Article(id=1241675630358614481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241675628051755031, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406494, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719676800000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773968139494, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1732464000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773968139494, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773968139494, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773968139494, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241675628051755031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='22', pageStart='4033', pageEnd='4224', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773968138945, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773968595676, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241677543783322543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241675628051755031, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241677543783322544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241675628051755031, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4070, endPage=4075, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241675630681575891, articleId=1241675630358614481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Investigation on current status of occupational hazards in workplaces of key industries,Ji’an City, 2021-2023, columnId=1228016570660745413, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Environmental and Occupational Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To grasp the current situation and trends of occupational hazards in workplaces of key industries in Ji’an City, and provide a basis for improving the prevention and control of occupational diseases.

Methods

The data of occupational hazards in the workplaces of key industries in Ji’an City from 2021 to 2023 were collected from the Workplace Occupational Hazard Monitoring System, and the monitoring results were summarized and analyzed.

Results

A total of 654 enterprises from key industries were recruited as the monitoring subjects in Ji’an City from 2021 to 2023, which were mainly small and micro-scale(94.34%) and manufacturing (74.92%) industries. The exposure ratio of occupational hazards among employees was 55.35%, and the exposure ratio of noise hazard was the highest(47.44%), the second was dust hazard (44.12%). The rates of occupational health training for enterprise leaders, occupational health management personnel, and workers were 72.78%, 72.78% and 83.74%, respectively, which were all increasing gradually year by year (χ2=15.808, 17.649, 398.746, respectively, all P<0.05). The distribution rates of dust masks, anti-poisoning masks or face masks, and noise prevention earplugs or earmuffs were 90.39%, 61.33% and 66.31%, respectively. The distribution rates of dust masks and noise prevention earplugs or earmuffs showed an increasing trend year by year (χ2=24.010, 21.100, respectively, all P<0.05). The rates of installation of dust prevention facilities, anti-poisoning facilities and noise prevention facilities were 88.99%, 76.00% and 54.67%, respectively, which were all increasing year by year (χ2=14.625, 9.818, 34.993, respectively, all P<0.05). There were 437 enterprises exceeded the standard, with an exceeding rate of 66.82%. From 2021 to 2023, the exceeding standard rates of post testing were 40.92%, 24.41%, 24.17%, respectively, which showed a decrease trend year by year (χ2=78.647, P<0.05), and increased with the decrease of enterprise size (χ2=10.093, P<0.05). Among the different kinds of occupational hazard factors, the exceeding rate of noise posts was the highest, the exceeding rates of dust posts and chemical agents’ posts showed a decrease trend year by year (χ2=72.219, 31.342, respectively, all P<0.05).

Conclusion

In recent years, the status of occupational disease hazards in key industries in Ji’an City has been improved, but the situation is still very serious. It is necessary to further strengthen and improve the prevention and control of occupational diseases to protect the occupational health rights and interests of workers.

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目的

掌握吉安市重点行业职业病危害现状和发展趋势,为推进职业病防治工作提供参考依据。

方法

通过“工作场所职业病危害因素监测系统”收集吉安市2021—2023年重点行业工作场所职业病危害因素监测数据,汇总整理后进行统计分析。

结果

2021—2023年,吉安市共监测重点行业企业654家,以小微企业(94.34%)和制造业(74.92%)为主。劳动者职业病危害因素接触率(接害率)为55.35%,其中噪声接害率最高(47.44%),其次为粉尘(44.12%)。单位负责人、职业卫生管理人员和劳动者接受职业卫生培训率分别为72.78%、72.78%和83.74%,各项培训率均呈逐年升高趋势(值=15.808、17.649、398.746,P值均<0.05)。企业防尘口罩、防毒口罩/面具、防噪声耳塞/耳罩发放率分别为90.39%、61.33% 和 66.31%,其中防尘口罩、防噪声耳塞/耳罩发放率呈逐年上升趋势(值=24.010、21.100,P值均<0.05)。防尘设施、防毒设施、防噪声设施的设置率分别为88.99%、76.00% 和 54.67%,各项防护设施设置率均呈逐年上升趋势(值=14.625、9.818、34.993,P值均<0.05)。654家企业中,超标企业有437家,企业超标率为66.82%。2021—2023年,岗位检测超标率分别为40.92%、24.41% 和24.17%,呈逐年下降趋势(值=78.647,P值<0.05),且随企业规模缩小而升高(值=10.093,P值<0.05)。不同种类职业病危害因素中,以噪声的岗位超标率最高,粉尘、化学因素的岗位超标率呈逐年下降趋势(值=72.219、31.342,P值<0.05)。

