Article(id=1241676527826424738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241676522256388920, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406366, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718812800000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773968353467, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1731168000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773968353467, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773968353467, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773968353467, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241676522256388920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='21', pageStart='3841', pageEnd='4032', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773968352140, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773968629818, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241677686985249701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241676522256388920, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241677686985249702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241676522256388920, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3848, endPage=3854, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241676529189573597, articleId=1241676527826424738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Analysis on the association between social isolation and health-related quality of life and mediating effects, columnId=1240413921954295836, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To understand the current state of social isolation among the elderly and its relationship with health-related quality of life, as well as to explore the mediating role of loneliness in this relationship.

Methods

A face-to-face questionnaire survey was conducted among 1 349 elderly individuals in Yangzhou using cluster random sampling. Social isolation was measured through three questions regarding social contact, loneliness was assessed using the UCLA Loneliness Scale (short version), and health-related quality of life was evaluated using the EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire. Propensity score matching (PSM) was employed to match elderly individuals with and without social isolation in a 1:1 ratio without replacement.The mediating effect of loneliness was tested using Monte Carlo simulation analysis.

Results

A total of 718 elderly individuals were included in the study after matching. Social isolation was negatively correlated with health-related quality of life (β=-0.016, 95%CI: -0.030 to -0.002, P<0.05) and positively correlated with loneliness (β=0.142, 95%CI: 0.047 to 0.237, P<0.01). Loneliness acted as a complete mediator in the pathway between social isolation and health-related quality of life among the elderly (β=-0.005, 95%CI: -0.008 to -0.001, P<0.01), with the indirect effect accounting for 31.25% of the total effect.

Conclusion

Social isolation indirectly affects the health-related quality of life of the elderly by increasing their feelings of loneliness. More opportunities for social participation should be provided to the elderly to reduce their loneliness and, consequently, improve their overall quality of life.

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目的

了解老年人的社会隔离现状及其与健康相关生命质量之间的关系,并探讨孤独感在其中的作用机制。

方法

采用整群随机抽样,对扬州市1 349名老年人进行面对面问卷调查。社会隔离的测量选取三个社会接触问题,采用孤独感短版量表(UCLA-3)测量孤独感,健康相关生命质量选用欧洲五维度生命质量量表进行测量。利用倾向得分匹配法(PSM)对存在社会隔离与不存在社会隔离的老年人进行无放回的1∶1匹配。利用蒙特卡洛模拟分析法检验孤独感的中介作用。

结果

PSM后共718名老年人纳入研究。社会隔离与老年人健康相关生命质量呈负相关(β=-0.016,95%CI:-0.030~-0.002,P<0.05),与老年人的孤独感呈正相关(β=0.142,95%CI:0.047~0.237,P<0.01);孤独感在老年人社会隔离与健康相关生命质量的路径中起完全中介作用(β=-0.005,95%CI:-0.008~-0.001,P<0.01),间接效应占总效应的31.25%。

结论

社会隔离通过增加老年人的孤独感,间接影响他们的健康相关生命质量。应为老年人提供更多社会参与的机会,减少其孤独感,进而改善该整体的生命质量。

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仲亚琴,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=YqGbGPORjYG87YMIJqctFg==, magXml=2AbOQBdDqXCRJz7NnIvzCg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=j7FizxbatcE5OLc+My6t6g==, pdfFileSize=708903, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=/HqO2345e/OArT6TBI/mFw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=aVjybifed92OGJWgnE4gCQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

