Article(id=1241522856538993492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522846384583426, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202310101, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1696867200000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773931715378, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1707494400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773931715378, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773931715378, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773931715378, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241522846384583426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='3', pageStart='385', pageEnd='576', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773931712956, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773931842201, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241523388544504301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522846384583426, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241523388544504302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522846384583426, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=439, endPage=444, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241522856920675169, articleId=1241522856538993492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Cadmium pollution and exposure risk assessment of food sold in Nanshan district of Shenzhen city, columnId=1228016572783063333, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Nutrition and Food Hygiene, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the level of cadmium in food sold in Nanshan District of Shenzhen, and to evaluate its exposure risk based on the dietary intake of residents in Shenzhen.

Methods

Using stratified random sampling method, 810 food samples sold in Nanshan district of Shenzhen city were collected from 2018 to 2022. The content of cadmium in the samples was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and the test results were evaluated according to GB2762-2022 “Food Safety National Standard for Contaminants in Food”. Based on the residents’ dietary intake, point assessment, margin of safety (MOS), and chemical carcinogen risk model were used to evaluate the exposure risk of cadmium to residents’ health.

Results

The average content of cadmium in 810 food samples was 0.325 mg/kg, the detection rate was 44.44% (360/810), and the over-standard rate was 6.17% (50/810). The average monthly dietary exposure of cadmium was 17.731 μg/(kg·BW), MOS > 1, Rc was 4.030 × 10-5 per year, and the monthly high-end dietary exposure of cadmium was 38.536 μg/(kg·BW), MOS < 1, Rc was 8.740 × 10-5 per year, suggesting that there was carcinogenesis risk through daily dietary intake.

Conclusion

There is cadmium contamination in food sold in Nanshan district of Shenzhen city. The health risk of residents exposed to cadmium through daily diet is low, but there is a health risk among people exposed to high-end diet. The relevant departments should strengthen the supervision of food sold in the market, especially rice and rice products, aquatic products, and vegetables, so as to control the health risk of dietary exposure to cadmium.

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目的

了解深圳市南山区市售食品中镉含量水平,并结合深圳市居民膳食摄入量评估其暴露风险。

方法

采取分层随机抽样方法,在2018—2022年采集810份深圳市南山区市售食品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP—MS)法检测样品中镉含量,并依据GB 2762—2022《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》标准对检测结果进行评价。结合居民膳食摄入量,采用点评估、安全限值法(margin of safety,MOS)和化学致癌物风险模型评估镉对居民健康的暴露风险。

结果

810份食品中镉含量均值为0.325 mg/kg,检出率为44.44%(360/810),超标率为6.17%(50/810)。居民每月镉平均膳食暴露量为17.731 μg/(kg·BW),MOS值>1,Rc值为4.030×10-5/年;每月镉高端膳食暴露量为38.536 μg/(kg·BW),MOS值<1,Rc值为8.740×10-5/年,提示该摄入量水平下居民存在通过日常膳食摄入致癌的风险。

结论

深圳市南山区市售食品存在镉污染现象,居民通过日常膳食摄入镉对健康造成的风险较低,但高端膳食暴露人群存在健康风险。相关部门应加强对市售食品的监管,特别是米及米制品、水产品和蔬菜,控制居民通过膳食摄入镉的健康风险。

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朱凤,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=cA2Vv7ggxai3PGgVyZI2+w==, magXml=DcJxFknynFuIenerfpo2zQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=9lB8JdK24HchyihUg28Opg==, pdfFileSize=635361, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=QDwkA4CotpXNbZe8QgEbIA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张灼晖(1988—),男,本科,主管医师,研究方向:营养与食品卫生

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The detection of cadmium in food sold in Nanshan District of Shenzhen