结论

近年来,吉安市重点行业工作场所职业病危害现状有所好转,但形势仍十分严峻,应进一步加强和完善职业病防治工作,保障劳动者职业健康权益。

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孙爱猛,E-mail:
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朱雯(1992—),女,硕士,主管医师,研究方向:职业卫生与职业病防治

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(In Chinese), articleTitle=Analysis of occupational health status of different scale manufacturing enterprises in a region, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241826542817448625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241675630358614481, awardId=20244-049112, language=CN, fundingSource=吉安市2024年度指导性科技计划项目(20244-049112), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241826534277845223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241675630358614481, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241826534311399659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241675630358614481, companyId=1241826534277845223, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Institute for Occupational Health, Ji’an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ji’an, Jiangxi 343000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241826534349148395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241675630358614481, companyId=1241826534277845223, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.吉安市疾病预防控制中心职业卫生所,江西 吉安 343000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241826534420451571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241675630358614481, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241826534424645876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241675630358614481, companyId=1241826534420451571, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.吉安市疾病预防控制中心检验中心)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241826534512726269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241675630358614481, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241826534516920573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241675630358614481, companyId=1241826534512726269, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.吉安市疾病预防控制中心业务和质量管理所)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241826539579445800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241675630358614481, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Exposure of occupational disease hazards among workers in key industries in Ji’an City, 2021-2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份监测企业数
(家)
劳动者人数
(人)
接触危害因素劳动者人数
(人)
接害率
(%)
粉尘化学因素噪声
接触人数
(人)
接害率
(%)
接触人数
(人)
接害率
(%)
接触人数
(人)
接害率
(%)
2021年1636 7334 08760.7003 29448.9202413.5803 32249.340
2022年24612 9436 66951.5305 45442.1403612.7905 85645.240
2023年24513 3737 53656.3505 83443.6305504.1106 50148.610
合计65433 04918 29255.35014 58244.1201 1523.49015 67947.440
11.02032.8179.5220.178
P0.001<0.0010.0020.673
), ArticleFig(id=1241826539763995193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241675630358614481, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2021—2023年吉安市重点行业企业劳动者职业病危害因素接触情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份监测企业数
(家)
劳动者人数
(人)
接触危害因素劳动者人数
(人)
接害率
(%)
粉尘化学因素噪声
接触人数
(人)
接害率
(%)
接触人数
(人)
接害率
(%)
接触人数
(人)
接害率
(%)
2021年1636 7334 08760.7003 29448.9202413.5803 32249.340
2022年24612 9436 66951.5305 45442.1403612.7905 85645.240
2023年24513 3737 53656.3505 83443.6305504.1106 50148.610
合计65433 04918 29255.35014 58244.1201 1523.49015 67947.440
11.02032.8179.5220.178
P0.001<0.0010.0020.673
), ArticleFig(id=1241826539898212928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241675630358614481, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Occupational health training forkey industries in Ji’an City, 2021-2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份监测用人单位数
(家)
单位负责人培训职业卫生管理人员培训接触职业病危害的劳动者培训
企业数
(家)
培训率
(%)
企业数
(家)
培训率
(%)
接害劳动者
人数(人)
培训人数
(人)
培训率
(%)
