Article(id=1311349835001852612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349802038821144, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507128, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752249600000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790579764366, onlineDateStr=2026-09-28, pubDate=1783612800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790579764366, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790579764366, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790579764366, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311349802038821144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2026', volume='53', issue='13', pageStart='2305', pageEnd='2496', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783612800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790579756507, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790588376143, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1311385955492258162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349802038821144, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1311385955496452467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1311349802038821144, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2312, endPage=2318, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311349835463226053, articleId=1311349835001852612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Nonlinear dose-response relationship between hair copper levels and abnormal fasting blood glucose among adults in Nyingchi, Xizang:a population-based cross-sectional study, columnId=1240413921954295836, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

The study aims to investigate the association between hair copper (Cu) levels and fasting blood glucose(FBG) in permanent residents of the Xizang Plateau region, thereby establishing a scientific basis for developing early prevention and control strategies against diabetes mellitus in high-altitude populations.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted among permanent residents of Nyingchi City, Xizang Autonomous Region. Data were collected through standardized questionnaires, physical examinations, and biochemical assessments, with hair copper concentrations quantified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Logistic regression models were constructed to determine the independent associations between copper levels and both elevated FBG and hyperglycemia status. Furthermore, restricted cubic spline (RCS) modeling was implemented to explore potential nonlinear dose-response relationships between hair copper concentrations and glycemic indices.

Results

A total of 456 participants were enrolled, stratified into three groups: 261 individuals with normal FBG, 137 with elevated FBG, and 58 with hyperglycemia. Logistic regression analysis revealed that, compared with the low copper level group (Q1), participants in the moderate copper level groups (Q2 and Q3) had a significantly reduced risk of elevated fasting blood glucose (Model 3: Q2: OR=0.50, 95% CI=0.25-0.98; Q3: OR=0.48, 95% CI=0.24-0.95). Regarding the risk of hyperglycemia, compared with the low copper level group (Q1), participants in the Q2 group had a significantly reduced risk of hyperglycemia (Model 2: Q2: OR=0.39, 95% CI=0.16-0.95), while no significant effects were observed for the Q3 and Q4 groups. RCS model further indicated a nonlinear association between hair copper concentration and the risk of elevated FBG (P for nonlinearity =0.010), whereas the nonlinear trend with hyperglycemia risk was not significant (P for nonlinearity =0.387). After combining participants with elevated FBG and hyperglycemia, the risk of abnormal fasting blood glucose showed a nonlinear trend with increasing hair copper concentration (P for nonlinearity =0.008).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that appropriate hair copper levels are significantly associated with a reduced risk of abnormal fasting blood glucose. However, this inverse association is abolished with copper excess, revealing a significant nonlinear relationship between hair copper concentration and the risk of abnormal fasting blood glucose.

, authors=Li-jun LIU, Yu-chan WANG, Yi-lin LI, Rui LI, Qi-yue LIU, Zhi-ying ZHANG, authorsList=Li-jun LIU, Yu-chan WANG, Yi-lin LI, Rui LI, Qi-yue LIU, Zhi-ying ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Li-jun LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311349838592176846, articleId=1311349835001852612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=西藏林芝地区成年人头发铜水平与空腹血糖异常的非线性剂量-反应关系——一项基于人群的横断面研究, columnId=1228016567632462653, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=流行病与统计方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨西藏高原地区常住居民头发微量元素铜与空腹血糖的关联性,为高原人群糖尿病早期防控提供科学依据。

方法

采用横断面研究设计,研究对象选自西藏自治区林芝市的常住居民。通过问卷调查、体格检查和生化指标检测收集数据,使用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,ICP-MS)测定头发铜含量。Logistic回归模型分析用于确定铜对空腹血糖升高及高血糖的独立风险影响。限制性立方样条(restricted cubic spline,RCS)模型来探索头发铜浓度和不同血糖水平之间的潜在非线性关联。

结果

共纳入456名受试者,包括空腹血糖正常人群261人、空腹血糖升高人群137人和高血糖人群58人。Logistic回归分析结果表明,以低铜水平组(Q1)为参照,中等铜水平组(Q2、Q3)的参与者,其空腹血糖升高的风险显著降低[模型3:(Q2)OR=0.50,95%CI=0.25~0.98;(Q3)OR= 0.48,95%CI=0.24~0.95]。对于高血糖风险,与低铜组(Q1)相比,Q2组的参与者其高血糖风险显著降低(模型2:OR= 0.39,95%CI=0.16~0.95),Q3、Q4组未观察到显著效应。RCS模型进一步揭示,头发铜含量与空腹血糖升高风险呈非线性趋势(P for nonlinearity=0.010),但与高血糖风险的非线性趋势不显著(P for nonlinearity=0.387)。在合并空腹血糖升高和高血糖人群后,其空腹血糖异常风险随着头发铜浓度的升高呈非线性趋势(P for nonlinearity=0.008)。

结论

本研究表明,适当的头发铜水平与空腹血糖异常风险降低显著相关,但铜过量时关联消失,且头发铜浓度与空腹血糖异常风险存在显著的非线性关系。

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刘丽军与王钰婵为共同第一作者

刘丽军(1979—),女,硕士,副教授,研究方向:高原医学、基础医学;

王钰婵(2001—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:基础医学;

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刘丽军,E-mail:
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注:*P<0.05; **P<0.01。

