Article(id=1241759327405539334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241759317016252418, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202405014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1714665600000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773988094418, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1727193600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773988094418, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773988094418, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773988094418, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241759317016252418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='18', pageStart='3265', pageEnd='3456', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773988091898, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773991617194, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241774103024174010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241759317016252418, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241774103024174011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241759317016252418, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3265, endPage=3270, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241759330131836951, articleId=1241759327405539334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Study on epidem characteristics of varicella and forecasting based on Baidu index, Urumqi, 2015-2023, columnId=null, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the epidemiological distribution characteristics of chickenpox in Urumqi City from 2015 to 2023, to construct a prediction model by combining Baidu search keywords, and to explore the complementary application of Baidu index in chickenpox prevention and monitoring.

Methods

Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the characteristics of varicella case triple distribution in Urumqi City from 2015 to 2023. Chickenpox keywords were identified and a comprehensive Baidu search index was constructed. The models ARIMA and ARIMAX were constructed, the prediction effectiveness of the two models was evaluated by mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and root mean square error (RMSE).

Results

The average annual reported incidence rate of varicella in Urumqi was 80.85/100 000, with a higher incidence in men than in women (χ2=1.136, P=0.287), there were statistically significant differences in incidence rates by age group (χ2=7 582.372, P<0.001), seven districts and one county had different average annual incidence rates (χ2=21.496, P<0.001), with the highest in the Toutunhe district (100.54/100 000). ARIMAX(1,1,0)(1,0,0) 52 was selected as the best prediction model (prediction set MAE 12.04%, RMSE 13.80%, MASE 1.18%) with a good fitting effect.

Conclusion

The ARIMAX prediction model established based on the search term Baidu index has a certain degree of predictability and sensitivity, and can predict the epidemic trend of chickenpox in Urumqi in time, which can be used as a technical support and further expansion of the traditional monitoring and early warning system.

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目的

分析2015—2023年乌鲁木齐市水痘的流行分布特征,结合百度搜索关键词构建预测模型,探讨百度指数在水痘防治监测中的补充应用。

方法

采用描述性流行病学方法分析2015—2023年乌鲁木齐市水痘病例三间分布特征。确定水痘关键词,构建综合百度搜索指数。选出ARIMA和ARIMAX的最优模型,通过平均绝对误差 (MAE)、平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)、均方根误差(RMSE)评价两种模型的预测效果。

结果

乌鲁木齐市水痘年均报告发病率为80.85/10万,男性发病率高于女性(χ2=1.136,P=0.287),各年龄组发病率差异具有统计学意义(χ2=7 582.372,P<0.001),七区一县年均发病率不同(χ2=21.496,P<0.001),其中头屯河区最高(100.54/10万)。筛选出的ARIMAX(1,1,0)(1,0,0) 52为最佳预测模型(预测集MAE为12.04%,RMSE为13.80%,MASE为1.18%),拟合效果较好。

结论

需加强学龄期儿童和头屯河区、达坂城区等重点人群及重点地区的疫情监测。基于搜索词百度指数建立的ARIMAX模型可用于预测乌鲁木齐市水痘的流行趋势,进一步扩展传统监测预警系统的技术支撑。

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郑彦玲,E-mail:
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张娜娜(1995—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

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张娜娜(1995—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

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Nature, 2009, 457(7232): 1012-1014., articleTitle=Detecting influenza epidemics using search engine query data, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241759356627256296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759327405539334, awardId=72064036; 72174175, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(72064036; 72174175), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241759338906321106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759327405539334, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241759338914709716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759327405539334, companyId=1241759338906321106, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830017, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241759339040538845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759327405539334, companyId=1241759338906321106, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.新疆医科大学公共卫生学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241759339170562278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759327405539334, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241759339199922410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759327405539334, companyId=1241759339170562278, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.乌鲁木齐市疾病预防控制中心)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241759339313168625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759327405539334, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241759339346723061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759327405539334, companyId=1241759339313168625, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.新疆医科大学医学工程技术学院)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241759351552148173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759327405539334, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Reported incidence of varicella in Urumqi, 2015—2023, figureFileSmall=UlfWj4VGTwU5Neyr7ZjA5w==, figureFileBig=fTT/+JlNXDjCzgHALBQ2fA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241759351887692505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759327405539334, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2015—2023年乌鲁木齐市水痘报告发病情况

