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Article(id=1241676527054680513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241676522256388920, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406272, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718294400000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773968353283, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1731168000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773968353283, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773968353283, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773968353283, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241676522256388920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='21', pageStart='3841', pageEnd='4032', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773968352140, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773968629818, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241677686985249701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241676522256388920, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241677686985249702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241676522256388920, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3917, endPage=3923, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241676527390224846, articleId=1241676527054680513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=The impact of physical and cognitive activities on cognitive function improvement in elderly individuals with low socioeconomic status, columnId=1228016572892119056, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Primary Health Services, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the relationship between physical and cognitive activities and cognitive function in different socioeconomic status (SES) populations, providing a basis for interventions targeting cognitive impairment in elderly individuals of varying SES.

Methods

Data were sourced from the Hubei Memory and Aging Cohort Study (HMACS), including physical examinations and cognitive assessments. SES was categorized into low, medium, and high groups based on education level, occupation, and income. Physical Activity (PA) and Cognitive Leisure Activity (CLA) were standardized through a comprehensive scoring system based on the type, duration, and frequency of activities. Chi-square tests or t-tests were used to analyze group differences, while multivariate logistic regression examined the association between SES and overall cognitive impairment as well as specific cognitive domains. General linear regression models analyzed the relationship between activity scores and cognitive function in elderly individuals across different SES groups.

Results

A total of 8 597 eligible participants aged ≥65 years were included in HMACS, with a mean age of 72.2 (±6.0) years, an average education level of 7.9 (±5.2) years, including 4 735 females (55.1%), 3 008 from rural areas (35.0%), and 2 155 currently unmarried individuals (25.2%). Among them, 1 553(18.1%) were classified as low SES, and 2 677 (31.1%) had cognitive impairment. The prevalence of cognitive impairment was 1.88 times (95%CI: 1.62-2.18) higher in the medium SES group and 3.61 times (95%CI: 2.92-4.46) higher in the low SESgroup compared to the high SES group. In the medium SES group, PA showed the strongest association with memory and attention functions (β=0.06, 95%CI: 0.02-0.11; β=0.08, 95%CI: 0.04-0.12, respectively). In the low SES group, CLA demonstrated the strongest associations with overall cognitive function, memory, language, attention, and processing speed compared to the high SES group, with respective β values of 0.20 (95%CI: 0.12-0.28) vs. 0.03 (95%CI: 0.01-0.05), 0.15 (95%CI: 0.06-0.24) vs.0.04 (95%CI: -0.01-0.10), 0.07 (95%CI: -0.03-0.16) vs. 0.02 (95%CI: -0.02-0.07), 0.15 (95%CI: 0.07-0.24) vs. 0.06(95%CI: 0.00-0.11), and 0.22 (95%CI: 0.08-0.36) vs. 0.04 (95%CI: -0.02-0.09). Additionally, the combination of PA and CLA in the low SES group showed the strongest associations with overall cognitive function, memory, language, attention, and processing speed compared to the high SES group, with β values of 0.29 (95%CI: 0.19 to 0.40) vs. 0.04 (95%CI: 0.00 to 0.07),0.14 (95%CI: 0.02 to 0.26) vs. 0.05 (95%CI: -0.03 to 0.13), 0.11 (95%CI: -0.01 to 0.23) vs. 0.05 (95%CI: -0.01 to 0.11), 0.17(95%CI: 0.07 to 0.28) vs. 0.09 (95%CI: 0.01 to 0.17), and 0.23 (95%CI: 0.04 to 0.41) vs. -0.02 (95%CI: -0.09 to 0.05).

Conclusion

Physical and cognitive activities have a more significant impact on improving cognitive function among elderly individuals with low socioeconomic status. Implementing CLA and combined PA with CLA in low SES populations shows promising cognitive improvement effects.

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目的

研究不同社会经济地位（socioeconomic status，SES）人群的体智活动与认知功能的关联，为不同SES老年人群认知障碍的干预提供依据。

方法

数据来源于湖北老年记忆队列（Hubei Memory and Aging Cohort Study，HMACS）的体格检查和认知评定，SES人群依据受教育程度、职业和收入进行评估后分为低、中和高组。体育活动（physical activity）和智力休闲活动（cognitive leisure activity，CLA）通过活动方式、时间、频率综合评分后进行标准化。χ2检验或t检验分析组间差异，多因素逻辑回归分析SES与总体和分认知域损害的关联，一般线性回归模型分析体智活动评分与不同SES老年人的总/分认知功能的关联。