, figureFileSmall=i9fUA+abjy1kAGD0iRI/WA==, figureFileBig=SUBgJkmCoDnwAVpubcq3Wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311349849405092605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349835001852612, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Restricted cubic spline plot of hair copper concentration and elevated fasting blood glucose, figureFileSmall=/MS9Y8duldc1x5xUWUPmoQ==, figureFileBig=DssmqyJ2xtKP3jXQBltNSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311349849514144510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349835001852612, language=CN, label=图2, caption=头发铜浓度与空腹血糖升高的RCS图, figureFileSmall=/MS9Y8duldc1x5xUWUPmoQ==, figureFileBig=DssmqyJ2xtKP3jXQBltNSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311349849593836287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349835001852612, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Restricted cubic spline plot of hair copper concentration and hyperglycemia, figureFileSmall=XrY6K19NsO+DW/B+Xt+UFg==, figureFileBig=B4cA3dCEE+dqmiPOt/e3Sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311349849656750848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349835001852612, language=CN, label=图3, caption=头发铜浓度与高血糖的RCS图, figureFileSmall=XrY6K19NsO+DW/B+Xt+UFg==, figureFileBig=B4cA3dCEE+dqmiPOt/e3Sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311349849715471105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349835001852612, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Restricted cubic spline plot of hair copper concentration and abnormal fasting blood glucose, figureFileSmall=0fUAg26DzCfY6Ay0CL089Q==, figureFileBig=i18NgiMUjhwYN3WG/evIEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311349851334472450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349835001852612, language=CN, label=图4, caption=头发铜浓度与空腹血糖异常的RCS图, figureFileSmall=0fUAg26DzCfY6Ay0CL089Q==, figureFileBig=i18NgiMUjhwYN3WG/evIEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311349851418358531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349835001852612, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of clinical characteristics of permanent residents with different fasting blood glucose levels in Nyingchi, Xizang[n(%), M (P25, P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量血糖正常组空腹血糖升高组高血糖组P(升高 vs. 正常)值P(高血糖 vs. 正常)值P(高血糖 vs. 升高)值
人数261(57.24)137(30.04)58(12.72)
性别0.0650.7540.332
男82(31.40)31(22.60)17(29.30)
女179(68.60)106(77.40))41(70.70)
年龄(岁)47.00(37.00,56.50)47.00(38.00,57.50)51.00(42.00,57.25)0.8150.0660.129
民族<0.0010.0140.028
藏族207(79.30)136(99.30)54(93.10)
其他54(20.70)1(0.70)4(6.90)
身高(cm)158.00(151.50,165.00)159.00(154.00,166.50)160.50(151.75,169.00)0.1190.3960.903
体重(kg)61.00(53.00,71.00)65.00(55.50,74.00)67.50(55.00,78.25)0.0730.0310.326
身体质量指数(kg/m2)24.49(22.18,27.47)25.34(22.63,28.11)26.92(23.11,29.39)0.1700.0070.088
收缩压(mm Hg)121.00(109.00,136.00)123.00(112.00,138.50)127.50(113.75,143.75)0.3700.0940.322
舒张压(mm Hg)81.00(74.50,91.00)83.00(74.00,93.00)82.50(77.50,98.00)0.6520.2350.509
心率(次/min)74.00(68.00,82.00)74.00(65.00,83.00)81.00(70.75,90.00)0.989<0.0010.002
血氧饱和度(%)93.00(91.00,96.00)93.00(90.00,94.50)92.50(88.00,94.25)0.0570.1600.861
颈围(cm)33.00(31.00,35.00)32.00(31.00,35.00)34.00(31.00,37.00)0.7240.0700.064
胸围(cm)90.00(83.00,95.50)90.00(83.50,97.00)93.00(85.00,100.25)0.6430.0200.082
腰围(cm)83.00(76.00,90.50)83.00(73.50,94.00)88.50(80.00,98.00)0.6680.0020.019
臀围(cm)94.00(89.00,100.00)95.00(88.00,102.00)98.00(92.00,107.25)0.193<0.0010.048
腰臀比0.88(0.84,0.93)0.88(0.82,0.94)0.90(0.84,0.95)0.6900.3990.364
现住址<0.0010.0040.025
波密县192(73.60)135(98.50)53(91.4)
察隅县69(26.40)2(1.50)5(8.6)
是否受教育0.4780.5060.275
是116(44.40)66(48.20)23(39.7)
否145(55.60)71(51.80)35(60.3)
吸烟0.0080.3630.265
是39(14.90)8(5.80)6(10.3)
否222(85.10)129(94.20)52(89.7)
喝酒0.0190.0400.688
是80(30.70)27(19.70)10(17.2)
否181(69.30)110(80.30)48(82.8)
喝茶0.0050.2300.375
是207(79.30)124(90.50)50(86.2)
否54(20.70)13(9.50)8(13.8)
尿酸(μmol/L)272.00(226.50,313.00)262.00(230.50,304.50)303.50(258.75,334.25)0.6110.002<0.001
总胆固醇(mmol/L)3.98(3.32,4.86)3.99(3.36,4.68)4.55(3.56,5.16)0.4980.0360.008
甘油三酯(mmol/L)1.07(0.91,1.34)0.95(0.85,1.13)1.27(0.96,1.64)<0.0010.026<0.001
高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(mmol/L)1.79(1.51,2.15)2.00(1.64,2.29)1.87(1.50,2.28)0.0010.4640.145
低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(mmol/L)1.65(1.04,2.38)1.49(0.98,2.08)1.92(1.09,2.80)0.0740.2210.023
铜(μg/g)13.20(11.03,17.94)13.30(10.12,21.31)12.68(9.74,17.00)0.7290.1390.304
), ArticleFig(id=1311349851539993348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349835001852612, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

