物学脆弱性、行为特征及疾病管理过程等多重路径共同作用。首先,随着年龄增长,老年人普遍存在免疫功能衰退和慢性炎症状态,包括CD4+T细胞功能下降、免疫应答减弱及炎症因子持续激活等,这种“免疫衰老”特征可能降低机体对HIV感染的防御能力,同时加快HIV向AIDS的进展,从而提高死亡风险[16-17]。其次,在行为和社会因素层面,部分老年人性活跃期延长且性观念相对开放,增加了HIV传播风险,此外,受到羞耻感和疾病污名化等因素影响,老年人普遍检测意愿较低,易出现检测延迟和干预不足,国外研究表明,年龄越大的患者在HIV感染确诊时CD4计数越低,部分已处于艾滋病晚期,进一步增加死亡风险[18-19]。最后,在疾病进展与治疗管理方面,老年人在感染HIV后更易受到慢性炎症及ART不良反应的叠加影响,罹患心血管疾病、恶性肿瘤等并发症的风险显著增加[20],在抗病毒治疗的过程中,免疫重建不良、药物不良反应、耐药及治疗依从性下降等问题更为常见,可能进一步加速疾病进展并提高死亡风险[21]。
相比之下,“0~14岁”及“15~64岁”人群的HIV/AIDS风险特征不同于老年人群。“0~14岁”人口比例与HIV/AIDS死亡风险的正向关联需谨慎解读,该年龄组并非HIV传播的主要高危人群,因此上述关联更可能反映母婴传播、家庭贫困、医疗服务质量与可及性、性健康认知与行为差异等间接因素对总体死亡风险的影响,而不宜被简单视为直接因果关系。“15~64岁”人群免疫功能和治疗依从性等相对较好,有利于早期发现感染并实施规范管理,从而对整体HIV/AIDS疾病负担形成一定的缓冲作用。基于上述分析,未来HIV防控策略应进一步加强老年人群的早期检测、规范化治疗和综合管理,针对老年HIV/AIDS患者的晚发现、多病共存及治疗依从性等问题,制定更加精准、连续的干预措施,以降低老龄化背景下HIV/AIDS的发病及死亡风险。
作为一种具有时空特征的传染病,HIV/AIDS流行受多种社会经济因素影响。本研究发现,在不同男女性别比和受教育率分层中,人口老龄化与HIV/AIDS发病率及死亡率均呈显著正向关联,提示老龄化效应在各分组中稳健存在。趋势性检验结果显示,男女性别比对发病率及死亡率的线性修饰作用不显著,而受教育率仅在死亡率中呈边缘显著的负向趋势,表明两者可能在一定程度上调节老龄化与HIV/AIDS关联,但跨组线性梯度有限。相比之下,其他社会经济变量各分组内老龄化效应多数未达到统计学显著性,表明其分组内效应不稳健,因此在讨论老龄化修饰作用时,男女性别比和受教育率可能具有一定的解释意义和潜在政策价值。
从人群结构与风险特征来看,男性为HIV高风险群体。既往研究表明[22],中国男性HIV/AIDS发病率、死亡率普遍高于女性,这既与男性人口基数较大有关,也与高危性行为和吸毒等风险行为在男性中更为常见有关,在老龄化背景下,这一性别差异在老年人群中同样存在,相较于老年女性绝经后性需求明显下降,部分老年男性仍保持性活跃状态且对HIV/AIDS风险认知不足,更易发生无保护的商业性行为[23],从而增加感染风险。此外,老年女性在ART治疗依从性和疗效方面普遍优于老年男性,使得老年男性HIV感染者的死亡风险受年龄影响更为明显[24],进一步放大了老龄化对HIV/AIDS死亡风险的影响。同理,低受教育率本身就是HIV/AIDS的重要风险因素,其通过影响健康信息获取、风险认知及行为形成发挥作用。在受教育率较低的地区,老年人获取HIV/AIDS防治知识的渠道有限,对传播途径和感染风险认知不足,部分老年人误以为无生育能力或绝经后无需采取防护措施,从而增加了感染风险[25],同时,健康素养不足也可能导致检测意识薄弱,部分老年患者在出现严重临床症状后才首次就医,延误ART启动并影响治疗效果,进一步加重HIV/AIDS的死亡负担。
综上所述,在人口老龄化背景下,HIV防控策略应重点关注老年男性及低教育水平地区的老年人群,并强化与现行公共卫生政策的衔接。一是将老年男性HIV主动检测纳入“老年人健康管理”项目,在知情同意下开展HIV抗体检测,建立“检测—转介—治疗”闭环管理,将相关指标纳入绩效考核。二是将低教育水平地区的老年HIV健康教育融入“健康乡村”建设,依托驻村工作队和村级服务平台,采用方言广播、案例教学等方式纠正认知误区。三是在重点地区推动卫健、民政等多部门协同,优先对丧偶、独居等高危老年男性开展主动筛查与干预,提高HIV检测覆盖率和治疗及时性。
本研究仍存在一定的局限性。首先,基于报告的HIV/AIDS监测数据可能存在一定程度的漏报,从而低估实际感染和死亡水平,未来研究可结合哨点监测或死亡登记等多源数据进行交叉验证;其次,本研究以省级行政单元为分析尺度,难以揭示省内不同地区的空间异质性,后续可在数据可及的前提下采用更精细的空间单元,构建多尺度空间模型;再次,尽管本研究已控制多项社会经济与人口学因素,但仍无法涵盖所有可能影响HIV/AIDS发病率和死亡率的潜在变量,结果可能存在偏倚,未来可进一步引入更多相关变量加以完善;最后为避免多重共线性问题,本研究分别将不同年龄段人口占比纳入模型进行分析,但无法控制其它年龄段占比可能引起的混杂问题,未来可考虑采用其它老龄化指标验证人口年龄结构对HIV/AIDS的影响。
本研究基于贝叶斯时空模型的分析结果表明,“≥65岁”人口比例的上升显著提高了HIV/AIDS发病及死亡的相对风险,且男女性别比和受教育率可能在一定程度上调节老龄化与HIV/AIDS关联。因此随着我国人口老龄化进程的持续加快,在老龄化程度较高的省份及其邻近区域,特别是男性人数较多且受教育率较低的地区,建议将艾滋病筛查常态化纳入老年群体健康管理体系,强化抗病毒治疗的可及性与依从性,完善老年感染者的长期健康管理服务。

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2026年第53卷第12期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202509307
  • 接收时间:2025-09-18
  • 首发时间:2026-09-28
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-18
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    1.中山大学公共卫生学院,广东 广州 510080
    2.中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院
    3.广东省卫生健康委员会事务中心

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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