Article(id=1241522930539090830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522919977841545, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308251, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1691856000000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773931733020, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1710000000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773931733020, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773931733020, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773931733020, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241522919977841545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='5', pageStart='769', pageEnd='960', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773931730503, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773931880386, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241523548695622547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522919977841545, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241523548695622548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522919977841545, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=893, endPage=898, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241522931948377045, articleId=1241522930539090830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Analysis of the multiple mediating effects of social support and sense of meaning of life on the quality of death of elderly terminally ill patients, columnId=1228016572451718132, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health and Social Behavior, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the multiple mediating effects of social support and sense of meaning of life on the quality of death in elderly terminally ill patients.

Methods

By using convenience sampling method, 276 elderly patients and their attending nurses were investigated with general data questionnaire, perceived social support scale, life significance source scale for the elderly, family care index scale, and ICU nurse version QODD-14 scale. Pearson was used to analyze the correlation, and Amos software was used to establish structural equation model (SEM) and mediate effect test.

Results

(1) The scores of quality of death, family function, social support, and sense of life were 62.52±8.67, 7.54±1.14, 52.53±7.64, and 107.54±13.58, respectively. (2) The quality of death of elderly deathbed patients was positively correlated with family function, social support, and sense of life meaning (r = 0.762, 0.886, and 0.795, P < 0.05). Family function was positively correlated with social support and sense of life meaning (r = 0.528, 0.499, P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between social support and sense of life meaning (r = 0.665, P < 0.05). (3) Specific intermediary effect of social support accounted for 20.22%, specific intermediary effect of sense of life meaning accounted for 17.06%, and multiple intermediary effect of social support-sense of life meaning accounted for 6.54%.

Conclusion

Family function can indirectly affect the quality of death by regulating social support and sense of life meaning.

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目的

分析社会支持与生命意义感在老年临终患者家庭功能对病人死亡质量的多重中介效应。

方法

采用便利抽样法,采用一般资料调查表、领悟社会支持量表、老年人生命意义源量表、家庭关怀度指数量表和ICU护士版QODD-14量表对276例老年患者及其责任护士进行问卷调查;采用Pearson分析相关关系;采用Amos软件建立结构方程模型(SEM)并进行中介效应检验。

结果

(1)老年临终患者死亡质量评分(62.52±8.67)分、家庭功能评分(7.54±1.14)分、社会支持评分(52.53±7.64)分、生命意义感评分(107.54±13.58)分;(2)老年临终患者死亡质量与家庭功能、社会支持、生命意义感均呈正相关(r=0.762、0.886、0.795,P<0.05);家庭功能与社会支持、生命意义感均呈正相关(r=0.528、0.499,P<0.05);社会支持与生命意义感之间呈正相关性(r=0.665,P<0.05);(3)社会支持的特定中介效应占20.22%,生命意义感的特定中介效应占17.06%,社会支持-生命意义感的多重中介效应占6.54%。

结论

家庭功能可以通过调节社会支持和生命意义感,间接影响死亡质量。

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田雅丽,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=L4KYJcjTRphhHHhC+hcGEA==, magXml=Fh5jJ6/cVqlTY5D00rkLOA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=QqE6xLJ6BEB+7bMqE1Xn6Q==, pdfFileSize=778224, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=ETMdMiWRVnWYfZuwyh4+Ug==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=vM0woKpLLuV+xiIWEb6Mhg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

黄佳洁(1989—),女,护师,研究方向:危重症护理

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黄佳洁(1989—),女,护师,研究方向:危重症护理

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注:e1其他支持维度残差;e2朋友支持维度残差;e3家庭支持维度残差;e4社会支持残差;e5生活保障维度残差;e6社会支持维度残差;e7家庭维度残差;e8个人发展维度残差;e9休闲活动维度残差;e10价值观维度残差;e11生命意义感残差;e12临终决策维度残差;e13死亡时刻维度残差;e14灵性关怀维度残差;e15家人陪伴维度残差;e16个体症状照护维度残差;e17死亡质量残差。

