Article(id=1241675631092625441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241675628051755031, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406478, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719504000000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773968139670, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1732464000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773968139670, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773968139670, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773968139670, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241675628051755031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='22', pageStart='4033', pageEnd='4224', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773968138945, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773968595676, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241677543783322543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241675628051755031, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241677543783322544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241675628051755031, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4076, endPage=4079, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241675631432364072, articleId=1241675631092625441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=A study and analysis of the dietary intake and energy expenditure of university students, Sichuan-taking a university in Sichuan as an example, columnId=1228016572783063333, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Nutrition and Food Hygiene, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the daily dietary nutrient intake and energy expenditure of university students in Sichuan, in order to understand the levels of dietary nutrient intake and physical activity among college students. To evaluate the adequacy of the students’ nutritional requirements by analyzing the intake and energy contribution of the three major macronutrients, as well as the daily energy expenditure and its composition from physical activities.

Methods

A convenient sample of 200 college students in a university of Sichuan were included in the study. Body mass index (BMI) and body fat ratio (BFR) were measured using a body composition analyzer. A three-day 24-hour dietary recall method was used to investigate dietary intake, while the Bouchard Physical Activity Diary and triaxial accelerometer AntiGraph wGT3X-BT were used to investigate subjects’ physical activity and energy expenditure.

Results

The median daily energy intake was 2 237 kcal/d for male students and 1 620 kcal/d for female students. The median daily macronutrient intakes for males were: protein 81 g/d, fat 72 g/d, and carbohydrate 295 g/d,and for females: protein 65 g/d, fat 58 g/d, and carbohydrate 210 g/d. The macronutrient energy ratios were 53∶15∶32 for both genders. The median daily energy expenditure was 473 kcal/d for males and 309 kcal/d for females.

Conclusion

Male college students’ daily energy intake and expenditure are significantly higher than females. College students generally show issues of relatively insufficient energy intake, high fat intake, relatively low carbohydrate intake, and insufficient moderate to high-intensity exercise. College students generally lack moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Students should be encouraged to actively participate in physical activities to promote balanced diets and a healthy lifestyle.

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目的

调查四川地区在校大学生的日常膳食营养摄入与能量消耗情况,了解大学生膳食营养摄入和身体活动消耗水平,评估大学生营养需求的满足程度。

方法

通过方便抽样纳入四川某高校200名在校大学生作为研究对象,使用人体成分分析仪测定体质指数(BMI)和体脂率(BFR)。采用三天24小时膳食回顾法调查膳食摄入,使用“Bouchard体力活动日记”和三轴加速度计AntiGraph wGT3X-BT调查受试者的体力活动情况和能量消耗。

结果

纳入研究对象每日能量摄入量中位数为男性 2 237 kcal/d,女性 1 620 kcal/d。男性每日宏量营养素摄入量中位数为蛋白质81 g/d,脂肪 72 g/d,碳水化合物295 g/d;女性为蛋白质 65 g/d,脂肪 58 g/d,碳水化合物 210 g/d。宏量营养素供能比例男性和女性均为53∶15∶32。每日活动消耗量中位数为男性 473 kcal/d,女性 309 kcal/d。

结论

男性大学生的每日能量摄入量和消耗量显著高于女性。大学生普遍存在能量摄入相对不足、脂肪摄入偏高、碳水化合物摄入相对偏低及中高强度运动不足的问题。应鼓励大学生积极参与体育活动,以促进平衡膳食和健康的生活方式。

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李鸣,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=JtLL/vHgPoUZ75eMsxDnZw==, magXml=uVHorwOVXNOukfee40cBDg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=g64SuU5xKcOvWW4L8XV+lQ==, pdfFileSize=541121, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=jTF2qMKKwp4kPlCBMTpk2Q==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

