Article(id=1241522860083180488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522846384583426, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307328, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1689523200000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773931716222, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1707494400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773931716222, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773931716222, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773931716222, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241522846384583426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='3', pageStart='385', pageEnd='576', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773931712956, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773931842201, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241523388544504301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522846384583426, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241523388544504302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522846384583426, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=507, endPage=513, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241522860485833709, articleId=1241522860083180488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Meta-analysis of the rate of reaching the standard frequency of self-blood glucose monitoring and its influencing factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in China, columnId=1228016572451718132, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health and Social Behavior, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the frequency and influencing factors of blood glucose self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus by meta-analysis.

Methods

By searching literature in the databases of CNKI, VIP, CBM, Wan Fang Data, PubMed, Embase, Web of science, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library from the establishment of the database to May 26, 2023, cross-sectional studies on the SMBG frequency standard rate and its influencing factors in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes were searched. Two researchers independently screened the literature and extracted the data, and meta-analysis was carried out by using Stata 17.0 software.

Results

A total of 17 studies were included, including 14 343 patients with type 2 diabetes, of which 3 403 met the SMBG standard. The results of meta-analysis showed that the reaching standard rate of SMBG frequency in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes was 26.4%(95%CI: 21.0%-31.8%). Based on the subgroup analysis of evaluation tools, regions, and sample sources, the results showed that the reaching standard rate of evaluation using the applicable guidelines for type 2 diabetes was 33.4% (95%CI: 24.8%-42%), and that using the guidelines for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes was 19.1% (95%CI:11.9%-26.3%). The reaching standard rate of the eastern region was 26.9% (95%CI: 17.8%-36%), and that of the central region was 25.6% (95%CI: 17.5%-33.8%). The reaching standard rate was 27.3%(95%CI: 22.6%-32.1%) when the sample source was hospital and 12.1% (95%CI: 2.6%-21.7%) when the sample source was community. The influencing factors of SMBG reaching standard rate were higher education level (OR=1.591, 95%CI: 1.269-1.994), high income family (OR=1.751, 95%CI: 1.048-2.925), self-efficacy score (OR=2.592, 95%CI: 1.148-5.855), insulin (OR=2.193, 95%CI: 1.561-3.080), long course of disease (OR=1.035, 95%CI: 1.035-1.073), and having received SMBG-related health education (OR=2.195, 95%CI: 1.376-3.499).

Conclusion

The evidence results show that the SMBG frequency of Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is low. The patients with higher education level, high income family, high self-efficacy, insulin as hypoglycemic regimen, long course of disease, and receiving SMBG-related health education have higher rate of reaching the standard frequency.

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目的

对中国2型糖尿病患者血糖自我监测(self-monitoring of blood glucose, SMBG)频率达标率和影响因素进行meta分析。

方法

使用计算机在CNKI、VIP、CBM、Wan Fang Data、PubMed、Embase、Web of science、CINAHL和The Cochrane Library数据库中检索自建库以来至2023年5月26日有关中国2型糖尿病患者SMBG频率达标率及其相关因素的横断面研究。两名研究人员独立进行筛选文献并提取资料,采用Stata 17.0软件进行meta分析。

结果

共纳入17个研究,包括2型糖尿病患者14 343例,其中3 403人SMBG达标。Meta分析结果显示,我国2型糖尿病患者SMBG频率达标率为26.4%(95%CI:21.0%~31.8%)。以评估工具、地区、样本来源进行亚组分析,结果显示:使用2型糖尿病应用指南进行评估的达标率为33.4%(95%CI:24.8%~42%),2型糖尿病防治指南为19.1%(95%CI:11.9%~26.3%);东部地区的达标率为26.9%(95%CI:17.8%~36%),中部地区的为25.6%(95%CI:17.5%~33.8%);样本来源为医院的达标率为27.3%(95%CI:22.6%~32.1%),社区的为12.1%(95%CI:2.6%~21.7%)。SMBG频率达标率相关的影响因素有较高文化程度(OR=1.591,95%CI:1.269~1.994)、高收入家庭(OR=1.751,95%CI:1.048~2.925)、自我效能评分(OR=2.592,95%CI:1.148~5.855)、降糖方案为胰岛素(OR=2.193,95%CI:1.561~3.080)、病程长(OR=1.035,95%CI:1.035~1.073)和接受过SMBG相关健康教育(OR=2.195,95%CI:1.376~3.499)。

结论

证据结果显示,我国2型糖尿病患者SMBG频率达标率较低。较高文化程度、高收入家庭、高自我效能、降糖方案为胰岛素、病程长、接受过SMBG相关健康教育的患者频率达标率更高。

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吴冬梅,E-mail:
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熊怡(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:临床护理

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熊怡(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:临床护理

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熊怡(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:临床护理