西藏林芝地区常住居民不同空腹血糖水平的临床资料比较[n(%),M(P25,P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量血糖正常组空腹血糖升高组高血糖组P(升高 vs. 正常)值P(高血糖 vs. 正常)值P(高血糖 vs. 升高)值
人数261(57.24)137(30.04)58(12.72)
性别0.0650.7540.332
男82(31.40)31(22.60)17(29.30)
女179(68.60)106(77.40))41(70.70)
年龄(岁)47.00(37.00,56.50)47.00(38.00,57.50)51.00(42.00,57.25)0.8150.0660.129
民族<0.0010.0140.028
藏族207(79.30)136(99.30)54(93.10)
其他54(20.70)1(0.70)4(6.90)
身高(cm)158.00(151.50,165.00)159.00(154.00,166.50)160.50(151.75,169.00)0.1190.3960.903
体重(kg)61.00(53.00,71.00)65.00(55.50,74.00)67.50(55.00,78.25)0.0730.0310.326
身体质量指数(kg/m2)24.49(22.18,27.47)25.34(22.63,28.11)26.92(23.11,29.39)0.1700.0070.088
收缩压(mm Hg)121.00(109.00,136.00)123.00(112.00,138.50)127.50(113.75,143.75)0.3700.0940.322
舒张压(mm Hg)81.00(74.50,91.00)83.00(74.00,93.00)82.50(77.50,98.00)0.6520.2350.509
心率(次/min)74.00(68.00,82.00)74.00(65.00,83.00)81.00(70.75,90.00)0.989<0.0010.002
血氧饱和度(%)93.00(91.00,96.00)93.00(90.00,94.50)92.50(88.00,94.25)0.0570.1600.861
颈围(cm)33.00(31.00,35.00)32.00(31.00,35.00)34.00(31.00,37.00)0.7240.0700.064
胸围(cm)90.00(83.00,95.50)90.00(83.50,97.00)93.00(85.00,100.25)0.6430.0200.082
腰围(cm)83.00(76.00,90.50)83.00(73.50,94.00)88.50(80.00,98.00)0.6680.0020.019
臀围(cm)94.00(89.00,100.00)95.00(88.00,102.00)98.00(92.00,107.25)0.193<0.0010.048
腰臀比0.88(0.84,0.93)0.88(0.82,0.94)0.90(0.84,0.95)0.6900.3990.364
现住址<0.0010.0040.025
波密县192(73.60)135(98.50)53(91.4)
察隅县69(26.40)2(1.50)5(8.6)
是否受教育0.4780.5060.275
是116(44.40)66(48.20)23(39.7)
否145(55.60)71(51.80)35(60.3)
吸烟0.0080.3630.265
是39(14.90)8(5.80)6(10.3)
否222(85.10)129(94.20)52(89.7)
喝酒0.0190.0400.688
是80(30.70)27(19.70)10(17.2)
否181(69.30)110(80.30)48(82.8)
喝茶0.0050.2300.375
是207(79.30)124(90.50)50(86.2)
否54(20.70)13(9.50)8(13.8)
尿酸(μmol/L)272.00(226.50,313.00)262.00(230.50,304.50)303.50(258.75,334.25)0.6110.002<0.001
总胆固醇(mmol/L)3.98(3.32,4.86)3.99(3.36,4.68)4.55(3.56,5.16)0.4980.0360.008
甘油三酯(mmol/L)1.07(0.91,1.34)0.95(0.85,1.13)1.27(0.96,1.64)<0.0010.026<0.001
高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(mmol/L)1.79(1.51,2.15)2.00(1.64,2.29)1.87(1.50,2.28)0.0010.4640.145
低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(mmol/L)1.65(1.04,2.38)1.49(0.98,2.08)1.92(1.09,2.80)0.0740.2210.023
铜(μg/g)13.20(11.03,17.94)13.30(10.12,21.31)12.68(9.74,17.00)0.7290.1390.304
), ArticleFig(id=1311349851665822469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349835001852612, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Association between hair copper levels and elevated fasting blood glucose and hyperglycemia among adults in Xizang

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量头发铜水平(μg/g)P for trend
Q1(≤10.58)
OR(95%CI)
Q2(10.59~13.20)
OR(95%CI)
Q3(13.21~18.27)
OR(95%CI)
Q4(≥18.27)
OR(95%CI)
样本量
空腹血糖正常组56766861
空腹血糖升高组39273041
Model 110.51 (0.28, 0.93)0.63 (0.35, 1.14)0.97 (0.55, 1.71)0.392
Model 210.50 (0.26, 0.97)0.50 (0.25, 0.96)0.82 (0.44, 1.55)0.779
Model 310.50 (0.25, 0.98)0.48 (0.24, 0.95)0.85 (0.45, 1.61)0.689
高血糖组19131412
Model 110.50 (0.23, 1.10)0.61 (0.28, 1.31)0.58 (0.25, 1.29)0.395
Model 210.39 (0.16, 0.95)0.61 (0.25, 1.46)0.58 (0.23, 1.42)0.537
Model 310.42 (0.16, 1.06)0.69 (0.28, 1.69)0.67 (0.26, 1.69)0.685
), ArticleFig(id=1311349851741319942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1311349835001852612, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