郭智源(1999—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:营养与健康

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WS/T 424-2013 Population health monitoring by anthropometric methods[S]. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2013. 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Chinese dietary reference intakes (2023)[M].Beijing: The People’s Health Publishing House, 2023. (In Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241826543991849107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241675631092625441, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1983, volume=37, issue=3, pageStart=461, pageEnd=467, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=33, authorNames=Bouchard C, Tremblay A, Leblanc C, journalName=American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bouchard C, Tremblay A, Leblanc C, et al. A method to assess energy expenditure in children and adults[J]. 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Dietary guidelines for Chinese residents: 2022[M].Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House, 2022. 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Body data results of the research survey [M(P25,P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄(岁)身高(cm)体重(kg)BMI(kg/m2腰围(cm)体脂率(%)
男性20(19,21)173.00(168.75,177.05)65.60(59.55,72.75)21.78(20.10,24.08)76.50(71.00,81.75)21.20(15.50,25.40)
女性20(19,22)160.00(156.00,165.08)53.65(49.53,59.68)20.98(19.66,22.32)66.50(64.00,70.00)25.15(21.42,28.57)
), ArticleFig(id=1241826535427080950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241675631092625441, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究调查身体数据结果 [MP25P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄(岁)身高(cm)体重(kg)BMI(kg/m2腰围(cm)体脂率(%)
男性20(19,21)173.00(168.75,177.05)65.60(59.55,72.75)21.78(20.10,24.08)76.50(71.00,81.75)21.20(15.50,25.40)
女性20(19,22)160.00(156.00,165.08)53.65(49.53,59.68)20.98(19.66,22.32)66.50(64.00,70.00)25.15(21.42,28.57)
), ArticleFig(id=1241826535565492987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241675631092625441, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

NutrientsIntake results of the research survey[M(P25,P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产能营养素男性大学生女性大学生推荐标准(%)
人均摄入量(G/D)供能比(%)人均摄入量(G/D)供能比(%)
蛋白质81.38(65.70,100.74)15.1564.66(52.98,78.08)15.2910~20
脂肪72.18(58.76,95.18)31.5657.84(47.00,74.57)32.2720~30
碳水化合物294.50(252.16,333.03)52.71210.41(175.68,258.19)53.5050~65
), ArticleFig(id=1241826535699710724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241675631092625441, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

研究调查营养素摄入结果[MP25P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产能营养素男性大学生女性大学生推荐标准(%)
人均摄入量(G/D)供能比(%)人均摄入量(G/D)供能比(%)
蛋白质81.38(65.70,100.74)15.1564.66(52.98,78.08)15.2910~20
脂肪72.18(58.76,95.18)31.5657.84(47.00,74.57)32.2720~30
碳水化合物294.50(252.16,333.03)52.71210.41(175.68,258.19)53.5050~65
), ArticleFig(id=1241826535850705676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241675631092625441, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Composition of daily activity expenditure[M(P25,P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
活动男性(h/d)女性(h/d)
睡觉9.25(8.35,10.09)9.25(8.30,10.50)
静坐12.10(10.59,12.94)11.35(9.80,12.80)
日常活动1.00(0.55,2.03)1.19(0.70,1.92)
低强度运动0.75(0.00,1.70)1.45(0.70,2.30)
中强度运动0.00(0.00,0.43)0.00(0.00,0.20)
高强度运动0.00(0.00,0.13)0.00(0.00,0.00)
), ArticleFig(id=1241826535980729104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241675631092625441, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

每日活动消耗构成[MP25P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
活动男性(h/d)女性(h/d)
睡觉9.25(8.35,10.09)9.25(8.30,10.50)
静坐12.10(10.59,12.94)11.35(9.80,12.80)
日常活动1.00(0.55,2.03)1.19(0.70,1.92)
低强度运动0.75(0.00,1.70)1.45(0.70,2.30)
中强度运动0.00(0.00,0.43)0.00(0.00,0.20)
高强度运动0.00(0.00,0.13)0.00(0.00,0.00)
), ArticleFig(id=1241826536110752534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241675631092625441, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Daily Energy Intake and Consumption Statistics[M(P25,P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性别每日能量摄入(kcal)每日能量消耗量(kcal)轻体力活动标准(kcal)
男性2 237.84(1 855.64,2 437.69)2 326.41(2 186.42,2 477.28)≥2 150
女性1 620.10(1 368.08,1 906.89)1 741.09(1 632.55,1 905.84)≥1 700
), ArticleFig(id=1241826536219804444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241675631092625441, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

