Article(id=1241759334464557067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241759317016252418, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202404315, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713369600000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773988096108, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1727193600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773988096108, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773988096108, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773988096108, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241759317016252418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='18', pageStart='3265', pageEnd='3456', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773988091898, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773991617194, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241774103024174010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241759317016252418, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241774103024174011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241759317016252418, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3338, endPage=3345, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241759336486211614, articleId=1241759334464557067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Analysis of the effect of homework time on myopia in grade 4-6 pupils, Sichuan Province, columnId=null, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the effect of homework time on myopia of primary school students and evaluate its differences among different grades.

Methods

A total of 183 districts in 21 cities of Sichuan Province were selected as research sites. Two primary schools were randomly selected from each research site, and students in grades 4-6 were selected form the whole class basis. At least 80 students from each school were selected for visual screening and questionnaire survey. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the effect of homework duration on myopia.

Results

47 054 students from grades 4 to 6 were included in the study, including 32.5% in grade 4, 33.4% in grade 5 and 34.0% in grade 6. The myopia rate of students in grades 4-6 was 50.3%, and it increased with the increase of grade. After controlling covariates, the average daily homework time<1 h was taken as reference, and the homework time of 1-2 hours was the risk factor for myopia (OR=1.059, P=0.008). Stratified by sex, the same effect was observed in male students (OR=1.102, P=0.001), and was most pronounced in male students in grade 5 (OR=1.123, P=0.026). The same effect was observed among students with good economic level (OR=1.097, P=0.005).

Conclusion

Homework may increase the risk of myopia of primary school students. It is suggested to arrange homework time scientifically and reasonably.

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目的

探索家庭作业时长对小学生近视的影响,并评估其在不同年级学生中的差异。

方法

设四川省21个市(州)183个区(县)为研究点,每个研究点随机抽取2所小学,以整班为单位抽取4~6年级学生,每个学校每年级至少抽取80人进行视力筛查并完成问卷调查。采用logistic回归分析的方法研究家庭作业时长对近视的影响。

结果

47 054名4~6年级小学生纳入研究,4年级占32.5%,5年级占33.4%,6年级占34.0%;4~6年级小学生近视率为50.3%,并随年级增长而增高。控制协变量后,以平均每天家庭作业时长<1 h为参照,作业时间1~<2 h为近视的危险因素(OR=1.059,P=0.008)。按性别分层分析,在男生中观察到相同效应(OR=1.102,P=0.001),5年级男生效应最明显(OR=1.123,P=0.026)。按学生所在地区的经济水平分层分析,在地区经济水平好的学生中也观察到相同的效应(OR=1.097,P=0.005)。

结论

家庭作业可能会增加小学生近视的风险,建议科学、合理地安排家庭作业时长。

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朱鸿斌,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=xD4oiCYEM2sNIS338jwslA==, magXml=tpPcd7br88txwi8yHbAayw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=W85pOx+Poj0hhLwMhYSIdQ==, pdfFileSize=695376, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Dj3DuAHbsDJ+P7Z8DPE3+A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

周亮(1988—),男,本科,主管医师,研究方向:学校卫生

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周亮(1988—),男,本科,主管医师,研究方向:学校卫生