西藏成年人的头发铜水平与空腹血糖升高和高血糖的关联性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量头发铜水平(μg/g)P for trend
Q1(≤10.58)
OR(95%CI)
Q2(10.59~13.20)
OR(95%CI)
Q3(13.21~18.27)
OR(95%CI)
Q4(≥18.27)
OR(95%CI)
样本量
空腹血糖正常组56766861
空腹血糖升高组39273041
Model 110.51 (0.28, 0.93)0.63 (0.35, 1.14)0.97 (0.55, 1.71)0.392
Model 210.50 (0.26, 0.97)0.50 (0.25, 0.96)0.82 (0.44, 1.55)0.779
Model 310.50 (0.25, 0.98)0.48 (0.24, 0.95)0.85 (0.45, 1.61)0.689
高血糖组19131412
Model 110.50 (0.23, 1.10)0.61 (0.28, 1.31)0.58 (0.25, 1.29)0.395
Model 210.39 (0.16, 0.95)0.61 (0.25, 1.46)0.58 (0.23, 1.42)0.537
Model 310.42 (0.16, 1.06)0.69 (0.28, 1.69)0.67 (0.26, 1.69)0.685
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刘丽军 , 王钰婵 , 李依霖 , 李蕊 , 刘琪悦 , 张致英
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2026,53(13): 2312-2318
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现代预防医学 |流行病与统计方法 2026 , 53 (13) : 2312 -2318
西藏林芝地区成年人头发铜水平与空腹血糖异常的非线性剂量-反应关系——一项基于人群的横断面研究
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刘丽军 , 王钰婵, 李依霖, 李蕊, 刘琪悦, 张致英
作者信息
  • 西藏民族大学,陕西 咸阳 712082
通讯作者:
刘丽军,E-mail:
作者简介:

刘丽军与王钰婵为共同第一作者

刘丽军(1979—),女,硕士,副教授,研究方向:高原医学、基础医学;

王钰婵(2001—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:基础医学;

Nonlinear dose-response relationship between hair copper levels and abnormal fasting blood glucose among adults in Nyingchi, Xizang:a population-based cross-sectional study
Li-jun LIU , Yu-chan WANG, Yi-lin LI, Rui LI, Qi-yue LIU, Zhi-ying ZHANG
Affiliations
  • Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, China
出版时间: 2026-07-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507128
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目的

探讨西藏高原地区常住居民头发微量元素铜与空腹血糖的关联性,为高原人群糖尿病早期防控提供科学依据。

方法

采用横断面研究设计,研究对象选自西藏自治区林芝市的常住居民。通过问卷调查、体格检查和生化指标检测收集数据,使用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,ICP-MS)测定头发铜含量。Logistic回归模型分析用于确定铜对空腹血糖升高及高血糖的独立风险影响。限制性立方样条(restricted cubic spline,RCS)模型来探索头发铜浓度和不同血糖水平之间的潜在非线性关联。

结果

共纳入456名受试者,包括空腹血糖正常人群261人、空腹血糖升高人群137人和高血糖人群58人。Logistic回归分析结果表明,以低铜水平组(Q1)为参照,中等铜水平组(Q2、Q3)的参与者,其空腹血糖升高的风险显著降低[模型3:(Q2)OR=0.50,95%CI=0.25~0.98;(Q3)OR= 0.48,95%CI=0.24~0.95]。对于高血糖风险,与低铜组(Q1)相比,Q2组的参与者其高血糖风险显著降低(模型2:OR= 0.39,95%CI=0.16~0.95),Q3、Q4组未观察到显著效应。RCS模型进一步揭示,头发铜含量与空腹血糖升高风险呈非线性趋势(P for nonlinearity=0.010),但与高血糖风险的非线性趋势不显著(P for nonlinearity=0.387)。在合并空腹血糖升高和高血糖人群后,其空腹血糖异常风险随着头发铜浓度的升高呈非线性趋势(P for nonlinearity=0.008)。

结论

本研究表明,适当的头发铜水平与空腹血糖异常风险降低显著相关,但铜过量时关联消失,且头发铜浓度与空腹血糖异常风险存在显著的非线性关系。

糖代谢  /  铜  /  微量元素  /  西藏林芝地区  /  横断面研究
Objective

The study aims to investigate the association between hair copper (Cu) levels and fasting blood glucose(FBG) in permanent residents of the Xizang Plateau region, thereby establishing a scientific basis for developing early prevention and control strategies against diabetes mellitus in high-altitude populations.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted among permanent residents of Nyingchi City, Xizang Autonomous Region. Data were collected through standardized questionnaires, physical examinations, and biochemical assessments, with hair copper concentrations quantified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Logistic regression models were constructed to determine the independent associations between copper levels and both elevated FBG and hyperglycemia status. Furthermore, restricted cubic spline (RCS) modeling was implemented to explore potential nonlinear dose-response relationships between hair copper concentrations and glycemic indices.