每日能量摄入与消耗量[MP25P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性别每日能量摄入(kcal)每日能量消耗量(kcal)轻体力活动标准(kcal)
男性2 237.84(1 855.64,2 437.69)2 326.41(2 186.42,2 477.28)≥2 150
女性1 620.10(1 368.08,1 906.89)1 741.09(1 632.55,1 905.84)≥1 700
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四川地区大学生膳食摄入和能量消耗状况的研究与分析——以四川某高校为例
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郭智源 1 , 崔远捷 1 , 张倩薇 1 , 周林星 1 , 王若辰 1 , 卓勤 2 , 李鸣 1
现代预防医学 | 营养与食品卫生 2024,51(22): 4076-4079
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现代预防医学 | 营养与食品卫生 2024, 51(22): 4076-4079
四川地区大学生膳食摄入和能量消耗状况的研究与分析——以四川某高校为例
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郭智源1, 崔远捷1, 张倩薇1, 周林星1, 王若辰1, 卓勤2, 李鸣1
作者信息
  • 1.华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院,四川 成都 610044
  • 2.中国疾病预防控制中心营养与健康所
  • 郭智源(1999—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:营养与健康

通讯作者:

李鸣,E-mail:
A study and analysis of the dietary intake and energy expenditure of university students, Sichuan-taking a university in Sichuan as an example
Zhi-yuan GUO1, Yuan-jie CUI1, Qian-wei ZHANG1, Lin-xing ZHOU1, Ruo-chen WANG1, Qin ZHUO2, Ming LI1
Affiliations
  • West China School of Public Health / West China Fourth Hospital,Sichuan University,Chengdu, Sichuan 610044, China
出版时间: 2024-11-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406478
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目的

调查四川地区在校大学生的日常膳食营养摄入与能量消耗情况,了解大学生膳食营养摄入和身体活动消耗水平,评估大学生营养需求的满足程度。

方法

通过方便抽样纳入四川某高校200名在校大学生作为研究对象,使用人体成分分析仪测定体质指数(BMI)和体脂率(BFR)。采用三天24小时膳食回顾法调查膳食摄入,使用“Bouchard体力活动日记”和三轴加速度计AntiGraph wGT3X-BT调查受试者的体力活动情况和能量消耗。

结果

纳入研究对象每日能量摄入量中位数为男性 2 237 kcal/d,女性 1 620 kcal/d。男性每日宏量营养素摄入量中位数为蛋白质81 g/d,脂肪 72 g/d,碳水化合物295 g/d;女性为蛋白质 65 g/d,脂肪 58 g/d,碳水化合物 210 g/d。宏量营养素供能比例男性和女性均为53∶15∶32。每日活动消耗量中位数为男性 473 kcal/d,女性 309 kcal/d。

结论

男性大学生的每日能量摄入量和消耗量显著高于女性。大学生普遍存在能量摄入相对不足、脂肪摄入偏高、碳水化合物摄入相对偏低及中高强度运动不足的问题。应鼓励大学生积极参与体育活动,以促进平衡膳食和健康的生活方式。

膳食摄入  /  能量消耗  /  大学生
Objective

To investigate the daily dietary nutrient intake and energy expenditure of university students in Sichuan, in order to understand the levels of dietary nutrient intake and physical activity among college students. To evaluate the adequacy of the students’ nutritional requirements by analyzing the intake and energy contribution of the three major macronutrients, as well as the daily energy expenditure and its composition from physical activities.

Methods

A convenient sample of 200 college students in a university of Sichuan were included in the study. Body mass index (BMI) and body fat ratio (BFR) were measured using a body composition analyzer. A three-day 24-hour dietary recall method was used to investigate dietary intake, while the Bouchard Physical Activity Diary and triaxial accelerometer AntiGraph wGT3X-BT were used to investigate subjects’ physical activity and energy expenditure.