刘奕彤(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:社会医学与卫生事业管理

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journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241676527826424738, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=17, issue=11, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=Newman-Norlund RD, Newman-Norlund SE, Sayers S, journalName=PLOS One, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Newman-Norlund RD, Newman-Norlund SE, Sayers S, et al.Effects of social isolation on quality of Life in elderly adults[J]. 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Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2022, 38(4): 399-403.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Influence of social isolation and loneliness on frailty among community elderly People, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241821866738909940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241676527826424738, awardId=23BSH151, language=CN, fundingSource=国家社科基金(23BSH151), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241821866931847937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241676527826424738, awardId=21YJA84 0018, language=CN, fundingSource=教育部人文社科基金(21YJA84 0018), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241821854785143088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241676527826424738, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241821854801920307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241676527826424738, companyId=1241821854785143088, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241821854843863350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241676527826424738, companyId=1241821854785143088, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.南通大学公共卫生学院,江苏 南通 226019)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241821854973886786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241676527826424738, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241821854982275395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241676527826424738, companyId=1241821854973886786, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.扬州市江都人民医院)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241821863614153347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241676527826424738, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Theoretical framework of social isolation and health outcomes, figureFileSmall=ihRKQgUjxSrhriXneOWcsg==, figureFileBig=Jh/fp5f9BY72rzAL4vumWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241821863744176779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241676527826424738, language=CN, label=图1, caption=社会隔离与健康结局理论框架, figureFileSmall=ihRKQgUjxSrhriXneOWcsg==, figureFileBig=Jh/fp5f9BY72rzAL4vumWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241821863907754648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241676527826424738, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Model results and regression coefficients of the relationship between social isolation, loneliness, and health-related quality of life, figureFileSmall=AzdrjokVPEPY8A0/Q6Kq8A==, figureFileBig=bhnCKr61itg+NRKFO9iiNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241821863995835038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241676527826424738, language=CN, label=图2, caption=社会隔离、孤独感与健康相关生命质量之间关系的模型结果及回归系数

注:*P<0.05;**P<0.01;***P<0.001。

, figureFileSmall=AzdrjokVPEPY8A0/Q6Kq8A==, figureFileBig=bhnCKr61itg+NRKFO9iiNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241821864134247078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241676527826424738, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic information on survey respondents

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量类别人数[n(%)]健康效用值
Z/HP
年龄(岁)≤65448(33.21)2.325
0.020
>65901(66.79)
性别762(56.48)-3.590<0.001
587(43.51)
受教育程度未受教育570(42.25)5.356 a0.069
小学338(25.06)
初中及以上441(32.69)
婚姻状况在婚1 220(90.44)-0.6800.496
其他129(9.56)
在业情况826(61.23)-4.036<0.001
523(38.77)
工资性收入1 102(81.69)0.5550.579
247(18.31)
子女数目(个)016(1.19)0.211a0.900
1883(65.46)
≥2450(33.36)
吸烟情况352(26.09)-3.3270.001
997(73.91)
饮酒情况330(24.46)-3.0860.002
1 019(75.54)
就医行为146(10.82)4.723<0.001
1 203(89.18)
癌症家族史299(22.16)-2.2280.026
1 050(77.84)
慢性非传染性疾病(种)0537(39.81)31.847 a<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241821864272659122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241676527826424738, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

调查对象的基本情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量类别人数[n(%)]健康效用值
Z/HP
年龄(岁)≤65448(33.21)2.325
0.020
>65901(66.79)
性别762(56.48)-3.590<0.001
587(43.51)
受教育程度未受教育570(42.25)5.356 a0.069
小学338(25.06)
初中及以上441(32.69)
婚姻状况在婚1 220(90.44)-0.6800.496
其他129(9.56)
在业情况826(61.23)-4.036<0.001
523(38.77)
工资性收入1 102(81.69)0.5550.579
247(18.31)
子女数目(个)016(1.19)0.211a0.900
1883(65.46)
≥2450(33.36)
吸烟情况352(26.09)-3.3270.001
997(73.91)
饮酒情况330(24.46)-3.0860.002
1 019(75.54)
就医行为146(10.82)4.723<0.001
1 203(89.18)
癌症家族史299(22.16)-2.2280.026
1 050(77.84)
慢性非传染性疾病(种)0537(39.81)31.847 a<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241821864390099643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241676527826424738, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Balance test before and after PSM