, figureFileSmall=CPmeTzGbr2C9UzIo4HS6vA==, figureFileBig=FJ00SGKP2c2tNbc3PshmlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241678323856757225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522930539090830, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Correlation analysis between quality of death and family functioning, social support, and sense of meaning of life in elderly terminally ill patients (r-value)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量死亡质量总分临终决策死亡时刻灵性关怀家人陪伴个体症状照护家庭功能总分社会支持总分家庭朋友其他生命意义感总分生活保障社会支持家庭个人发展休闲活动
临终决策0.542**1
死亡时刻0.582**0.354**1
灵性关怀0.724**0.322**0.364**1
家人陪伴0.862**0.482**0.692**0.682**1
个体症状照护0.122*0.134*0.126*0.365**0.474**1
家庭功能总分0.762**0.652**0.527**0.634**0.295**0.482**1
社会支持总分0.886**0.518**0.427**0.493**0.339**0.122*0.528**1
家庭0.524**0.493**0.424**0.619**0.582**0.497**0.536**0.452**1
朋友0.325**0.312*0.117*0.521**0.435**0.610**0.634**0.481**0.495**1
其他0.131*0.102*0.528**0.116*0.478**0.562**0.483**0.464**0.119*0.363**1
生命意义感总分0.795**0.365**0.632**0.108*0.444**0.152*0.499**0.665**0.475**0.524**0.312**1
生活保障0.562**0.584**0.104*0.475**0.563**0.376**0.328**0.634**0.347**0.823**0.652**0.728**1
社会支持0.568**0.419**0.557**0.268**0.401*0.417**0.564**0.625**0.524*0.105*0.387**0.525**0.462**1
家庭0.639**0.367**0.312**0.555**0.421**0.628**0.587**0.363**0.482**0.109*0.476**0.528**0.684**0.528**1
个人发展0.728**0.416**0.597**0.587**0.571**0.108*0.487**0.466**0.500**0.124*0.416**0.472**0.369**0.372**0.465**1
休闲活动0.134*0.138*0.182*0.104*0.501**0.402**0.366**0.302**0.379**0.258**0.562**0.287**0.582**0.297**0.128*0.125*1
价值观0.524**0.316**0.295**0.334**0.128*0.132*0.582**0.642**0.462**0.334**0.746**0.528**0.346**0.582**0.413**0.105*0.335**
), ArticleFig(id=1241678324431376880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522930539090830, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

老年临终患者死亡质量与家庭功能、社会支持、生命意义感的相关性分析(r值)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量死亡质量总分临终决策死亡时刻灵性关怀家人陪伴个体症状照护家庭功能总分社会支持总分家庭朋友其他生命意义感总分生活保障社会支持家庭个人发展休闲活动
临终决策0.542**1
死亡时刻0.582**0.354**1
灵性关怀0.724**0.322**0.364**1
家人陪伴0.862**0.482**0.692**0.682**1
个体症状照护0.122*0.134*0.126*0.365**0.474**1
家庭功能总分0.762**0.652**0.527**0.634**0.295**0.482**1
社会支持总分0.886**0.518**0.427**0.493**0.339**0.122*0.528**1
家庭0.524**0.493**0.424**0.619**0.582**0.497**0.536**0.452**1
朋友0.325**0.312*0.117*0.521**0.435**0.610**0.634**0.481**0.495**1
其他0.131*0.102*0.528**0.116*0.478**0.562**0.483**0.464**0.119*0.363**1
生命意义感总分0.795**0.365**0.632**0.108*0.444**0.152*0.499**0.665**0.475**0.524**0.312**1
生活保障0.562**0.584**0.104*0.475**0.563**0.376**0.328**0.634**0.347**0.823**0.652**0.728**1
社会支持0.568**0.419**0.557**0.268**0.401*0.417**0.564**0.625**0.524*0.105*0.387**0.525**0.462**1
家庭0.639**0.367**0.312**0.555**0.421**0.628**0.587**0.363**0.482**0.109*0.476**0.528**0.684**0.528**1
个人发展0.728**0.416**0.597**0.587**0.571**0.108*0.487**0.466**0.500**0.124*0.416**0.472**0.369**0.372**0.465**1
休闲活动0.134*0.138*0.182*0.104*0.501**0.402**0.366**0.302**0.379**0.258**0.562**0.287**0.582**0.297**0.128*0.125*1
价值观0.524**0.316**0.295**0.334**0.128*0.132*0.582**0.642**0.462**0.334**0.746**0.528**0.346**0.582**0.413**0.105*0.335**
), ArticleFig(id=1241678324737561079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522930539090830, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Models of mediating effects of quality of death and family functioning, social support, and sense of meaning in life in elderly terminally ill patients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
效应类型标准误标准化效应值95%CI中介效应占比(%)P
总间接效应0.2430.4290.235~0.60743.82<0.001
家庭功能→社会支持→死亡质量0.0650.1980.103~0.32520.22<0.001
家庭功能→生命意义感→死亡质量0.1250.1670.085~0.28317.06<0.001
家庭功能→社会支持→生命意义感→死亡质量0.1870.0640.026~0.2286.54<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241678324859195905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522930539090830, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