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品类别样品数检出数检出率(%)超标数超标率(%)镉含量(mg/kg)
检测值范围均值P50P95
米及米制品351748.5700ND~0.3600.040ND0.207
其他粮食270000NDNDNDND
面(糕)点886169.3200ND~0.0250.0090.0090.020
畜肉45511.1100ND~0.022NDND0.014
畜肉内脏484491.6700ND~0.2570.0740.0420.238
禽肉8811.1400ND~0.010NDNDND
禽肉内脏9910000ND~0.0190.0110.009
叶菜272281.4800ND~0.1320.0250.0200.104
其他蔬菜864552.3300ND~0.0590.0100.0050.039
水果2627.6913.85ND~0.095NDND0.065
奶及奶制品2700NDNDNDND
蛋及蛋制品300000NDNDNDND
贝类1031031004947.570.042~10.02.401.9605.998
头足类66100000.022~1.180.3030.054
淡水鱼2314.3500ND~0.054NDND0.044
海鱼17211.7600ND~0.082NDND
虾类231773.9100ND~0.4510.0660.0250.400
蟹类99100000.010~1.900.4810.145
豆制品291655.17ND~0.0460.0110.0060.043
饮料3300NDNDNDND
植物油3100NDNDNDND
合计81036044.44506.17ND~10.00.325ND2.459
), ArticleFig(id=1241680463463501916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522856538993492, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

深圳市南山区市售食品中镉含量检测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品类别样品数检出数检出率(%)超标数超标率(%)镉含量(mg/kg)
检测值范围均值P50P95
米及米制品351748.5700ND~0.3600.040ND0.207
其他粮食270000NDNDNDND
面(糕)点886169.3200ND~0.0250.0090.0090.020
畜肉45511.1100ND~0.022NDND0.014
畜肉内脏484491.6700ND~0.2570.0740.0420.238
禽肉8811.1400ND~0.010NDNDND
禽肉内脏9910000ND~0.0190.0110.009
叶菜272281.4800ND~0.1320.0250.0200.104
其他蔬菜864552.3300ND~0.0590.0100.0050.039
水果2627.6913.85ND~0.095NDND0.065
奶及奶制品2700NDNDNDND
蛋及蛋制品300000NDNDNDND
贝类1031031004947.570.042~10.02.401.9605.998
头足类66100000.022~1.180.3030.054
淡水鱼2314.3500ND~0.054NDND0.044
海鱼17211.7600ND~0.082NDND
虾类231773.9100ND~0.4510.0660.0250.400
蟹类99100000.010~1.900.4810.145
豆制品291655.17ND~0.0460.0110.0060.043
饮料3300NDNDNDND
植物油3100NDNDNDND
合计81036044.44506.17ND~10.00.325ND2.459
), ArticleFig(id=1241680463597719651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522856538993492, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Average dietary exposure and exposure risk assessment of cadmium in commercially available food in Nanshan District of Shenzhen

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品类别膳食摄入量[g/(kg BW·d)]每月暴露量[μg/(kg·BW)]贡献率(%)MOS值个人年均致癌风险(年)
米及米制品3.8044.56525.755.4761.039×10-5
其他粮食0.6680.1000.56250.0002.277×10-7
面(糕)点0.5270.1420.80176.0563.233×10-7
畜肉2.1080.3161.7879.1147.195×10-7
畜肉内脏0.0380.0840.47297.6191.913×10-7
禽肉1.1060.1660.94150.6023.780×10-7
禽肉内脏0.0070.0020.0112 500.0004.554×10-9
叶菜2.4121.80910.2013.8204.118×10-6
其他蔬菜4.0911.2276.9220.3752.793×10-6
水果4.8110.7224.0734.6261.644×10-6
奶及奶制品2.1900.3291.8675.9887.491×10-7
蛋及蛋制品0.7810.1170.66213.6752.664×10-7
贝类0.0473.38419.097.3887.703×10-6
头足类0.1371.2457.0220.0802.834×10-6
淡水鱼0.7630.1140.64219.2982.596×10-7
海鱼0.5950.0890.50280.8992.026×10-7
藻类0.0861.4167.9917.6553.224×10-6
0.0690.1370.77182.4823.119×10-7
0.0210.3031.7182.5086.899×10-7
豆制品0.8380.2771.5690.2536.307×10-7
饮料3.4240.2051.16121.9514.668×10-7
饮用水28.7910.8644.8728.9351.967×10-6
食用油0.7840.1180.67211.8642.687×10-7
合计17.7311001.4104.030×10-5
), ArticleFig(id=1241680463719354474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522856538993492, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