20211639960.7409860.1204 0873 15277.120
202224618374.39018374.3906 6695 35380.270
202324519479.18019579.5907 5366 81290.390
合计65447672.78047672.78018 29215 31783.740
15.80817.649398.746
P<0.001<0.001<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241826540040819273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241675630358614481, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2021—2023年吉安市重点行业企业职业卫生培训情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份监测用人单位数
(家)
单位负责人培训职业卫生管理人员培训接触职业病危害的劳动者培训
企业数
(家)
培训率
(%)
企业数
(家)
培训率
(%)
接害劳动者
人数(人)
培训人数
(人)
培训率
(%)
20211639960.7409860.1204 0873 15277.120
202224618374.39018374.3906 6695 35380.270
202324519479.18019579.5907 5366 81290.390
合计65447672.78047672.78018 29215 31783.740
15.80817.649398.746
P<0.001<0.001<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241826540158259795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241675630358614481, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Distribution of personal protective equipment in key industries in Ji’an City, 2021-2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份防尘口罩防毒口罩/面具
存在粉尘企业发放企业发放率
(%)
佩戴企业佩戴率
(%)
存在毒物企业发放企业发放率
(%)
佩戴企业佩戴率
(%)
2021年16113080.75012797.69014857.140587.500
2022年24422391.39021998.210271244.4401083.330
2023年24023095.830230100.000342676.4702388.460
合计64558390.39057698.800754661.3303882.610
24.0104.3313.2052.475
P<0.0010.0460.0730.133
年份防噪音耳塞/耳罩
存在粉尘企业发放企业发放率
(%)
佩戴企业佩戴率
(%)
2021年1639457.6709196.810
2022年24614860.16013691.890
2023年24419178.28019099.480
合计65343366.31041796.300
21.1003.321
P<0.0010.074
), ArticleFig(id=1241826540300866143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241675630358614481, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2021—2023年吉安市重点行业企业个人防护用品配备及发放情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份防尘口罩防毒口罩/面具
存在粉尘企业发放企业发放率
(%)
佩戴企业佩戴率
(%)
存在毒物企业发放企业发放率
(%)
佩戴企业佩戴率
(%)
2021年16113080.75012797.69014857.140587.500
2022年24422391.39021998.210271244.4401083.330
2023年24023095.830230100.000342676.4702388.460
合计64558390.39057698.800754661.3303882.610
24.0104.3313.2052.475
P<0.0010.0460.0730.133
年份防噪音耳塞/耳罩
存在粉尘企业发放企业发放率
(%)
佩戴企业佩戴率
(%)
2021年1639457.6709196.810
2022年24614860.16013691.890
2023年24419178.28019099.480
合计65343366.31041796.300
21.1003.321
P<0.0010.074
), ArticleFig(id=1241826540497998444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241675630358614481, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Installation of hazard factor protection facilities in key industries in Ji’an City, 2021-2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份防尘设施防毒设施
存在粉尘企业设置企业设置率
(%)
有效企业有效率
(%)
存在粉尘企业设置企业设置率
(%)
有效企业有效率
(%)
2021年16113181.37012897.71014857.140787.500
2022年24421889.34021397.710271762.9601694.120
2023年24022593.75022198.220343294.1203093.750
合计64557488.99056297.910755776.0005392.980
14.6250.1339.8180.236
P<0.0010.8510.0020.729
年份防噪音设施
存在粉尘企业设置企业设置率
(%)
有效企业有效率
(%)
2021年1636841.7206088.240
2022年24611847.97010992.370
2023年24417170.08015892.400
合计65335754.67032791.600
34.9930.827
P<0.0010.363
), ArticleFig(id=1241826540636410487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241675630358614481, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2021—2023年吉安市重点行业企业危害因素防护设施设置情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份防尘设施防毒设施
存在粉尘企业设置企业设置率
(%)
有效企业有效率
(%)
存在粉尘企业设置企业设置率
(%)
有效企业有效率
(%)
2021年16113181.37012897.71014857.140787.500
2022年24421889.34021397.710271762.9601694.120
2023年24022593.75022198.220343294.1203093.750
合计64557488.99056297.910755776.0005392.980
14.6250.1339.8180.236
P<0.0010.8510.0020.729
年份防噪音设施
存在粉尘企业设置企业设置率
(%)
有效企业有效率
(%)
2021年1636841.7206088.240
2022年24611847.97010992.370
2023年24417170.08015892.400
合计65335754.67032791.600
34.9930.827
P<0.0010.363
), ArticleFig(id=1241826540753851008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241675630358614481, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