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量匹配均值标准化偏差(%)t
处理组控制组
年龄(岁)匹配前66.65866.29310.11.63
匹配后66.62166.266-0.91.00
性别匹配前0.4270.438-7.6-0.35
匹配后0.4260.464-2.1-0.77
受教育程度匹配前1.8632.071-20.4-3.28
匹配后1.8771.954-7.5-0.80
婚姻状况匹配前0.8010.961-50.1-11.92
匹配后0.8030.805-0.9-0.12
在业情况匹配前5.1755.361-9.3-1.50
匹配后5.1594.9714.80.97
工资性收入匹配前0.2220.16913.42.25
匹配后0.2090.2051.00.10
子女数目(个)匹配前1.3211.322-10.7-0.05
匹配后1.3331.375-0.3-0.76
吸烟情况匹配前0.2440.267-5.4-0.87
匹配后0.2420.269-3.8-0.39
饮酒情况匹配前0.2630.2385.80.96
匹配后0.2610.293-1.0-0.76
就诊行为匹配前0.1080.104-10.40.26
匹配后0.1120.1130.6-0.02
癌症家族史匹配前1.7971.7796.31.02
匹配后1.7941.7803.50.36
慢性非传染性疾病(种)匹配前0.8820.8731.00.17
匹配后0.8850.962-8.7-0.94
), ArticleFig(id=1241821865908437700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241676527826424738, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

PSM前后的平行假设检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量匹配均值标准化偏差(%)t
处理组控制组
年龄(岁)匹配前66.65866.29310.11.63
匹配后66.62166.266-0.91.00
性别匹配前0.4270.438-7.6-0.35
匹配后0.4260.464-2.1-0.77
受教育程度匹配前1.8632.071-20.4-3.28
匹配后1.8771.954-7.5-0.80
婚姻状况匹配前0.8010.961-50.1-11.92
匹配后0.8030.805-0.9-0.12
在业情况匹配前5.1755.361-9.3-1.50
匹配后5.1594.9714.80.97
工资性收入匹配前0.2220.16913.42.25
匹配后0.2090.2051.00.10
子女数目(个)匹配前1.3211.322-10.7-0.05
匹配后1.3331.375-0.3-0.76
吸烟情况匹配前0.2440.267-5.4-0.87
匹配后0.2420.269-3.8-0.39
饮酒情况匹配前0.2630.2385.80.96
匹配后0.2610.293-1.0-0.76
就诊行为匹配前0.1080.104-10.40.26
匹配后0.1120.1130.6-0.02
癌症家族史匹配前1.7971.7796.31.02
匹配后1.7941.7803.50.36
慢性非传染性疾病(种)匹配前0.8820.8731.00.17
匹配后0.8850.962-8.7-0.94
), ArticleFig(id=1241821866084598476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241676527826424738, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of the basic information of old adults with and without social isolation before and after PSM [n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量类别PSM前(n=1 349)χ2/FPPSM后(n=718)χ2/FP
不存在社会隔离存在社会隔离不存在社会隔离存在社会隔离
年龄(岁)≤65335(74.78)113(25.22)1.1430.285116(50.88)112(49.12)0.1030.748
>65649(72.03)252(27.97)243(49.59)247(50.41)
性别431(73.42)156(26.58)0.1220.727167(52.19)153(47.81)1.1050.293
553(72.57)209(27.43)192(48.24)206(51.76)
受教育程度未受教育391(68.60)179(31.40)9.5880.009157(47.58)173(52.42)1.7630.414
小学255(75.44)83(24.56)96(53.63)83(46.37)
初中及以上338(76.64)103(23.36)106(50.72)103(49.28)
婚姻状况在婚943(77.30)277(22.70)122.441<0.001346(55.81)274(44.19)61.259<0.001
其他41(31.78)88(68.22)13(13.27)85(86.73)
在业情况579(70.10)247(29.90)8.7440.003226(48.09)244(51.91)1.9960.158
405(77.44)118(22.56)133(53.63)115(46.37)
工资性收入818(74.23)284(25.77)5.0410.025278(49.47)284(50.53)0.2950.587
166(67.21)81(32.79)81(51.92)75(48.08)
子女数目(个)02(12.50)14(87.50)32.632a<0.0012(15.38)11(84.62)6.7660.032
1663(75.08)220(24.92)231(51.56)217(48.44)
≥2319(70.89)131(29.11)126(49.03)131(50.97)
吸烟情况263(74.72)89(25.28)0.7890.38498(52.97)87(47.03)0.8810.348
721(72.32)276(27.68)261(48.97)272(51.03)
饮酒情况234(70.91)96(29.09)0.9160.339101(51.79)94(48.21)0.3450.557
750(73.60)269(26.40)258(49.33)265(50.67)
就医行为106(72.60)40(27.40)0.0100.92244(53.01)39(46.99)0.3410.559
878(72.98)325(27.02)315(49.61)320(50.39)
癌症家族史225(75.25)74(24.75)1.0370.30980(51.95)74(48.05)0.2980.585
759(72.29)291(27.71)279(49.47)285(50.53)
慢性非传染性0406(75.61)131(24.39)8.8070.035142(52.79)127(47.21)3.5870.310
疾病(种)1363(68.49)167(31.51)141(45.93)166(54.07)
2160(76.19)50(23.81)57(53.77)49(46.23)
≥355(76.39)17(23.61)19(52.78)17(47.22)
), ArticleFig(id=1241821866223010519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241676527826424738, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