深圳市南山区市售食品中镉平均膳食暴露量及暴露风险评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品类别膳食摄入量[g/(kg BW·d)]每月暴露量[μg/(kg·BW)]贡献率(%)MOS值个人年均致癌风险(年)
米及米制品3.8044.56525.755.4761.039×10-5
其他粮食0.6680.1000.56250.0002.277×10-7
面(糕)点0.5270.1420.80176.0563.233×10-7
畜肉2.1080.3161.7879.1147.195×10-7
畜肉内脏0.0380.0840.47297.6191.913×10-7
禽肉1.1060.1660.94150.6023.780×10-7
禽肉内脏0.0070.0020.0112 500.0004.554×10-9
叶菜2.4121.80910.2013.8204.118×10-6
其他蔬菜4.0911.2276.9220.3752.793×10-6
水果4.8110.7224.0734.6261.644×10-6
奶及奶制品2.1900.3291.8675.9887.491×10-7
蛋及蛋制品0.7810.1170.66213.6752.664×10-7
贝类0.0473.38419.097.3887.703×10-6
头足类0.1371.2457.0220.0802.834×10-6
淡水鱼0.7630.1140.64219.2982.596×10-7
海鱼0.5950.0890.50280.8992.026×10-7
藻类0.0861.4167.9917.6553.224×10-6
0.0690.1370.77182.4823.119×10-7
0.0210.3031.7182.5086.899×10-7
豆制品0.8380.2771.5690.2536.307×10-7
饮料3.4240.2051.16121.9514.668×10-7
饮用水28.7910.8644.8728.9351.967×10-6
食用油0.7840.1180.67211.8642.687×10-7
合计17.7311001.4104.030×10-5
), ArticleFig(id=1241680463849377908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522856538993492, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

High dietary exposure and exposure risk assessment of cadmium in commercially available food in Nanshan District of Shenzhen

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品类别膳食摄入量[g/(kg BW·d)]每月暴露量[μg/(kg·BW)]贡献率(%)MOS值个人年均致癌风险(年)
米及米制品9.04510.85428.172.3032.469×10-5
其他粮食0.6680.1000.26250.0002.277×10-7
面(糕)点0.5270.1420.37176.0563.233×10-7
畜肉2.1080.3160.8279.1147.195×10-7
畜肉内脏0.0380.0840.22297.6191.913×10-7
禽肉1.1060.1660.43150.6023.780×10-7
禽肉内脏0.0070.002<0.01>12 500.000<4.554×10-9
叶菜4.1503.1138.088.0317.086×10-6
其他蔬菜8.6492.5956.739.6345.907×10-6
水果4.8110.7221.8734.6261.644×10-6
奶及奶制品2.1900.3290.8575.9887.491×10-7
蛋及蛋制品0.7810.1170.30213.6752.664×10-7
贝类0.0473.3848.787.3887.703×10-6
头足类0.9588.70822.602.8711.981×10-5
淡水鱼0.7630.1140.30219.2982.596×10-7
海鱼0.5950.0890.23280.8992.026×10-7
藻类0.3525.79715.044.3131.319×10-5
0.0690.1370.36182.4823.119×10-7
0.0210.3030.7982.5086.899×10-7
豆制品0.8380.2770.7290.2536.307×10-7
饮料3.4240.2050.53121.9514.668×10-7
饮用水28.7910.8642.2428.9351.967×10-6
食用油0.7840.1180.31211.8642.687×10-7
合计38.5361000.6498.740×10-5
), ArticleFig(id=1241680463991984247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522856538993492, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