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Guide of China Medicine, 2019, 17(10): 93-94., articleTitle=Investigation on the effect of self-glucose monitoring compliance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241680463991993324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522860083180488, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=13, issue=3, pageStart=281, pageEnd=285, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=56, authorNames=熊真真, 袁丽, 叶子溦, journalName=中国循证医学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=熊真真,袁丽,叶子溦,等.四川省2型糖尿病患者自我血糖监测现状及影响因素研究[J].中国循证医学杂志201313(3):281-285., articleTitle=四川省2型糖尿病患者自我血糖监测现状及影响因素研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241680464113628141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522860083180488, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=13, issue=3, pageStart=281, pageEnd=285, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=57, authorNames=Xiong ZZ, Yuan L, Ye ZW, journalName=Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xiong ZZ, Yuan L, Ye ZW, et al. Current situation and influencing factors of Self-Monitoring of blood glucose in type 2 diabetic patients in Sichuan province[J]. Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 2013, 13(3):281-285., articleTitle=Current situation and influencing factors of Self-Monitoring of blood glucose in type 2 diabetic patients in Sichuan province, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241680464218485745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522860083180488, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=25, issue=34, pageStart=4298, pageEnd=4303, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=58, authorNames=陈俊键, 范冠华, journalName=中国全科医学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈俊键,范冠华.社区血糖管理人群血糖自我监测达标情况及其影响因素研究[J].中国全科医学202225(34):4298-4303., articleTitle=社区血糖管理人群血糖自我监测达标情况及其影响因素研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241680464314954739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522860083180488, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=25, issue=34, pageStart=4298, pageEnd=4303, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=59, authorNames=Chen JJ, Fan GH, journalName=Chinese General Practice, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen JJ, Fan GH. Prevalence and associated factors of effective self-monitoring of blood glucose frequency in community-living People with glycemic management[J]. Chinese General Practice, 2022, 25(34): 4298-4303., articleTitle=Prevalence and associated factors of effective self-monitoring of blood glucose frequency in community-living People with glycemic management, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241680464461755380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522860083180488, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=35, issue=18, pageStart=30, pageEnd=33, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=60, authorNames=吴佳玲, 吴荣, 程康耀, journalName=解放军护理杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吴佳玲,吴荣,程康耀,等.2型糖尿病患者自我血糖监测影响因素的质性研究[J].解放军护理杂志201835(18):30-33., articleTitle=2型糖尿病患者自我血糖监测影响因素的质性研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241680464633721846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522860083180488, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=35, issue=18, pageStart=30, pageEnd=33, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=61, authorNames=Wu JL, Wu R, Cheng KY, journalName=Nursing Journal of Chinese People's Liberation Army, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu JL, Wu R, Cheng KY, et al. Influencing factors of the self-monitoring of blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: qualitative research[J]. Nursing Journal of Chinese People's Liberation Army, 2018, 35(18): 30-33., articleTitle=Influencing factors of the self-monitoring of blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: qualitative research, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241680464763745271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522860083180488, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=60, issue=12, pageStart=1035, pageEnd=1038, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=62, authorNames=Khowaja K, Waheed H, journalName=The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Khowaja K, Waheed H. Self-glucose monitoring and glycaemic control at a tertiary care university hospital, Karachi, Pakistan[J]. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 2010, 60(12): 1035-1038., articleTitle=Self-glucose monitoring and glycaemic control at a tertiary care university hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241680464881185785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522860083180488, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=2016, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=63, authorNames=Abubakari AR, Cousins R, Thomas C, journalName=Journal of Diabetes Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Abubakari AR, Cousins R, Thomas C, et al. Sociodemographic and clinical predictors of Self-Management among People with poorly controlled type 1 and type 2 diabetes: the role of illness perceptions and Self-Efficacy[J]. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2016, 2016:6708164., articleTitle=Sociodemographic and clinical predictors of Self-Management among People with poorly controlled type 1 and type 2 diabetes: the role of illness perceptions and Self-Efficacy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241680464990237692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522860083180488, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=9, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=64, authorNames=Mak WH, Lau RWM, journalName=SAGE Open Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mak WH, Lau RWM. Predictors of self-monitoring of blood glucose among noninsulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes in a primary care setting in Hong Kong: A cross-sectional study[J]. SAGE Open Med, 2021, 9: 20503121211066150., articleTitle=Predictors of self-monitoring of blood glucose among noninsulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes in a primary care setting in Hong Kong: A cross-sectional study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241680465057346559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522860083180488, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=15, issue=null, pageStart=399, pageEnd=409, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=65, authorNames=Yao JS, Wang HP, Yan JJ, journalName=Patient Preference and Adherence, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yao JS, Wang HP, Yan JJ, et al. Understanding the profiles of blood glucose monitoring among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a Cross-Sectional study in Shandong, China[J]. Patient Preference and Adherence, 2021, 15: 399-409., articleTitle=Understanding the profiles of blood glucose monitoring among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a Cross-Sectional study in Shandong, China, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241680444719165659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522860083180488, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241680444723359964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522860083180488, companyId=1241680444719165659, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Nursing, Chengdu University of Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241680444731748574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522860083180488, companyId=1241680444719165659, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.成都中医药大学护理学院,四川 成都 610075)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241680444966629604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522860083180488, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241680444975018214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522860083180488, companyId=1241680444966629604, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.电子科技大学成都脑科学研究院临床医院,四川 成都 611730)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241680445260230891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522860083180488, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241680445268619498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522860083180488, companyId=1241680445260230891, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.成都市第四人民医院)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241680451413275178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522860083180488, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Literature screening process and results, figureFileSmall=W1v2krS33Fo8pwEcKyZKuQ==, figureFileBig=jSkCINC2PeDn0oXXbRSKtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241680451505549877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522860083180488, language=CN, label=图1, caption=文献筛选流程及结果, figureFileSmall=W1v2krS33Fo8pwEcKyZKuQ==, figureFileBig=jSkCINC2PeDn0oXXbRSKtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241680451627184704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522860083180488, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Forest plot of meta-analysis on SMBG frequency compliance rate of type 2 diabetes patients in China, figureFileSmall=Ny99lq+oVcC0+l5RNofn/w==, figureFileBig=wbXVgA4bRUA8edezkgPanw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241680451723653702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522860083180488, language=CN, label=图2, caption=中国T2DM患者SMBG频率达标率的meta分析森林图, figureFileSmall=Ny99lq+oVcC0+l5RNofn/w==, figureFileBig=wbXVgA4bRUA8edezkgPanw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241680451874648657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522860083180488, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Sensitivity analysis diagram, figureFileSmall=Wv7RcdrLIgk+kfde2fXq3w==, figureFileBig=YAMfxN8Lw/GWN8wnLZZfKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241680453376209498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522860083180488, language=CN, label=图3, caption=敏感性分析图, figureFileSmall=Wv7RcdrLIgk+kfde2fXq3w==, figureFileBig=YAMfxN8Lw/GWN8wnLZZfKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241680453510427234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522860083180488, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic characteristics and quality evaluation results of the included literature