PSM前后存在社会隔离与不存在社会隔离老年人一般情况比较[n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量类别PSM前(n=1 349)χ2/FPPSM后(n=718)χ2/FP
不存在社会隔离存在社会隔离不存在社会隔离存在社会隔离
年龄(岁)≤65335(74.78)113(25.22)1.1430.285116(50.88)112(49.12)0.1030.748
>65649(72.03)252(27.97)243(49.59)247(50.41)
性别431(73.42)156(26.58)0.1220.727167(52.19)153(47.81)1.1050.293
553(72.57)209(27.43)192(48.24)206(51.76)
受教育程度未受教育391(68.60)179(31.40)9.5880.009157(47.58)173(52.42)1.7630.414
小学255(75.44)83(24.56)96(53.63)83(46.37)
初中及以上338(76.64)103(23.36)106(50.72)103(49.28)
婚姻状况在婚943(77.30)277(22.70)122.441<0.001346(55.81)274(44.19)61.259<0.001
其他41(31.78)88(68.22)13(13.27)85(86.73)
在业情况579(70.10)247(29.90)8.7440.003226(48.09)244(51.91)1.9960.158
405(77.44)118(22.56)133(53.63)115(46.37)
工资性收入818(74.23)284(25.77)5.0410.025278(49.47)284(50.53)0.2950.587
166(67.21)81(32.79)81(51.92)75(48.08)
子女数目(个)02(12.50)14(87.50)32.632a<0.0012(15.38)11(84.62)6.7660.032
1663(75.08)220(24.92)231(51.56)217(48.44)
≥2319(70.89)131(29.11)126(49.03)131(50.97)
吸烟情况263(74.72)89(25.28)0.7890.38498(52.97)87(47.03)0.8810.348
721(72.32)276(27.68)261(48.97)272(51.03)
饮酒情况234(70.91)96(29.09)0.9160.339101(51.79)94(48.21)0.3450.557
750(73.60)269(26.40)258(49.33)265(50.67)
就医行为106(72.60)40(27.40)0.0100.92244(53.01)39(46.99)0.3410.559
878(72.98)325(27.02)315(49.61)320(50.39)
癌症家族史225(75.25)74(24.75)1.0370.30980(51.95)74(48.05)0.2980.585
759(72.29)291(27.71)279(49.47)285(50.53)
慢性非传染性0406(75.61)131(24.39)8.8070.035142(52.79)127(47.21)3.5870.310
疾病(种)1363(68.49)167(31.51)141(45.93)166(54.07)
2160(76.19)50(23.81)57(53.77)49(46.23)
≥355(76.39)17(23.61)19(52.78)17(47.22)
), ArticleFig(id=1241821866340451040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241676527826424738, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Bootstrap test for the mediating effect of loneliness