深圳市南山区市售食品中镉高端膳食暴露量及暴露风险评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品类别膳食摄入量[g/(kg BW·d)]每月暴露量[μg/(kg·BW)]贡献率(%)MOS值个人年均致癌风险(年)
米及米制品9.04510.85428.172.3032.469×10-5
其他粮食0.6680.1000.26250.0002.277×10-7
面(糕)点0.5270.1420.37176.0563.233×10-7
畜肉2.1080.3160.8279.1147.195×10-7
畜肉内脏0.0380.0840.22297.6191.913×10-7
禽肉1.1060.1660.43150.6023.780×10-7
禽肉内脏0.0070.002<0.01>12 500.000<4.554×10-9
叶菜4.1503.1138.088.0317.086×10-6
其他蔬菜8.6492.5956.739.6345.907×10-6
水果4.8110.7221.8734.6261.644×10-6
奶及奶制品2.1900.3290.8575.9887.491×10-7
蛋及蛋制品0.7810.1170.30213.6752.664×10-7
贝类0.0473.3848.787.3887.703×10-6
头足类0.9588.70822.602.8711.981×10-5
淡水鱼0.7630.1140.30219.2982.596×10-7
海鱼0.5950.0890.23280.8992.026×10-7
藻类0.3525.79715.044.3131.319×10-5
0.0690.1370.36182.4823.119×10-7
0.0210.3030.7982.5086.899×10-7
豆制品0.8380.2770.7290.2536.307×10-7
饮料3.4240.2050.53121.9514.668×10-7
饮用水28.7910.8642.2428.9351.967×10-6
食用油0.7840.1180.31211.8642.687×10-7
合计38.5361000.6498.740×10-5
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深圳市南山区市售食品中镉污染情况及暴露风险评估
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张灼晖 1 , 朱凤 2 , 谢雨晨 1 , 刘艳玲 1 , 曾宪冬 1
现代预防医学 | 营养与食品卫生 2024,51(3): 439-444
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现代预防医学 | 营养与食品卫生 2024, 51(3): 439-444
深圳市南山区市售食品中镉污染情况及暴露风险评估
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张灼晖1, 朱凤2 , 谢雨晨1, 刘艳玲1, 曾宪冬1
作者信息
  • 1.深圳市南山区疾病预防控制中心,广东 深圳 518054
  • 2.深圳市南山区慢性病防治院,广东 深圳 518054
  • 张灼晖(1988—),男,本科,主管医师,研究方向:营养与食品卫生

通讯作者:

朱凤,E-mail:
Cadmium pollution and exposure risk assessment of food sold in Nanshan district of Shenzhen city
Zhuo-hui ZHANG1, Feng ZHU2 , Yu-chen XIE1, Yan-ling LIU1, Xian-dong ZENG1
Affiliations
  • Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518054, China
出版时间: 2024-02-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202310101
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目的

了解深圳市南山区市售食品中镉含量水平,并结合深圳市居民膳食摄入量评估其暴露风险。

方法

采取分层随机抽样方法,在2018—2022年采集810份深圳市南山区市售食品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP—MS)法检测样品中镉含量,并依据GB 2762—2022《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》标准对检测结果进行评价。结合居民膳食摄入量,采用点评估、安全限值法(margin of safety,MOS)和化学致癌物风险模型评估镉对居民健康的暴露风险。

结果

810份食品中镉含量均值为0.325 mg/kg,检出率为44.44%(360/810),超标率为6.17%(50/810)。居民每月镉平均膳食暴露量为17.731 μg/(kg·BW),MOS值>1,Rc值为4.030×10-5/年;每月镉高端膳食暴露量为38.536 μg/(kg·BW),MOS值<1,Rc值为8.740×10-5/年,提示该摄入量水平下居民存在通过日常膳食摄入致癌的风险。

结论

深圳市南山区市售食品存在镉污染现象,居民通过日常膳食摄入镉对健康造成的风险较低,但高端膳食暴露人群存在健康风险。相关部门应加强对市售食品的监管,特别是米及米制品、水产品和蔬菜,控制居民通过膳食摄入镉的健康风险。

镉  /  膳食暴露  /  风险评估
Objective

To investigate the level of cadmium in food sold in Nanshan District of Shenzhen, and to evaluate its exposure risk based on the dietary intake of residents in Shenzhen.