注:A为2015—2023年乌鲁木齐市水痘发病年均分布,B为2015—2023年乌鲁木齐市水痘报告发病月分布。

, figureFileSmall=UlfWj4VGTwU5Neyr7ZjA5w==, figureFileBig=fTT/+JlNXDjCzgHALBQ2fA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241759352298734328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759327405539334, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Sequential Breakdown of Varicella Incidence Counts from 2015 to 2023, figureFileSmall=RId5SHejAWOIVv2Yc4AqWw==, figureFileBig=MTfE9QCJn1brL8auG0ZMvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241759352428757764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759327405539334, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2015—2023年水痘发病数序列分解图, figureFileSmall=RId5SHejAWOIVv2Yc4AqWw==, figureFileBig=MTfE9QCJn1brL8auG0ZMvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241759352659444493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759327405539334, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Plot of serial autocorrelation and partial incidence andautocorrelation function of chickenpox incidence number, figureFileSmall=vnQEfl1GwovXSiJ/IAHY5A==, figureFileBig=gniMzvHpAAlwUOHBTlpBcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241759352898519840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759327405539334, language=CN, label=图3, caption=水痘发病数序列自相关及偏自相关函数图, figureFileSmall=vnQEfl1GwovXSiJ/IAHY5A==, figureFileBig=gniMzvHpAAlwUOHBTlpBcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241759353015960366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759327405539334, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Correlation between chickenpox Baidu index, figureFileSmall=wkmNVtoSzoV3bA8y+bfcjA==, figureFileBig=9KOgRqsMX0wLTwIUdLpxxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241759353208898365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759327405539334, language=CN, label=图4, caption=水痘发病数与综合百度指数互相关图, figureFileSmall=wkmNVtoSzoV3bA8y+bfcjA==, figureFileBig=9KOgRqsMX0wLTwIUdLpxxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241759353364087626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759327405539334, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Fitting and prediction results of model ARIMA(2,1,0)(1,1,0)52, figureFileSmall=1puUT5eDWVo/OfEVACoLmg==, figureFileBig=pvPlwlz6q3+EEt/vk/U5wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241759353489916758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759327405539334, language=CN, label=图5, caption=模型ARIMA(2,1,0)(1,1,0)52的拟合、预测结果, figureFileSmall=1puUT5eDWVo/OfEVACoLmg==, figureFileBig=pvPlwlz6q3+EEt/vk/U5wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241759353619940193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759327405539334, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Fitting and prediction results of model ARIMAX(1,1,0)(1,0,0)52, figureFileSmall=m2tQmWpVJlscIVk+g2mrOg==, figureFileBig=2k4jvYFYgaf2BR11BIED6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241759353749963630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759327405539334, language=CN, label=图6, caption=模型ARIMAX(1,1,0)(1,0,0) 52的拟合、预测结果, figureFileSmall=m2tQmWpVJlscIVk+g2mrOg==, figureFileBig=2k4jvYFYgaf2BR11BIED6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241759353926124410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759327405539334, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Incidence of Varicella Sex and Age Distribution in Urumqi from 2015 to 2023

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分类年均发病数年均人口数年均发病率
(/10万)
构成比(%)χ2P
性别1 5811 919 17782.3652.241.1360.287
1 4451 822 99979.2647.76
0~16926 615258.422.53
>1~28234 586237.730.03
>2~36039 338153.372.22
>3~410031 504316.723.66
>4~515331 801480.425.61
>5~619331 628608.807.07
>6~719231 611607.737.05
>7~813933 083419.155.09
年龄(岁)>8~914336 321394.325.267 582.372<0.001
>9~1013436 725363.964.91
>10~15565167 112337.8320.73
>15~20389182 146213.7514.30
>20~25220244 00890.168.08
>25~30136265 26351.104.98
>30~3590271 97932.973.29
>35~4037331 21011.311.37
>40231 491 4261.520.83
), ArticleFig(id=1241759354072925062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759327405539334, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2015—2023年乌鲁木齐市水痘性别、年龄分布发病情况