结果

HMACS纳入了≥65岁合格参与者8 597人，平均年龄为（72.2±6.0）岁，平均受教育（7.9±5.2）年，女性4 735（55.1%）人，农村3 008（35.0%）人，目前无配偶2 155（25.2%）人，低SES1 553（18.1%）人，认知功能障碍2 677（31.1%）人；中、低SES组患认知障碍是高SES组的1.88倍（95%CI：1.62 ~ 2.18）、3.61倍（95%CI：2.92 ~ 4.46）；中SES组体育活动与记忆和注意功能关联性最强，分别为β=0.06（95%CI：0.02 ~ 0.11）、β=0.08（95%CI：0.04 ~ 0.12），低SES组CLA与整体、记忆、语言、注意功能和加工速度的关联性最强，对比高SES组分别为β=0.20（95%CI：0.12 ~ 0.28）vs. β=0.03（95%CI：0.01 ~ 0.05）、β=0.15（95%CI：0.06 ~ 0.24）vs. β=0.04（95%CI：-0.01 ~ 0.10）、β=0.07（95%CI：-0.03 ~ 0.16）vs. β=0.02（95%CI：-0.02 ~ 0.07）、β=0.15（95%CI：0.07 ~ 0.24）vs. β=0.06（95%CI：0.00 ~ 0.11）、β=0.22（95%CI：0.08 ~ 0.36）vs. β=0.04（95%CI：-0.02 ~ 0.09），同时低SES组体育活动+CLA与整体、记忆、语言、注意功能和加工速度的关联性最强，对比高SES组分别为β=0.29（95%CI：0.19 ~ 0.40）vs. β=0.04（95%CI：0.00 ~ 0.07）、β=0.14（95%CI：0.02 ~ 0.26）vs. β=0.05（95%CI：-0.03 ~ 0.13）、β=0.11（95%CI：-0.01 ~ 0.23）vs. β=0.05（95%CI：-0.01 ~ 0.11）、β=0.17（95%CI：0.07 ~ 0.28）vs. β=0.09（95%CI：0.01 ~ 0.17）、β=0.23（95%CI：0.04 ~ 0.41）vs. β=-0.02（95%CI：-0.09 ~ 0.05）。

结论

体智活动对低SES老年人的认知功能的改善作用更强，在低SES人群中开展CLA以及体育活动联合CLA有较好的认知改善效果。

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程桂荣，E-mail:
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宋丹（1999—），女，硕士在读，研究方向：老年认知功能障碍

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宋丹（1999—），女，硕士在读，研究方向：老年认知功能障碍

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The Gerontologist, 2017, 57(5): 940-948., articleTitle=Cognitively stimulating leisure activity and subsequent cognitive function: a SHARE-based analysis, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241821859780563798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241676527054680513, awardId=82371444, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(82371444), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241821853736571398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241676527054680513, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241821853744960006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241676527054680513, companyId=1241821853736571398, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Wuhan University of Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241821853753348616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241676527054680513, companyId=1241821853736571398, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.武汉科技大学医学院，湖北 武汉 430065)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241821853845623314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241676527054680513, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241821853854011922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241676527054680513, companyId=1241821853845623314, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.武汉科技大学脑科学先进技术研究院，湖北 武汉 430065)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241821858740376349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241676527054680513, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic characteristics of the participants ［n（%），（］

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量参与者（n=8 597）认知功能障碍（n=2 677）非认知功能障碍（n=5 920）χ2/t值P值
性别（男）3 862 (44.92)1 005 (26.02)2 857 (73.98)85.590<0.001
年龄（岁）72.24±6.0074.76±6.4271.10±5.43742.876<0.001
年龄（岁）
65～693 379 (39.30)626 (18.53)2 753 (81.47)666.576<0.001
70～742 558 (29.75)777 (30.38)1 781 (69.62)
75～791 464 (17.03)604 (41.26)860 (58.74)
≥801 196 (13.91)670 (56.02)526 (43.98)
居住地（城市）5 589 (65.01)1 192 (21.33)4 397 (78.67)717.080<0.001
受教育年限（年）7.89±5.234.87±5.149.26±4.6739.085<0.001
婚姻状况（有配偶）6 386 (74.77)1 627 (25.48)4 759 (74.52)377.455<0.001
性格
内向1 406 (17.74)499 (35.49)907 (64.51)24.453<0.001
中性3 270 (41.27)976 (29.85)2 294 (70.15)
外向3 248 (40.99)919 (28.29)2 329 (71.71)
健在兄弟姐妹（无）4 141 (48.80)1 336 (32.26)2 805 (67.74)4.1260.042
关系密切好友（个）
无1 892 (22.44)965 (51.00)927 (49.00)606.137<0.001
1～21 448 (17.17)545 (37.64)903 (62.36)
3～52 450 (29.05)623 (25.43)1 827 (74.57)
≥62 643 (31.34)493 (18.65)2 150 (81.35)
吸烟（是）2 359 (2359)598 (25.35)1 761 (74.65)50.338<0.001
喝酒（是）2 348 (27.37)732 (31.18)1 616 (68.82)0.0040.948
体育锻炼（是）6 198 (72.09)1 583 (25.54)4 615 (74.46)324.639<0.001
智力休闲活动（是）4 757 (55.33)911 (19.15)3 846 (80.85)713.788<0.001
高血压（是）5 526 (64.32)1 817 (32.88)3 709 (67.12)22.351<0.001
糖尿病（是）1 508 (17.62)492 (32.63)1 016 (67.37)2.2170.137
高血脂（是）2 128 (24.85)538 (25.28)1 590 (74.72)44.207<0.001
冠心病（是）1 453 (16.99)494 (34.00)959 (66.00)7.0510.008
脑血管病（是）1 755 (20.51)625 (35.61)1 130 (64.39)21.656<0.001
抑郁（是）463 (5.61)224 (48.38)239 (51.62)69.344<0.001
失眠（是）3 421 (44.60)1 180 (34.49)2 241 (65.51)15.346<0.001
FI-SES
低1 553 (18.06)930 (59.88)623 (40.12)899.044<0.001
中4 604 (53.55)1 382 (30.02)3 222 (69.98)<0.001
高2 440 (28.38)365 (14.96)2 075 (85.04)<0.001
Z-体育活动0±1.00-0.30±0.830.13±1.0420.416<0.001
Z-CLA0±1.00-0.33±0.850.15±1.0322.366<0.001
Z-（体育活动+CLA）0±0.78-0.03±0.770.01±0.784.2290.040
Z-整体0±1.00-0.03±1.010.01±0.993.7330.053
Z-记忆0±1.00-0.78±0.780.27±0.9333.610<0.001
Z-语言0±1.00-0.71±0.800.27±0.9441.090<0.001
Z-注意力0±0.89-0.64±0.730.26±0.8233.689<0.001
Z-加工速度#0±1.00-0.79±0.980.20±0.9025.565<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241821858882982691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241676527054680513, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