Methods

Using stratified random sampling method, 810 food samples sold in Nanshan district of Shenzhen city were collected from 2018 to 2022. The content of cadmium in the samples was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and the test results were evaluated according to GB2762-2022 “Food Safety National Standard for Contaminants in Food”. Based on the residents’ dietary intake, point assessment, margin of safety (MOS), and chemical carcinogen risk model were used to evaluate the exposure risk of cadmium to residents’ health.

Results

The average content of cadmium in 810 food samples was 0.325 mg/kg, the detection rate was 44.44% (360/810), and the over-standard rate was 6.17% (50/810). The average monthly dietary exposure of cadmium was 17.731 μg/(kg·BW), MOS > 1, Rc was 4.030 × 10-5 per year, and the monthly high-end dietary exposure of cadmium was 38.536 μg/(kg·BW), MOS < 1, Rc was 8.740 × 10-5 per year, suggesting that there was carcinogenesis risk through daily dietary intake.

Conclusion

There is cadmium contamination in food sold in Nanshan district of Shenzhen city. The health risk of residents exposed to cadmium through daily diet is low, but there is a health risk among people exposed to high-end diet. The relevant departments should strengthen the supervision of food sold in the market, especially rice and rice products, aquatic products, and vegetables, so as to control the health risk of dietary exposure to cadmium.

