Article(id=1241522853628146484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522846384583426, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307534, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1690387200000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773931714684, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1707494400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773931714684, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773931714684, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773931714684, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241522846384583426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='3', pageStart='385', pageEnd='576', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773931712956, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773931842201, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241523388544504301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522846384583426, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241523388544504302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522846384583426, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=476, endPage=483, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241522854030799671, articleId=1241522853628146484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Study on health literacy and prediction of rural residents in Chongqing from 2018 to 2021, columnId=1228016572892119056, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Primary Health Services, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the changes and influencing factors of health literacy level of rural residents in Chongqing from 2018 to 2021, and to predict the health literacy level of this population from 2022 to 2024, so as to provide a basis for formulating health promotion strategies in rural areas of Chongqing in the future.

Methods

Using the national unified health literacy questionnaire, the health literacy monitoring data of rural residents in Chongqing from 2018 to 2021 were analyzed, and the health literacy status of 73 478 residents from 39 districts and counties in the city were investigated. Multi-variable logistic regression method was used to analyze the influencing factors of residents’ health literacy. The grey prediction model GM (1,1) was used to predict the health literacy level of rural residents in Chongqing from 2022 to 2024.

Results

From 2018 to 2021, the health literacy level of rural residents in Chongqing showed a steady upward trend (χ2trend =280.989, P<0.001). The four-year health literacy levels were 17.14%, 21.68%, 22.50%, and 24.15%, respectively. Multivariate regression analysis showed that the older age was associated with lower level of health literacy: 45-59 years old: OR=0.761 (95%CI: 0.725-0.800); 60-69 years old: OR=0.455 (95%CI: 0.426-0.485). Higher education level was associated with higher level of health literacy: junior high school: OR=2.551 (95%CI: 2.432-2.675); senior high school/vocational high school/ technical secondary school: OR=4.435(95%CI: 4.145-4.746); college/undergraduate and above: OR=6.890 (95%CI: 6.261-7.582). The forecast result of GM (1,1) showed that the total health literacy of rural residents in Chongqing would rise to 28.54% by 2024. The three aspects of health literacy showed an upward trend. Among the six aspects of health literacy, four aspects of health literacy continued to rise: the literacy of infectious disease prevention and treatment (up to 37.54%), health information literacy (32.39%), chronic disease prevention literacy (29.88%), basic medical literacy (28.59%). Two aspects of health literacy continued to decline with scientific health literacy decreasing to 33.42% and safety and first aid literacy decreasing to 38.57%.

Conclusion

The health literacy of rural residents in Chongqing continued to improve from 2018 to 2021. There is an urgent need to take targeted intervention measures to improve health literacy of the elderly, low-educated, and low-income rural residents. The forecast results show that the literacy level of scientific health concept, safety and first aid literacy will decline in the next three years, so we should pay more attention to it.

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目的

了解2018—2021年重庆市农村居民健康素养水平变化情况及影响因素,预测2022—2024年该人群的健康素养水平,为今后制定重庆市农村地区的健康促进战略提供基础。

方法

采用全国统一的健康素养调查问卷,分析了2018—2021年重庆市农村居民健康素养监测资料,对全市抽取的39个区县的农村监测点的73 478名居民健康素养状况进行调查。运用多因素logistic回归法分析居民健康素养的影响因素。应用灰色预测模型GM(1,1)对2022—2024年重庆市农村居民健康素养水平进行预测。

结果

2018—2021年重庆市农村居民健康素养水平呈现出稳步上升的趋势(χ2趋势=280.989,P<0.001)。四年的健康素养水平分别为17.14%、21.68%、22.50%、24.15%。多因素回归分析显示,年龄越大,健康素养水平越低:45~59岁,OR=0.761(95%CI:0.725~0.800);60~69岁,OR=0.455(95%CI:0.426~0.485);文化程度越高,健康素养水平就越高:初中,OR=2.551(95%CI:2.432~2.675);高中/职高/中专,OR=4.435(95%CI:4.145~4.746);大专/本科及以上,OR=6.890(95%CI:6.261~7.582)。GM(1,1)预测结果显示,到2024年重庆市农村居民的总健康素养将上升至28.54%。三方面健康素养均呈上升趋势。六方面健康素养中,有四方面的健康素养持续上升:传染病防治素养升至37.54%、健康信息素养升至32.39%、慢性病防治素养升至29.88%、基本医疗素养升至28.59%;两方面的健康素养持续下降:科学健康观素养降至33.42%、安全与急救素养则降至38.57%。