老年临终患者死亡质量与家庭功能、社会支持、生命意义感的中介效应模型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
效应类型标准误标准化效应值95%CI中介效应占比(%)P
总间接效应0.2430.4290.235~0.60743.82<0.001
家庭功能→社会支持→死亡质量0.0650.1980.103~0.32520.22<0.001
家庭功能→生命意义感→死亡质量0.1250.1670.085~0.28317.06<0.001
家庭功能→社会支持→生命意义感→死亡质量0.1870.0640.026~0.2286.54<0.001
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社会支持和生命意义感在老年临终患者家庭功能对病人死亡质量的多重中介效应分析
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黄佳洁 , 田雅丽 , 黄敏 , 王金娥 , 鲍亚平 , 潘雪影
现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2024,51(5): 893-898
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现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2024, 51(5): 893-898
社会支持和生命意义感在老年临终患者家庭功能对病人死亡质量的多重中介效应分析
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黄佳洁, 田雅丽 , 黄敏, 王金娥, 鲍亚平, 潘雪影
作者信息
  • 南京医科大学第一附属医院,江苏 南京 210029
  • 黄佳洁(1989—),女,护师,研究方向:危重症护理

通讯作者:

田雅丽,E-mail:
Analysis of the multiple mediating effects of social support and sense of meaning of life on the quality of death of elderly terminally ill patients
Jia-jie HUANG, Ya-li TIAN , Min HUANG, Jin-e WANG, Ya-ping BAO, Xue-ying PAN
Affiliations
  • The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
出版时间: 2024-03-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308251
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目的

分析社会支持与生命意义感在老年临终患者家庭功能对病人死亡质量的多重中介效应。

方法

采用便利抽样法,采用一般资料调查表、领悟社会支持量表、老年人生命意义源量表、家庭关怀度指数量表和ICU护士版QODD-14量表对276例老年患者及其责任护士进行问卷调查;采用Pearson分析相关关系;采用Amos软件建立结构方程模型(SEM)并进行中介效应检验。

结果

(1)老年临终患者死亡质量评分(62.52±8.67)分、家庭功能评分(7.54±1.14)分、社会支持评分(52.53±7.64)分、生命意义感评分(107.54±13.58)分;(2)老年临终患者死亡质量与家庭功能、社会支持、生命意义感均呈正相关(r=0.762、0.886、0.795,P<0.05);家庭功能与社会支持、生命意义感均呈正相关(r=0.528、0.499,P<0.05);社会支持与生命意义感之间呈正相关性(r=0.665,P<0.05);(3)社会支持的特定中介效应占20.22%,生命意义感的特定中介效应占17.06%,社会支持-生命意义感的多重中介效应占6.54%。

结论

家庭功能可以通过调节社会支持和生命意义感,间接影响死亡质量。

死亡质量  /  家庭功能  /  社会支持  /  生命意义感  /  中介效应
Objective

To analyze the multiple mediating effects of social support and sense of meaning of life on the quality of death in elderly terminally ill patients.

Methods

By using convenience sampling method, 276 elderly patients and their attending nurses were investigated with general data questionnaire, perceived social support scale, life significance source scale for the elderly, family care index scale, and ICU nurse version QODD-14 scale. Pearson was used to analyze the correlation, and Amos software was used to establish structural equation model (SEM) and mediate effect test.