Results

A total of 456 participants were enrolled, stratified into three groups: 261 individuals with normal FBG, 137 with elevated FBG, and 58 with hyperglycemia. Logistic regression analysis revealed that, compared with the low copper level group (Q1), participants in the moderate copper level groups (Q2 and Q3) had a significantly reduced risk of elevated fasting blood glucose (Model 3: Q2: OR=0.50, 95% CI=0.25-0.98; Q3: OR=0.48, 95% CI=0.24-0.95). Regarding the risk of hyperglycemia, compared with the low copper level group (Q1), participants in the Q2 group had a significantly reduced risk of hyperglycemia (Model 2: Q2: OR=0.39, 95% CI=0.16-0.95), while no significant effects were observed for the Q3 and Q4 groups. RCS model further indicated a nonlinear association between hair copper concentration and the risk of elevated FBG (P for nonlinearity =0.010), whereas the nonlinear trend with hyperglycemia risk was not significant (P for nonlinearity =0.387). After combining participants with elevated FBG and hyperglycemia, the risk of abnormal fasting blood glucose showed a nonlinear trend with increasing hair copper concentration (P for nonlinearity =0.008).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that appropriate hair copper levels are significantly associated with a reduced risk of abnormal fasting blood glucose. However, this inverse association is abolished with copper excess, revealing a significant nonlinear relationship between hair copper concentration and the risk of abnormal fasting blood glucose.