Results

The median daily energy intake was 2 237 kcal/d for male students and 1 620 kcal/d for female students. The median daily macronutrient intakes for males were: protein 81 g/d, fat 72 g/d, and carbohydrate 295 g/d,and for females: protein 65 g/d, fat 58 g/d, and carbohydrate 210 g/d. The macronutrient energy ratios were 53∶15∶32 for both genders. The median daily energy expenditure was 473 kcal/d for males and 309 kcal/d for females.

Conclusion

Male college students’ daily energy intake and expenditure are significantly higher than females. College students generally show issues of relatively insufficient energy intake, high fat intake, relatively low carbohydrate intake, and insufficient moderate to high-intensity exercise. College students generally lack moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Students should be encouraged to actively participate in physical activities to promote balanced diets and a healthy lifestyle.

Dietary intake  /  Energy consumption  /  College student
郭智源, 崔远捷, 张倩薇, 周林星, 王若辰, 卓勤, 李鸣. 四川地区大学生膳食摄入和能量消耗状况的研究与分析——以四川某高校为例. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (22) : 4076 -4079 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406478
Zhi-yuan GUO, Yuan-jie CUI, Qian-wei ZHANG, Lin-xing ZHOU, Ruo-chen WANG, Qin ZHUO, Ming LI. A study and analysis of the dietary intake and energy expenditure of university students, Sichuan-taking a university in Sichuan as an example[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (22) : 4076 -4079 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406478
大学阶段是个体发展的关键时期,合理的饮食和规律的运动对于促进大学生的身心健康和提升学习效率具有重要作用。然而,许多大学生仍然存在饮食不均衡和运动不足的问题。全国学生体质健康测试数据表明,体重异常及体质健康标准未达标的情况普遍存在[1-2],肥胖和消瘦的比例均呈现增长趋势。
科技与经济的快速发展带来了人类生活模式的剧变,体力劳动的减少和屏幕时间的增加导致了能量平衡相关健康问题逐年上升[3]。饮食平衡和适度的体力活动是维持人体能量平衡的两大关键因素。在大学阶段形成的营养健康状况,不仅会影响个人成年后乃至老年期的身体健康,也对提升我国居民的整体健康水平具有重要意义。
在人体能量代谢平衡的研究中,膳食摄入与能量消耗是两个核心要素。目前,我国关于大学生群体中能量消耗的实证数据仍不足,现有研究多使用自我报告式的调查工具[3-8],其准确性因回顾性误差而受到质疑[9]。相比之下,三轴加速度计AntiGraph wGT3X-BT作为一种创新的体力活动监测设备,具有实用、可靠和客观等优点,且对于低强度和中高强度体力活动的监测情况较为准确,对日常生活影响较小、便于长时间佩戴[10-13],成为了一种客观且精确的能量消耗测量方法[14]
本研究旨在调查分析四川某高校在校大学生的膳食能量摄入、三大营养素供能比、身体活动消耗量和构成比例等方面,了解其膳食营养和运动现况,并提出合理建议,指导大学生的健康饮食和运动。