Results

(1) The scores of quality of death, family function, social support, and sense of life were 62.52±8.67, 7.54±1.14, 52.53±7.64, and 107.54±13.58, respectively. (2) The quality of death of elderly deathbed patients was positively correlated with family function, social support, and sense of life meaning (r = 0.762, 0.886, and 0.795, P < 0.05). Family function was positively correlated with social support and sense of life meaning (r = 0.528, 0.499, P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between social support and sense of life meaning (r = 0.665, P < 0.05). (3) Specific intermediary effect of social support accounted for 20.22%, specific intermediary effect of sense of life meaning accounted for 17.06%, and multiple intermediary effect of social support-sense of life meaning accounted for 6.54%.

Conclusion

Family function can indirectly affect the quality of death by regulating social support and sense of life meaning.

Quality of death  /  Family function  /  Social support  /  Sense of meaning of life  /  Mediating effect
黄佳洁, 田雅丽, 黄敏, 王金娥, 鲍亚平, 潘雪影. 社会支持和生命意义感在老年临终患者家庭功能对病人死亡质量的多重中介效应分析. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (5) : 893 -898 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308251
Jia-jie HUANG, Ya-li TIAN, Min HUANG, Jin-e WANG, Ya-ping BAO, Xue-ying PAN. Analysis of the multiple mediating effects of social support and sense of meaning of life on the quality of death of elderly terminally ill patients[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (5) : 893 -898 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308251
死亡质量是对终末期病人生活质量和死亡过程的经历及感受的综合评价[1]。研究报道[2],全球80多个国家和地区公民进行了死亡质量的评估调查,其中我国排名位居倒数第9位,证实了我国公民死亡质量堪忧,亟需探索出提升死亡质量的综合性治理方案。随着全优生命质量系统工程概念的提出,安详死与尊严死已成为衡量死亡质量的核心指标[3]。以马斯洛需要层次理论为指导,临终患者有情感和归属的需要。也有多项结果报道[4-5]称临终患者更倾向于在家死亡,认为更有安全感、感到舒适与平静。团体、家庭、关系等社会生态环境会与人产生相互作用并影响到人的心理倾向及行为模式。社会支持作为一种重要的心理资源,可以为临终患者提供积极体验,减缓压力,提高生活质量[6]。生命意义感是指个体对自己存在目的和价值的感知与追求[7]。目前,国内外关于老年临终病人死亡质量与家庭功能、社会支持、生命意义感之间作用机制的研究鲜有报道。因此本研究在此基础上构建理论模型即社会支持和生命意义感在家庭功能对死亡质量之间发挥多重中介作用,并对我院收治的老年临终病人进行测查以验证该模型,以期为老年临终病人制定科学的护理干预提供理论依据。