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指标β(95%CIZP
总效应c-0.016(-0.030~-0.002)0.007-2.190.028
直接效应c’-0.011(-0.025~0.003)0.007-1.570.116
间接效应ab=c-c’-0.005(-0.008~-0.001)0.002-2.650.008
), ArticleFig(id=1241821866470474470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241676527826424738, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

孤独感中介效应的bootstrap检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标β(95%CIZP
总效应c-0.016(-0.030~-0.002)0.007-2.190.028
直接效应c’-0.011(-0.025~0.003)0.007-1.570.116
间接效应ab=c-c’-0.005(-0.008~-0.001)0.002-2.650.008
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老年人的社会隔离与健康相关生命质量的关联及中介效应分析
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刘奕彤 1 , 王亚南 1 , 田广玉 2 , 褚俊峰 2 , 仲亚琴 1
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2024,51(21): 3848-3854
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现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2024, 51(21): 3848-3854
老年人的社会隔离与健康相关生命质量的关联及中介效应分析
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刘奕彤1, 王亚南1, 田广玉2, 褚俊峰2, 仲亚琴1
作者信息
  • 1.南通大学公共卫生学院,江苏 南通 226019
  • 2.扬州市江都人民医院
  • 刘奕彤(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:社会医学与卫生事业管理

通讯作者:

仲亚琴,E-mail:
Analysis on the association between social isolation and health-related quality of life and mediating effects
Yi-tong LIU1, Ya-nan WANG1, Guang-yu TIAN2, Jun-feng CHU2, Ya-qin ZHONG1
Affiliations
  • School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China
出版时间: 2024-11-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406366
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目的

了解老年人的社会隔离现状及其与健康相关生命质量之间的关系,并探讨孤独感在其中的作用机制。

方法

采用整群随机抽样,对扬州市1 349名老年人进行面对面问卷调查。社会隔离的测量选取三个社会接触问题,采用孤独感短版量表(UCLA-3)测量孤独感,健康相关生命质量选用欧洲五维度生命质量量表进行测量。利用倾向得分匹配法(PSM)对存在社会隔离与不存在社会隔离的老年人进行无放回的1∶1匹配。利用蒙特卡洛模拟分析法检验孤独感的中介作用。

结果

PSM后共718名老年人纳入研究。社会隔离与老年人健康相关生命质量呈负相关(β=-0.016,95%CI:-0.030~-0.002,P<0.05),与老年人的孤独感呈正相关(β=0.142,95%CI:0.047~0.237,P<0.01);孤独感在老年人社会隔离与健康相关生命质量的路径中起完全中介作用(β=-0.005,95%CI:-0.008~-0.001,P<0.01),间接效应占总效应的31.25%。

结论

社会隔离通过增加老年人的孤独感,间接影响他们的健康相关生命质量。应为老年人提供更多社会参与的机会,减少其孤独感,进而改善该整体的生命质量。

老年人  /  社会隔离  /  孤独感  /  健康相关生命质量
Objective

To understand the current state of social isolation among the elderly and its relationship with health-related quality of life, as well as to explore the mediating role of loneliness in this relationship.

Methods

A face-to-face questionnaire survey was conducted among 1 349 elderly individuals in Yangzhou using cluster random sampling. Social isolation was measured through three questions regarding social contact, loneliness was assessed using the UCLA Loneliness Scale (short version), and health-related quality of life was evaluated using the EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire. Propensity score matching (PSM) was employed to match elderly individuals with and without social isolation in a 1:1 ratio without replacement.The mediating effect of loneliness was tested using Monte Carlo simulation analysis.

Results

A total of 718 elderly individuals were included in the study after matching. Social isolation was negatively correlated with health-related quality of life (β=-0.016, 95%CI: -0.030 to -0.002, P<0.05) and positively correlated with loneliness (β=0.142, 95%CI: 0.047 to 0.237, P<0.01). Loneliness acted as a complete mediator in the pathway between social isolation and health-related quality of life among the elderly (β=-0.005, 95%CI: -0.008 to -0.001, P<0.01), with the indirect effect accounting for 31.25% of the total effect.