参与者的基本特征［n（%），（］

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量参与者（n=8 597）认知功能障碍（n=2 677）非认知功能障碍（n=5 920）χ2/t值P值
性别（男）3 862 (44.92)1 005 (26.02)2 857 (73.98)85.590<0.001
年龄（岁）72.24±6.0074.76±6.4271.10±5.43742.876<0.001
年龄（岁）
65～693 379 (39.30)626 (18.53)2 753 (81.47)666.576<0.001
70～742 558 (29.75)777 (30.38)1 781 (69.62)
75～791 464 (17.03)604 (41.26)860 (58.74)
≥801 196 (13.91)670 (56.02)526 (43.98)
居住地（城市）5 589 (65.01)1 192 (21.33)4 397 (78.67)717.080<0.001
受教育年限（年）7.89±5.234.87±5.149.26±4.6739.085<0.001
婚姻状况（有配偶）6 386 (74.77)1 627 (25.48)4 759 (74.52)377.455<0.001
性格
内向1 406 (17.74)499 (35.49)907 (64.51)24.453<0.001
中性3 270 (41.27)976 (29.85)2 294 (70.15)
外向3 248 (40.99)919 (28.29)2 329 (71.71)
健在兄弟姐妹（无）4 141 (48.80)1 336 (32.26)2 805 (67.74)4.1260.042
关系密切好友（个）
无1 892 (22.44)965 (51.00)927 (49.00)606.137<0.001
1～21 448 (17.17)545 (37.64)903 (62.36)
3～52 450 (29.05)623 (25.43)1 827 (74.57)
≥62 643 (31.34)493 (18.65)2 150 (81.35)
吸烟（是）2 359 (2359)598 (25.35)1 761 (74.65)50.338<0.001
喝酒（是）2 348 (27.37)732 (31.18)1 616 (68.82)0.0040.948
体育锻炼（是）6 198 (72.09)1 583 (25.54)4 615 (74.46)324.639<0.001
智力休闲活动（是）4 757 (55.33)911 (19.15)3 846 (80.85)713.788<0.001
高血压（是）5 526 (64.32)1 817 (32.88)3 709 (67.12)22.351<0.001
糖尿病（是）1 508 (17.62)492 (32.63)1 016 (67.37)2.2170.137
高血脂（是）2 128 (24.85)538 (25.28)1 590 (74.72)44.207<0.001
冠心病（是）1 453 (16.99)494 (34.00)959 (66.00)7.0510.008
脑血管病（是）1 755 (20.51)625 (35.61)1 130 (64.39)21.656<0.001
抑郁（是）463 (5.61)224 (48.38)239 (51.62)69.344<0.001
失眠（是）3 421 (44.60)1 180 (34.49)2 241 (65.51)15.346<0.001
FI-SES
低1 553 (18.06)930 (59.88)623 (40.12)899.044<0.001
中4 604 (53.55)1 382 (30.02)3 222 (69.98)<0.001
高2 440 (28.38)365 (14.96)2 075 (85.04)<0.001
Z-体育活动0±1.00-0.30±0.830.13±1.0420.416<0.001
Z-CLA0±1.00-0.33±0.850.15±1.0322.366<0.001
Z-（体育活动+CLA）0±0.78-0.03±0.770.01±0.784.2290.040
Z-整体0±1.00-0.03±1.010.01±0.993.7330.053
Z-记忆0±1.00-0.78±0.780.27±0.9333.610<0.001
Z-语言0±1.00-0.71±0.800.27±0.9441.090<0.001
Z-注意力0±0.89-0.64±0.730.26±0.8233.689<0.001
Z-加工速度#0±1.00-0.79±0.980.20±0.9025.565<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241821859029783337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241676527054680513, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Prevalence of cognitive impairment in community elderly in different SES groups