The overall beyond-standard situation of occupational hazards in the workplace of key industries in Ji’an City, 2021-2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目企业超标情况岗位超标情况
监测企业数(家)超标企业数(家)企业超标率(%)χ2P监测企业数(家)超标企业数(家)企业超标率(%)χ2P
年份3.999b0.04678.647b<0.001
2021年16311872.391 09044640.92
2022年24616567.072 08150824.41
2023年24515462.861 93646824.17
行业分类4.719a0.07921.826<0.001
采矿业15811371.521 24840532.45
制造业49032265.713 8121 01126.52
电力、燃气及水的生产和供应业6233.3347612.77
企业规模9.4150.00914.4560.001
中型371848.653416619.35
小型25218272.222 13358927.61
微型36523764.932 63376729.13
合计65443766.825 1071 42227.84
), ArticleFig(id=1241826542272189068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241675630358614481, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

2021—2023年吉安市重点行业企业工作场所职业病危害因素监测总体超标情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目企业超标情况岗位超标情况
监测企业数(家)超标企业数(家)企业超标率(%)χ2P监测企业数(家)超标企业数(家)企业超标率(%)χ2P
年份3.999b0.04678.647b<0.001
2021年16311872.391 09044640.92
2022年24616567.072 08150824.41
2023年24515462.861 93646824.17
行业分类4.719a0.07921.826<0.001
采矿业15811371.521 24840532.45
制造业49032265.713 8121 01126.52
电力、燃气及水的生产和供应业6233.3347612.77
企业规模9.4150.00914.4560.001
中型371848.653416619.35
小型25218272.222 13358927.61
微型36523764.932 63376729.13
合计65443766.825 1071 42227.84
), ArticleFig(id=1241826542389629588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241675630358614481, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Monitoring of different occupational hazards in key industries in Ji’an City, 2021-2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份粉尘化学噪声
监测单位数监测岗位数超标岗位数岗位超标率(%)监测单位数监测岗位数超标岗位数岗位超标率(%)监测单位数监测岗位数超标岗位数岗位超标率(%)
2021年15744719744.070612541.67016363124438.670
2022年23293525327.0601515610.64024699025425.660
2023年22884817620.7502016000.00024592829231.470
合计6172 23062628.0704132861.8306542 54979030.990
72.21931.3425.949
P<0.001<0.0010.015
), ArticleFig(id=1241826542532235931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241675630358614481, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

2021—2023年吉安市重点行业企业不同性质职业病危害因素监测情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份粉尘化学噪声
监测单位数监测岗位数超标岗位数岗位超标率(%)监测单位数监测岗位数超标岗位数岗位超标率(%)监测单位数监测岗位数超标岗位数岗位超标率(%)
2021年15744719744.070612541.67016363124438.670
2022年23293525327.0601515610.64024699025425.660
2023年22884817620.7502016000.00024592829231.470
合计6172 23062628.0704132861.8306542 54979030.990
72.21931.3425.949
P<0.001<0.0010.015
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2021—2023年吉安市重点行业工作场所职业病危害现状分析
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朱雯 1 , 冯明 1 , 廖春华 1 , 罗青 2 , 孙爱猛 3
现代预防医学 | 环境与职业卫生 2024,51(22): 4070-4075
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现代预防医学 | 环境与职业卫生 2024, 51(22): 4070-4075
2021—2023年吉安市重点行业工作场所职业病危害现状分析
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朱雯1, 冯明1, 廖春华1, 罗青2, 孙爱猛3
作者信息
  • 1.吉安市疾病预防控制中心职业卫生所,江西 吉安 343000
  • 2.吉安市疾病预防控制中心检验中心
  • 3.吉安市疾病预防控制中心业务和质量管理所
  • 朱雯(1992—),女,硕士,主管医师,研究方向:职业卫生与职业病防治