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(In Chinese), articleTitle=Investigation and analysis on influence factors of myopia among students in suburb ofJiamusi city, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241759376264990934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759334464557067, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=9, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=35, authorNames=张金木, 郭滨, 蒋文君, journalName=山东大学耳鼻喉眼学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张金木,郭滨,蒋文君,等.M受体信号通路在近视发生发展中作用的研究进展[J/OL].山东大学耳鼻喉眼学报,1-9[2024-08-06].http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/37.1437.R.20240408.1848.012.html., articleTitle=M受体信号通路在近视发生发展中作用的研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241759376650866919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759334464557067, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=9, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=36, authorNames=Zhang JM, Guo B, Jiang WJ, journalName=Journal of Otolaryngology Ophthalmology Shandong University, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang JM, Guo B, Jiang WJ, et al. Research progress on the role of M receptor signaling pathway in the occurrence and development of myopia[J/OL]. Journal of Otolaryngology Ophthalmology Shandong University, 1-9[2024-08-06]. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/37.1437.R.20240408.1848.012.html.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Research progress on the role of M receptor signaling pathway in the occurrence and development of myopia, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241759376944468212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759334464557067, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=63, issue=6, pageStart=111, pageEnd=114, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=37, authorNames=李佳芹, 毕爱玲, 毕宏生, journalName=山东医药, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李佳芹,毕爱玲,毕宏生.睫状肌功能结构异常与近视的关系研究进展[J].山东医药202363(6):111-114., articleTitle=睫状肌功能结构异常与近视的关系研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241759377196126461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759334464557067, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=63, issue=6, pageStart=111, pageEnd=114, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=38, authorNames=Li JQ, Bi AL, Bi HS, journalName=Shandong Medical Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li JQ, Bi AL, Bi HS. Research progress on the relationship between abnormal functional structure of ciliary muscle and myopia[J].Shandong Medical Journal, 2023, 63(6): 111-114.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Research progress on the relationship between abnormal functional structure of ciliary muscle and myopia, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241759377347121416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759334464557067, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=43, issue=2, pageStart=184, pageEnd=190, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=39, authorNames=Jiang L, Huang G, Dai C, journalName=Ophthalmic Genetics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jiang L, Huang G, Dai C. Association of genetic variants in PDGFRA with high myopia in the Han population of southwestern China[J]. Ophthalmic Genetics, 2022, 43(2): 184-190., articleTitle=Association of genetic variants in PDGFRA with high myopia in the Han population of southwestern China, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241759345000648846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759334464557067, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241759345294250136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759334464557067, companyId=1241759345000648846, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Center for Disease Control and Prevention for Sichuan, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241759345420079257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759334464557067, companyId=1241759345000648846, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.四川省疾病预防控制中心,四川 成都 610041)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241759346598678698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759334464557067, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241759346623844525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759334464557067, companyId=1241759346598678698, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.自贡市疾病预防控制中心)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241759362461536914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759334464557067, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic information and myopia detection of 47 054 students from grades 4 to 6

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类人数构成比(%)近视检出
例数率(%)χ2P
性别23 77850.511 27647.4162.777<0.001
23 27649.512 40753.3
民族汉族45 54796.823 06450.653.361<0.001
少数民族1 5073.261941.1
年级415 30932.56 18240.41 197.455<0.001
515 73933.47 90750.2
616 00634.09 59459.9
地区经济水平20 44743.510 41450.9107.397<0.001
17 90438.08 54247.7
8 70318.54 72754.3
城乡城区18 86340.19 57150.72.0970.148
郊县28 19159.914 11250.1
家庭作业时间(h)<130 31764.415 05249.615.935<0.001
1~<213 45828.66 93551.5
≥23 2797.01 69651.7
家庭作业时间(h)<130 31764.415 05249.615.896<0.001
≥116 73735.68 63151.6
家庭作业时间(h)<243 77593.021 98750.22.7300.098
≥23 2797.01 69651.7
根据身高调整课桌椅高度从不24 15851.312 41151.424.551<0.001
1次/学年7 56316.13 73749.4
1次/学期10 15621.65 04049.6
1次/2~3月5 17711.02 49548.2
每日眼保健操次数(次)01 0612.360557.033.650<0.001
17 76316.53 90050.2
233 86272.017 10450.5
≥34 3689.32 07447.5
课间休息室内30 87165.616 26352.7198.118<0.001
户外16 18334.47 42045.9
每天看电视时间(h)06 64214.13 41651.47.7680.051
<125 66954.612 95950.5
1~<210 05421.44 95749.3
≥24 68910.02 35150.1
每天用电脑时间(h)031 72867.415 99750.41.4470.694
<111 54624.55 81150.3
1~<22 7085.81 33349.2
≥21 0722.254250.6
每天使用移动电子设备时间(h)021 31745.310 46149.164.172<0.001
<112 92527.56 88753.3
1~<29 51120.24 73049.7
2~<32 0334.398048.2
≥31 2682.762549.3
阳光直射下看书或电子屏幕从不33 95672.216 83849.630.518<0.001
偶尔11 22223.85 82751.9
经常1 8764.01 01854.3
天黑后关灯看电子屏幕从不35 99476.518 33250.929.950<0.001
偶尔7 97316.93 92449.2
经常3 0876.61 42746.2
躺着或趴着看书或电子屏幕从不30 82065.515 17449.243.111<0.001
偶尔13 41228.57 03752.5
经常2 8226.01 47252.2
每天户外活动时间(h)<18 75818.64 31049.213.1460.004
1~<218 82540.09 64251.2
2~<38 44818.04 26950.5
≥311 02323.45 46249.6
睡眠时间<82 1044.599347.213.9250.003
8~<99 42820.04 75750.5
9~<1018 70939.89 55351.1
≥1016 81335.78 38049.8
父母近视都不近视29 88163.512 95243.31 703.793<0.001
一方近视13 11427.97 90960.3
双方近视4 0598.62 82269.5
合计-47 054-23 68350.3--
), ArticleFig(id=1241759362813858485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759334464557067, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