采用便利抽样法,选取2019年12月—2022年11月我院ICU收治的276例老年患者及其责任护士为研究对象。病人纳入标准:(1)确诊为终末期癌症病人;(2)年龄≥60岁;(3)病人知情同意并自愿参与本研究;(4)住院病人;(5)可配合完成研究调查。病人排除标准:(1)对问卷调查表难以理解者;(2)其他原因不能完成调查者;(3)ICU内死亡;(4)临床资料不齐全。护士纳入标准:(1)病人的责任护士;(2)具有执业资格的护士;(3)对本研究问卷调查表熟悉;(4)照护病人6 h及以上者。护士排除标准:(1)6个月内有丧亲经历的护士;(2)轮转、实习或进修护士;(3)不同意参与本次研究。本研究通过我院伦理委员会审批(LL20190611)。计算样本量公式[8]N=Z2×[P×(1-P)]/E2,其中Z(统计量)=1.96,P(概率值)=0.5,E(误差值)=8%,N=150,考虑到数据缺失和数据有效性,故再增加10%,则需165例,本研究实际纳入276例,符合模型要求。
由刘丽等[9]修订,量表包括朋友支持、家庭支持、其他支持3个维度12个条目,总分12~84分,分值越高领悟社会支持程度越高,该量表Cronbach α系数为0.887。
由周静静等[10]编制,量表包括社会支持、生活保障、个人发展、家庭、价值观、休闲活动6个维度28个条目,总分28~196分,分值越高生命意义感水平越高,该量表Cronbach α系数为0.935。
由吕繁等[11]翻译并修订,量表包括亲密度、情感度、成长度、适应度、合作度共5个条目,总分0~10分,分数越高家庭功能越好,该量表Cronbachα系数为0.882。
由游彤阳[12]编制。量表包括临终决策、死亡时刻、灵性关怀、家人陪伴、个体症状照护5个维度14个条目,总分0~140分,分值越高死亡质量越好,该量表Cronbach α系数为0.863。
本研究为横断面研究,对住院的老年临终患者及其责任护士发放问卷调查表,患者填写PSSS、SMSE、APGAR量表,责任护士填写QODD-14量表。受试者填写完成后马上回收问卷调查表。如果受试者对问卷表内容有疑惑时,调查人员在不能干扰其选项意愿时仔细进行解答。问卷表本研究共发放300份,回收276份,剔除前后矛盾、选项一致性或规律性问卷,有效问卷共276份。
采用EpiData 3.1数据库双人录入数据。采用SPSS 26.0软件检验数据正态性,符合正态分布的计数资料以n(%)描述,计量资料以()进行描述;采用Pearson分析相关性,采用Amos软件构建结构方程模型(structural equation modeling,SEM),设定5 000个Bootstrap样本,估计各路径的直接效应、间接效应以及总效应,并计算出校正偏倚的95%CI,置信区间不包括0时,说明该效应存在统计学意义,检验水准α=0.05。
老年临终患者死亡质量评分(62.52±8.67)分、家庭功能评分(7.54±1.14)分、社会支持评分(52.53±7.64)分、生命意义感评分(107.54±13.58)分。
老年临终患者死亡质量与家庭功能呈正相关(r=0.762,P<0.01),与社会支持呈正相关(r=0.886,P<0.01),与生命意义感呈正相关(r=0.795,P<0.01);家庭功能与社会支持呈正相关(r=0.528,P<0.01),与生命意义感呈正相关(r=0.499,P<0.01);社会支持与生命意义感呈正相关(r=0.665,P<0.05)。见表1
采用SEM绘制路径图,观察社会支持、生命意义感在家庭功能与病人死亡质量之间的中介效应。采用极大似然法评估模型参数,并修正模型,模型拟合结果显示,卡方自由度比(χ2/v)=1.698、良适性适配指标=0.925、相对适配指数=0.917、标准适配指数=0.928、增值适配指数=0.931、比较适配指数=0.915、调整后适配度指标=0.937、近似误差的平方根=0.032,模型内的各项拟合指标均达到标准,证实模型构建理想。见图1
采用偏差校正Bootstrap法检验中介效应模型,重复取样并计算95%的置信区间,结果显示,中介效应的95%CI(0.156~0.472)不包含0,表明中介效应模型成立。总间接效应为43.82%,其中社会支持的中介效应值为20.22%;生命意义感的中介效应值为17.06%,社会支持-生命意义感的多重中介效应值为6.54%。见表2
死亡质量指病人临终的生活质量,呈现多个维度,包括心理、灵性/精神、身体、医疗、社会、死亡准备、死亡情况的经历[13]。本研究中276例年临终患者死亡质量评分为(62.52±8.67)分,处在中等水平,低于Hodde等[14]研究ICU患者死亡质量评分,可见病人死亡质量存在差距。提示ICU病人死亡质量可能与疾病状况、文化、地区、研究人群等多种因素不同有关。排除护士自身影响因素外,“家人陪伴”维度均分是死亡质量各维度得分最高的,“灵性关怀”维度均分是最低的,与Hodde等[14]研究结果相比,灵性关怀维度评分差距较大,可能与病人对死亡认识和文化差异不同等有关。在传统文化的影响下,我国对姑息医疗、临终关怀等相关理念接纳度较低,死亡质量不容乐观。同时,大多数濒死病人在生命终末期症状控制不够理想,在死亡时刻常处在镇静、昏迷状态,造成病人偏好的死亡方式不明确,难以判断与其真实死亡状况的相近程度。此外,家人对病人濒死状况接受度较低,在病人死亡时刻往往家人不能进行陪伴,导致病人整体死亡质量不够理想。