通过整群抽样法,在2020—2022年期间调查四川某高校在校大学生。纳入标准:(1)该校2020—2022学年在校的本科大学生。(2)年龄范围在18~25周岁的学生。(3)自愿参加,能够配合完成测量以及填写问卷。排除标准:(1)研究生、非全日制在校学生,包括在职学生。(2)患有重大慢性疾病,如严重心血管疾病、甲状腺疾病、代谢性疾病等。(3)拒绝参与本调查研究的学生。所有被调查者均知晓本研究的研究目的,并当面签署知情同意书。本研究获中国疾病预防控制中心营养所伦理委员会批准(2019-019)。
采用标准人体测量学方法[15]测量身高和腰围,采用人体成分分析仪(Biospace InBody S10)测量体质指数(Body Mass Index, BMI)和体脂率(Body Fat Ratio, BFR),并取百分位作为最小计量单位。
采用三天24 h膳食回顾法,记录受试者连续三天(2个工作日,1个非工作日)的食物摄入种类和数量。利用 YL-2A 营养专用电脑取三日均值计算热能和各种营养素摄入量,食物营养数据参考中国食物成分表[16],评价标准为《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(2023版)》[17]
使用AntiGraph wGT3X-BT三轴加速度计人体能耗监测仪及“Bouchard 体力活动日记”[18]调查受试者连续五天(3个工作日和2个非工作日)的身体活动能量消耗,并计算平均值。人体能耗检测仪为美国ActiGraph公司生产的GT3X型三轴加速度计(AntiGraph wGT3X-BT),以三轴综合矢量计数(Vector magnitude,VM,单位:counts/min)和垂直轴计数(Z轴Accelerometer Counts,ACz,单位:counts/min)为主要监测指标。使用配套的Actilife 5.0软件设置采样时间为5秒,使用专用弹性腰带将GT3X固定在受试者右侧髋部、肚脐水平高度。“Bouchard 体力活动日记”以15 min为一个时段,一天共96个时段,要求保持平常的生活方式和活动量,记录连续五天的身体活动情况。
对调查人员进行统一培训,以明确调查目的和方法。通过体检报告排除了患有慢性胃病、活动性肺结核、急性胃溃疡、甲状腺亢进等消耗性疾病的受试者。所有受试者均在相同的指导语下完成问卷调查,并建立统一的数据标准。
使用SPSS version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA)进行统计学分析,计量资料使用 One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov 检验判断是否符合正态分布。正态分布的数据使用描述,非正态分布的数据使用MP25P75)进行描述。分类资料使用率、构成比及相对比描述。正态分布的计量资料差异性检验使用独立样本t检验;非正态分布的计量资料采用非参数检验。分类资料率的比较使用 Pearson χ2检验。检验水准取双侧α=0.05。
本研究共回收到膳食和体力活动问卷230份,加速度计测量结果共228份,体检结果共230份。经过筛选排除,纳入研究的有效结果共计200人份, 其中男性50人份,女性150人份。
男性大学生年龄中位数为20(19,21)岁,女性为20(19,22)岁,男性大学生身高中位数为173.00(168.75,177.05) cm,女性为160.00(156.00,165.08) cm,男性大学生体重中位数为65.60(59.55,72.75) kg,女性为53.65(49.53,59.68) kg。男性大学生BMI中位数为21.78(20.10,24.08)kg/m2,女性为20.98(19.66,22.32) kg/m2
男性大学生腰围中位数为76.50(71.00,81.75) cm,体脂率中位数为21.2(15.50,25.40)%。女性大学生腰围中位数为66.50(64.00,70.00) cm,体脂率中位数为25.15(21.42,28.57)%。
男性大学生每日能量摄入量中位数为2 237.84(1 855.64,2 437.69)kcal,女性为1 620.10(1 368.08,1 906.89)kcal。根据《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(2023版)》[18]对轻体力成年人每日摄入能量的推荐标准(男性2 150 kcal,女性1 700 kcal),本研究中男性大学生的能量摄入量高于轻体力人群推荐值(Z= -3.143,P<0.05),女性低于推荐值(Z= -3.595,P<0.05)。
男性大学生三大产能营养素供能比为蛋白质15%,脂肪32%,碳水化合物53%;女性比例相同。根据《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(2023版)》[18]推荐的建议摄入比例范围(AMDR%),蛋白质推荐供能比为10~20%,脂肪为20~30%,碳水化合物为50~65%。被调查的男性和女性大学生的脂肪摄入比例超过了AMDR%推荐值,蛋白质和碳水化合物摄入比例在推荐值范围内。
根据三轴加速度计AntiGraph wGT3X-BT人体能耗监测仪收集到的数据,男性大学生每日行走步数中位数为8 161(6 368,10 426)步,女性大学生为8 389(6 585,10 218)步。男性和女性没有差异(Z=0.274,P=0.784)。男性大学生每日身体活动能量消耗量中位数为473.38(362.29,636.59)kcal,女性为309.15(236.27,400.72)kcal。男性大学生身体活动量显著高于女性大学生(Z= -6.325,P<0.05)。