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分类年均发病数年均人口数年均发病率
(/10万)
构成比(%)χ2P
性别1 5811 919 17782.3652.241.1360.287
1 4451 822 99979.2647.76
0~16926 615258.422.53
>1~28234 586237.730.03
>2~36039 338153.372.22
>3~410031 504316.723.66
>4~515331 801480.425.61
>5~619331 628608.807.07
>6~719231 611607.737.05
>7~813933 083419.155.09
年龄(岁)>8~914336 321394.325.267 582.372<0.001
>9~1013436 725363.964.91
>10~15565167 112337.8320.73
>15~20389182 146213.7514.30
>20~25220244 00890.168.08
>25~30136265 26351.104.98
>30~3590271 97932.973.29
>35~4037331 21011.311.37
>40231 491 4261.520.83
), ArticleFig(id=1241759355612234642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759327405539334, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

List of chickenpox related keywords and numbers

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类别百度关键词和编号
名义(A)水痘A1,出水痘A2,水痘图片A3,成人水痘A4,扫一扫识别皮肤病A5,怎么判断是不是水痘A6
症状(B)水痘症状B1,出水痘的症状B2,水痘的症状B3,高烧B4,带状疱疹B5,斑疹B6,皮疹B7,水痘的症状和图片B8,水痘传染吗B9,水痘传染期B10,水痘怎么传染B11,水痘的传染期是多少天B12,水痘的7天演变过程图片B13,水痘初期症状照片B14
治疗(C)水痘治疗C1,水痘的症状和治疗C2,阿昔洛韦C3,炉甘石洗剂C4,水痘的治疗C5
预防(D)水痘疫苗D1,水痘疫苗打几针D2,水痘疫苗有必要打吗D3,水痘几天能好D4,水痘的预防D5
), ArticleFig(id=1241759355796784032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759327405539334, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

水痘相关关键词及编号一览表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别百度关键词和编号
名义(A)水痘A1,出水痘A2,水痘图片A3,成人水痘A4,扫一扫识别皮肤病A5,怎么判断是不是水痘A6
症状(B)水痘症状B1,出水痘的症状B2,水痘的症状B3,高烧B4,带状疱疹B5,斑疹B6,皮疹B7,水痘的症状和图片B8,水痘传染吗B9,水痘传染期B10,水痘怎么传染B11,水痘的传染期是多少天B12,水痘的7天演变过程图片B13,水痘初期症状照片B14
治疗(C)水痘治疗C1,水痘的症状和治疗C2,阿昔洛韦C3,炉甘石洗剂C4,水痘的治疗C5
预防(D)水痘疫苗D1,水痘疫苗打几针D2,水痘疫苗有必要打吗D3,水痘几天能好D4,水痘的预防D5
), ArticleFig(id=1241759355947778986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759327405539334, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Correlation between Baidu search index and incidence number of chickenpox keywords in different cycles