47 054名4~6年级学生基本情况及近视检出情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类人数构成比(%)近视检出
例数率(%)χ2P
性别23 77850.511 27647.4162.777<0.001
23 27649.512 40753.3
民族汉族45 54796.823 06450.653.361<0.001
少数民族1 5073.261941.1
年级415 30932.56 18240.41 197.455<0.001
515 73933.47 90750.2
616 00634.09 59459.9
地区经济水平20 44743.510 41450.9107.397<0.001
17 90438.08 54247.7
8 70318.54 72754.3
城乡城区18 86340.19 57150.72.0970.148
郊县28 19159.914 11250.1
家庭作业时间(h)<130 31764.415 05249.615.935<0.001
1~<213 45828.66 93551.5
≥23 2797.01 69651.7
家庭作业时间(h)<130 31764.415 05249.615.896<0.001
≥116 73735.68 63151.6
家庭作业时间(h)<243 77593.021 98750.22.7300.098
≥23 2797.01 69651.7
根据身高调整课桌椅高度从不24 15851.312 41151.424.551<0.001
1次/学年7 56316.13 73749.4
1次/学期10 15621.65 04049.6
1次/2~3月5 17711.02 49548.2
每日眼保健操次数(次)01 0612.360557.033.650<0.001
17 76316.53 90050.2
233 86272.017 10450.5
≥34 3689.32 07447.5
课间休息室内30 87165.616 26352.7198.118<0.001
户外16 18334.47 42045.9
每天看电视时间(h)06 64214.13 41651.47.7680.051
<125 66954.612 95950.5
1~<210 05421.44 95749.3
≥24 68910.02 35150.1
每天用电脑时间(h)031 72867.415 99750.41.4470.694
<111 54624.55 81150.3
1~<22 7085.81 33349.2
≥21 0722.254250.6
每天使用移动电子设备时间(h)021 31745.310 46149.164.172<0.001
<112 92527.56 88753.3
1~<29 51120.24 73049.7
2~<32 0334.398048.2
≥31 2682.762549.3
阳光直射下看书或电子屏幕从不33 95672.216 83849.630.518<0.001
偶尔11 22223.85 82751.9
经常1 8764.01 01854.3
天黑后关灯看电子屏幕从不35 99476.518 33250.929.950<0.001
偶尔7 97316.93 92449.2
经常3 0876.61 42746.2
躺着或趴着看书或电子屏幕从不30 82065.515 17449.243.111<0.001
偶尔13 41228.57 03752.5
经常2 8226.01 47252.2
每天户外活动时间(h)<18 75818.64 31049.213.1460.004
1~<218 82540.09 64251.2
2~<38 44818.04 26950.5
≥311 02323.45 46249.6
睡眠时间<82 1044.599347.213.9250.003
8~<99 42820.04 75750.5
9~<1018 70939.89 55351.1
≥1016 81335.78 38049.8
父母近视都不近视29 88163.512 95243.31 703.793<0.001
一方近视13 11427.97 90960.3
双方近视4 0598.62 82269.5
合计-47 054-23 68350.3--
), ArticleFig(id=1241759364252504774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759334464557067, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Analysis of the correlation between homework time and myopia among students in grades 4 to 6

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别4~6年级4年级
OR值(95%CIPOR值(95%CIP
总体a
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
1~<21.059(1.015~1.105)0.0081.013(0.936~1.096)0.747
≥21.063(0.986~1.146)0.1121.095(0.954~1.256)0.198
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
≥11.060(1.018~1.103)0.0041.029(0.956~1.107)0.448
<21.0001.000
≥21.042(0.968~1.121)0.2771.090(0.952~1.248)0.211
组别5年级6年级
OR值(95%CIPOR值(95%CIP
总体a
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
1~<21.025(0.953~1.104)0.5051.071(0.996~1.152)0.065
≥21.008(0.881~1.153)0.9081.082(0.954~1.228)1.082
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
≥11.022(0.954~1.095)0.5331.073(1.002~1.149)0.043
<21.0001.000
≥20.999(0.875~1.140)0.9891.055(0.932~1.193)0.398
), ArticleFig(id=1241759364491580116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759334464557067, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