通讯作者:

孙爱猛,E-mail:
Investigation on current status of occupational hazards in workplaces of key industries,Ji’an City, 2021-2023
Wen ZHU1, Ming FENG1, Chun-hua LIAO1, Qing LUO2, Ai-meng SUN3
Affiliations
  • Institute for Occupational Health, Ji’an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ji’an, Jiangxi 343000, China
出版时间: 2024-11-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406494
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目的

掌握吉安市重点行业职业病危害现状和发展趋势,为推进职业病防治工作提供参考依据。

方法

通过“工作场所职业病危害因素监测系统”收集吉安市2021—2023年重点行业工作场所职业病危害因素监测数据,汇总整理后进行统计分析。

结果

2021—2023年,吉安市共监测重点行业企业654家,以小微企业(94.34%)和制造业(74.92%)为主。劳动者职业病危害因素接触率(接害率)为55.35%,其中噪声接害率最高(47.44%),其次为粉尘(44.12%)。单位负责人、职业卫生管理人员和劳动者接受职业卫生培训率分别为72.78%、72.78%和83.74%,各项培训率均呈逐年升高趋势(值=15.808、17.649、398.746,P值均<0.05)。企业防尘口罩、防毒口罩/面具、防噪声耳塞/耳罩发放率分别为90.39%、61.33% 和 66.31%,其中防尘口罩、防噪声耳塞/耳罩发放率呈逐年上升趋势(值=24.010、21.100,P值均<0.05)。防尘设施、防毒设施、防噪声设施的设置率分别为88.99%、76.00% 和 54.67%,各项防护设施设置率均呈逐年上升趋势(值=14.625、9.818、34.993,P值均<0.05)。654家企业中,超标企业有437家,企业超标率为66.82%。2021—2023年,岗位检测超标率分别为40.92%、24.41% 和24.17%,呈逐年下降趋势(值=78.647,P值<0.05),且随企业规模缩小而升高(值=10.093,P值<0.05)。不同种类职业病危害因素中,以噪声的岗位超标率最高,粉尘、化学因素的岗位超标率呈逐年下降趋势(值=72.219、31.342,P值<0.05)。

结论

近年来,吉安市重点行业工作场所职业病危害现状有所好转,但形势仍十分严峻,应进一步加强和完善职业病防治工作,保障劳动者职业健康权益。

重点行业  /  工作场所  /  职业病危害  /  现状分析  /  发展趋势
Objective

To grasp the current situation and trends of occupational hazards in workplaces of key industries in Ji’an City, and provide a basis for improving the prevention and control of occupational diseases.

Methods

The data of occupational hazards in the workplaces of key industries in Ji’an City from 2021 to 2023 were collected from the Workplace Occupational Hazard Monitoring System, and the monitoring results were summarized and analyzed.

Results

A total of 654 enterprises from key industries were recruited as the monitoring subjects in Ji’an City from 2021 to 2023, which were mainly small and micro-scale(94.34%) and manufacturing (74.92%) industries. The exposure ratio of occupational hazards among employees was 55.35%, and the exposure ratio of noise hazard was the highest(47.44%), the second was dust hazard (44.12%). The rates of occupational health training for enterprise leaders, occupational health management personnel, and workers were 72.78%, 72.78% and 83.74%, respectively, which were all increasing gradually year by year (χ2=15.808, 17.649, 398.746, respectively, all P<0.05). The distribution rates of dust masks, anti-poisoning masks or face masks, and noise prevention earplugs or earmuffs were 90.39%, 61.33% and 66.31%, respectively. The distribution rates of dust masks and noise prevention earplugs or earmuffs showed an increasing trend year by year (χ2=24.010, 21.100, respectively, all P<0.05). The rates of installation of dust prevention facilities, anti-poisoning facilities and noise prevention facilities were 88.99%, 76.00% and 54.67%, respectively, which were all increasing year by year (χ2=14.625, 9.818, 34.993, respectively, all P<0.05). There were 437 enterprises exceeded the standard, with an exceeding rate of 66.82%. From 2021 to 2023, the exceeding standard rates of post testing were 40.92%, 24.41%, 24.17%, respectively, which showed a decrease trend year by year (χ2=78.647, P<0.05), and increased with the decrease of enterprise size (χ2=10.093, P<0.05). Among the different kinds of occupational hazard factors, the exceeding rate of noise posts was the highest, the exceeding rates of dust posts and chemical agents’ posts showed a decrease trend year by year (χ2=72.219, 31.342, respectively, all P<0.05).