结论

重庆市农村居民的健康素养在2018—2021年间持续提升。对高龄、低文化程度、低收入的农村居民亟需采取针对性的干预措施以提高其健康素养。预测结果显示,未来三年科学健康观素养水平、安全与急救素养水平呈下降趋势,应加强对其关注。

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刘薇薇,E-mail:
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杨倩茹(1998—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生事业管理方向研究

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杨倩茹(1998—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生事业管理方向研究

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Demographic characteristics of rural residents in Chongqing, 2018—2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调查内容2018年2019年2020年2021年χ2P
人数构成比(%)人数构成比(%)人数构成比(%)人数构成比(%)
性别119.298<0.001
13 14252.1811 19447.465 81348.656 20348.62
12 04247.8212 39352.546 13651.356 55551.38
年龄(岁)559.869<0.001
15~446 11724.294 62119.592 78023.272 41118.90
45~5910 66942.3611 93250.595 89949.376 66952.27
60~698 39833.357 03429.823 27927.443 67828.83
民族162.463<0.001
汉族22 71590.2020 51086.9510 45387.4811 13787.29
土家族1 8397.302 2429.511 1749.831 2129.50
其他6302.508353.543222.694093.21
文化程度568.626
不识字或识字很少/小学14 55957.8112 09551.285 65047.286 57951.57<0.001
初中7 30829.027 81933.153 94733.034 17232.70
高中/职高/中专2 2969.122 54210.781 49012.471 2339.66
大专/本科及以上1 0214.051 1314.808627.217746.07
职业1 237.481
公务员930.37720.31260.21340.27<0.001
教师1970.782070.881271.06910.71
医务人员2711.082951.252041.711941.52
其他事业单位人员3901.554812.043332.793562.79
学生7082.818853.756065.07630.49
农民19 37776.9418 55678.678 66072.479 74776.40
工人8943.551 0654.525985.005564.36
其他企业人员5842.327953.374173.494393.44
其他2 67010.601 2315.229788.181 27810.02
家庭人均年收入(元)9 894.613
<3 0005 89423.405 75924.427256.072 41118.90<0.001
3 000~10 00013 53153.7311 99850.872 71522.726 08947.73
>10 0005 75922.875 82924.718 50971.214 25833.38
总计25 184100.0023 587100.0011 949100.0012 758100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241680455456584432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522853628146484, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2018—2021年重庆市农村居民人口学特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调查内容2018年2019年2020年2021年χ2P
人数构成比(%)人数构成比(%)人数构成比(%)人数构成比(%)
性别119.298<0.001
13 14252.1811 19447.465 81348.656 20348.62
12 04247.8212 39352.546 13651.356 55551.38
年龄(岁)559.869<0.001
15~446 11724.294 62119.592 78023.272 41118.90
45~5910 66942.3611 93250.595 89949.376 66952.27
60~698 39833.357 03429.823 27927.443 67828.83
民族162.463<0.001
汉族22 71590.2020 51086.9510 45387.4811 13787.29
土家族1 8397.302 2429.511 1749.831 2129.50
其他6302.508353.543222.694093.21
文化程度568.626
不识字或识字很少/小学14 55957.8112 09551.285 65047.286 57951.57<0.001
初中7 30829.027 81933.153 94733.034 17232.70
高中/职高/中专2 2969.122 54210.781 49012.471 2339.66
大专/本科及以上1 0214.051 1314.808627.217746.07
职业1 237.481
公务员930.37720.31260.21340.27<0.001
教师1970.782070.881271.06910.71
医务人员2711.082951.252041.711941.52
其他事业单位人员3901.554812.043332.793562.79
学生7082.818853.756065.07630.49
农民19 37776.9418 55678.678 66072.479 74776.40
工人8943.551 0654.525985.005564.36
其他企业人员5842.327953.374173.494393.44
其他2 67010.601 2315.229788.181 27810.02
家庭人均年收入(元)9 894.613
<3 0005 89423.405 75924.427256.072 41118.90<0.001
3 000~10 00013 53153.7311 99850.872 71522.726 08947.73
>10 0005 75922.875 82924.718 50971.214 25833.38
总计25 184100.0023 587100.0011 949100.0012 758100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241680455569830648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522853628146484, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Changes in health literacy among rural residents of Chongqing with different characteristics, 2018—2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调查内容具备率(%)
2018年2019年2020年2021年
性别
18.1722.1922.2424.97
16.0221.2222.7323.37
χ220.4863.2510.4134.456
P<0.0010.0710.0520.035
年龄(岁)
15~4429.5737.9439.8249.48
45~5916.4421.1221.3923.63
60~698.9811.969.768.48
χ21 063.3021 112.968787.1031 338.420
P<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
民族
汉族17.2622.4922.8124.12
土家族15.6615.2119.5524.70
其他17.1419.1623.0323.47
χ23.07066.3486.4220.088
P0.215<0.0010.0400.866
文化程度
不识字或识字很少/小学8.0511.7910.129.26
初中24.0825.4024.1730.13
高中/职高/中专38.5041.2341.4152.39
大专/本科及以上49.0757.8263.2373.51
χ22 565.5182 202.5871 628.2322 444.675
P<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
职业
公务员43.0152.7853.8570.59
教师45.6946.8667.7263.74
医务人员67.1669.1577.9482.99
其他事业单位人员35.1341.3746.8555.90
学生30.3739.4440.2641.27
农民12.7817.4115.4017.65
工人28.3025.6332.9433.09
其他企业人员41.1036.3542.4549.89
其他25.5835.2432.8238.34
χ21 517.4901 229.3121 188.5371 239.119
P<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
家庭人均年收入(元)
<3 00010.2515.5615.4515.26
3 000~10 00016.0120.5115.0320.99
>10 00026.8630.1425.4833.70
χ2592.600382.557150.934349.227
P<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241680455670493949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522853628146484, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