4~6年级学生家庭作业时间与近视检出的关联性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别4~6年级4年级
OR值(95%CIPOR值(95%CIP
总体a
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
1~<21.059(1.015~1.105)0.0081.013(0.936~1.096)0.747
≥21.063(0.986~1.146)0.1121.095(0.954~1.256)0.198
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
≥11.060(1.018~1.103)0.0041.029(0.956~1.107)0.448
<21.0001.000
≥21.042(0.968~1.121)0.2771.090(0.952~1.248)0.211
组别5年级6年级
OR值(95%CIPOR值(95%CIP
总体a
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
1~<21.025(0.953~1.104)0.5051.071(0.996~1.152)0.065
≥21.008(0.881~1.153)0.9081.082(0.954~1.228)1.082
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
≥11.022(0.954~1.095)0.5331.073(1.002~1.149)0.043
<21.0001.000
≥20.999(0.875~1.140)0.9891.055(0.932~1.193)0.398
), ArticleFig(id=1241759364852290277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759334464557067, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Analysis of the correlation between homework time and myopia among male and female students in grades 4 to 6

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别4~6年级4年级
OR值(95%CIPOR值(95%CIP
男生a
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
1~<21.102(1.038~1.169)0.0011.060(0.949~1.184)0.303
≥21.073(0.968~1.190)0.1791.041(0.859~1.261)0.682
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
≥11.096(1.037~1.158)0.0011.056(0.953~1.171)0.300
<21.0001.000
≥21.037(0.937~1.147)0.4831.021(0.845~1.232)0.832
女生a
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
1~<21.013(0.952~1.079)0.6880.966(0.862~1.083)0.554
≥21.050(0.941~1.172)0.3831.141(0.935~1.391)0.194
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
≥11.020(0.963~1.080)0.5090.999(0.899~1.110)0.986
<21.0001.000
≥21.046(0.939~1.165)0.4181.152(0.947~1.401)0.156
组别5年级6年级
OR值(95%CIPOR值(95%CIP
男生a
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
1~<21.123(1.014~1.245)0.0261.077(0.974~1.190)0.146
≥21.069(0.887~1.289)0.4851.094(0.923~1.297)0.299
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
≥11.113(1.011~1.226)0.0291.080(0.984~1.186)0.105
<21.0001.000
≥21.026(0.854~1.232)0.7861.064(0.902~1.256)0.462
女生a
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
1~<20.927(0.834~1.030)0.1601.057(0.949~1.177)0.312
≥20.937(0.771~1.138)0.5111.072(0.887~1.296)0.471
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
≥10.929(0.841~1.026)0.1451.060(0.958~1.172)0.259
<21.0001.000
≥20.962(0.795~1.164)0.6911.051(0.873~1.265)0.602
), ArticleFig(id=1241759366957830896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759334464557067, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

4~6年级男女学生家庭作业时间与近视检出的关联性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别4~6年级4年级
OR值(95%CIPOR值(95%CIP
男生a
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
1~<21.102(1.038~1.169)0.0011.060(0.949~1.184)0.303
≥21.073(0.968~1.190)0.1791.041(0.859~1.261)0.682
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
≥11.096(1.037~1.158)0.0011.056(0.953~1.171)0.300
<21.0001.000
≥21.037(0.937~1.147)0.4831.021(0.845~1.232)0.832
女生a
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
1~<21.013(0.952~1.079)0.6880.966(0.862~1.083)0.554
≥21.050(0.941~1.172)0.3831.141(0.935~1.391)0.194
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
≥11.020(0.963~1.080)0.5090.999(0.899~1.110)0.986
<21.0001.000
≥21.046(0.939~1.165)0.4181.152(0.947~1.401)0.156
组别5年级6年级
OR值(95%CIPOR值(95%CIP
男生a
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
1~<21.123(1.014~1.245)0.0261.077(0.974~1.190)0.146
≥21.069(0.887~1.289)0.4851.094(0.923~1.297)0.299
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
≥11.113(1.011~1.226)0.0291.080(0.984~1.186)0.105
<21.0001.000
≥21.026(0.854~1.232)0.7861.064(0.902~1.256)0.462
女生a
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
1~<20.927(0.834~1.030)0.1601.057(0.949~1.177)0.312
≥20.937(0.771~1.138)0.5111.072(0.887~1.296)0.471
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
≥10.929(0.841~1.026)0.1451.060(0.958~1.172)0.259
<21.0001.000
≥20.962(0.795~1.164)0.6911.051(0.873~1.265)0.602
), ArticleFig(id=1241759367154963196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759334464557067, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Analysis of the correlation between homework time and myopia detection of students in grades 4-6 in different economic areas