Conclusion

In recent years, the status of occupational disease hazards in key industries in Ji’an City has been improved, but the situation is still very serious. It is necessary to further strengthen and improve the prevention and control of occupational diseases to protect the occupational health rights and interests of workers.

Key industries  /  Workplaces  /  Occupational hazards  /  Current Situation Analysis  /  Trends
朱雯, 冯明, 廖春华, 罗青, 孙爱猛. 2021—2023年吉安市重点行业工作场所职业病危害现状分析. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (22) : 4070 -4075 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406494
Wen ZHU, Ming FENG, Chun-hua LIAO, Qing LUO, Ai-meng SUN. Investigation on current status of occupational hazards in workplaces of key industries,Ji’an City, 2021-2023[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (22) : 4070 -4075 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406494
随着社会经济高速发展和工业企业革新,新技术、新工艺、新材料在企业生产加工过程中被广泛使用,与此同时,职业病危害也迅速增多,严重危害广大劳动者的身体健康和生命安全[1]。近年来,国家十分重视职业病防治工作,不断加强加大投入。自2019年起,财政部、国家卫生健康委安排中央财政补助资金用于开展用人单位工作场所职业病危害因素监测工作,在全国范围内启动了工作场所职业病危害因素监测系统,对职业病防治工作起到了重要作用。为了解吉安市工作场所职业病危害因素的种类、分布和监测情况,掌握吉安市重点行业职业病危害现状和发展趋势,本文对2021—2023年吉安市重点行业工作场所职业病危害因素监测数据进行汇总分析,以期为吉安市的职业病防治工作提供参考依据。
采用判断抽样方法,通过“工作场所职业病危害因素监测系统”,收集2021—2023年吉安市报告的、并经国家审核通过的工作场所职业病危害因素监测信息,选择符合纳入标准的企业作为研究对象。纳入标准:(1)监测企业属于重点行业;(2)监测企业存在国家方案中规定的重点职业病危害因素岗位;(3)调查资料和监测数据齐全;(4)企业上一年度监测结果若超标,则下一年度重新纳入监测。最终纳入654家重点行业企业作为研究对象。涉及的重点行业包括:黑色金属矿采选业,有色金属矿采选业,非金属矿采选业,皮革、毛皮、羽毛及其制品和制鞋业,家具制造业,印刷和记录媒介复制业,文教、工美、体育和娱乐用品制造业,化学原料和化学制品制造业,非金属矿物制品业,黑色金属冶炼和压延加工业,有色金属冶炼和压延加工业,金属制品业,电气机械和器材制造业,计算机、通信和其他电子设备制造业,电力、热力生产和供应业,共涉及3个行业门类15个行业大类。涉及的重点职业病危害因素包括粉尘(煤尘、矽尘、水泥粉尘、电焊烟尘)、化学因素(苯、甲苯、二甲苯、乙苯、铅及其无机化合物、锰及其无机化合物、镍及其无机化合物、钴及其无机化合物)、物理因素(噪声),共计三大类13种。