Cadmium  /  Dietary exposure  /  Risk assessment
张灼晖, 朱凤, 谢雨晨, 刘艳玲, 曾宪冬. 深圳市南山区市售食品中镉污染情况及暴露风险评估. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (3) : 439 -444 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202310101
Zhuo-hui ZHANG, Feng ZHU, Yu-chen XIE, Yan-ling LIU, Xian-dong ZENG. Cadmium pollution and exposure risk assessment of food sold in Nanshan district of Shenzhen city[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (3) : 439 -444 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202310101
镉是一种人类在工作或环境中可能接触到的、对人类和动物有毒性的非必要元素。随着人类的活动,人体可通过食物、水、空气、职业暴露和香烟吸入等途径接触镉,膳食摄入是普通居民的主要暴露形式[1-2]。镉一旦进入人体在肾脏、肝脏和肠道中蓄积,生物半衰期约10~30年,对身体多系统产生不良影响,长期镉暴露可引起肺癌、前列腺癌、乳腺癌、膀胱癌、肾癌和鼻咽癌等多器官癌症,是被国际癌症研究机构(IARC)确认的Ⅰ类致癌物质[3-7]。因此,本研究对2018—2022年深圳市南山区市售食品中镉含量和2008年深圳市居民膳食摄入量数据进行分析,结合安全限值法(margin of safety,MOS)和化学致癌物风险模型评估深圳市南山区居民膳食中镉的暴露风险,为居民开展合理膳食指导提供科学依据。
2018—2022年,在深圳市南山区8个街道的超市、农贸市场等居民食品购买场所随机采集市售21类食品810份。
居民各类食品膳食摄入量数据基于2008年9—10月进行的深圳市居民食物消费量调查。本次调查参照中国居民营养与健康状况调查的总体方案,采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,按照深圳市经济发展、地理位置和人口分布分为城市区、城乡1区、城乡2区,在每个区随机抽取4个街道,每个街道随机抽取2个居委会,每个居委会抽取10户常住户籍居民的家庭成员作为调查对象。全市共抽取244家庭户853人进行膳食调查。采用3天入户食物称重法和3天24小时膳食回顾法相结合,通过2个工作日和周末1日连续3天入户调查,调查居民摄入的全部食品类别和数量[8-9]。本研究向所有调查对象发放知情同意书,取得调查对象的知情同意。
按照GB 5009.268—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中多元素的测定》[10]中的电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP—MS)对样品的镉含量进行检测,样品检出限为0.005 mg/kg(饮料类为0.002 mg/kg)。
采取空白试验、平行双样、加标回收、校准曲线、室内比对试验、质控样品监控和保留样品再测试等方式开展内部质控,保证检测结果的可靠性。
食品中镉含量低于检出限(limit of detection,LOD)的样品,按照世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)的推荐方法,当样品检出率≥40%时,采用1/2LOD替代未检出值;当样品检出率<40%时,采用LOD值替代未检出值[11]。采用SPSSAU统计学平台进行统计学分析,率的比较用z检验,检验水准α=0.05。
参照GB 2762—2022《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》[12]中镉在各类食品中的限量要求进行评价。
采用联合国粮食及农业组织(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,FAO)与WHO推荐的“点评估”法,根据各类食品的镉含量和摄入量,计算居民膳食中镉的暴露量,计算公式为:
式(1)中:EXPi为第i种食品每人单位体重每月镉膳食暴露量[μg/(kg·BW)];Ci为第i种食品中镉含量均值(mg/kg);Fi为第i种食品的每日摄入量[g/(kg BW·d)]; p为加工因子,取p=1;30为每月平均天数[13];式(2)中EXP为每人单位体重每月镉膳食暴露量[μg/(kg·BW)];n为摄入食品种类数。
参考张磊等[14]的研究,在P95暴露水平下,使用“3+X”高端暴露模型计算南山区居民膳食中镉高端暴露量比简单地将各种食品P95暴露量相加更为可靠,计算公式如下:
式(4)中:HEXP为南山区居民膳食中镉高端暴露量;HEXPi为人群P95暴露水平下贡献率前3种食品的P95暴露量;AEXPj为人群通过其他食品的平均暴露量;ijP95暴露水平下贡献率前3种食品和其他食品。
采用安全限值(MOS)法结合食品添加剂联合专家委员会(Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives,JECFA)制订的食品中镉的暂定每月耐受摄入量(provisional tolerable monthly intake,PTMI)为25 μg/(kg·BW),分别计算各类食品和全膳食的MOS值并对居民膳食中镉的暴露风险进行评估[13]。当MOS值>1时,表明居民膳食中镉的暴露风险可以接受,当MOS值≤1时,表明居民膳食中镉的暴露可能存在健康风险,计算公式如下:
采用美国国际环保局(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,USEPA)暴露剂量—反应外推模型进行人体健康风险评价,致癌危险度除以人均寿命,表示人群在一年之中患癌症的概率,即年均超额风险度。国际辐射防护委员会(International Commission on Radiological Protection,ICRP)推荐的最大可接受年风险水平为5.00×10-5/年,USEPA致癌风险评价指南推荐的风险水平为1.00×10-4/年[11]。化学致癌物风险模型:
式(6)、(7)中,Rc为化学致癌物镉经膳食摄入途径产生的个人平均致癌年风险(/年);Dig为化学致癌物镉经膳食摄入途径的单位体重每日平均暴露量[mg/(kg·d)];qig为镉的致癌强度系数,为6.1(kg·d)/mg;N为人均寿命,根据《深圳市居民健康白皮书(2022年度)》结果显示,深圳居民平均预期寿命为83.93岁。
2018—2022年监测的810份市售食品样品镉检出率为44.44%(360/810),超标率为6.17%(50/810),其中贝类超标49份,水果超标1份(草莓),具体结果见表1。禽肉内脏、贝类、头足类、蟹类检出率均为100%,其次为畜肉内脏的91.67%、叶菜的81.48%,奶及奶制品、蛋及蛋制品、饮料、植物油均未检出。贝类镉超标率47.57%,检测最大值为10.0 mg/kg,是国家限量值5倍(10.0/2.0)。水果类超标率均为3.85%。
根据各类食品的检测结果和膳食摄入量计算,深圳市南山区居民每月膳食中镉平均总暴露量为17.731 μg/(kg·BW)。各类食品对居民膳食中镉平均总暴露量贡献率存在差异,主要来源于米及米制品、贝类、叶菜,贡献率分别为25.75%、19.09%、10.20%;禽肉内脏的贡献最低,仅为0.01%,见表2。在高端膳食暴露水平下,深圳市南山区居民每月膳食中镉总暴露量为38.536 μg/(kg·BW)。从高端膳食镉总暴露量贡献率看,主要来源于米及米制品、头足类、藻类,分别为28.17%、22.60%、15.04%;其次为贝类、叶菜、其他蔬菜,分别为8.78%、8.08%、6.73%。见表3
在平均膳食暴露量下,MOS值为1.410,表示在平均摄入量水平镉对深圳市南山区居民的暴露风险可接受;镉的个人年均致癌风险为4.030×10-5/年,表明深圳市南山区居民在该摄入量水平摄入的镉处于可接受水平,见表2
在高端膳食暴露量下,MOS值为0.649,表示在该摄入量水平居民膳食中镉的暴露存在风险;个人年均致癌风险为8.740×10-5/年,高于ICRP但低于USEPA的推荐风险水平,表明可能对人体健康存在致癌风险,见表3
本文对2018—2022年深圳市南山区市售21大类食品中镉含量进行统计分析,810份样品的镉平均值为0.325 mg/kg,总检出率为44.44%,超标率为6.17%,检出率与同期数据比较,高于2019—2021年临沂市[15]的30.2%(z=5.907,P<0.05),与2019—2020年北京冬奥周边地区[16]的37.26%相比,差异无统计学意义(z=1.880,P>0.05)。
米及米制品、蔬菜中镉检出率分别为48.57%和59.29%,由于其各自均值与膳食摄入量高,导致贡献率偏高。深圳农业用地较少,农产品依赖外地输入,市售农产品的重金属污染情况主要取决于当地的环境因素、生产过程[17],采购来源的选择尤为重要。其次,交通运输及本地储存因素亦不容忽视。
深圳市居民膳食具有东方健康膳食模式特点,蔬菜水果丰富,常吃鱼虾等水产品,米及米制品、水产品、蔬菜均是膳食中镉暴露的主要来源,与广州市[14]、惠州市[18]、杭州市下城区[19]、泉州市[20]等同为东南沿海一带的地区情况相同。与北京市密云区[21]、重庆市沙坪坝区[22]相比,由于水产品膳食消费量差异大,导致主要膳食来源有所差异。本次调查水产品中鱼类检出率较低,其余类别相对较高,这与鱼类富集镉的能力较低有关。居民可多选择鱼类作为水产品食物,少摄入贝类、头足类等镉检出率较高的水产品。
本次研究动物内脏食品中镉有检出率高贡献率低的特点,这与广州市[14]、泉州市[20]、重庆市沙坪坝区[22]结果相似,主要与其摄入量低有关。而动物肉类食品中镉检出率较低,与镉通过食物摄入动物体内后在主要在肝脏、肾脏等器官蓄积有关。
南山区平均暴露人群膳食镉暴露风险不高,高端暴露人群膳食中镉暴露的MOS值为0.649,个人致癌风险为8.740×10-5/年,说明该人群存在通过日常膳食摄入致癌的风险。因此,南山区高端暴露量人群通过膳食摄入镉产生的危害存在风险,建议相关职能部门持续加强对市售食品的生产和流通环节重金属污染监测,尤其是米及米制品、蔬菜、水产品等暴露量贡献率较高的食品。对于粮食蔬菜等农产品种植土壤,建议当地各职能部门加强日常监测,对主要污染来源开展解析防控,探索适合当地土壤重金属污染的可持续安全利用策略,保证农作物的安全生产[23];对于水产品养殖地,建议加强污染水域生态修复和控制工业“三废”排放综合整治,同时合理筹划投喂和养殖区域布局工作,降低水产品污染[24-25]
本次评估结果有一定局限性,评估使用的消费量数据来自2008年深圳居民膳食消费量调查;目前可查到的最新数据[26]因调查目的和调查机构不同未对食品分类进行细分,对实际风险评估结果有很大影响;开展新一轮深圳居民膳食消费量调查具有一定意义。由于镉在环境中污染较广,监测及消费量调查的食品类别未能覆盖膳食中镉的全部暴露来源,存在低估暴露风险的可能。评估未考虑居民年龄、体重及性别等差异,尤其需食用特殊食品的婴幼儿及学龄前儿童群体对摄入量及体重关系较为敏感。
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2024年第51卷第3期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202310101
  • 接收时间:2023-10-10
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-10
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    1.深圳市南山区疾病预防控制中心,广东 深圳 518054
    2.深圳市南山区慢性病防治院,广东 深圳 518054

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/xdyfyx/CN/10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202310101
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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