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纳入研究地区样本来源男/女样本量达标人数达标率(%)参考标准影响因素质量评价(分)
葛华英2022[11]杭州市医院440/36480414217.66中国血糖监测临床应用指南
(2015年版)
2 3 4 6 8 9
11
7
吴延莉2019[15]北京市社区296/312537264.84中国T2DM防治指南
(2013年版)
3 5 117
阚凯2010[16]上海医院101/821833116.94中国T2DM防治指南
(2007版)
7
魏魏2015[17]上海社区98—1472453213.06中国血糖监测临床应用指南
(2011年版)
4 86
戴静2019[18]江苏省医院112—1112236328.25中国血糖监测临床应用指南
(2015年版)
5
彭文龙2019[19]北京市医院2997926.42中国T2DM防治指南
(2013年版)
8
肖波2020[20]衡阳市医院84014317.02中国T2DM防治指南
(2013年版)
3 67
郑兰芳2022[21]洛阳市医院137—1462839934.98中国血糖监测临床应用指南
(2015年版)
2 4 116
章玉玲2006[22]南昌市医院982323.47中国糖尿病防治指南(2004年版)6
封玉琴2016[23]上海市社区421—45487516318.63中国T2DM防治指南
(2007年版)
65
郭婷婷2017[24]天津市医院159—1302898027.68中国血糖监测临床应用指南
(2015年版)
6
林枝珠2017[25]福州市医院2009944.50中国血糖监测临床应用指南
(2011年版)
6
卢薇2017[13]贵阳市医院802—7661 57856735.87中国血糖监测临床应用指南
(2015年版)
1 2 106
张泽待2012[26]厦门市医院373—42780030237.75中国血糖监测临床应用指南
(2011年版)
6
Yuan 2014[27]多地区医院5 9531 13018.98《糖尿病护理与教育》(2009年版)1 2 3 4 58
Wang 2019[12]长沙市医院72119827.50中国T2DM治控指南
(2017年版)
1 2 4 77
HU 2017[10]济南市233—17741523657.6中国血糖监测临床应用指南
(2015年版)
57
), ArticleFig(id=1241680453636256365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522860083180488, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