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号关键字领先3周领先2周领先1周同期滞后1周滞后2周滞后3周
A1水痘0.5450.5980.6570.707a0.6720.6400.591
B2出水痘的症状0.3410.4060.4610.524a0.5130.5480.569
A3水痘图片0.4490.4720.4900.512a0.4940.4680.432
B3水痘的症状0.3610.4020.4320.464a0.4090.3750.353
C4炉甘石洗剂-0.458a-0.437-0.398-0.329-0.297-0.235-0.235
C2水痘的症状和治疗0.3420.3830.4130.447a0.4330.4190.402
B1水痘症状0.3980.4280.4290.443a0.4000.3950.381
B10水痘传染吗0.3520.3690.4050.442a0.4380.4330.412
A2出水痘0.3310.3480.4050.414a0.4010.3900.398
), ArticleFig(id=1241759356107162553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759327405539334, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同周期水痘关键词百度搜索指数与发病数相关关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号关键字领先3周领先2周领先1周同期滞后1周滞后2周滞后3周
A1水痘0.5450.5980.6570.707a0.6720.6400.591
B2出水痘的症状0.3410.4060.4610.524a0.5130.5480.569
A3水痘图片0.4490.4720.4900.512a0.4940.4680.432
B3水痘的症状0.3610.4020.4320.464a0.4090.3750.353
C4炉甘石洗剂-0.458a-0.437-0.398-0.329-0.297-0.235-0.235
C2水痘的症状和治疗0.3420.3830.4130.447a0.4330.4190.402
B1水痘症状0.3980.4280.4290.443a0.4000.3950.381
B10水痘传染吗0.3520.3690.4050.442a0.4380.4330.412
A2出水痘0.3310.3480.4050.414a0.4010.3900.398
), ArticleFig(id=1241759356245574597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759327405539334, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Parameter tests of the model and comparison results of fitting and prediction

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型参数检验拟合集
参数回归系数标准差PMAE(%)RMSE(%)MASE(%)
ARIMA(2,1,0)(1,1,0)52AR1-0.630.08<0.00112.3417.140.93
SAR1-0.440.050.132
ARIMAX(1,1,0)(1,0,0)52AR1-0.400.050.2871.502.210.06
SAR10.070.050.007
XREG0.280.010.013
模型预测集Ljung-Box检验AIC值
MAE(%)RMSE(%)MASE(%)χ2P
ARIMA(2,1,0)(1,1,0)5257.5863.284.320.0310.8523 162.06
ARIMAX(1,1,0)(1,0,0)5212.0413.801.180.0260.885901.83
), ArticleFig(id=1241759356404958162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241759327405539334, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

模型的参数检验及拟合、预测对比结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型参数检验拟合集
参数回归系数标准差PMAE(%)RMSE(%)MASE(%)
ARIMA(2,1,0)(1,1,0)52AR1-0.630.08<0.00112.3417.140.93
SAR1-0.440.050.132
ARIMAX(1,1,0)(1,0,0)52AR1-0.400.050.2871.502.210.06
SAR10.070.050.007
XREG0.280.010.013
模型预测集Ljung-Box检验AIC值
MAE(%)RMSE(%)MASE(%)χ2P
ARIMA(2,1,0)(1,1,0)5257.5863.284.320.0310.8523 162.06
ARIMAX(1,1,0)(1,0,0)5212.0413.801.180.0260.885901.83
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2015—2023年乌鲁木齐市水痘流行病学特征及其相关百度指数预测研究
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张娜娜 1 , 张凯伦 2 , 卢耀勤 2 , 祖力皮卡尔·吐迪 2 , 赛娜瓦尔·伊力哈木 2 , 郑彦玲 3
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2024,51(18): 3265-3270
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现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2024, 51(18): 3265-3270
2015—2023年乌鲁木齐市水痘流行病学特征及其相关百度指数预测研究
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张娜娜1, 张凯伦2, 卢耀勤2, 祖力皮卡尔·吐迪2, 赛娜瓦尔·伊力哈木2, 郑彦玲3
作者信息
  • 1.新疆医科大学公共卫生学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017
  • 2.乌鲁木齐市疾病预防控制中心
  • 3.新疆医科大学医学工程技术学院
  • 张娜娜(1995—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

通讯作者:

郑彦玲,E-mail:
Study on epidem characteristics of varicella and forecasting based on Baidu index, Urumqi, 2015-2023
Na-na ZHANG1, Kai-lun ZHANG2, Yao-qin LU2, Zulipikaer·Tudi2, Sainawaer·Yilihamu2, Yan-ling ZHENG3
Affiliations
  • School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830017, China
出版时间: 2024-09-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202405014
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目的