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别4~6年级4年级
OR值(95%CIPOR值(95%CIP
地区经济水平好a
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
1~<21.097(1.029~1.170)0.0051.020(0.907~1.148)0.736
≥21.080(0.965~1.208)0.1801.178(0.961~1.444)0.115
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
≥11.094(1.030~1.162)0.0041.050(0.940~1.172)0.387
<21.0001.000
≥21.064(0.935~1.165)0.4471.170(0.958~1.428)0.124
地区经济水平中a
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
1~<21.010(0.942~1.084)0.7771.086(0.866~1.361)0.476
≥21.055(0.931~1.196)0.3991.017(0.799~1.296)0.890
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
≥11.019(0.954~1.087)0.5790.933(0.825~1.056)0.274
<21.0001.000
≥21.052(0.930~1.190)0.4200.939(0.752~1.173)0.579
地区经济水平差a
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
1~<21.072(0.971~1.184)0.1680.750(0.525~1.072)0.114
≥21.062(0.891~1.266)0.5040.864(0.594~1.255)0.864
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
≥11.070(0.975~1.175)0.1531.181(0.989~1.410)0.066
<21.0001.000
≥21.035(0.871~1.228)0.6981.273(0.896~1.809)0.178
组别5年级6年级
OR值(95%CIPOR值(95%CIP
地区经济水平好a
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
1~<21.082(0.968~1.209)0.1641.142(1.021~1.278)0.020
≥21.038(0.842~1.279)0.7291.062(0.881~1.282)0.526
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
≥11.075(0.967~1.194)0.1801.126(1.014~1.250)0.027
<21.0001.000
≥21.007(0.821~1.237)0.9431.009(0.841~1.211)0.920
地区经济水平中a
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
1~<21.047(0.928~1.182)0.4251.001(0.889~1.128)0.986
≥21.185(0.948~1.483)0.1371.160(0.932~1.444)0.183
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
≥11.071(0.956~1.200)0.2371.028(0.920~1.150)0.626
<21.0001.000
≥21.168(0.937~1.455)0.1681.160(0.936~1.438)0.176
地区经济水平差a
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
1~<20.853(0.716~1.015)0.0731.103(0.930~1.308)0.260
≥20.736(0.546~0.993)0.0451.044(0.782~1.393)0.770
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
≥10.828(0.704~0.974)0.0231.091(0.929~1.282)0.286
<21.0001.000
≥20.779(0.581~1.043)0.0940.0941.001(0.757~1.324)0.993
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不同经济地区4~6年级学生家庭作业时间与近视检出的关联性分析

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组别4~6年级4年级
OR值(95%CIPOR值(95%CIP
地区经济水平好a
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
1~<21.097(1.029~1.170)0.0051.020(0.907~1.148)0.736
≥21.080(0.965~1.208)0.1801.178(0.961~1.444)0.115
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
≥11.094(1.030~1.162)0.0041.050(0.940~1.172)0.387
<21.0001.000
≥21.064(0.935~1.165)0.4471.170(0.958~1.428)0.124
地区经济水平中a
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
1~<21.010(0.942~1.084)0.7771.086(0.866~1.361)0.476
≥21.055(0.931~1.196)0.3991.017(0.799~1.296)0.890
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
≥11.019(0.954~1.087)0.5790.933(0.825~1.056)0.274
<21.0001.000
≥21.052(0.930~1.190)0.4200.939(0.752~1.173)0.579
地区经济水平差a
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
1~<21.072(0.971~1.184)0.1680.750(0.525~1.072)0.114
≥21.062(0.891~1.266)0.5040.864(0.594~1.255)0.864
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
≥11.070(0.975~1.175)0.1531.181(0.989~1.410)0.066
<21.0001.000
≥21.035(0.871~1.228)0.6981.273(0.896~1.809)0.178
组别5年级6年级
OR值(95%CIPOR值(95%CIP
地区经济水平好a
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
1~<21.082(0.968~1.209)0.1641.142(1.021~1.278)0.020
≥21.038(0.842~1.279)0.7291.062(0.881~1.282)0.526
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
≥11.075(0.967~1.194)0.1801.126(1.014~1.250)0.027
<21.0001.000
≥21.007(0.821~1.237)0.9431.009(0.841~1.211)0.920
地区经济水平中a
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
1~<21.047(0.928~1.182)0.4251.001(0.889~1.128)0.986
≥21.185(0.948~1.483)0.1371.160(0.932~1.444)0.183
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
≥11.071(0.956~1.200)0.2371.028(0.920~1.150)0.626
<21.0001.000
≥21.168(0.937~1.455)0.1681.160(0.936~1.438)0.176
地区经济水平差a
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
1~<20.853(0.716~1.015)0.0731.103(0.930~1.308)0.260
≥20.736(0.546~0.993)0.0451.044(0.782~1.393)0.770
家庭作业时间(h)
<11.0001.000
≥10.828(0.704~0.974)0.0231.091(0.929~1.282)0.286
<21.0001.000
≥20.779(0.581~1.043)0.0940.0941.001(0.757~1.324)0.993
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四川省4~6年级小学生家庭作业时长对近视影响的分析
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周亮 1 , 李阳 1 , 张福艳 2 , 师春立 1 , 朱鸿斌 1
现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2024,51(18): 3338-3345
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现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2024, 51(18): 3338-3345
四川省4~6年级小学生家庭作业时长对近视影响的分析
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周亮1, 李阳1, 张福艳2, 师春立1, 朱鸿斌1
作者信息
  • 1.四川省疾病预防控制中心,四川 成都 610041
  • 2.自贡市疾病预防控制中心
  • 周亮(1988—),男,本科,主管医师,研究方向:学校卫生