纳入研究的基本特征及质量评价结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纳入研究地区样本来源男/女样本量达标人数达标率(%)参考标准影响因素质量评价(分)
葛华英2022[11]杭州市医院440/36480414217.66中国血糖监测临床应用指南
(2015年版)
2 3 4 6 8 9
11
7
吴延莉2019[15]北京市社区296/312537264.84中国T2DM防治指南
(2013年版)
3 5 117
阚凯2010[16]上海医院101/821833116.94中国T2DM防治指南
(2007版)
7
魏魏2015[17]上海社区98—1472453213.06中国血糖监测临床应用指南
(2011年版)
4 86
戴静2019[18]江苏省医院112—1112236328.25中国血糖监测临床应用指南
(2015年版)
5
彭文龙2019[19]北京市医院2997926.42中国T2DM防治指南
(2013年版)
8
肖波2020[20]衡阳市医院84014317.02中国T2DM防治指南
(2013年版)
3 67
郑兰芳2022[21]洛阳市医院137—1462839934.98中国血糖监测临床应用指南
(2015年版)
2 4 116
章玉玲2006[22]南昌市医院982323.47中国糖尿病防治指南(2004年版)6
封玉琴2016[23]上海市社区421—45487516318.63中国T2DM防治指南
(2007年版)
65
郭婷婷2017[24]天津市医院159—1302898027.68中国血糖监测临床应用指南
(2015年版)
6
林枝珠2017[25]福州市医院2009944.50中国血糖监测临床应用指南
(2011年版)
6
卢薇2017[13]贵阳市医院802—7661 57856735.87中国血糖监测临床应用指南
(2015年版)
1 2 106
张泽待2012[26]厦门市医院373—42780030237.75中国血糖监测临床应用指南
(2011年版)
6
Yuan 2014[27]多地区医院5 9531 13018.98《糖尿病护理与教育》(2009年版)1 2 3 4 58
Wang 2019[12]长沙市医院72119827.50中国T2DM治控指南
(2017年版)
1 2 4 77
HU 2017[10]济南市233—17741523657.6中国血糖监测临床应用指南
(2015年版)
57
), ArticleFig(id=1241680453766279798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522860083180488, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of subgroup analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别纳入研究数异质性检验结果效应模型达标率(%,95%CI组间P
PI2(%)
评估工具<0.01
中国T2DM应用指南9[10-11,13,17-18,21,24-26]<0.00197.7随机33.4(24.8~42.0)
中国T2DM防治指南7[12,15-16,19-20,22-23]<0.00197.2随机19.1(11.9~26.3)
地区<0.01
东部11[10-11,15-19,23-26]<0.00198.6随机26.9(17.8~36.0)
中部4[12,20-22]<0.00193.5随机25.6(17.5~33.8)
样本来源<0.01
医院13[11-13,16,18-27]<0.00196.7随机27.3(22.6~32.1)
社区2[17,23]<0.00197.4随机12.1(2.6~21.7)
样本量0.17
<5009[10,16-19,21-22,24-25]<0.00196.7随机30.8(20.7~40.9)
>5008[11-13,15,20,23,26-27]<0.00198.8随机22.2(15.4~29.1)
), ArticleFig(id=1241680453883720320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522860083180488, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

亚组分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别纳入研究数异质性检验结果效应模型达标率(%,95%CI组间P
PI2(%)
评估工具<0.01
中国T2DM应用指南9[10-11,13,17-18,21,24-26]<0.00197.7随机33.4(24.8~42.0)
中国T2DM防治指南7[12,15-16,19-20,22-23]<0.00197.2随机19.1(11.9~26.3)
地区<0.01
东部11[10-11,15-19,23-26]<0.00198.6随机26.9(17.8~36.0)
中部4[12,20-22]<0.00193.5随机25.6(17.5~33.8)
样本来源<0.01
医院13[11-13,16,18-27]<0.00196.7随机27.3(22.6~32.1)
社区2[17,23]<0.00197.4随机12.1(2.6~21.7)
样本量0.17
<5009[10,16-19,21-22,24-25]<0.00196.7随机30.8(20.7~40.9)
>5008[11-13,15,20,23,26-27]<0.00198.8随机22.2(15.4~29.1)
), ArticleFig(id=1241680453996966540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522860083180488, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Analysis results of influencing factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素纳入研究数(个)异质性检验结果效应模型OR值(95%CIZP
PI2(%)
性别(女性)3[12-13,27]<0.00189.40随机1.025(0.555,1.893)0.080.938
文化程度(较高文化程度)5[11-13,21,27]<0.00179.40随机1.591(1.269,1.994)4.03<0.001
家庭收入(较高收入)4[11,15,20,27]0.00379.00随机1.751(1.048,2.925)2.140.032
自我效能评分高3[11,15,21]<0.00189.70随机2.592(1.148,5.855)2.290.022
降糖方案(胰岛素)3[11,20,23]0.06962.60固定2.193(1.561,3.080)4.530.003
病程长3[10,15,27]0.05066.70固定1.054(1.035,1.073)5.61<0.001
接受过SMBG相关健康教育5[11-12,17,21,27]<0.00188.50随机2.195(1.376,3.499)3.30<0.001
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影响因素分析结果