家庭功能与病人死亡质量呈显著正相关性。家庭作为老年患者情感关怀的主要来源地以及生活、养老的主要场所,良好家庭关系能够带来欢乐、温馨、维持、祥和家庭氛围,对老年患者生活质量的保障发挥着重要意义[15]。同时,家庭功能越好,家庭成员之间越能够相互理解、支持及尊重,这种积极地情感资源有助于获得安全感和归属感,从而激发内在动机,促进老年临终患者更好地实现情绪的自我调整,提升死亡质量[16]。建议家庭成员与老年患者在日常相处中应保持沟通交流,让其感受到被爱护、被理解、被重视。同时,社会支持与病人死亡质量呈正相关性。社会支持是预测生活质量的一个重要因素,能够通过来自家庭、朋友及社会的物质和情感支持影响着老年患者临终生活质量。领悟社会支持能力较高的老年临终患者善于从周围人身上获取安慰,缓解负面情绪,提高死亡质量[17-18]。建议临床医务人员与患者接触的过程中,鼓励其与家人或朋友沟通,倾诉内心的心理压力和消极情绪,并主动接受他人的帮助和支持。此外,应建议家人和朋友主动给予更多的情感支持,让患者尽可能更好的感受到来自周围人的支持。此外,生命意义感与病人死亡质量呈正相关性。生命意义感可以显著预测主观幸福感和生活满意度,面对困境的人往往可以通过寻求生命意义感来缓解心理困扰。生命终末期不仅会摧毁患者的价值观、自我认知和生活态度,使其丧失生命意义感。因此,通过寻求生命意义,有助于增强其内在力量,缓解负性情绪反应,以平和的心态应对疾病,增强死亡质量[19]。建议医务人员应重视患者生命意义感的培养,建立生命意义感与死亡质量之间的桥梁作用,以增强灵性关怀水平。可开展关于生命意义感相关活动以及知识讲座、咨询等,让患者家属或朋友积极参与,帮助患者建立正确的价值观和个人发展途径,进一步分析能够提高患者生命意义感的干预措施,实现提高死亡质量的结果。
一方面,社会支持在家庭功能与病人死亡质量之间具有17.09%的中介作用。研究[20]认为,家庭作为人类社会活动中最基本也是最重要的生活单元,其独特价值观在疾病护理中发挥着重要作用,并对患者的健康发展产生持续性影响。良好的家庭功能有助于患者更好的运用社会支持网络,缓解其孤独感、心理压力及负面情绪,当患者感受到了家人、朋友及社会的支持,可拓展认知范围,激发其内在潜能,形成积极的认知加工方式,进而提升死亡质量。另一方面,生命意义感在家庭功能与病人死亡质量也具有17.29%的中介作用。研究报道[21],家庭支持力是个体生命意义感体验最主要的来源,使其维持平和的心态面对生活。家庭功能良好的患者对生命意义的感受会更加强烈,从而增强适应能力和希望水平。通常在面对死亡时,拥有较高生命意义体验水平的患者可迅速恢复正常的心理机能,及时进行自我调整抑制绝望感等不良心境。最后,社会支持-生命意义感在家庭功能与病人死亡质量之间具有7.63%的多重中介作用。良好的社会支持不仅可以满足患者对爱与归属感的追求,还能够改善对死亡这一应激创伤事件的不良认知,缓解死亡焦虑,为其提供有效的情感安慰和应对压力策略,进而产生一定的心理资源,有助于患者感知生活的意义,并体验到强烈的生命意义,在保持平和心态、享受生活双重意识下接近死亡[7,21]
综上所述,社会支持和生命意义感在家庭功能与病人死亡质量之间的多重中介效应成立,证实家庭功能可以通过调节社会支持和生命意义感,间接影响死亡质量。本研究不足之处是纳入的病例均来源于单中心,代表性不足,可能存在病例选择偏倚,对研究结果产生一定的影响,而且本研究只做了横断面调查,今后将考虑纳入多家医院,加大病例数进行广泛、深入研究,以推广本研究结论。
  • 江苏省卫生健康委科研(BJ20019)
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2024年第51卷第5期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308251
  • 接收时间:2023-08-13
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-03-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-13
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江苏省卫生健康委科研(BJ20019)
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    南京医科大学第一附属医院,江苏 南京 210029

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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