Glucose metabolism  /  Copper  /  Trace elements  /  Nyingchi, Xizang  /  Cross-sectional study
刘丽军, 王钰婵, 李依霖, 李蕊, 刘琪悦, 张致英. 西藏林芝地区成年人头发铜水平与空腹血糖异常的非线性剂量-反应关系——一项基于人群的横断面研究. 现代预防医学, 2026 , 53 (13) : 2312 -2318 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507128
Li-jun LIU, Yu-chan WANG, Yi-lin LI, Rui LI, Qi-yue LIU, Zhi-ying ZHANG. Nonlinear dose-response relationship between hair copper levels and abnormal fasting blood glucose among adults in Nyingchi, Xizang:a population-based cross-sectional study[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2026 , 53 (13) : 2312 -2318 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507128
糖尿病是一种全身系统性的慢性疾病,主要由胰岛素分泌缺陷或胰岛素生物活性受损引起,导致机体出现持续高血糖状态。糖尿病作为一种慢性非传染性疾病,已成为全球最重要的公共卫生问题之一。2022年全球估计有8.28亿成年人患有糖尿病,相比1990年大幅增加6.3亿[1]。预计到2050年,全球将有13.1亿糖尿病患者[2]。我国糖尿病患病总人数超过1.17亿,死亡人数超过17.8万,从糖尿病类型来看,2型糖尿病是我国糖尿病的主要负担[3]。糖尿病的发生机制是多因素、多环节的复杂过程,涉及遗传、环境、生活方式等多个方面。近年来,微量元素对糖尿病风险的影响越来越受到重视。铜是人体所必需的矿物质元素,参与机体红细胞生成、免疫功能、抗氧化应激损伤、能量产生、葡萄糖代谢和神经肽合成等生理过程。缺乏铜会损害重要的铜结合酶的功能,而过量的铜可能会导致细胞死亡[4]。大量研究发现,铜与多种慢性疾病患病风险升高有关,其中,铜对糖尿病的风险影响受到广泛关注。Kaiming Wu等[5]的研究发现,血清铜浓度与高血压患者罹患糖尿病的风险显著相关,这表明铜是糖尿病发病的一个重要风险因素。Zhixin Cui等[6]的研究结果表明,在中国高血压人群中,高水平的血浆铜浓度与糖尿病患病率增加相关。
虽然国内外已有研究探讨血清铜与糖尿病的关联,但研究结论尚不一致,且大多基于平原地区或高血压等特定人群。西藏地区平均海拔高、低氧环境独特,居民的膳食结构、生活方式及代谢特征与平原人群差异显著。然而,目前尚无研究报道西藏藏族人群中头发铜水平与空腹血糖异常的关系。因此,本研究将探讨该地区成人头发中铜含量与空腹血糖之间的相关性。通过关注这一特定人群,试图了解微量元素铜与空腹血糖之间的关系,为高原地区糖尿病的预防和治疗提供新的视角和策略。
本研究采用整群随机抽样方法,研究人群选自西藏自治区林芝市中两个县的常住居民(居住时间≥6个月)。样本量依据横断面研究公式n=Z21-α/2×P(1-P)/d2 计算。由于缺乏西藏林芝地区空腹血糖异常率的直接调查数据,本研究参考中国最新的全国性调查结果[7]进行保守估算。采用该预估空腹血糖异常率P=48%,设双侧α=0.05,Z1-α/2=1.96,容许误差d=0.05,计算得到最低所需样本量为384例。排除标准:年龄<18岁;严重精神障碍;经研究者评估不适合参与的异常实验室检查数据或临床表现;不愿意参与此研究。根据问卷信息,结合体格检查、生化指标等检测结果,最终确定了456例作为研究人群[排除:年龄<18岁(n=68);头发铜数据极值(n=3)],参与率86.5%。本研究经西藏民族大学医学院伦理专业委员会同意,伦理审批文件(201801),所有研究对象均签署知情同意书。
所有人体测量均由训练有素的检查人员使用标准化方法进行。身高、体重在穿着轻便服装和不穿鞋的情况下测量,身高、体重使用多功能身高体重秤(Meilen,MG002)测量,四围(颈围、胸围、腰围、臀围)使用卷尺(得力,79652)测量。采用指夹式脉搏血氧仪(艾润,YK-81C)检测指脉氧。采用臂式电子血压计(鱼跃,YE655D)测量血压和心率,测量血压时将合适尺寸的袖带置于裸露的左上臂中部,每隔1~2 min重复测量三次,记录收缩压(systolic blood pressure)和舒张压(diastolic blood pressure),取平均值,测量之前坐下并休息至少5 min。从肘前静脉收集早晨12 h空腹血样,将样品储存在-80℃冰箱中直至随后的实验室分析。采用8功能体检机(逸捷,MFA-1)检测空腹血糖、尿酸、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C)。头发铜可能受外部污染(如洗发剂、染发剂、职业暴露)影响,本研究通过以下措施降低干扰:用不锈钢剪刀取后枕部(贴近头皮1~3 cm段)头发至少0.1 g,放入无金属污染的聚乙烯塑料袋中,-20 ℃冷冻保存直至分析。采用电热板消解电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,ICP-MS)测定人头发中金属铜元素的含量。
糖代谢状态的诊断基于《中国糖尿病防治指南(2024版)》[8],按空腹血糖水平将参与者分为三组:正常血糖组(<6.1 mmol/L)、空腹血糖升高组(≥6.1 mmol/L且<7.0 mmol/L)和高血糖组(≥7.0 mmol/L)。
协变量包括社会人口学、行为和健康特征,这些特征被认为是潜在的混杂因素。社会人口学变量包括性别(男性和女性)、年龄、民族(藏族和其他)、现住址(波密县和察隅县)、受教育程度(未受教育者、受过教育者)。行为特征包括抽烟、饮酒、饮茶(均为是或否)。健康因素包括身高、体重、身体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)、收缩压、舒张压、心率、指脉氧、颈围、胸围、腰围、臀围、腰臀比、尿酸、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、HDL-C和LDL-C。