Conclusion

Social isolation indirectly affects the health-related quality of life of the elderly by increasing their feelings of loneliness. More opportunities for social participation should be provided to the elderly to reduce their loneliness and, consequently, improve their overall quality of life.

Elderly  /  Social isolation  /  Loneliness  /  Health-related quality of life
刘奕彤, 王亚南, 田广玉, 褚俊峰, 仲亚琴. 老年人的社会隔离与健康相关生命质量的关联及中介效应分析. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (21) : 3848 -3854 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406366
Yi-tong LIU, Ya-nan WANG, Guang-yu TIAN, Jun-feng CHU, Ya-qin ZHONG. Analysis on the association between social isolation and health-related quality of life and mediating effects[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (21) : 3848 -3854 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406366
随着人口老龄化的加速发展,老年群体的健康与福祉问题日益成为社会关注的焦点。在这一背景下,老年人的社会隔离现象逐渐凸显,成为影响其健康相关生命质量的重要因素之一[1]。社会隔离是指老年人与社会网络、社区活动及人际互动的减少或缺失,大量研究已经发现社会隔离与老年人多种不良健康结局风险增加有关[2-3]。孤独感是社会隔离的一个重要心理表现,指在日常生活中感受到的与他人之间缺乏情感联系,被理解、接纳和支持的状态[4],国内外研究一致表明了老年人的社会隔离会加剧其孤独感[5-6]。研究显示,孤独感还可以通过多种途径影响老年人的健康相关生命质量[2-7],从心理健康到身体健康,再到生活行为和认知功能,孤独感都显著地改变了老年人的整体健康状况。然而,国内少有研究报道老年人社会隔离、孤独感和健康相关生命质量之间的关系及影响机制。因此,本研究基于老年人社会隔离和孤独的健康和医学方面委员会制定的指导框架[8](见图1),通过倾向得分匹配法(propensity score matching,PSM)控制混杂偏倚,对不同社会隔离状态下老年群体的基本情况进行比较,并进一步分析孤独感在老年人社会隔离与健康相关生命质量之间的中介效应,旨在为缓解老年人的社会隔离状况、减轻其孤独感,改善该群体的健康相关生命质量提供参考。
本研究于2022年7—9月采用整群随机抽样的方法在江苏省扬州市开展问卷调查。根据扬州市社会经济水平与人口分布随机抽出一个行政区,在行政区中随机选择6个村,每个村随机选择约250名60岁及以上老年人。其中排除:(1)存在沟通障碍或认知缺陷者;(2)患有严重心理障碍或精神疾病者;(3)不愿参与调查者。正式调查由经过培训的调查员在获得参与者知情同意且愿意配合并签署知情同意书后,通过面对面调查的形式收集信息。数据采用双人双份录入,保证数据的真实和准确。共回收1 497份问卷,删除关键变量值缺失数据后,最终获得有效问卷1 349份,有效率为90.1%。本研究经南通大学伦理委员会批准(2021014),研究内容符合伦理要求。
采用自行设计的老年人一般情况调查问卷,内容包括年龄、性别、受教育程度、在业情况、工资性收入、婚姻状况、子女数、吸烟、饮酒、癌症家族史及慢性非传染性疾病患病情况。
根据复旦大学冯建峰教授联合英国剑桥大学的研究人员对社会隔离的相关研究[9]与“中国健康与养老追踪调查,设定了三个关于社会联系的问题,“您是否与他人居住在一起?”“您跟子女之间是否每周至少见面、联系(电话、视频等方式)一次?”“您在过去一个月是否进行社交活动(包括与朋友互动、下棋或打牌等活动)?”。如果至少两个问题的回答是否定的,就被认为处于社会隔离状态。