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影响因素纳入研究数(个)异质性检验结果效应模型OR值(95%CIZP
PI2(%)
性别(女性)3[12-13,27]<0.00189.40随机1.025(0.555,1.893)0.080.938
文化程度(较高文化程度)5[11-13,21,27]<0.00179.40随机1.591(1.269,1.994)4.03<0.001
家庭收入(较高收入)4[11,15,20,27]0.00379.00随机1.751(1.048,2.925)2.140.032
自我效能评分高3[11,15,21]<0.00189.70随机2.592(1.148,5.855)2.290.022
降糖方案(胰岛素)3[11,20,23]0.06962.60固定2.193(1.561,3.080)4.530.003
病程长3[10,15,27]0.05066.70固定1.054(1.035,1.073)5.61<0.001
接受过SMBG相关健康教育5[11-12,17,21,27]<0.00188.50随机2.195(1.376,3.499)3.30<0.001
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中国2型糖尿病自我血糖监测频率达标率及其影响因素的Meta分析
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熊怡 1 , 吴冬梅 2 , 毛国菊 3 , 陶思路 1 , 郭梦佳 1 , 严章荣 1 , 董美君 1
现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2024,51(3): 507-513
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现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2024, 51(3): 507-513
中国2型糖尿病自我血糖监测频率达标率及其影响因素的Meta分析
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熊怡1, 吴冬梅2 , 毛国菊3, 陶思路1, 郭梦佳1, 严章荣1, 董美君1
作者信息
  • 1.成都中医药大学护理学院,四川 成都 610075
  • 2.电子科技大学成都脑科学研究院临床医院,四川 成都 611730
  • 3.成都市第四人民医院
  • 熊怡(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:临床护理

通讯作者:

吴冬梅,E-mail:
Meta-analysis of the rate of reaching the standard frequency of self-blood glucose monitoring and its influencing factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in China
Yi XIONG1, Dong-mei WU2 , Guo-ju MAO3, Si-lu TAO1, Meng-jia GUO1, Zhang-rong YAN1, Mei-jun DONG1
Affiliations
  • College of Nursing, Chengdu University of Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, China
出版时间: 2024-02-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307328
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目的

对中国2型糖尿病患者血糖自我监测(self-monitoring of blood glucose, SMBG)频率达标率和影响因素进行meta分析。

方法

使用计算机在CNKI、VIP、CBM、Wan Fang Data、PubMed、Embase、Web of science、CINAHL和The Cochrane Library数据库中检索自建库以来至2023年5月26日有关中国2型糖尿病患者SMBG频率达标率及其相关因素的横断面研究。两名研究人员独立进行筛选文献并提取资料,采用Stata 17.0软件进行meta分析。

结果

共纳入17个研究,包括2型糖尿病患者14 343例,其中3 403人SMBG达标。Meta分析结果显示,我国2型糖尿病患者SMBG频率达标率为26.4%(95%CI:21.0%~31.8%)。以评估工具、地区、样本来源进行亚组分析,结果显示:使用2型糖尿病应用指南进行评估的达标率为33.4%(95%CI:24.8%~42%),2型糖尿病防治指南为19.1%(95%CI:11.9%~26.3%);东部地区的达标率为26.9%(95%CI:17.8%~36%),中部地区的为25.6%(95%CI:17.5%~33.8%);样本来源为医院的达标率为27.3%(95%CI:22.6%~32.1%),社区的为12.1%(95%CI:2.6%~21.7%)。SMBG频率达标率相关的影响因素有较高文化程度(OR=1.591,95%CI:1.269~1.994)、高收入家庭(OR=1.751,95%CI:1.048~2.925)、自我效能评分(OR=2.592,95%CI:1.148~5.855)、降糖方案为胰岛素(OR=2.193,95%CI:1.561~3.080)、病程长(OR=1.035,95%CI:1.035~1.073)和接受过SMBG相关健康教育(OR=2.195,95%CI:1.376~3.499)。

结论

证据结果显示,我国2型糖尿病患者SMBG频率达标率较低。较高文化程度、高收入家庭、高自我效能、降糖方案为胰岛素、病程长、接受过SMBG相关健康教育的患者频率达标率更高。

2型糖尿病患者  /  血糖自我监测  /  达标率  /  影响因素  /  Meta分析
Objective

To analyze the frequency and influencing factors of blood glucose self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus by meta-analysis.

Methods

By searching literature in the databases of CNKI, VIP, CBM, Wan Fang Data, PubMed, Embase, Web of science, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library from the establishment of the database to May 26, 2023, cross-sectional studies on the SMBG frequency standard rate and its influencing factors in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes were searched. Two researchers independently screened the literature and extracted the data, and meta-analysis was carried out by using Stata 17.0 software.