本研究使用SPSS 27.0和R 4.4.3软件确定头发铜含量与空腹血糖之间的关系。数据中多个变量呈偏态分布,因此数据统一按偏态分布处理。计量资料以中位数(P25,P75)表示,计数资料则以率或百分比[n(%)]表示,组间比较采用χ2检验和Mann-Whitney U检验。采用斯皮尔曼相关性分析探究变量间的关系,并生成了相关性矩阵图。相关性分析用于初步探索变量间的简单关联,识别与空腹血糖或头发铜水平相关的因素,为后续多变量模型调整潜在混杂因素提供参考。
在这项研究中,利用logistic回归分析了解头发铜水平(自变量)与空腹血糖升高和高血糖风险(因变量,以正常组为参照)关联的强度和方向,同时调整潜在的混杂因素。将头发铜水平按四分位数分为四组(Q1~Q4),并以Q1组为参照组进行分析。
此外,采用限制立方样条(restricted cubic splines,RCS)模型来探索头发铜水平与空腹血糖升高和高血糖风险之间潜在的非线性关系,最终通过完全调整的模型3中的RCS观察剂量反应关联。
本研究共纳入456名参与者,其中空腹血糖正常组261人、空腹血糖升高组137人和高血糖组58人。空腹血糖升高组与高血糖组藏族人群分别达99.30%和93.10%,占比显著高于正常组(P<0.05);饮酒比例在空腹血糖升高组和高血糖组,分别为19.70%、17.2%,均低于正常组的30.70%;抽烟比例在空腹血糖升高组为5.80%,低于正常组的14.9%;饮茶比例为90.5%,高于正常组的79.3%(P<0.05)。空腹血糖升高组与正常组相比,HDL-C显著升高(2.00 mmol/L vs. 1.79 mmol/L, P=0.001),而甘油三酯显著降低(0.95 mmol/L vs. 1.07 mmol/L, P<0.001)。高血糖组体重、BMI、心率、胸围、腰围、臀围、尿酸、总胆固醇及甘油三酯均显著高于正常组(P<0.05)。高血糖组与空腹血糖升高组相比,心率、腰围、臀围、尿酸、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、LDL-C显著高于空腹血糖升高组(P<0.05)。见表1。
斯皮尔曼相关性分析结果显示,空腹血糖与腰围(ρ=0.10, P<0.05)、臀围(ρ=0.15, P<0.01)、BMI(ρ=0.12, P<0.05)等变量呈正相关关系,与指脉氧(ρ=-0.17, P<0.01)、甘油三酯(ρ=-0.12, P<0.05)呈负相关关系。铜与年龄(ρ=-0.16, P<0.01)、腰围(ρ=-0.12, P<0.05)、臀围(ρ=-0.10, P<0.05)、BMI(ρ=-0.10, P<0.05)等变量呈显著负相关关系。相关性分析结果显示部分代谢指标与空腹血糖或头发铜水平相关。见图1。
为了进一步探究不同头发铜浓度水平与空腹血糖异常风险的关系,本研究以铜最低四分位数组(Q1)为参照,使用logistic回归模型分析了较高铜水平组(Q2~Q4)与空腹血糖升高及高血糖风险的关联。根据头发铜浓度,参与者被分为四组(Q1:≤10.58 μg/g、Q2:10.59~13.20 μg/g、Q3:13.21~18.27 μg/g、Q4:≥18.27 μg/g)。
以低铜组(Q1)为参照,对于空腹血糖升高风险,Q2组在模型1中表现出显著降低的风险(OR=0.51,95%CI: 0.28~0.93)。在模型2中,Q2、Q3组空腹血糖升高的风险 OR(95% CI)值分别为0.50(0.26~0.97)和0.50(0.25~0.96)。在模型3中,Q2、Q3组空腹血糖升高的风险 OR(95% CI)值分别为0.50(0.25~0.98)和0.48(0.24~0.95),Q4组在三个模型中均未观察到显著关联。对于高血糖风险,同样以Q1组为参照,Q2组在模型2中显示出风险显著降低(OR= 0.39,95% CI: 0.16~0.95),而Q3与Q4组在三个模型中均未观察到显著关联。趋势性检验分析在两组中亦未表现出显著线性关联(P>0.05)。见表2[所有OR值均以低铜水平组(Q1)为参照,表示不同铜水平组发生血糖异常的风险比]。
除此之外,本研究通过二元logistic回归模型检验了性别、年龄和BMI对头发铜与高血糖关系的潜在修饰作用。结果显示,所有交互项均无统计学意义(铜*性别:P=0.220;铜*年龄分组:P=0.280;铜*BMI分组:P=0.602)。
RCS回归模型进一步揭示了头发铜浓度与空腹血糖升高风险之间存在显著的非线性剂量-反应关系(P for nonlinearity = 0.010)。如图2所示,该曲线呈现L型趋势,当头发铜浓度低于约13 μg/g时,随着铜浓度的升高,空腹血糖升高的风险呈持续下降趋势;而当铜浓度超过该拐点后,风险下降趋于平缓,甚至略有回升。
对于高血糖风险,虽未观察到显著的非线性关系(P for nonlinearity = 0.387),但曲线仍呈现类似的下降后趋于平稳的趋势,见图3。在将空腹血糖升高与高血糖人群合并分析后,头发铜浓度与空腹血糖异常风险之间仍存在显著非线性关系(P for nonlinearity = 0.008),曲线形态同样呈现L型,拐点位于约13.0~14.0 μg/g之间。当头发铜浓度低于拐点时,随着铜浓度的升高,空腹血糖异常风险呈下降趋势;而当铜浓度超过该拐点后,风险下降趋于平缓。见图4。
糖尿病是一种以慢性高血糖为特征的代谢性疾病,主要由胰岛素分泌不足或作用障碍引起。此外,还会伴有脂肪和蛋白质代谢异常,出现高胆固醇血症、高三酰甘油血症等。全球成人糖尿病患病率在逐渐上升,其中约有一半人尚未意识到自己患有糖尿病,这一群体往往面临着更高的严重并发症和早逝风险[9]。中国是全球糖尿病患者人数最多的国家,随着年龄的增长,糖尿病的患病率也随之上升,预计到2030年,中国糖尿病患者人数将超过1.6亿[10]。
近年来,微量元素与疾病关系的研究越来越受到关注。微量元素与糖尿病之间的关联机制复杂,涉及胰岛素分泌[11]、信号传导[12]、氧化应激[13]及炎症调控[14]等多个环节。铜离子可促进活性氧生成,干扰抗氧化酶活性,进而引发氧化应激,导致细胞损伤和功能障碍,影响胰岛素分泌和作用,增加胰岛素抵抗。同时,铜还与炎症因子相互作用,进一步加重胰岛素抵抗[15],从而引起血糖升高。一项基于人群的研究报告了铜水平与糖尿病之间的关联[16],与血压正常的成年人相比,患有高血压的成年人血清铜浓度更高,他们新发糖尿病的风险高出健康人两倍以上。然而,目前高原地区关于金属铜浓度与血糖之间的关系尚不清楚。因此本研究旨在探索西藏林芝地区常住居民成人中头发铜浓度与血糖之间的关联。