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
认知功能状态SESOR值（95%CI）P值
整体认知功能障碍中1.88（1.62 ～ 2.18）<0.001
低3.61（2.92 ～ 4.46）<0.001
记忆功能损害中1.24（1.01 ～ 1.52）0.039
低1.49（1.09 ～ 2.05）0.013
语言功能损害中2.54（2.04 ～ 3.15）<0.001
低3.29（2.42 ～ 4.48）<0.001
注意力损害中1.86（1.42 ～ 2.43）<0.001
低2.26（1.58 ～ 3.25）<0.001
加工速度损害中1.42（1.15 ～ 1.74）0.001
低2.25（1.63 ～ 3.11）<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241821859117863727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241676527054680513, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同SES组社区老年人认知功能损害患病率比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
认知功能状态SESOR值（95%CI）P值
整体认知功能障碍中1.88（1.62 ～ 2.18）<0.001
低3.61（2.92 ～ 4.46）<0.001
记忆功能损害中1.24（1.01 ～ 1.52）0.039
低1.49（1.09 ～ 2.05）0.013
语言功能损害中2.54（2.04 ～ 3.15）<0.001
低3.29（2.42 ～ 4.48）<0.001
注意力损害中1.86（1.42 ～ 2.43）<0.001
低2.26（1.58 ～ 3.25）<0.001
加工速度损害中1.42（1.15 ～ 1.74）0.001
低2.25（1.63 ～ 3.11）<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241821859256275766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241676527054680513, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Linear association of PA, CLA, and PA+CLA with cognitive function in different SES populations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
认知功能活动低SES (n=1 553)
β(95%CI)		中SES (n=4 604)
β(95%CI)		高SES (n=2 440)
β(95%CI)
整体认知体育活动0.09 (0.01～0.17)*0.05 (0.02～0.07)**0.01 (-0.02～0.03)
CLA0.20 (0.12～0.28)**0.10 (0.08～0.13)**0.03 (0.01～0.05)*
体育活动+CLA0.29 (0.19～0.40)**0.15 (0.12～0.18)**0.04 (0.00～0.07)*
记忆功能体育活动-0.01 (-0.11～0.08)0.06 (0.02～0.11)**0.01 (-0.05～0.07)
CLA0.15 (0.06～0.24)**0.07 (0.03～0.11)**0.04 (-0.01～0.10)
体育活动+CLA0.14 (0.02～0.26)**0.14 (0.08～0.20)**0.05 (-0.03～0.13)
语言功能体育活动0.04 (-0.05～0.14)0.01 (-0.02～0.04)0.03 (-0.01～0.07)
CLA0.07 (-0.03～0.16)0.01 (-0.02～0.04)0.02 (-0.02～0.07)
体育活动+CLA0.11 (-0.01～0.23)0.02 (-0.02～0.06)0.05 (-0.01～0.11)
注意功能体育活动0.02 (-0.07～0.10)0.08 (0.04～0.12)**0.03 (-0.03～0.09)
CLA0.15 (0.07～0.24)**0.04 (0.00～0.08)0.06 (0.00～0.11)*
体育活动+CLA0.17 (0.07～0.28)**0.11 (0.06～0.17)**0.09 (0.01～0.17)
加工速度功能体育活动0.00 (-0.15～0.15)0.00 (-0.05～0.05)-0.06 (-0.11～-0.01)*
CLA0.22 (0.08～0.36)**0.07 (0.02～0.12)**0.04 (-0.02～0.09)
体育活动+CLA0.23 (0.04～0.41)*0.07 (0.01～0.14)*-0.02 (-0.09～0.05)
), ArticleFig(id=1241821859428242242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241676527054680513, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同SES人群的体育活动、CLA和体育活动+CLA与认知功能的线性关联