收集汇总企业基本信息、职业卫生培训情况、个体防护用品发放及使用情况、职业病防护设施设置及运行情况,以及职业病危害因素现场监测结果,对相关数据进行描述性分析。职业病危害因素类别参照《职业病危害因素分类目录》[2]划分,企业规模、经济类型和行业分类分别参照《统计上大中小微型企业划分办法(2017)》[3]、《关于划分企业登记注册类型的规定调整的通知》(国统字〔2011〕86 号)[4]和GB/T 4754-2017《国民经济行业分类》[5]划分。职业病危害因素监测结果参照GBZ 2.1-2019《工作场所有害因素职业接触限值 第1部分:化学有害因素》[6]和GBZ 2.2-2007《工作场所有害因素职业接触限值 第2部分:物理因素》[7]进行评价,当任一监测点、任一职业病危害因素检测结果超过其职业接触限值者则判定为超标。
利用Excel 2010建立数据库,并对数据进行整理和汇总,应用SPSS 21.0软件进行统计学分析,计数资料以率或构成比(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率检验,不同年份间监测结果的变化采用χ2趋势检验,检验水准α=0.05。
纳入监测的654家重点行业企业中,中、小、微型企业分别为37家、252家、365家,分别占比5.66%、38.53%、55.81%,企业规模以小微企业为主;行业类型以采矿业(158家,占比24.16%)和制造业(490家,占比74.92%)为主,其中又以非金属矿物制品业、非金属矿采选业、金属制品业居多,分别占比56.42%、20.49%、10.86%。
监测企业共有劳动者人数33 049人,接触职业病危害因素劳动者人数共18 292人,接害率为55.35%,不同年份间接害率比较差异有统计学意义(χ2值=160.030,P<0.001)。粉尘、化学因素、噪声接害率分别为44.12%、3.49%、47.44%,不同年份间接害率比较差异均有统计学意义(χ2值=84.943、34.472、42.136,P值均<0.001),其中粉尘和化学因素接害率呈逐年下降趋势(值=32.817、9.522,P值均<0.05)。见表1
654家监测企业中,单位负责人、职业卫生管理人员和接触职业病危害的劳动者培训率分别为72.78%、72.78%和83.74%。比较不同年份间的各项培训率差异均有统计学意义,且均呈逐年升高趋势(P值均<0.001)。见表2
2021—2023年监测企业各类个人防护用品均未达到全覆盖,其中防尘口罩发放率和佩戴率相对较高,分别为90.39%和98.80%;防毒口罩/面具、防噪音耳塞/耳罩发放率均较低,分别为61.33%、66.31%,佩戴率分别为82.61%、96.30%。防尘口罩、防噪音耳塞/耳罩发放率在3年间比较差异有统计学意义,且呈逐年上升趋势(P值均<0.001)。见表3
各类防护设施设置情况均不理想,尤其是防噪音设施设置率仅为54.67%,而几乎所有监测企业都存在噪音。防尘设施和防毒设施设置率分别为88.99%、76.00%。比较3年间各类型防护设施设置率差异均有统计学意义,且均呈逐年上升趋势(P值均<0.05)。见表4
654家监测企业中,存在职业病危害因素超标的企业有437家,企业超标率为66.82%;3年共监测岗位5 107个,超标岗位1 422个,岗位超标率为27.84%。比较3年间监测企业岗位超标率差异有统计学意义,且呈逐年下降趋势(值=78.647,P<0.001)。不同行业间岗位超标率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2值=21.826,P<0.001),且以采矿业超标率最高(32.45%),其次为制造业(26.52%)。不同规模企业间企业超标率和岗位超标率比较差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05),其中岗位超标率随企业规模缩小而升高(值=10.093,P=0.001)。见表5
654家监测企业中,存在粉尘、化学因素、噪声的企业数分别为617、41、654家,共监测岗位数分别为2 230、328、2 549个,岗位超标率分别为28.07%、1.83%、30.99%。不同年份间粉尘、化学、噪声岗位超标率差异均有统计学意义(χ2值=79.632、30.364、30.662,P值均<0.001),其中粉尘、化学因素的岗位超标率呈逐年下降趋势(值=72.219、31.342,P值均<0.001)。见表6