根据本研究结果,西藏林芝地区常住居民中,空腹血糖升高组和高血糖组在多个健康指标上与正常组存在显著差异。具体而言,在行为特征方面,空腹血糖升高组和高血糖组的饮酒、吸烟率较低,而饮茶率较高。这与健康意识的提高有关,因为已知饮酒和吸烟是糖尿病的风险因素[17]。同时,这与西藏居民普遍饮茶(如酥油茶)相关,并伴随高糖、高精制碳水化合物的饮食(如糌粑、甜食等),可能叠加血糖负荷,加重代谢负担[18]。在代谢指标方面,空腹血糖升高组的HDL-C水平显著升高,而甘油三酯水平显著降低,这可能与早期糖代谢异常时机体通过上调HDL-C以增强胆固醇逆向转运、延缓动脉粥样硬化进程的代偿机制有关[19]。高血糖组的体重、BMI、腰围、臀围及尿酸、甘油三酯、LDL-C等代谢指标显著升高,与胰岛素抵抗和代谢综合征的病理特征一致,进一步支持中心性肥胖和脂质紊乱在糖尿病发生中的核心作用[20]。高血糖组与空腹血糖升高组相比,心率、腰围、臀围、尿酸、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、LDL-C显著升高,这进一步强调了从空腹血糖升高到高血糖进展过程中代谢异常的加剧。总体而言,这些结果揭示了高原人群糖代谢异常的独特风险模式,为针对性干预提供了依据。
Logistic回归分析结果表明,与低铜水平组相比,中等铜水平组的头发铜含量与空腹血糖升高风险呈负向关联,尤其是在Q2和Q3组,这与以往研究中铜和糖尿病风险正相关的结果不同[21],这种差异可能源于两方面:一是高原环境的特殊性,西藏居民长期暴露于低氧环境,机体通过上调缺氧诱导因子(HIF-1α)增强铜转运蛋白(CTR1)的表达,从而改变铜代谢途径[22];二是本研究以头发铜作为慢性暴露标志物,其反映长期累积状况,与血清铜的动态变化存在生物学差异[23]。从机制上而言,适度的铜暴露可能通过“铜-超氧化物歧化酶(SOD1)-胰岛素信号”轴发挥保护作用。铜是SOD1的核心辅基,适量铜可保障SOD1活性,增强抗氧化能力、减轻氧化应激,进而改善胰岛素敏感性[24]。此外,铜还可能通过影响胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)的分泌及胰岛素原转化酶PC1/3的活性,进一步促进葡萄糖稳态[25]。然而,最高铜水平组的关联性未达统计学意义,可能与铜的阈值效应相关,过量铜会加剧机体氧化应激反应[26],抵消其潜在益处。然而,这种关联性在高血糖组中效果较差,这可能意味着铜与高血糖之间的关系更为复杂,受到多种因素的共同影响。这些结果强调了铜稳态对糖代谢早期阶段的潜在调控价值,但需通过扩大样本和纵向研究进一步验证其在高血糖进展中的作用。本研究还发现头发铜与高血糖的关联并未受到性别、年龄或BMI状态的显著修饰,这表明铜对血糖代谢的影响可能在不同人口学特征和体型的个体中具有普适性。
本研究首次在高原人群中采用RCS模型揭示了头发铜与空腹血糖异常之间的非线性剂量-反应关系。曲线呈现L型,表明在较低至中等铜暴露水平下,随着铜浓度升高,空腹血糖异常风险逐渐下降;但当铜浓度超过约13 μg/g后,风险下降趋势趋于平缓。这一趋势提示铜在糖代谢调控中可能存在一个“适宜窗口”,超出该范围可能因氧化应激或铜稳态失调而失去保护作用。该发现为今后探索铜在糖尿病早期防控中的潜在应用提供了重要线索。
本研究的优势包括首次探索了高原地区常住居民头发铜浓度与空腹血糖之间关系。以藏族居民为主体,结合高原低氧环境和地域独特性,为区域性疾病防控提供精准数据。采用头发铜作为长期暴露标志物,较血清/血浆更稳定反映慢性积累,同时通过多模型逐步校正,有效控制混杂偏倚。结合logistic回归与RCS模型,首次揭示铜与不同血糖水平的非线性剂量-反应关系,突破传统线性假设的局限,明确铜在不同血糖水平中的关联效应,为早期干预提供新靶点。
尽管本研究在设计和实施过程中尽可能地考虑了多种因素,但仍存在一些局限性。首先,横断面研究设计无法推断因果关系。其次,研究对象仅来自西藏某一地区,样本代表性和外推性有限。此外,尽管已校正多种混杂因素,但仍存在未测量或残余混杂的可能,特别是未能提供本次检测批次的具体方法学质控数据,以及未系统收集膳食铜摄入数据,无法完全排除饮食干扰;同时,未分析铜代谢相关遗传背景,这些因素可能影响个体铜稳态及血糖关联。最后,本研究仅关注了头发铜水平与血糖之间的关系,而未深入探讨其他微量元素或营养素的潜在作用。未来研究建议采用前瞻性队列设计,并纳入高原-平原对照(如拉萨与成都居民对比),以区分环境与遗传影响;同时应整合膳食调查、多元素检测和遗传分子标记,更全面揭示铜与糖代谢的因果机制及人群特异性。
综上所述,本研究揭示了西藏林芝地区常住居民头发铜水平与空腹血糖之间的显著关联,表明适当的头发铜水平与空腹血糖异常风险降低显著相关,但铜过量时关联消失,且头发铜浓度与空腹血糖异常风险存在显著的非线性关系。适量铜暴露可能通过改善代谢指标(BMI、血脂等)降低空腹血糖异常风险,未来需要进一步的研究来阐明其潜在的因果关系和作用机制,明确铜在糖代谢调控中的最佳窗口,为精准预防提供依据。
  • 国家自然科学基金(82460333; U20A20395)
  • 西藏自治区基地与人才基金(XZ202401JD0031)
  • 西藏民族大学教学改革与研究项目(2025778)
  • 2025年西藏民族大学校级项目(26MDY28)
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2026年第53卷第13期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202507128
  • 接收时间:2025-07-12
  • 首发时间:2026-09-28
  • 出版时间:2026-07-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-12
基金
国家自然科学基金(82460333; U20A20395)
西藏自治区基地与人才基金(XZ202401JD0031)
西藏民族大学教学改革与研究项目(2025778)
2025年西藏民族大学校级项目(26MDY28)
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    西藏民族大学,陕西 咸阳 712082

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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