分析2015—2023年乌鲁木齐市水痘的流行分布特征,结合百度搜索关键词构建预测模型,探讨百度指数在水痘防治监测中的补充应用。

方法

采用描述性流行病学方法分析2015—2023年乌鲁木齐市水痘病例三间分布特征。确定水痘关键词,构建综合百度搜索指数。选出ARIMA和ARIMAX的最优模型,通过平均绝对误差 (MAE)、平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)、均方根误差(RMSE)评价两种模型的预测效果。

结果

乌鲁木齐市水痘年均报告发病率为80.85/10万,男性发病率高于女性(χ2=1.136,P=0.287),各年龄组发病率差异具有统计学意义(χ2=7 582.372,P<0.001),七区一县年均发病率不同(χ2=21.496,P<0.001),其中头屯河区最高(100.54/10万)。筛选出的ARIMAX(1,1,0)(1,0,0) 52为最佳预测模型(预测集MAE为12.04%,RMSE为13.80%,MASE为1.18%),拟合效果较好。

结论

需加强学龄期儿童和头屯河区、达坂城区等重点人群及重点地区的疫情监测。基于搜索词百度指数建立的ARIMAX模型可用于预测乌鲁木齐市水痘的流行趋势,进一步扩展传统监测预警系统的技术支撑。

水痘  /  百度指数  /  ARIMA  /  ARIMAX  /  模型预测
Objective

To analyze the epidemiological distribution characteristics of chickenpox in Urumqi City from 2015 to 2023, to construct a prediction model by combining Baidu search keywords, and to explore the complementary application of Baidu index in chickenpox prevention and monitoring.

Methods

Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the characteristics of varicella case triple distribution in Urumqi City from 2015 to 2023. Chickenpox keywords were identified and a comprehensive Baidu search index was constructed. The models ARIMA and ARIMAX were constructed, the prediction effectiveness of the two models was evaluated by mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and root mean square error (RMSE).

Results

The average annual reported incidence rate of varicella in Urumqi was 80.85/100 000, with a higher incidence in men than in women (χ2=1.136, P=0.287), there were statistically significant differences in incidence rates by age group (χ2=7 582.372, P<0.001), seven districts and one county had different average annual incidence rates (χ2=21.496, P<0.001), with the highest in the Toutunhe district (100.54/100 000). ARIMAX(1,1,0)(1,0,0) 52 was selected as the best prediction model (prediction set MAE 12.04%, RMSE 13.80%, MASE 1.18%) with a good fitting effect.

Conclusion

The ARIMAX prediction model established based on the search term Baidu index has a certain degree of predictability and sensitivity, and can predict the epidemic trend of chickenpox in Urumqi in time, which can be used as a technical support and further expansion of the traditional monitoring and early warning system.