重庆市不同特征农村居民2018—2021健康素养变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调查内容具备率(%)
2018年2019年2020年2021年
性别
18.1722.1922.2424.97
16.0221.2222.7323.37
χ220.4863.2510.4134.456
P<0.0010.0710.0520.035
年龄(岁)
15~4429.5737.9439.8249.48
45~5916.4421.1221.3923.63
60~698.9811.969.768.48
χ21 063.3021 112.968787.1031 338.420
P<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
民族
汉族17.2622.4922.8124.12
土家族15.6615.2119.5524.70
其他17.1419.1623.0323.47
χ23.07066.3486.4220.088
P0.215<0.0010.0400.866
文化程度
不识字或识字很少/小学8.0511.7910.129.26
初中24.0825.4024.1730.13
高中/职高/中专38.5041.2341.4152.39
大专/本科及以上49.0757.8263.2373.51
χ22 565.5182 202.5871 628.2322 444.675
P<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
职业
公务员43.0152.7853.8570.59
教师45.6946.8667.7263.74
医务人员67.1669.1577.9482.99
其他事业单位人员35.1341.3746.8555.90
学生30.3739.4440.2641.27
农民12.7817.4115.4017.65
工人28.3025.6332.9433.09
其他企业人员41.1036.3542.4549.89
其他25.5835.2432.8238.34
χ21 517.4901 229.3121 188.5371 239.119
P<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
家庭人均年收入(元)
<3 00010.2515.5615.4515.26
3 000~10 00016.0120.5115.0320.99
>10 00026.8630.1425.4833.70
χ2592.600382.557150.934349.227
P<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241680455775351560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522853628146484, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Changes in health literacy levels of rural residents in Chongqing