通讯作者:

朱鸿斌,E-mail:
Analysis of the effect of homework time on myopia in grade 4-6 pupils, Sichuan Province
Liang ZHOU1, Yang LI1, Fu-yan ZHANG2, Chun-li SHI1, Hong-bin ZHU1
Affiliations
  • Center for Disease Control and Prevention for Sichuan, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
出版时间: 2024-09-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202404315
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目的

探索家庭作业时长对小学生近视的影响,并评估其在不同年级学生中的差异。

方法

设四川省21个市(州)183个区(县)为研究点,每个研究点随机抽取2所小学,以整班为单位抽取4~6年级学生,每个学校每年级至少抽取80人进行视力筛查并完成问卷调查。采用logistic回归分析的方法研究家庭作业时长对近视的影响。

结果

47 054名4~6年级小学生纳入研究,4年级占32.5%,5年级占33.4%,6年级占34.0%;4~6年级小学生近视率为50.3%,并随年级增长而增高。控制协变量后,以平均每天家庭作业时长<1 h为参照,作业时间1~<2 h为近视的危险因素(OR=1.059,P=0.008)。按性别分层分析,在男生中观察到相同效应(OR=1.102,P=0.001),5年级男生效应最明显(OR=1.123,P=0.026)。按学生所在地区的经济水平分层分析,在地区经济水平好的学生中也观察到相同的效应(OR=1.097,P=0.005)。

结论

家庭作业可能会增加小学生近视的风险,建议科学、合理地安排家庭作业时长。

小学生  /  家庭作业  /  近视
Objective

To explore the effect of homework time on myopia of primary school students and evaluate its differences among different grades.

Methods

A total of 183 districts in 21 cities of Sichuan Province were selected as research sites. Two primary schools were randomly selected from each research site, and students in grades 4-6 were selected form the whole class basis. At least 80 students from each school were selected for visual screening and questionnaire survey. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the effect of homework duration on myopia.

Results

47 054 students from grades 4 to 6 were included in the study, including 32.5% in grade 4, 33.4% in grade 5 and 34.0% in grade 6. The myopia rate of students in grades 4-6 was 50.3%, and it increased with the increase of grade. After controlling covariates, the average daily homework time<1 h was taken as reference, and the homework time of 1-2 hours was the risk factor for myopia (OR=1.059, P=0.008). Stratified by sex, the same effect was observed in male students (OR=1.102, P=0.001), and was most pronounced in male students in grade 5 (OR=1.123, P=0.026). The same effect was observed among students with good economic level (OR=1.097, P=0.005).

Conclusion

Homework may increase the risk of myopia of primary school students. It is suggested to arrange homework time scientifically and reasonably.