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
认知功能活动低SES (n=1 553)
β(95%CI)		中SES (n=4 604)
β(95%CI)		高SES (n=2 440)
β(95%CI)
整体认知体育活动0.09 (0.01～0.17)*0.05 (0.02～0.07)**0.01 (-0.02～0.03)
CLA0.20 (0.12～0.28)**0.10 (0.08～0.13)**0.03 (0.01～0.05)*
体育活动+CLA0.29 (0.19～0.40)**0.15 (0.12～0.18)**0.04 (0.00～0.07)*
记忆功能体育活动-0.01 (-0.11～0.08)0.06 (0.02～0.11)**0.01 (-0.05～0.07)
CLA0.15 (0.06～0.24)**0.07 (0.03～0.11)**0.04 (-0.01～0.10)
体育活动+CLA0.14 (0.02～0.26)**0.14 (0.08～0.20)**0.05 (-0.03～0.13)
语言功能体育活动0.04 (-0.05～0.14)0.01 (-0.02～0.04)0.03 (-0.01～0.07)
CLA0.07 (-0.03～0.16)0.01 (-0.02～0.04)0.02 (-0.02～0.07)
体育活动+CLA0.11 (-0.01～0.23)0.02 (-0.02～0.06)0.05 (-0.01～0.11)
注意功能体育活动0.02 (-0.07～0.10)0.08 (0.04～0.12)**0.03 (-0.03～0.09)
CLA0.15 (0.07～0.24)**0.04 (0.00～0.08)0.06 (0.00～0.11)*
体育活动+CLA0.17 (0.07～0.28)**0.11 (0.06～0.17)**0.09 (0.01～0.17)
加工速度功能体育活动0.00 (-0.15～0.15)0.00 (-0.05～0.05)-0.06 (-0.11～-0.01)*
CLA0.22 (0.08～0.36)**0.07 (0.02～0.12)**0.04 (-0.02～0.09)
体育活动+CLA0.23 (0.04～0.41)*0.07 (0.01～0.14)*-0.02 (-0.09～0.05)
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体智活动对低社会经济地位老年人认知功能改善作用
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宋丹 1 , 聂倩倩 1 , 何智超 1 , 程桂荣 1, 2
现代预防医学 | 基层卫生服务 2024,51(21): 3917-3923
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现代预防医学 | 基层卫生服务 2024, 51(21): 3917-3923
体智活动对低社会经济地位老年人认知功能改善作用
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宋丹1, 聂倩倩1, 何智超1, 程桂荣1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.武汉科技大学医学院，湖北 武汉 430065
  • 2.武汉科技大学脑科学先进技术研究院，湖北 武汉 430065

    • 宋丹（1999—），女，硕士在读，研究方向：老年认知功能障碍

通讯作者:

程桂荣，E-mail:
The impact of physical and cognitive activities on cognitive function improvement in elderly individuals with low socioeconomic status
Dan SONG1, Qian-qian NIE1, Zhi-chao HE1, Gui-rong CHENG1, 2
Affiliations
  • Wuhan University of Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, China
出版时间: 2024-11-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406272
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摘要
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目的

研究不同社会经济地位（socioeconomic status，SES）人群的体智活动与认知功能的关联，为不同SES老年人群认知障碍的干预提供依据。

方法

数据来源于湖北老年记忆队列（Hubei Memory and Aging Cohort Study，HMACS）的体格检查和认知评定，SES人群依据受教育程度、职业和收入进行评估后分为低、中和高组。体育活动（physical activity）和智力休闲活动（cognitive leisure activity，CLA）通过活动方式、时间、频率综合评分后进行标准化。χ2检验或t检验分析组间差异，多因素逻辑回归分析SES与总体和分认知域损害的关联，一般线性回归模型分析体智活动评分与不同SES老年人的总/分认知功能的关联。

结果

HMACS纳入了≥65岁合格参与者8 597人，平均年龄为（72.2±6.0）岁，平均受教育（7.9±5.2）年，女性4 735（55.1%）人，农村3 008（35.0%）人，目前无配偶2 155（25.2%）人，低SES1 553（18.1%）人，认知功能障碍2 677（31.1%）人；中、低SES组患认知障碍是高SES组的1.88倍（95%CI：1.62 ~ 2.18）、3.61倍（95%CI：2.92 ~ 4.46）；中SES组体育活动与记忆和注意功能关联性最强，分别为β=0.06（95%CI：0.02 ~ 0.11）、β=0.08（95%CI：0.04 ~ 0.12），低SES组CLA与整体、记忆、语言、注意功能和加工速度的关联性最强，对比高SES组分别为β=0.20（95%CI：0.12 ~ 0.28）vs. β=0.03（95%CI：0.01 ~ 0.05）、β=0.15（95%CI：0.06 ~ 0.24）vs. β=0.04（95%CI：-0.01 ~ 0.10）、β=0.07（95%CI：-0.03 ~ 0.16）vs. β=0.02（95%CI：-0.02 ~ 0.07）、β=0.15（95%CI：0.07 ~ 0.24）vs. β=0.06（95%CI：0.00 ~ 0.11）、β=0.22（95%CI：0.08 ~ 0.36）vs. β=0.04（95%CI：-0.02 ~ 0.09），同时低SES组体育活动+CLA与整体、记忆、语言、注意功能和加工速度的关联性最强，对比高SES组分别为β=0.29（95%CI：0.19 ~ 0.40）vs. β=0.04（95%CI：0.00 ~ 0.07）、β=0.14（95%CI：0.02 ~ 0.26）vs. β=0.05（95%CI：-0.03 ~ 0.13）、β=0.11（95%CI：-0.01 ~ 0.23）vs. β=0.05（95%CI：-0.01 ~ 0.11）、β=0.17（95%CI：0.07 ~ 0.28）vs. β=0.09（95%CI：0.01 ~ 0.17）、β=0.23（95%CI：0.04 ~ 0.41）vs. β=-0.02（95%CI：-0.09 ~ 0.05）。