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度具备率(%)年均值χ2P
2018年
(n=25 184)
2019年
(n=23 587)
2020年
(n=11 949)
2021年
(n=12 758)
三个方面
基本知识理念21.5029.0227.8729.9327.08489.313<0.001
健康行为和生活方式18.9123.8124.6827.5723.74417.195<0.001
健康技能23.2420.0719.0421.7421.02116.240<0.001
六类问题
科学健康观38.2039.5037.2837.1138.0226.971<0.001
传染病防治17.9819.5023.7525.3621.65370.958<0.001
慢性病防治25.6825.0425.5226.9225.7915.5570.001
安全与急救53.7944.3744.0941.7946.01771.104<0.001
基本医疗42.8125.6123.8127.1029.832 314.072<0.001
健康信息14.2627.1827.7029.2724.601 741.517<0.001
总的健康素养17.1421.6822.5024.1521.37324.180<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241680455888597774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522853628146484, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

重庆市农村居民健康素养水平变化情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度具备率(%)年均值χ2P
2018年
(n=25 184)
2019年
(n=23 587)
2020年
(n=11 949)
2021年
(n=12 758)
三个方面
基本知识理念21.5029.0227.8729.9327.08489.313<0.001
健康行为和生活方式18.9123.8124.6827.5723.74417.195<0.001
健康技能23.2420.0719.0421.7421.02116.240<0.001
六类问题
科学健康观38.2039.5037.2837.1138.0226.971<0.001
传染病防治17.9819.5023.7525.3621.65370.958<0.001
慢性病防治25.6825.0425.5226.9225.7915.5570.001
安全与急救53.7944.3744.0941.7946.01771.104<0.001
基本医疗42.8125.6123.8127.1029.832 314.072<0.001
健康信息14.2627.1827.7029.2724.601 741.517<0.001
总的健康素养17.1421.6822.5024.1521.37324.180<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241680456006038291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522853628146484, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Regression analysis of influencing factors of rural residents’ health literacy level in Chongqing from 2018 to 2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素B Wald χ2POR值(95%CI)
性别男(参照)
-0.0120.0200.3460.5560.988(0.950~1.028)
年龄(岁)15~44(参照)
45~59-0.2730.025118.198<0.0010.761(0.725~0.800)
60~69-0.7880.033581.569<0.0010.455(0.426~0.485)
民族汉族(参照)
土家族-0.2710.03655.695<0.0010.763(0.710~0.819)
其他-0.1830.0589.9570.0020.833(0.743~0.933)
文化程度不识字或识字很少/小学(参照)
初中0.9360.0241 480.179<0.0012.551(2.432~2.675)
高中/职高/中专1.4900.0351 856.604<0.0014.435(4.145~4.746)
大专/本科及以上1.9300.0491 562.425<0.0016.890(6.261~7.582)
职业公务员(参照)
教师-0.1410.1630.7480.3870.869(0.631~1.195)
医务人员0.9070.15932.469<0.0012.477(1.813~3.384)
其他事业单位人员-0.2610.1503.0220.0820.770(0.574~1.034)
学生-0.5540.14913.842<0.0010.575(0.429~0.770)
农民-0.4200.1448.5520.0030.657(0.496~0.871)
工人-0.3250.1484.8280.0280.722(0.541~0.966)
其他企业人员-0.1990.1481.8120.1780.819(0.613~1.095)
其他-0.2500.1452.9710.0850.779(0.587~1.035)
家庭人均年收入
(元)
<3 000(参照)
3 000~10 0000.2050.02948.685<0.0011.228(1.159~1.300)
>10 0000.3350.030121.887<0.0011.399(1.318~1.484)
), ArticleFig(id=1241680456131867417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522853628146484, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2018—2021年重庆市农村居民健康素养水平影响因素回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素B Wald χ2POR值(95%CI)
性别男(参照)
-0.0120.0200.3460.5560.988(0.950~1.028)
年龄(岁)15~44(参照)
45~59-0.2730.025118.198<0.0010.761(0.725~0.800)
60~69-0.7880.033581.569<0.0010.455(0.426~0.485)
民族汉族(参照)
土家族-0.2710.03655.695<0.0010.763(0.710~0.819)
其他-0.1830.0589.9570.0020.833(0.743~0.933)
文化程度不识字或识字很少/小学(参照)
初中0.9360.0241 480.179<0.0012.551(2.432~2.675)
高中/职高/中专1.4900.0351 856.604<0.0014.435(4.145~4.746)
大专/本科及以上1.9300.0491 562.425<0.0016.890(6.261~7.582)
职业公务员(参照)
教师-0.1410.1630.7480.3870.869(0.631~1.195)
医务人员0.9070.15932.469<0.0012.477(1.813~3.384)
其他事业单位人员-0.2610.1503.0220.0820.770(0.574~1.034)
学生-0.5540.14913.842<0.0010.575(0.429~0.770)
农民-0.4200.1448.5520.0030.657(0.496~0.871)
工人-0.3250.1484.8280.0280.722(0.541~0.966)
其他企业人员-0.1990.1481.8120.1780.819(0.613~1.095)
其他-0.2500.1452.9710.0850.779(0.587~1.035)
家庭人均年收入
(元)
<3 000(参照)
3 000~10 0000.2050.02948.685<0.0011.228(1.159~1.300)
>10 0000.3350.030121.887<0.0011.399(1.318~1.484)
), ArticleFig(id=1241680456274473761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522853628146484, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Predicted health literacy levels, 2022—2024