Primary school students  /  Homework  /  Myopia
周亮, 李阳, 张福艳, 师春立, 朱鸿斌. 四川省4~6年级小学生家庭作业时长对近视影响的分析. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (18) : 3338 -3345 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202404315
Liang ZHOU, Yang LI, Fu-yan ZHANG, Chun-li SHI, Hong-bin ZHU. Analysis of the effect of homework time on myopia in grade 4-6 pupils, Sichuan Province[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (18) : 3338 -3345 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202404315
世界卫生组织在“视觉2020”行动纲要中将近视列为威胁视力的五种重要疾病之一,预计到2050年,全球近视人数将从2000年的14亿增加到50亿,影响全球约50%的人口[1-3]。近几年,我国儿童青少年近视率居高不下,远高于美国、葡萄牙等国家[4],且低龄化、重度化趋势日益明显,已成为重要的公共卫生问题[5-7]。大量研究显示,视近作业是儿童青少年近视的重要危险因素之一,特别是持续长时间视近作业[8]。长时间视近作业时,睫状肌持续收缩,引起调节痉挛,调节滞后增加,诱发假性近视,导致近视发生[9-10]。家庭作业作为学生视近作业的重要组成部分,对视力的影响不可忽视。近几年,在全国范围内虽有儿童青少年近视[11-12]及视近作业与近视关系[13]的相关研究报道,然而针对家庭作业对近视影响的专门研究尚且较少。本次研究选取四川省21市(州)所有区(县),以4~6年级学生为研究对象开展近视筛查和问卷调查,探究家庭作业时长对小学生近视的影响及在不同人群中的差异,为近视防控策略的制定提供依据。
2021年设四川省21市(州)的183个区(县)为研究点,并依据2021年四川统计年鉴中人均GDP数据,将各市(州)经济水平划分为好、中、差三类,每个研究点随机抽取2所小学,以整班为单位抽取4~6年级学生,每个学校每年级至少80人,对其进行近视筛查和问卷调查,研究开展前获得学生及其家长的知情同意。本研究伦理学审查批件号为SCCDCIRB第2024-007号。剔除异常值、缺失值后,最终纳入47 054名有效学生样本进行分析。
近视筛查包括远视力检查和屈光检测,由专业人员分别使用5m标准对数视力表和台式电脑验光仪进行,记录戴镜情况、裸眼视力、球镜、柱镜等结果。
近视判定标准为裸眼视力<5.0且非睫状肌麻痹下电脑验光等效球镜度数(SE)<-0.50 D(SE=球镜度数+柱镜度数/2);同时,佩戴角膜塑形镜的学生直接计入近视样本中。
在调查人员的指导下,由学生自行填写近视专项调查问卷,并现场回收问卷。内容包括地理位置,个人基本情况(性别、民族、年级、出生日期),用眼环境(桌椅高度调整、眼保健操、课间休息),用眼行为(读写姿势、电子屏幕使用、户外活动、睡眠时间)及父母近视情况等。共发放问卷66 480份,回收份54 954,回收率为82.66%。分析时,对于有缺失值、异常值的问卷予以剔除,有效率为85.62%(47 054/54 954)。
用EXCEL建立数据库,采用R软件(版本 4.2.3,R Foundation for Statistical Computing Plat form 2013)进行统计分析。使用趋势χ2检验对近视检出率随年级和家庭作业时长的变化进行分析,使用χ2检验进行不同组间近视检出率差异性的比较,使用logistic回归分析的方法研究近视的影响因素。检验水准α=0.05。
2021年,共调查4~6年级小学生47 054名,男生23 778名(50.5%),女生23 276人(49.5%);汉族学生45 547名(96.8%),少数民族1 507名(3.2%);4年级学生15 309名(32.5%),5年级学生15 739名(33.4%),6年级学生16 006名(34.0%);地区经济水平差的学生20 447名(43.5%),地区经济水平中等的学生17 904名(38.0%),地区经济水平好的学生8 703名(18.5%);城区学生18 863名(40.1%),郊县学生28 191名(59.9%);平均每天作业时间<1 h的学生有30 317名(64.4%),1~<2 h的学生有13 458名(28.6%),≥2 h的学生有3 279名(7.0%)。见表1
47 054名4~6年级小学生中近视23 683名,近视率为50.3%,各年级近视率分别为40.4%、50.2%、59.9%,呈现随年级增长而上升的趋势(趋势检验χ2=1197.405,P<0.001)。性别、民族、年级、地区经济水平、家庭作业时间(多分类)、家庭作业时间(分别以1 h和2 h为间隔二分类)、根据身高调整课桌椅高度、每日眼保健操次数、课间休息、移动电子设备使用、阳光直射下看书或电子屏幕、天黑后关灯看电子屏幕、躺着或趴着看书或电子屏幕、户外活动时间、睡眠时间、父母近视情况不同的学生近视检出率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。