Results

A total of 17 studies were included, including 14 343 patients with type 2 diabetes, of which 3 403 met the SMBG standard. The results of meta-analysis showed that the reaching standard rate of SMBG frequency in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes was 26.4%(95%CI: 21.0%-31.8%). Based on the subgroup analysis of evaluation tools, regions, and sample sources, the results showed that the reaching standard rate of evaluation using the applicable guidelines for type 2 diabetes was 33.4% (95%CI: 24.8%-42%), and that using the guidelines for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes was 19.1% (95%CI:11.9%-26.3%). The reaching standard rate of the eastern region was 26.9% (95%CI: 17.8%-36%), and that of the central region was 25.6% (95%CI: 17.5%-33.8%). The reaching standard rate was 27.3%(95%CI: 22.6%-32.1%) when the sample source was hospital and 12.1% (95%CI: 2.6%-21.7%) when the sample source was community. The influencing factors of SMBG reaching standard rate were higher education level (OR=1.591, 95%CI: 1.269-1.994), high income family (OR=1.751, 95%CI: 1.048-2.925), self-efficacy score (OR=2.592, 95%CI: 1.148-5.855), insulin (OR=2.193, 95%CI: 1.561-3.080), long course of disease (OR=1.035, 95%CI: 1.035-1.073), and having received SMBG-related health education (OR=2.195, 95%CI: 1.376-3.499).

Conclusion

The evidence results show that the SMBG frequency of Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is low. The patients with higher education level, high income family, high self-efficacy, insulin as hypoglycemic regimen, long course of disease, and receiving SMBG-related health education have higher rate of reaching the standard frequency.