结论

体智活动对低SES老年人的认知功能的改善作用更强，在低SES人群中开展CLA以及体育活动联合CLA有较好的认知改善效果。

社会经济地位  /  体育活动  /  智力休闲活动  /  认知功能  /  社区老年人
Objective

To investigate the relationship between physical and cognitive activities and cognitive function in different socioeconomic status (SES) populations, providing a basis for interventions targeting cognitive impairment in elderly individuals of varying SES.

Methods

Data were sourced from the Hubei Memory and Aging Cohort Study (HMACS), including physical examinations and cognitive assessments. SES was categorized into low, medium, and high groups based on education level, occupation, and income. Physical Activity (PA) and Cognitive Leisure Activity (CLA) were standardized through a comprehensive scoring system based on the type, duration, and frequency of activities. Chi-square tests or t-tests were used to analyze group differences, while multivariate logistic regression examined the association between SES and overall cognitive impairment as well as specific cognitive domains. General linear regression models analyzed the relationship between activity scores and cognitive function in elderly individuals across different SES groups.

Results

A total of 8 597 eligible participants aged ≥65 years were included in HMACS, with a mean age of 72.2 (±6.0) years, an average education level of 7.9 (±5.2) years, including 4 735 females (55.1%), 3 008 from rural areas (35.0%), and 2 155 currently unmarried individuals (25.2%). Among them, 1 553(18.1%) were classified as low SES, and 2 677 (31.1%) had cognitive impairment. The prevalence of cognitive impairment was 1.88 times (95%CI: 1.62-2.18) higher in the medium SES group and 3.61 times (95%CI: 2.92-4.46) higher in the low SESgroup compared to the high SES group. In the medium SES group, PA showed the strongest association with memory and attention functions (β=0.06, 95%CI: 0.02-0.11; β=0.08, 95%CI: 0.04-0.12, respectively). In the low SES group, CLA demonstrated the strongest associations with overall cognitive function, memory, language, attention, and processing speed compared to the high SES group, with respective β values of 0.20 (95%CI: 0.12-0.28) vs. 0.03 (95%CI: 0.01-0.05), 0.15 (95%CI: 0.06-0.24) vs.0.04 (95%CI: -0.01-0.10), 0.07 (95%CI: -0.03-0.16) vs. 0.02 (95%CI: -0.02-0.07), 0.15 (95%CI: 0.07-0.24) vs. 0.06(95%CI: 0.00-0.11), and 0.22 (95%CI: 0.08-0.36) vs. 0.04 (95%CI: -0.02-0.09). Additionally, the combination of PA and CLA in the low SES group showed the strongest associations with overall cognitive function, memory, language, attention, and processing speed compared to the high SES group, with β values of 0.29 (95%CI: 0.19 to 0.40) vs. 0.04 (95%CI: 0.00 to 0.07),0.14 (95%CI: 0.02 to 0.26) vs. 0.05 (95%CI: -0.03 to 0.13), 0.11 (95%CI: -0.01 to 0.23) vs. 0.05 (95%CI: -0.01 to 0.11), 0.17(95%CI: 0.07 to 0.28) vs. 0.09 (95%CI: 0.01 to 0.17), and 0.23 (95%CI: 0.04 to 0.41) vs. -0.02 (95%CI: -0.09 to 0.05).

Conclusion

Physical and cognitive activities have a more significant impact on improving cognitive function among elderly individuals with low socioeconomic status. Implementing CLA and combined PA with CLA in low SES populations shows promising cognitive improvement effects.