平均每天家庭作业时间<1 h、1~<2 h、≥2 h的学生近视率分别为49.6%、51.5%、51.7%,近视率随着家庭作业时间的增加有上升趋势(趋势检验χ2=14.137,P<0.001)。见表1
在控制了性别、民族、年级、地区经济水平、调整课桌椅高度、眼保健操、课间休息、看电视、使用移动电子设备、阳光直射下看书或电子产品、天黑后关灯看电子屏幕、躺着或者趴着看书或电子屏幕、户外活动、睡眠时间、父母近视15项因素后,以平均每天家庭作业时长<1 h为参照,对于4~6年级学生,家庭作业时间达到1~<2h可观察到近视的危险效应(OR=1.059,P=0.008)。若将户外时间划分为二分类变量,与前述结果相似,4~6年级学生,家庭作业时间≥1h的风险是作业时长<1 h的1.060倍(P=0.004),在6年级学生中也观察到相同效应(OR=1.073,P=0.043)。按性别分层分析发现,男生结果与总体结果相似,只是观察到效应的年级有所区别(总体在6年级,男生组在5年级),而女生未观察到任何效应。按地区经济水平分层,在地区经济水平好的学生中也发现与总体相似的结果;不同的是在地区经济差的5年级学生中观察到家庭作业时间≥2 h的保护效应(OR=0.736,P=0.045)。见表2~4
本次研究以4~6年级小学生为研究对象,主要从以下三个方面考虑,一是相较于年龄更小的1~3年级,4~6年级学生更能理解问卷问题并独立完成调查,减少乱回答或代替回答等问题引起的偏倚;二是相较于初、高中学生,低年级学生近视率尚且较低,横断面研究所调查的近期的影响因素情况与近视结局的关联性更强,更具研究价值;三是4~6年级学生近视增长速度较快,影响因素的致近视作用更明显,增加了研究价值,于静[14]、张琰[15]等的研究也证实了这一观点。
近几年全国中小学生近视调查显示,我国儿童青少年近视率均超过50%,2018~2020年近视率分别为53.6%、50.2%、52.7%[3,16-17],呈现高发态势。本次研究结果显示,四川省4~6年级小学生整体近视率为50.3%,从5年级开始近视人数超过半数(50.2%),远高于王会会等[18]对山西省4~6年级学生(4 253/9 854)的研究结果(χ2=59.133,P<0.001),形势严峻。本研究还发现4~6年级小学生近视率随年级增长呈现明显上升趋势(趋势检验P<0.001),相邻年级近视率差值近10%,增速较快,应予以重视。提示四川省仍需继续加强儿童青少年近视防控工作,尤其针对增速较快的低年龄段学生,做好关口前移。
目前针对家庭作业时长与近视关系的研究有不同的结论,一些研究发现家庭作业时间越长患近视风险越大[11,19],本次研究结果(平均每天家庭作业时长1~<2 h的近视发生风险为作业时长<1 h的1.059倍)与这一观点颇为相似,主要原因为做家庭作业属于近距离用眼行为,时间过长容易导致睫状肌痉挛或疲劳,进而引发近视[9,20-21]。也有一些研究发现家庭作业时间长为保护因素[15],可能与家庭作业时间长的学生,其电子产品的使用频率低、时间短有一定关系。本次研究,在5年级、6年级及男生组、好地区经济水平组学生中观察到家庭作业对近视的危险效应,而在4年级学生和女生组中未观察到明显的保护或危险效应,表明不同年级、性别、地区经济水平学生对家庭作业的敏感度有所不同。年级差异可能与学业压力(如学业压力大,学习用眼时间长)有一定关系。男女差异可能与生活习惯(如女生读写时间长,男生户外活动时间长)、遗传(有报道显示与高度近视相关的rs9307551基因与女性人群高度相关[22])等因素有一定关联。地区经济水平导致的差异则可能与物质条件(如电子产品、食品等)提供及学业压力等相关。进一步提示近视防控应视学生性别、年级、甚至经济水平而有所不同。
本次研究仍然存在一定局限性。一是本次研究是在非睫状肌麻痹条件下进行的电脑验光,可能会导致等效球镜度数偏差,影响近视结局的判定。二是小学生家庭作业时间与其他视力相关行为通过问卷收集,无法避免回忆和报告偏倚,未来可以通过专家咨询等方法,设计专业量表收集学生相关数据。
综上所述,家庭作业为近视的危险因素,控制家庭作业时长能预防近视,提示科学安排家庭作业,合理设置作业时长的必要性。同时,应积极关注控制家庭作业时长后,电子产品使用时长增加带来的新的近视问题。建议学校要压减家庭作业总量和时长,且不依赖电子产品;加强手机入校的管理,指导电子产品使用,宣传过度使用手机的危害。家庭要配合学校切实减轻孩子作业负担和校外培训负担;控制孩子电子产品使用等。切实保护好儿童青少年的视力。
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2024年第51卷第18期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202404315
  • 接收时间:2024-04-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-18
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    1.四川省疾病预防控制中心,四川 成都 610041
    2.自贡市疾病预防控制中心

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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