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus  /  Blood glucose self-monitoring  /  Reaching standard rate  /  Influencing factors  /  Meta-analysis
熊怡, 吴冬梅, 毛国菊, 陶思路, 郭梦佳, 严章荣, 董美君. 中国2型糖尿病自我血糖监测频率达标率及其影响因素的Meta分析. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (3) : 507 -513 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307328
Yi XIONG, Dong-mei WU, Guo-ju MAO, Si-lu TAO, Meng-jia GUO, Zhang-rong YAN, Mei-jun DONG. Meta-analysis of the rate of reaching the standard frequency of self-blood glucose monitoring and its influencing factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in China[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (3) : 507 -513 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307328
随着经济条件的提高和生活方式的转变,我国糖尿病患病率已从1994年2.5%上升至2018年12.4%[1-2],2型糖尿病(diabetes mellitus type 2, T2DM)占患病人群90%以上[3]。血糖长期异常升高,会增加微血管、大血管病变以及多器官功能障碍风险,从而导致严重并发症,包括糖尿病视网膜病变、冠心病、外周动脉疾病、中风等[4]。除了血管疾病,糖尿病还与多种癌症、感染性疾病的死亡相关[5]
自我血糖监测(self-monitoring of blood glucose,SMBG)是糖尿病患者进行有效自我管理的重要组成部分,可以帮助患者更好地了解血糖控制情况,从而调整饮食结构、药物剂量和运动强度等,科学有效的降低糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)和减少相关并发症[6]。国际糖尿病联盟(IDF)指南强调,SMBG是糖尿病患者综合管理和教育的重要组成部分,建议所有糖尿病患者均应进行SMBG[7]。多项研究表明,SMBG频率越高的患者其HbA1c更低、住院次数更少,SMBG频率与患者血糖控制、血脂达标、住院次数、糖尿病相关终点事件等密切相关[8-9]。因此,有必要对我国T2DM患者SMBG频率达标情况及其影响因素进行探究。
近年来,已有部分研究对我国T2DM患者SMBG频率达标率及其影响因素进行了探讨,但由于样本来源、调查地区、样本量等方面存在差异,相关研究得出的达标率结果差异较大[10-11]、影响因素较为分散且结论不一致[12-13]。基于此,本研究通过meta分析的方法,综合评估我国T2DM患者SMBG频率达标率及其影响因素,以期为提高T2DM患者SMBG频率达标率提供参考。
纳入标准:(1)研究类型:横断面研究;(2)研究对象:中国T2DM患者;(3)结局指标:报告SBMG频率达标率或影响因素。SBMG频率达标率参考标准为《中国血糖监测临床应用指南》《中国2型糖尿病防治指南》《糖尿病护理与教育》。
排除标准:(1)重复发表的文献;(2)无法获取达标率的文献;(3)非中、英文文献。
在PubMed、Web of Science、Embase、The Cochrane Library、CINAHL 、CBM、WanFang Data、VIP和CNKI数据库中,检索自建库以来至2023年5月26日,有关报道中国T2DM患者SMBG频率达标率的横断面研究。英文检索词:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring,Blood Sugar Self-Monitoring,Home Blood Glucose Monitoring,Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,Diabetes Mellitus, Ketosis Resistant,Noninsulin- Dependent,China,Chinese。中文检索词:T2DM、血糖、自我监测、依从性、达标率等。
将检索出的文献导入Endnote软件,筛除重复文献,严格按照纳入排除标准对剩余文献筛选。提取最终纳入文献的基本资料,包括第一作者、发表时间、研究地区、总样本量、性别、样本来源、达标人数、SMBG频率达标率、参考标准、影响因素。整个过程由两名研究者独立进行,交叉核对结果,如有争议则向第三名研究者进行咨询,达到意见统一。
偏倚风险评价采用美国卫生保健研究与质量机构(Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality,AHRQ)推荐的横断面研究评价标准[14]。高质量研究:8~11分,中等质量研究:4~7分,低质量研究:0~3分。
使用Stata17.0软件对SMBG频率达标率及其影响因素进行meta分析。达标率用χ2检验(检验水准为 α=0.1)和I2评估纳入研究间的异质性,若P>0.1且I2<50%,则采用固定效应模型进行分析,反之则采用随机效应模型。按照评估工具、地区、样本来源进行亚组分析。使用敏感性分析探究异质性来源;采用漏斗图、 Egger和Begg检验来评价是否存在发表偏倚。
共检索文献1 461篇,根据纳排标准逐层筛选,最终纳入17篇文献,具体文献筛选流程及结果见图1
本研究共纳入17项研究,共计14 343名T2DM患者。17项研究报告了SMBG频率达标率,10项研究报告了SMBG影响因素。纳入原始研究的基本特征及偏倚风险评价结果见表1
对所有文献进行meta分析,异质性检验结果为I2=91.35,P<0.01,故采用随机效应模型。Meta分析结果显示,中国T2DM患者SMBG频率达标率为26.4%(95%CI :21.0%~31.8%)。见图2
将达标率按评估工具、地区、样本来源进行亚组分析,结果显示:评估工具为T2DM应用指南的达标率为33.4%,T2DM防治指南的达标率为19.1%;东部地区的达标率为26.9%,中部地区的达标率为25.6%;样本来源为社区的达标率为12.1%,医院的为27.3%。见表2
对同一影响因素≥2篇的研究进行合并,结果显示:性别(OR=1.289,95%CI:1.116~1.488)、文化程度(OR=1.591,95%CI:1.269~1.994)、收入(OR=1.751,95%CI:1.048~2.925)、自我效能评分(OR=2.592,95%CI:1.148~5.855)、降糖方案(OR=2.193,95%CI:1.561~3.080)、病程(OR=1.054,95%CI:1.035~1.073)、接受过SMBG相关健康教育(OR=2.195,95%CI:1.376~3.499)是T2DM患者SMBG频率达标率的影响因素,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表3