孤独感的测量选择孤独感短版量表[10](UCLA Loneliness Scale-3-item short version,UCLA-3)。该量表共3个条目,分别是:“您感觉自己缺少陪伴吗?”“您感觉自己和其他人疏远吗?”“您感觉自己被他人冷落吗?”。采用李克特3级评分,分别是几乎不(1分)、有时(2分)、经常(3分),量表总分取值范围为3~9分,分值越高说明孤独感越强。
选用欧洲五维生命质量量表(EuroQol Five Dimensions Questionnaire, EQ-5D)进行健康相关生命质量的测量。其中EQ-5D健康描述系统包括五个维度:行动能力、自我照顾、日常活动、疼痛或不舒服、焦虑或抑郁。本研究采用刘国恩等人[11]以中国农村人群偏好构建的健康效用价值积分系统中的时间权衡法(Time Trade-off, TTO)来计算健康效用值,取值范围是-0.186~1,得分越接近1表示其健康状态越好。
对老年人群健康效用值的分析采用Wilcoxon秩和检验或Kruskal-Wallis检验(H检验)。利用PSM方法中的最邻近匹配法,将卡钳值设置为0.02,对存在社会隔离的老年人与不存在社会隔离的老年人进行无放回的1∶1倾向得分匹配,并对匹配前后控制变量进行均衡性检验。利用Pearsonχ2检验或Fisher精确概率检验对匹配后老年人的社会隔离情况进行描述。利用结构方程模型(structural equation model, SEM)构建中介路径模型,并利用蒙特卡洛模拟分析(Monte Carlo法)进行中介效应检验。本研究利用STATA 18.0及Mplus 8.7进行分析,取α=0.05为检验水准。
本研究共1 349名老年人纳入统计分析,平均年龄66.57岁。其中男性762人,占56.48%;未受教育共570人,占42.25%;在婚老年人共1 220人,占90.44%;在业老年人826名,占61.23%;老年人中无慢性非传染性疾病的有537人,占39.81%。不同年龄、性别、在业情况、吸烟情况、饮酒情况、就医行为、癌症家族史及慢性非传染性疾病老年人在健康效用值上存在统计学差异(均P<0.05)。见表1
本研究利用logit模型计算倾向得分,利用最邻近匹配法,设置卡钳值为0.02,对存在社会隔离的老年人与不存在社会隔离的老年人进行无放回的1∶1PSM,剔除不在共同取值范围内的样本后得到处于“共同支撑域”的样本量为718,处理组与控制组样本均为359。经过最邻近匹配后,所有变量的标准偏误均有较大程度的减少且绝对值都小于10%。t检验结果显示PSM后所有变量都在5%的显著性水平下不具有显著差异,处理组(存在社会隔离)与控制组(不存在社会隔离)二者均衡,即经过PSM后,处理组与控制组的个体特征基本得以消除,匹配结果较为理想。见表2
本研究将PSM后718份样本以存在社会隔离与不存在社会隔离进行分组研究。结果显示PSM前存在社会隔离的老年人共365人,占27.06%,是否存在社会隔离的老年人在受教育程度、婚姻状况、在业情况、工资性收入、子女数目及慢性非传染性疾病患病数量之间差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05);PSM后老年人的婚姻状况及子女数目在是否存在社会隔离之间差异有统计学意义。PSM后存在社会隔离的老年人中女性有206人,占51.76%;在婚的老年人有274人,占44.19%;有11(84.62%)名存在社会隔离的老年人无子女。见表3
首先,分析老年人的社会隔离对其健康相关生命质量的影响作用。总体而言,老年人处于社会隔离的生活状态会降低其健康相关生命质量(β=-0.016,P<0.05),见表4。加入中介变量孤独感后,孤独感在社会隔离和健康相关生命质量之间的中介作用显著(β=-0.005,P<0.01),其中间接效应值为-0.005(P=0.008, 95%CI: -0.008~-0.001),直接效应值为-0.011(P=0.116, 95%CI: -0.025~0.003)。在整个模型中,孤独感起完全中介作用,直接效应和间接效应分别占总效应的68.75%和31.25%。根据中介效应分析结果绘制孤独感在老年人社会隔离与健康相关生命质量之间的路径关系图。见图2