根据本次调查结果显示,2021—2023年吉安市重点行业工作场所职业病危害因素监测企业主要以小微企业为主,占94.34%;行业分布以采矿业和制造业为主,占99.08%,与常州市[8]、遂宁市[9]调查结果一致。全市监测企业劳动者接害率为55.35%,超过广东省同时期接害率(43.00%)[10],更高于全国平均接害率(39.36%)[11];3年间企业总体超标率为66.82%,高于广东省同时期企业超标率(57.80%)[10]。提示我市接害劳动者数量庞大,且存在较高职业健康风险。这可能与我市主要以小微型企业为主有关,该类企业往往在生产工艺上较大、中型企业落后,自动化水平不高,大多需要依托人工操作,无法避免和减少劳动者与职业病危害因素接触的机会。本研究结果显示,小微企业的企业超标率和岗位超标率均明显高于中型企业。这也提示我们应不断革新技术,尤其是小微企业,应加大对先进、机械化、自动化程度高的设备的投入,重视对接害劳动者的职业健康监护管理,卫生行政部门应积极探索建立小微型企业职业健康帮扶机制,相关监管部门应督促企业定期开展职业健康检查和职业病危害因素检测工作,预防职业病的发生和发展,切实保障劳动者的健康权益。
据统计分析发现,2021—2023年,吉安市重点行业企业总体岗位超标率呈现逐年下降趋势,粉尘、化学因素的岗位超标率也呈现明显的逐年下降趋势,这可能与我市近年来加强职业病危害专项治理工作、企业对职业病危害防治的重视程度增加有关。在职业卫生培训方面,企业单位负责人、职业卫生管理人员和接害劳动者职业卫生培训率均呈现逐年上升趋势,但均未达到《国家职业病防治规划(2016—2020)》[12]中提出的达到95.0% 以上的目标。在个人防护用品配备和发放方面,防尘口罩和防噪音耳塞/耳罩发放率也呈逐年升高趋势,但只有防尘口罩发放率达到90%以上,防噪音耳塞/耳罩发放率仅为66.31%,防毒口罩/面具发放率则只有61.33%,虽然调查结果显示个人防护用品佩戴率尚可,但并不能保证在实际工作中劳动者按规范有效佩戴。在防护设施设置方面,各类型设施设置率虽然都呈逐年上升趋势,但三年总体设置率均不理想,尤其防噪声设施设置率仅为54.67%。而本次调查结果显示,监测企业中存在噪声危害的企业数最多、接触噪声危害的劳动者人数最多,其次为粉尘;在654家监测企业中,岗位超标率也以噪声最高,其次为粉尘,与我省及国内其他部分地区[13-15]研究结果一致。提示我市用人单位应增强对防护设施设置和个人防护用品发放、佩戴的重视程度,尤其是应重点关注防噪声设施的设置和防噪耳塞的发放,并督促劳动者按规范佩戴,并考虑通过改良工艺、控制噪声源、消声等方法从源头上控制噪声源和噪声传播途径,减小噪声对劳动者健康的危害程度。
综上所述,近年来吉安市重点行业工作场所职业病危害现状正逐步好转,但由于职业病防治工作基础薄弱,职业病危害形势仍十分严峻,需进一步加强和完善。建议相关单位加强对职业病相关法律法规及政策的宣传,呼吁全社会共同参与,各级地方政府、卫生行政部门、用人单位、劳动者认真履行相应职责,形成合力,大力推进职业健康工作,有效促进和保障劳动者职业健康及相关权益。
  • 吉安市2024年度指导性科技计划项目(20244-049112)
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2024年第51卷第22期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202406494
  • 接收时间:2024-06-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-30
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吉安市2024年度指导性科技计划项目(20244-049112)
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    1.吉安市疾病预防控制中心职业卫生所,江西 吉安 343000
    2.吉安市疾病预防控制中心检验中心
    3.吉安市疾病预防控制中心业务和质量管理所

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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