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量年份(年)具备率(%)
总健康素养基本知识和理念健康生活方式与行为健康技能科学健康观传染病防治慢性病防治安全与急救基本医疗健康信息
真实值
201817.1421.5018.9123.2438.2017.9825.6853.7942.8114.26
201921.6829.0223.8120.0739.5019.5025.0444.3725.6127.18
202022.5027.8724.6819.0437.2823.7525.5244.0923.8127.70
202124.1529.9327.5721.7437.1125.3626.9241.7927.1029.27
预测值
202225.3729.8829.3922.0635.6129.2027.7740.9227.0330.18
202326.7930.3631.6823.0234.5033.1128.8139.7327.8031.27
202428.2930.8534.1624.0233.4237.5429.8838.5728.5932.39
平均相对误差
(%)
0.5681.8641.2633.0980.8902.1700.5770.7863.3880.617
拟合效果良好良好良好良好良好良好良好良好良好良好
C值0.0040.0390.0150.2220.1880.0420.0680.0080.0190.001
模型精度
), ArticleFig(id=1241680456379331369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522853628146484, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

2022—2024年健康素养水平预测值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量年份(年)具备率(%)
总健康素养基本知识和理念健康生活方式与行为健康技能科学健康观传染病防治慢性病防治安全与急救基本医疗健康信息
真实值
201817.1421.5018.9123.2438.2017.9825.6853.7942.8114.26
201921.6829.0223.8120.0739.5019.5025.0444.3725.6127.18
202022.5027.8724.6819.0437.2823.7525.5244.0923.8127.70
202124.1529.9327.5721.7437.1125.3626.9241.7927.1029.27
预测值
202225.3729.8829.3922.0635.6129.2027.7740.9227.0330.18
202326.7930.3631.6823.0234.5033.1128.8139.7327.8031.27
202428.2930.8534.1624.0233.4237.5429.8838.5728.5932.39
平均相对误差
(%)
0.5681.8641.2633.0980.8902.1700.5770.7863.3880.617
拟合效果良好良好良好良好良好良好良好良好良好良好
C值0.0040.0390.0150.2220.1880.0420.0680.0080.0190.001
模型精度
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重庆市农村居民2018—2021年健康素养及预测研究
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杨倩茹 1 , 刘薇薇 1 , 陈鑫雨 1 , 师英杰 1 , 王思媛 1 , 郭田 2 , 雷迅 1
现代预防医学 | 基层卫生服务 2024,51(3): 476-483
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现代预防医学 | 基层卫生服务 2024, 51(3): 476-483
重庆市农村居民2018—2021年健康素养及预测研究
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杨倩茹1, 刘薇薇1 , 陈鑫雨1, 师英杰1, 王思媛1, 郭田2, 雷迅1
作者信息
  • 1.重庆医科大学公共卫生学院/医学与社会发展研究中心/重庆市新型建设智库公共卫生安全研究中心,重庆 401331
  • 2.重庆市健康教育所,重庆 401120
  • 杨倩茹(1998—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生事业管理方向研究