Varicella  /  Baidu index  /  ARIMA  /  ARIMAX  /  Model prediction
张娜娜, 张凯伦, 卢耀勤, 祖力皮卡尔·吐迪, 赛娜瓦尔·伊力哈木, 郑彦玲. 2015—2023年乌鲁木齐市水痘流行病学特征及其相关百度指数预测研究. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (18) : 3265 -3270 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202405014
Na-na ZHANG, Kai-lun ZHANG, Yao-qin LU, Zulipikaer·Tudi, Sainawaer·Yilihamu, Yan-ling ZHENG. Study on epidem characteristics of varicella and forecasting based on Baidu index, Urumqi, 2015-2023[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (18) : 3265 -3270 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202405014
水痘是由水痘-带状疱疹病毒感染引起的以皮疹为主要特征的急性传染病,经呼吸道飞沫或直接接触传播,婴幼儿、少儿对水痘普遍易感[1],患者通常表现为发热,并同时出现全身性斑丘疹、水疱及结痂等症状[2],极易在幼托、学校等机构暴发流行,是当前影响范围较广、后果较为严重的传染病之一。2004年乌鲁木齐市水痘疫情监测实现网络直报,水痘报告率不断提高。
百度指数是指以海量网民行为数据为基础的互联网统计分析平台数据,互联网检索词量的权重变化客观反映了某地区相关传染病流行情况以及人群中发病及问诊的信息[3]。目前已有通过挖掘互联网搜索数据库从而建立数学模型对传染病进行预测的相关研究[4-5],证明通过网络搜索信息对传染病疫情的预测一定的帮助。目前仍无基于互联网检索数据对水痘发病预测预警的相关研究,本研究旨在分析2015年至2023年乌鲁木齐市水痘的流行特征,尝试构建差分自回归移动平均模型(ARIMA)和结合百度搜索指数建立的自回归移动平均模型(ARIMAX),对乌鲁木齐市水痘疫情进行预测,为相关部门在开展水痘疫情监测及防控工作中提供科学依据。
1.1.1 根据《中国疾病预防控制信息系统》中分系统《传染病监测》中发病日期为导出原则,查询2015至2023年乌鲁木齐市水痘报告发病数(率),性别、年龄、地区等基本信息,从《疾病预防控制综合管理》系统中获得人口数据信息。
1.1.2 从百度指数官网(http://index.baidu.com/)获取水痘相关关键词,检索乌鲁木齐市2014年12月30日至2024年1月1日的468周“PC+移动”端百度搜索指数。
1.2.1 描述性分析描述乌鲁木齐市2015—2023年水痘报告病例的三间分布。绘制年、月发病数(率)直方图,对不同性别、年龄段人群以及不同地区的发病情况进行数据整理,分析差异是否具有统计学意义。
1.2.2 关键词筛选和综合百度搜索指数构建 通过站长之家中长尾关键词挖掘功能[4],以“水痘”为核心查询词进行检索,检索与水痘高度相关的30个基础关键词,采用Spearman秩相关系数来判断发病数与百度指数之间的相关性,r取值范围为(-1,1),|r|越大表示两者之间的相关性越高,根据|r|>0.4且有统计学意义(P<0.01)作为初筛标准。
将符合初筛标准的关键词通过计算公式构建综合百度搜索指数(CSI),指通过计算各关键词相关系数的权重比例建立权重系数,得到权重系数与相应检索词的指数相乘总和,并计算综合百度搜索指数与发病数的Spearman秩相关系数,确定相关性的大小。公式如下[6-7]
式中,k为潜在的时间滞后(单位为周),n为每个时间滞后中包含的关键字数量,ki为特定时间滞后k周关键字i的Spearman相关系数,WeightkiKeywordki分别为该关键字在一段滞后期内的权重系数和百度搜索指数。
1.2.3 模型构建将经过平稳性检验的水痘报告病例和CSI数据分为2014年12月30日至2023年1月1日共416周的模型构建训练集和2023年1月2日至2024年1月1日共52周的模型预测测试集。