根据Bouchard体力活动日记连续五日调查的结果,结果数据已列入下表。静坐在每日各项身体活动中占比最大,男性大学生静坐时间占比中位数为62.08 (57.19,67.45)%,女性为64.79 (59.14,69.96)%。女性大学生低强度运动时间中位数为1.45 h,高于男性大学生0.75 h(Z=3.203,P<0.05),中等强度运动时间男性和女性没有差异(Z= -0.856,P=0.392),高强度运动时间男性显著高于女性(Z= -3.600,P<0.05)。
每日能量消耗量包括静息能量消耗、食物热效应和身体活动消耗。根据Mifflin-St Jeor公式,综合食物热效应按10%计算,男性大学生每日能量消耗量中位数为2 326.41(2 186.42,2 477.28)kcal,女性为1 741.09(1 632.55,1 905.84)kcal。与《中国居民膳食指南(2022)》相比,男性大学生和女性大学生每日能量消耗量均符合轻体力活动标准(男性Z= -1.049,P=0.294,女性Z= -1.362,P=0.173)。
男性大学生和女性大学生的每日能量摄入量均低于每日能量消耗量(男性Z= -2.359,P<0.05,女性Z= -2.753,P<0.05),表明男性和女性大学生每日能量摄入相对不足。
充足且均衡的膳食与规律的运动是维持身体健康的基础,对于在校大学生,这一阶段这是他们生长发育和形成生活习惯的关键时期,对能量和其他营养素的需求相对较高。然而,本研究结果显示,在校大学生普遍存在膳食能量,尤其是碳水化合物摄入相对偏低。此外,在校大学生中高强度运动不充足。
依据《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(2023版)》[17]推荐,大学生作为轻体力劳动人群,推荐的每日能量标准为男性2 150 kcal,女性1 700 kcal。本研究发现,尽管男性和女性大学生的每日能量消耗量符合这一标准,但其每日能量摄入量均低于能量消耗量,这可能与当代大学生为了维持体重而控制饮食有关。此外,研究还发现,大学生中脂肪摄入量普遍偏高,超过了《中国居民膳食指南(2022)》[19]的推荐范围,可能与快餐文化的盛行和健康饮食知识的缺乏有关。虽然大学生的碳水化合物摄入比例在推荐范围内,但处于较低值,碳水化合物摄入不足可能导致能量摄入不足,无法满足生长发育和日常生活学习的能量需求,进而影响生活质量和健康水平。
在身体活动方面,本研究显示受试者每日行走步数约为8 300步,符合《中国居民膳食指南(2022)》[19]中建议的每日最少6 000步的标准。然而,研究同时发现,大多数大学生的体力活动水平较低,静坐时间过长,尤其缺乏中高强度运动,这可能与繁重的学业负担和有限的运动时间有关。因此,鼓励大学生在学习与休闲之间找到平衡,积极参与适宜的体育活动,显得尤为重要。
此外,本研究发现男性和女性大学生的每日能量摄入量和消耗量呈现出不平衡状态,男性和女性大学生每日能量消耗量均符合轻体力人群推荐值,但每日能量摄入量均低于每日能量消耗量,表明大学生每日能量摄入相对不足,故男性和女性大学生均需要提高每日能量摄入量,以满足日常生活和学习的营养需求。
本研究存在一些局限性:研究对象仅限于四川某一高校的样本,结论的外推性可能受到限制;每日能量需求的计算基于特定公式,不同饮食结构的食物热效应存在差异,可能影响结论的准确性;使用三轴加速度计测量身体活动消耗,可能会出现一定的测量偏倚。
综上所述,四川地区大学生的每日能量摄入和消耗存在不平衡现象,膳食能量摄入普遍不足,身体活动强度偏低,尤其缺乏中高强度运动。为改善这一状况,建议大学生增加碳水化合物类食物的摄入,并适当增加中高强度运动。同时,学校应创造良好的体育锻炼环境,开设多样化的体育课程,以满足不同学生的需求。此外,国家应建立长期监测机制,定期评估大学生的膳食营养状况和身体活动水平,为制定针对性的干预措施提供依据。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2018YF2000601)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406478
  • 接收时间:2024-06-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-28
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国家重点研发计划(2018YF2000601)
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    1.华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院,四川 成都 610044
    2.中国疾病预防控制中心营养与健康所

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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