通讯作者:

刘薇薇,E-mail:
Study on health literacy and prediction of rural residents in Chongqing from 2018 to 2021
Qian-ru YANG1, Wei-wei LIU1 , Xin-yu CHEN1, Ying-jie SHI1, Si-yuan WANG1, Tian GUO2, Xun LEI1
Affiliations
  • School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401331, China
出版时间: 2024-02-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307534
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目的

了解2018—2021年重庆市农村居民健康素养水平变化情况及影响因素,预测2022—2024年该人群的健康素养水平,为今后制定重庆市农村地区的健康促进战略提供基础。

方法

采用全国统一的健康素养调查问卷,分析了2018—2021年重庆市农村居民健康素养监测资料,对全市抽取的39个区县的农村监测点的73 478名居民健康素养状况进行调查。运用多因素logistic回归法分析居民健康素养的影响因素。应用灰色预测模型GM(1,1)对2022—2024年重庆市农村居民健康素养水平进行预测。

结果

2018—2021年重庆市农村居民健康素养水平呈现出稳步上升的趋势(χ2趋势=280.989,P<0.001)。四年的健康素养水平分别为17.14%、21.68%、22.50%、24.15%。多因素回归分析显示,年龄越大,健康素养水平越低:45~59岁,OR=0.761(95%CI:0.725~0.800);60~69岁,OR=0.455(95%CI:0.426~0.485);文化程度越高,健康素养水平就越高:初中,OR=2.551(95%CI:2.432~2.675);高中/职高/中专,OR=4.435(95%CI:4.145~4.746);大专/本科及以上,OR=6.890(95%CI:6.261~7.582)。GM(1,1)预测结果显示,到2024年重庆市农村居民的总健康素养将上升至28.54%。三方面健康素养均呈上升趋势。六方面健康素养中,有四方面的健康素养持续上升:传染病防治素养升至37.54%、健康信息素养升至32.39%、慢性病防治素养升至29.88%、基本医疗素养升至28.59%;两方面的健康素养持续下降:科学健康观素养降至33.42%、安全与急救素养则降至38.57%。

结论

重庆市农村居民的健康素养在2018—2021年间持续提升。对高龄、低文化程度、低收入的农村居民亟需采取针对性的干预措施以提高其健康素养。预测结果显示,未来三年科学健康观素养水平、安全与急救素养水平呈下降趋势,应加强对其关注。

健康素养  /  农村居民  /  预测  /  健康教育
Objective

To investigate the changes and influencing factors of health literacy level of rural residents in Chongqing from 2018 to 2021, and to predict the health literacy level of this population from 2022 to 2024, so as to provide a basis for formulating health promotion strategies in rural areas of Chongqing in the future.

Methods

Using the national unified health literacy questionnaire, the health literacy monitoring data of rural residents in Chongqing from 2018 to 2021 were analyzed, and the health literacy status of 73 478 residents from 39 districts and counties in the city were investigated. Multi-variable logistic regression method was used to analyze the influencing factors of residents’ health literacy. The grey prediction model GM (1,1) was used to predict the health literacy level of rural residents in Chongqing from 2022 to 2024.