使用报告病例训练集构建ARIMA模型,使用水痘报告病例和CSI训练集构建ARIMAX模型。使用auto.arima函数和自相关函数(ACF)以及部分自相关函数(PACF)图确定模型的阶数和范围,进行多次拟合并采用最小AIC值确定最优ARIMA(p,d,q)(P,D,Q)S模型。通过绘制发病数与CSI之间的交叉相关函数(CCF)图,以确定ARIMAX模型的合适滞后顺序[2],最后,使用最小二乘法(LSM)进行模型和参数估计,P<0.05表示参数有统计学意义。采用残差Ljung-Box检验进行模型诊断,P>0.05表示模型变量独立。通过测试后,模型进入预测部分。
1.2.4 评价指标 以平均绝对误差(MAE)、平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)、均方根误差(RMSE)作为评价指标,比较两模型对水痘发病数的预测效果,选出最优模型。
2015—2023年乌鲁木齐市累计报告水痘病例数34 484例,无死亡病例,发病率维持在46.05/10万~135.52/10万水平波动,年均报告发病率为80.85/10万。
报告发病率自2015年至2019年呈持续上升趋势,发病率前三位的年份分别为2019年(135.52/10万)、2018年(113.81/10万)和2017年(101.16/10万),2020—2023年发病率较前期下降幅度较大,2022年最低(46.05/10万),见图1A
水痘发病呈现双季节高峰,主高峰为11月至次年1月,次高峰为4月至6月,月平均报告发病数最高的月份为12月(384例),11月次之(358例),报告数最低的月份是8月(89例),见图1B
2015至2023年共有男性病例14 226例,年均发病率82.36/10万;女性病例13 005例,年均发病率79.26/10万,男性发病率高于女性(χ2=1.136,P=0.287)。因2023年各年龄组人口基线资料缺失,2015至2022年6岁组发病率最高(608.80/10万),其次为7岁组(607.73/10万),各年龄组年均发病率差异具有统计学意义(χ2=7 582.372,P<0.001)。见表1
乌鲁木齐市共有七区一县,2015至2023年水痘年均发病率最高的区县为头屯河区(100.54/10万),其次为达坂城区(94.09/10万),发病率最低的区县为乌鲁木齐县(57.51/10万),各区县年均发病率差异具有统计学意义(χ2=21.496,P<0.001)。
通过文献阅读、搜索联想推荐、“站长之家”关键字挖掘等,针对水痘名义、症状、治疗、预防四方面确定水痘搜索关键词病并编号,纳入检索30个关键词,见表2
研究时间确定468周,根据水痘潜伏期为10~24天流行学特征,分别计算7个不同时期的相关系数r,其中|r|≥0.4的关键词共9个(表3)。根据上述公式(1)、(2)构建综合百度指数,秩相关分析显示,报告病例与综合百度搜索指数(CSI)的相关系数r=0.814,P=0.03,相关性较好,可用于下一步模型构建。
对水痘报告病例和综合百度搜索指数的时间序列进行ADF和Ljung-Box平稳性检验结果显示,水痘报告病例的时间序列和水痘CSI是非平稳的(P1=0.342,P2=0.291),进而对乌鲁木齐市水痘发病数序列做季节性分解,提取序列相关信息(图2),对水痘发病数和综合百度搜索指数进行一阶差分,转化为平稳序列。
乌鲁木齐市水痘发病数序列自相关(ACF)图及序列偏自相关(PACF)图均显示拖尾(图3),可考虑p、q为0、1或2。根据差分及季节性差分的次数,可初步判定d和D均为1,季节周期s=52,参数P、Q的取值在0、1、2中进行组合判定,以AIC最小值模型为最佳模型,选择模型ARIMA(2,1,0)(1,1,0)52为最优模型,残差符合白噪声序列(χ2=0.031,P=0.852)。
通过绘制响应变量残差序列与外生变量的不同延迟阶数的互相关图(CCF)[8]来确定最佳滞后相关周期。考虑了领先、滞后52个周的相互关系,图4显示滞后0周的CSI与水痘发病数的相关性最强,且为正相关关系。以滞后0周的CSI平稳时间序列作为输入序列,构建最小AIC值ARIMAX(1,1,0)(1,0,0)52模型。
上述模型均通过LSM检验和残差Ljung-Box检验,模型参数估计结果见表4
通过最大似然估计法对模型参数进行检验,结果提示参数显著非零(P<0.001),对两模型残差进行自相关、偏自相关检验、Ljung-Box 检验和残差序列正态性检验,检验显示两模型残差序列均属于白噪声序列,不存在自相关和偏自相关,模型显著成立(P>0.05)。
采用ARIMA(2,1,0)(1,1,0)52模型做乌鲁木齐市水痘周发病数的拟合和预测,图5显示此模型在拟合阶段表现较佳,RMSE为17.14%,预测阶段预测值与实际疫情数报告趋势基本一致,预测发病数较多为负值,在本文中定义为0。