Socioeconomic status  /  Physical activity  /  Cognitive leisure activity  /  Cognitive function  /  Community elderly
宋丹, 聂倩倩, 何智超, 程桂荣. 体智活动对低社会经济地位老年人认知功能改善作用. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (21) : 3917 -3923 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406272
Dan SONG, Qian-qian NIE, Zhi-chao HE, Gui-rong CHENG. The impact of physical and cognitive activities on cognitive function improvement in elderly individuals with low socioeconomic status[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (21) : 3917 -3923 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406272
正文
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随着全球人口老龄化趋势的加剧，老年人认知功能的改善成为了健康科学领域的研究热点之一[1-2]。尤其是对于低社会经济地位（socioeconomic status，SES）的老年人群体，他们往往面临更大的挑战，包括医疗资源的不足、生活环境的恶劣以及社会支持的匮乏等[3-5]。在这种背景下，寻找有效的认知功能改善策略对于提高他们的生活质量至关重要。
体智活动作为一种可行的非药物干预手段，近年来备受关注[6-7]。与传统认知训练相比，体智活动不仅包括身体运动，还融合了认知任务，如注意力、记忆和执行功能训练，以及社交互动等因素[8-9]。因此，体智活动被认为是一种综合性的健康促进策略，可能对认知功能的改善产生积极影响。
然而，目前对于体智活动对低社会经济地位老年人认知功能改善作用的研究尚有限[10-12]。因此，本研究通过2018—2024年湖北老年记忆队列（Hubei Memory and Aging Cohort Study，HMACS）依托城市和农村共79个社区的大型队列研究横断面数据，旨在探究体智活动在中国不同SES人群中的认知干预效果，为制定针对性的认知干预方案提供科学依据，从而提升生活质量，延缓痴呆。
1　对象与方法
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1.1　研究对象
随机抽取HMACS[13]武汉市31个社区和大悟县48个村65岁及以上的老年人，研究排除了严重身体疾病、精神和心理疾病以及不愿意配合完成的参与者后共纳入10 306人，排除了SES、体育活动和智力休闲活动相关信息缺失者，本研究最终纳入8 597人。本研究已获武汉科技大学医学伦理委员会批准（201845），参与者均签署书面知情同意书。
1.2　研究方法
1.2.1　一般情况调查
一般情况包括社会人口学特征（性别、年龄、居住地及受教育程度等）、生活方式（吸烟、饮酒、体育活动及智力休闲活动等）、社交（健在兄弟姐妹及关系密切好友）和疾病史（高血压、糖尿病、冠心病等）。
1.2.2　SES评估
采用早年期受教育年限、中年期职业评分[14]及晚年期收入进行社会经济评分，正态分布检验后将评分进行标准化，随后使用三分位数法，确定了三个类别，分别代表高、中、低SES。
1.2.3　体智活动定义及评估
体育活动（physical activity）是指主动参加以促进身体健康、增强体能为目的而不是工作和需求的相关活动，基于参加体育活动的频率（不超过2次/周，3～6次/周，每天）、时间（0.5 h/d，1 h/d，2 h/d）、强度（低强度运动，中强度运动，高强度运动）定义了体育活动得分（频率×时间×强度）；智力休闲活动（cognitive leisure activity，CLA）是指以愉快和放松的方式进行旨在促进认知能力发展和提升的活动，依据参加的频率（不超过2次/周，3～6次/周，每天）、时间（小于1 h/d，1～3 h/d，大于3 h/d）、方式（书法、绘画，读书、看报，棋牌、益智游戏）定义了CLA的得分（频率×时间×方式），体育活动+CLA得分为体育活动得分加CLA得分，所有得分均正态分布检验后进行标准化处理。
1.2.4　认知评估
采用一系列神经心理量表审查参与者的认知功能，我们分别用MoCA-B（Montreal cognitive assessment-Basic）中文版评估整体认知功能，华山版听觉词语学习测验（auditory verbal learning test, AVLT）用于评估记忆功能；波士顿命名测验（Boston naming test, BNT）和语言流畅性测试（verbal fluency test, VFT）评估语言功能；数字广度测验（digit span test, DST）用于评估注意力，连线试验（trail making test A, TMT-A）用于评估加工速度[15]。当同一认知功能涉及多个评估方法时我们计算其平均值，所有认知评分进行正态分布检验后进行标准化。认知功能障碍诊断：参考Petersen RC的标准并结合《2018年中国痴呆与认知障碍诊治指南》对认知障碍轻度认知功能障碍(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)和痴呆］进行判定[16-17]。MCI诊断要点：（1）自述或知情者报告有记忆损害；（2）年龄和教育矫正后存在认知损害（<1.0SD）；（3）日常生活能力正常；（4）未达到痴呆的诊断标准。痴呆诊断要点：（1）自述或知情者报告有记忆损害；（2）年龄和教育矫正后存在严重的认知损害（<1.5SD）；（3）日常生活能力异常；（4）不能被其它心理或精神疾病解释。
1.3　统计分析