Results

From 2018 to 2021, the health literacy level of rural residents in Chongqing showed a steady upward trend (χ2trend =280.989, P<0.001). The four-year health literacy levels were 17.14%, 21.68%, 22.50%, and 24.15%, respectively. Multivariate regression analysis showed that the older age was associated with lower level of health literacy: 45-59 years old: OR=0.761 (95%CI: 0.725-0.800); 60-69 years old: OR=0.455 (95%CI: 0.426-0.485). Higher education level was associated with higher level of health literacy: junior high school: OR=2.551 (95%CI: 2.432-2.675); senior high school/vocational high school/ technical secondary school: OR=4.435(95%CI: 4.145-4.746); college/undergraduate and above: OR=6.890 (95%CI: 6.261-7.582). The forecast result of GM (1,1) showed that the total health literacy of rural residents in Chongqing would rise to 28.54% by 2024. The three aspects of health literacy showed an upward trend. Among the six aspects of health literacy, four aspects of health literacy continued to rise: the literacy of infectious disease prevention and treatment (up to 37.54%), health information literacy (32.39%), chronic disease prevention literacy (29.88%), basic medical literacy (28.59%). Two aspects of health literacy continued to decline with scientific health literacy decreasing to 33.42% and safety and first aid literacy decreasing to 38.57%.

Conclusion

The health literacy of rural residents in Chongqing continued to improve from 2018 to 2021. There is an urgent need to take targeted intervention measures to improve health literacy of the elderly, low-educated, and low-income rural residents. The forecast results show that the literacy level of scientific health concept, safety and first aid literacy will decline in the next three years, so we should pay more attention to it.