本研究显示,老年人中社会隔离发生率约27.06%,这与我国老年人社会隔离总体发生率相一致[12]。我们发现无子女老年人的社会隔离检出率高于有子女的老年人,这是因为子女作为老年人最直接的家庭支持,也是老年人最直接接触到的社会资源,会影响老年人的主观幸福感[13];婚姻状况作为家庭支持的另一个维度也显示了相同的结果,配偶不仅提供情感支持,还促进社会互动[14]。在老年人健康生命质量的研究中,结果显示在业老年人的健康效用值比非在业的老年人评分高,与先前的研究相一致[15]。老年人工作情况是老年人进行社会参与的一个重要手段,老年人通过工作机会可以更容易融入社会环境,此外能够进行工作活动的老年人身体健康状况良好;老年人健康效用值随慢性非传染性疾病数目增加而减小,这与先前的研究结果相似[16]。慢性非传染性疾病作为威胁老年人生命健康的主要疾病,因其病程的漫长与久治不愈等特点导致老年人存在长期饱受痛苦的风险,所以会通过躯体及心理同时影响老年人的健康相关生命质量。
与先前研究结果一致[1-17],本研究发现社会隔离会对老年人的健康相关生命质量产生负面影响。一方面,老年人处于社会隔离这种孤立状态会对其心理健康造成损害,增加抑郁和焦虑等疾病的患病风险[18]。研究表明,社交互动具有保护作用,缺乏稳定支持感的老年人心理压力更容易增加[19]。另一方面,研究显示社会隔离还可能通过影响老年人的生理健康来降低其健康相关生命质量,缺乏社交互动的老年人更容易经历生理机能衰退[20]和认知功能下降[21]。此外,存在社会隔离的老年人因社会支持网络受限,信息获取的途径少,其健康管理和健康决策会受到负面影响,这进一步影响他们与健康相关的生活质量[22]
中介效应分析结果显示,孤独感在老年人的社会隔离与健康相关生命质量之间起到完全中介作用,说明老年人的社会隔离对健康相关生命质量的影响主要通过孤独感来实现。具体表现为,存在社会隔离的老年人更容易感到孤独和被忽视,两者存在显著正向关联,与既往研究结果一致[6];随着老年人孤独感的升高,其健康相关生命质量会降低,两者存在显著负向关联,这与赵迪[23]和谢颖等人[24]的研究结论相似。李少杰等[25]的研究同样指出当老年人经历社会隔离时,他们会失去与他人的联系和支持,导致孤独感的加剧。孤独感可能导致老年人在生活中感到无趣和乏味,这种负面心理将增加老年人的疾病患病风险[4],严重影响老年人的精神状态和生活满意度,从而进一步影响老年人的总体健康水平及健康相关生命质量。虽然社会隔离是一个客观状态,但对老年人产生影响的主要是他们对这种状态的主观感受,孤独感在这一过程中起着关键作用,它直接反映了老年人对社交不足的负面情感,对孤独感进行干预可能是缓解社会隔离对老年人健康相关生命质量负面影响的有效途径。
综上所述,老年人的社会隔离会通过增加老年人的孤独感,影响老年人的健康相关生命质量。因此,减少老年人社会隔离,减轻孤独感,是提高老年人健康相关生命质量的途径之一。通过组织社区活动、兴趣小组和志愿服务等方式,鼓励老年人积极参与社交互动,不仅能够扩大老年人的社交圈子,增强他们与他人的联系,还可以减轻他们的孤独感。针对减轻老年人社会隔离和孤独感的干预措施将提高老年人整体的生活质量和幸福感,促进健康老龄化目标的实现。但本研究的样本来源于同一个地级市,这使研究结果与结论的推广性受到一定限制,未来的研究可以进行更大范围调查,增加样本的代表性。同时,本研究属于横断面调查,无法得到因果关系,在未来的研究中可以进行深入的纵向随访调查。
  • 国家社科基金(23BSH151)
  • 教育部人文社科基金(21YJA84 0018)
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2024年第51卷第21期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406366
  • 接收时间:2024-06-20
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-11-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-20
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国家社科基金(23BSH151)
教育部人文社科基金(21YJA84 0018)
作者信息
    1.南通大学公共卫生学院,江苏 南通 226019
    2.扬州市江都人民医院

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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