采用构建的ARIMAX(1,1,0)(1,0,0) 52模型对水痘周发病数进行拟合,模型拟合阶段误差较小,拟合效果良好,基本符合乌鲁木齐市实际流行趋势(图6)。对2023 年1月2日至2024 年1月1日共52周的水痘新发病数进行预测,模型的RMSE为13.80%,且预测值的95%置信区间较窄,表明该模型可以较好的对未来乌鲁木齐市水痘的发病数进行短期预测,且在模型的拟合和预测上均显著优于模型ARIMA(2,1,0)(1,1,0) 52
ARIMAX模型显示出更佳的拟合优度和的预测精度(表4),结合CSI的ARIMAX模型应用于乌鲁木齐市水痘疫情的监测预警可具有一定的现实意义。
2015—2023年乌鲁木齐市水痘发病率为46.05/10万~135.52/10万,年均发病率为80.85/10万,高于全国[2]、吉林省[9]等地区,低于广东省[10]、上海市[11]等地发病水平。研究期间发病率总体呈上升趋势,但2020年后大幅度下降,可能与新冠疫情期间,学校停课频繁、社会流动减少、个人防护意识提高等因素有关[12]。水痘发病与呼吸道传染病的发病特点基本一致,呈现明显的冬夏双峰季节分布,冬季的发病数高于夏季,这与很多地区报道的冬夏双季节高峰分布基本一致[13-14]
研究发现病例中男性数发病率略高于女性,猜测可能与男性群体好动,活动范围广,卫生习惯差,暴露感染概率高于女性等相关。水痘发病人群特征表明,发病人群主要集中在6岁及7岁学龄儿童组,该阶段儿童初次经历集体学习,卫生意识相对较低,且正处于手口敏感阶段,病毒侵袭机体风险增大,需加强学生健康教育,积极开展疫苗接种工作,减少校园水痘疫情突发公共卫生事件的发生。发病率地区分布中头屯河区发病率最高,达坂城区次之,相比起主城区,两城区地理位置较偏远,人口分布较分散,考虑可能与其经济条件相对落后,水痘疫苗接种率低,居民防疫意识较差等有关,导致水痘疫情处置不及时,造成疾病流行的情况。需加强乌鲁木齐市水痘高发区域的监测预警能力,控制疫情进一步扩散,同时建议将水痘疫苗纳入本市常规免疫规划中,提高集体免疫水平。
水痘的传播率高,传播方式多样,易造成大范围流行,对人民生命财产安全产生重大影响,显著影响卫生保健系统和经济生产,因此,优化早期预警和预测系统至关重要[15]。百度指数作为互联网大数据监测系统指标具有样本量丰富、响应及时、易获取等优点[16],可用于传染病的早期预警和预测。本文确定了30个与水痘相关的关键词,最终筛选出9个相关性较佳的关键词,构建综合百度搜索指数,与实际发病数的相关性较好。本研究利用水痘发病数时间序列数据构建ARIMA(2,1,0)(1,1,0)52模型,并将百度指数作为外部变量构建ARIMA(1,1,0)(1,0,0) 52+ CSI (Lag=0)模型。2种模型均表现出较好的拟合性能,但ARIMAX 模型相对于ARIMA模型拥有更小的AIC 值和各项误差评估标准值,表明引入互联网搜索数据不仅能提升水痘新发病例数预测准确性,还使模型更加稳定可靠。提示百度指数可作为传统监测系统的宝贵补充,增强对水痘新发病数的早期预警和预测能力。
本研究存在的局限性:互联网数据较易受到媒体报道的影响,可能导致包含不准确的信息[17];百度搜索引擎并不能覆盖所有的互联网用户,本研究纳入关键词也不是详尽的,存在数据纳入不全的可能性。
  • 国家自然科学基金(72064036; 72174175)
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2024年第51卷第18期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202405014
  • 接收时间:2024-05-03
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-03
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国家自然科学基金(72064036; 72174175)
作者信息
    1.新疆医科大学公共卫生学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830017
    2.乌鲁木齐市疾病预防控制中心
    3.新疆医科大学医学工程技术学院

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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