两篇结果报告了医疗费用支出方式[12]、医疗保险类型[17]是SMBG频率达标率的影响因素,因分组差异较大,未进行定量分析。另外有研究指出社会支持水平越高[21]、有过低血糖经历[13]、门诊/住院频率越高[12],其SMBG频率达标率更高。由于原始研究数量不足仅做定性描述。
对SMBG频率达标率采用逐一剔除单个研究的方法进行敏感性分析,结果显示效应量并未发生明显改变,见图3,提示本研究结果较稳定。采用不同效应模型的方法对影响因素进行敏感性分析,结果显示两种模型的OR值变化不大,提示结果较为稳定。
以中国T2DM患者SMBG频率达标率进行漏斗图绘制,结果显示基本对称。Begg检验结果(Z=1.61,P=0.108)和Egger检验结果(t=1.92,P=0.074)提示本研究存在发表偏倚的可能性较小。影响因素纳入原始研究数量较少,未进行发表偏倚检验。
Meta分析后得出中国T2DM患者SMBG频率达标率为26.4%,低于美国(52%)[28]、英国(49.8%)[29]和约旦(59%)[30],高于匈牙利(20%)[31]。我国T2DM患者SMBG频率达标率与国外差异较大,可能与各国的文化、经济社会条件、医疗发展等有关。
亚组分析结果显示,评估工具的不同,SMBG达标率也有所不同。目前,SMBG频率达标率的评估工具主要为《中国2型糖尿病应用指南》和《中国2型糖尿病防治指南》两种。其中应用指南相对于防治指南,对于SMBG频率达标率的操作性定义更为清晰。应用指南根据不同的降糖方案对监测频率分别进行了不同的建议,使患者能够更加明确的知道根据个人情况进行SMBG的具体频率。防治指南则是从降糖方案、血糖控制情况两个方面对SMBG频率进行了定义,但相较于应用指南,并未清晰的给出具体监测频率,操作性描述都较为模糊。患者可能更愿意根据给出具体的监测次数进行自我监测,因此T2DM应用指南的达标率相对更高。从地理区域来看东部地区SMBG频率达标率略高于中部地区,这可能是由于地区间经济、医疗水平发展不一样所导致。研究显示,东部地区经济相对发达,医疗水平远高于中西部地区[32-33],其对于疾病预防相关知识宣传的投入力度更大,居民健康素养水平更高,进行 SMBG频率的依从性更好。从样本来源来看,来自医院的人群达标率高于社区。这可能是因为在医院的患者,其血糖控制情况更为不稳定,患者对于个人健康状况会更为注意,且在医院与医务人员沟通交流更为方便,获得到的血糖监测相关教育更多,因此达标率相对较高。
文化程度、家庭收入、自我效能评分是SMBG频率达标率的独立影响因素,性别不是影响SMBG频率达标率的因素。女性的达标率高于男性,但是结果不具有统计学差异。文化程度越高的患者,SMBG频率达标率更高,这与以往的研究结果一致[34-35]。原因可能是文化程度高的患者其健康素养水平越高,在接受健康宣教时更容易理解和掌握与疾病相关的知识,且有自主获取健康信息的能力,能帮助其对SMBG的重要性有明确的认知。因此,应根据患者文化程度针对性开展健康教育。家庭月收入越高的患者其SMBG频率达标率更高。这与陈俊键等人[36]的研究结果一致。在我国,血糖试纸仍未被列入医保报销范围[34,37],糖尿病为慢性疾病,需每天进行多次血糖监测,血糖试纸属于一次性医用消耗性材料,长期使用对于患者会产生较大的经济负担,导致经济状况较差的患者为节省费用,难以进行规律的自我血糖监测。建议完善相关社会保障制度,将血糖仪、采血针和试纸纳入医保报销,从根本上降低患者血糖监测的经济负担。自我效能得分越高的患者,对于疾病自我管理越有信心,因此会更加积极的参与血糖自我监测,SMBG频率达标率相对更高。
本研究结果显示,降糖方案、病程、接受糖尿病健康教育是其独立影响因素。不同降糖方案的患者,达标率不同。使用胰岛素降糖的患者达标率高于非胰岛素的患者。这可能是因为使用胰岛素进行血糖控制的患者,需要每天或每餐前进行SMBG以确定血糖水平,并调整胰岛素剂量[12]。此外,使用胰岛素的患者更易发生低血糖,因此患者更愿意坚持SMBG以避免低血糖事件的发生。糖尿病患病时间越长的患者,其SMBG频率达标率越高,这与美国的一项研究结果一致[38]。这可能是因为对疾病控制的信心水平是糖尿病自我管理的重要预测因素[39],患病时间越长,患者对于血糖监测的相关知识和技术越熟悉,对自我管理血糖更有信心。此外,糖尿病患病时间越长,越有可能出现更多的并发症,患者更能意识到未按时进行监测血糖可能会导致血糖控制不佳,并对个人和家庭会造成较大的经济负担。因此医务人员对糖尿病病程较短的患病人群需要加强关注,定期进行电话随访提醒患者按时进行SMBG,以提高血糖监测依从性。接受过糖尿病相关健康教育的患者SMBG频率达标率高于未接受过的患者,这与以往研究结果一致,糖尿病教育与SMBG依从性密切相关[40]。Yao等人[41]发现,血糖监测频率与是否拥有更好的血糖知识有关。在一项影响T2DM患者SMBG的质性研究中发现[37],因为缺乏教育,很多患者没有能力做到自我血糖监测,制约患者进行SMBG的原因包括:缺乏SMBG相关知识和技术的支持、缺乏对于SMBG正确认知、认为自身感觉可以代替SMBG等,这些都反应出大部分患者缺乏糖尿病健康教育,这提示医务工作者需要持续地向患者强调SMBG的重要性以及给予相关知识和技术支持。如:告知患者测血糖的时间以及不同时间点血糖的意义,还应教会患者减轻疼痛的方法,穿刺部位避免选择指尖,宜选择手指的外侧,轮流更换穿刺部位等。
本研究的局限性:(1)纳入的研究对血糖监测达标率未采用统一的标准,并且纳入文献均为横断面研究,难以避免选择、实施、测量方面的偏倚,导致结果异质性较大;(2)部分原始文献未提供亚组数据及影响因素,使得进行亚组分析和影响因素分析时能够纳入的文献数量较少,结果的可靠性会受到影响。
综上所述,我国T2DM患者SMBG频率达标率仅为26.4%,相对较低。不同评估工具、地区、样本来源的SMBG频率达标率存在差异。中国T2DM患者SMBG频率达标率影响因素包括较高文化程度、高收入家庭、高自我效能、降糖方案为胰岛素、病程长、接受过SMBG健康教育。建议应增强对T2DM患者SMBG的重视程度,关注低文化程度、病程短、非胰岛素治疗患者等重点人群;增加对低收入人群的医保覆盖率;根据不同的人群需求选择针对性的健康教育形式,以提高患者血糖监测依从性,这对控制患者血糖、改善生活质量、减轻糖尿病相关并发症负担具有重要意义。
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2024年第51卷第3期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307328
  • 接收时间:2023-07-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-17
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    1.成都中医药大学护理学院,四川 成都 610075
    2.电子科技大学成都脑科学研究院临床医院,四川 成都 611730
    3.成都市第四人民医院

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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