应用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计分析，正态分布计量资料采用（）表示；计数资料采用［n（%）］表示。χ2检验和t检验比较组间差异，多因素logistic回归分析SES与总体和分认知域损害的关联，变量赋值为：0=无整体认知功能障碍，1=有整体认知功能障碍；0=无记忆功能损害，1=有记忆功能损害；0=无语言功能损害，1=有语言功能损害；0=无注意力损害，1=有注意力损害；0=无加工速度损害，1=有加工速度损害。一般线性回归模型分析不同SES组的体智活动对总/分认知功能的改善作用。检验水准为双侧检验α=0.05。
2　结果
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2.1　调查对象基本特征
本研究纳入HMACS 8 597名≥65岁的合格参与者，平均年龄（72.2±6.0）岁，平均受教育（7.9±5.2）年，女性4 735（55.1%）人，农村3 008（35.0%）人，低SES组1 553（18.1%）人，中SES组4 604（53.6%）人，高SES组2 440（28.4%）人，认知功能障碍2 677 (31.1%)人。女性、高龄、农村、低教育、目前无配偶、性格内向、无健在兄弟姐妹、无关系密切好友、饮酒、无体育锻炼、无智力活动、患高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、脑血管疾病、抑郁、失眠和低SES均显著增加了认知功能障碍的患病率（P<0.05），吸烟和高血脂降低了认知功能障碍的患病率。见表1。
2.2　SES与认知功能异常的关联性
多因素logistic分析显示：中、低SES组老年人与高SES组相比，患认知障碍分别是1.88倍和3.61倍，记忆功能损害分别是1.24倍和1.49倍，语言功能损害是2.54倍和3.29倍，注意功能损害是1.86倍和2.26倍，加工速度损害是1.42倍和2.25倍。见表2。
2.3　不同SES人群的体育活动、CLA及体育活动+CLA与认知功能的关联性
用全变量协变一般线性模型分析发现，中SES组体育活动与记忆和注意功能关联性最强，分别为β=0.06、β=0.08；低SES组CLA与整体、记忆、语言、注意功能和加工速度的关联性最强，相比高SES组分别为：β=0.20 vs. β=0.03，β=0.15 vs. β=0.04，β=0.07 vs. β=0.02，β=0.15 vs. β= 0.06，β=0.22 vs. β= 0.04；同时低SES组体育活动+CLA与整体、记忆、语言、注意功能和加工速度关联性在低SES组最强，相比高SES组分别为：β=0.29 vs. β=0.04，β=0.14 vs. β=0.05，β=0.11 vs. β=0.05，β=0.17 vs. β=0.09，β=0.23 vs. β=-0.02。见表3。
3　讨论
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本研究基于中国中部湖北省HMACS农村和城市社区65岁及以上老年人认知评估数据，分析了SES与认知状态的关联以及体智活动与认知功能的线性关联。SES依据早年期受教育年限、中年期职业评分及晚年期收入综合评估，反映了大脑早期认知刺激，职业的复杂性和适应，收入带来消费和医疗优势[5]。研究显示，中、低SES认知障碍的患病率显著高于高SES人群，分别为高SES人群的1.88和3.61倍，这与其它人群研究的SES与认知功能的关系研究结果一致[18-20]。此外，国内外少有研究分析SES与多个认知分域损害的关系[21-23]，本文研究发现，中、低SES的记忆、语言、注意和加工速度功能损害的患病率分别为高SES组的1.24和1.49倍、2.54和3.29倍、1.86和2.26倍、1.42和2.25倍，说明低SES作为认知功能障碍的独立危险因素，不仅与总认知功能障碍相关，也与各分域功能损害有关。
低SES显著影响老年人认知功能，但其组成（受教育、职业和收入）均为难以修正的风险因素。为了消除低SES带来的认知健康差异，从个体层面去寻找有效的干预措施显得尤为重要。近年来不同国家不同参与者的许多研究认为体育活动和或智力活动是预防及改善认知功能障碍的重要手段[24-26]，本文借助大型队列研究横断面数据研究了体育活动和CLA单一和组合对不同SES人群的认知功能的线性关联，结果显示，在整体认知、语言、注意和加工速度方面，体育活动和或CLA与认知评分呈正向线性关联且体育活动+CLA>CLA>体育活动，且这种关联性低SES人群显著大于高SES人群，这表明体智活动对低SES老年人的认知改善作用高于高SES老年人，且存在剂量反应效应[27-29]。这些结果表明，对于低SES群体而言，体智活动是改善多个认知功能领域的有效干预措施，综合性的健康干预可能在低SES群体中更为有效，尤其是当愉悦身体和心理的体育活动和智力休闲活动结合时，其正面影响显著增强。
本研究的优势是数据来源HMACS包括大型农村和城市社区最新的以认知调查为目的的队列研究来分析不同SES与整体/分认知功能的关联和体智活动对不同SES老年人的改善作用。本研究的局限性是目前仅横断面研究，缺乏相应纵向数据，后续会持续追踪。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(82371444)
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2024年第51卷第21期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406272
  • 接收时间：2024-06-14
  • 首发时间：2026-03-20
  • 出版时间：2024-11-10
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  • 收稿日期：2024-06-14
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(82371444)
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    1.武汉科技大学医学院，湖北 武汉 430065
    2.武汉科技大学脑科学先进技术研究院，湖北 武汉 430065

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