Health literacy  /  Rural residents  /  Prediction  /  Health education
杨倩茹, 刘薇薇, 陈鑫雨, 师英杰, 王思媛, 郭田, 雷迅. 重庆市农村居民2018—2021年健康素养及预测研究. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (3) : 476 -483 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307534
Qian-ru YANG, Wei-wei LIU, Xin-yu CHEN, Ying-jie SHI, Si-yuan WANG, Tian GUO, Xun LEI. Study on health literacy and prediction of rural residents in Chongqing from 2018 to 2021[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (3) : 476 -483 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307534
健康素养是维持、促进个体健康能力的重要认知,是健康教育效果的综合性评价指标之一[1]。低水平的健康素养会降低公众对疾病的认知,从而导致医疗支出负担加重[2]。健康教育的知识-信念-行动理论确定了健康素养的三个组成部分:基本的健康知识、健康技能、健康的生活方式和行为。根据关键的公共卫生问题,健康素养被分为六类:科学的健康观念、安全与急救、基本医疗知识和健康信息、传染病的预防与控制、慢性病的预防与控制。《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》明确指出提到将居民健康素养水平作为健康中国建设主要指标之一,确立居民健康素养水平在2020年达到 20%,2030 年达到30%的目标[3]。2017年,我国总体居民健康素养水平为14.18%[4],其中重庆市居民健康素养水平为14.88%[5]
略高于全国水平。农村人口健康素养水平仅为12.31%[5],远低于全国平均水平,重庆市农村居民健康素养水平亟待提高。科学准确的预测有助于制定正确的工作计划,并且还可以为健康促进提供重要的政策建议。GM(1,1)模型是一种经典的灰色预测模型,具有建模样本小、预测精度高的特点。在小样本、贫信息、不确定系统中得到广泛运用[6],该模型同样适用于健康素养的预测。本研究拟在对2018—2021年重庆市农村居民健康素养调查资料进行统计分析的基础上,对重庆市农村居民的健康素养进行全面评估,对重庆市农村居民未来的健康素养进行预测,并提出相应的对策建议,以期为我国农村居民的健康素养提升工作提供科学依据。
选取2018—2021年重庆市15~69岁39个区县的农村居民作为研究对象。根据每年的《重庆健康素养促进行动监测点代码表》,将各区县划分为城市监测点和农村监测点。街道作为城市监测点,乡镇作为农村监测点。本研究中对农村居民的定义为,居住在农村监测点的居民。
采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样以及概率比例规模抽样法(probability-proportional-to-size sampling,PPS),抽取重庆市39个级监测区县,每个区县抽取 3 个乡镇,每个乡镇抽取2个村; 采用随机数法,对每个村抽取 50个家庭户,入户调查时根据 Kish 表法从每户中抽取1名15~69岁农村常住人口作为监测对象。受疫情影响,2020和2021年的采样减半。
采用问卷调查法,采用统一的《中国公民健康素养——基本知识与技能》问卷[7],其内容主要包括农村居民个人基本人口学特征、三个方面和六类问题,三个方面分别为基本知识和理念、健康生活方式与行为和健康技能,六类问题分别为科学健康观、传染病防治、慢性病防治、安全与急救、基本医疗、健康信息。
三个方面和六类问题的素养判定标准为某对象的某方面得分占某方面满分的80%及以上。以某维度健康素养所有题目的分值之和为某维度得分总分,实际得分满足某样本某维度健康素养得分占该维度健康素养总的80%及以上的人在总人群中所占的比例,为某方面健康素养水平。
采用SPSS 23.0统计软件进行统计分析。使用χ2检验,针对不同社会人口学特征的健康素养水平差异进行统计分析,采用多因素logistic回归法对健康素养的影响因素进行分析,检验水准为α=0.05。用灰色预测模型GM(1,1)预测未来三年重庆市农村居民的健康素养水平。后验差比值可用于验证灰色预测的精度,后验差比值越小,代表着灰色预测的精度越高。后验差比值C值<0.35,则说明模型精度高;0.35<C值<0.50,说明模型精度合格;0.50<C值<0.65,则代表模型精度基本合格;若C值大于0.65,则表示模型精度不合格。
2018—2021年共调查了73 478人,其中2018、2019、2020和2021年调查了25 184、23 587、11 949和12 758人。男性36 352人,占49.47%;女性37 126人,占50.53%。年龄以45~59岁为主,占47.86%(35 169/73 478);文化程度以不识字或识字很少/小学最多,占52.92%(38 883/73 478);职业以农民最多,占76.68%(56 340/73 478);家庭人均年收入为3 000~10 000元的占比最大,占46.77%(34 333/73 478)。研究结果显示,在2018—2021这四年,重庆市农村居民在性别、年龄、民族、文化程度、职业、家庭人均年收入这六类人口学特征方面的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001)。见表1
近四年来,重庆市农村居民的健康素养虽有不同程度的提升,但仍存在明显差异。年龄为15~44岁、大专及以上学历、职业为医务人员、家庭人均年收入10 000元以上的人群具有最高的健康素养。文化程度为小学及以下、年龄在60~69岁、职业为农民、家庭人均年收入低于3 000元的人群健康素养具备率最低。2018年,男性和女性之间的健康素养差异有统计学意义;2019年,汉族、土家族和其他少数民族之间的健康素养差异有统计学意义。然而,在其他四个方面,不同时期、不同特征的农村居民健康素养水平差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001)。见表2
重庆市农村居民的健康素养在2018—2021年间持续提升。四年的健康素养水平分别为17.14%、21.68%、22.50%、24.15%。基本知识理念健康素养水平出现先上升后下降再上升的波动,并于2021年达到最高值。健康行为和生活方式素养水平稳步上升,2021年升至27.57%。健康技能方面,则是先下降后上升,2018年的健康素养水平最高;科学健康观素养水平先上升后下降,于2019年达到峰值。慢性病防治素养水平、基本医疗素养水平出现先下降后上升的波动,分别于2021和2018年达到最高值。安全与急救素养水平呈现出持续下降趋势(χ2趋势=355.150,P<0.001)。传染病防治素养水平(χ2趋势=355.150,P<0.001)与健康信息素养水平(χ2趋势=1 227.903,P<0.001)均为持续上升趋势;安全与急救素养年均值为46.01%,四年中均为最高;传染病防治素养年均值最低,仅为21.65%。经检验,在三个方面、六类问题上,不同年份的健康素养水平存在显著的差异(P<0.001)。见表3
本研究以性别、年龄、民族、文化程度、职业、家庭人均年收入为自变量,以是否具备健康素养作为因变量,对其进行多因素回归分析。研究发现,重庆市农村居民的健康素养受年龄、民族、文化程度、家庭收入、职业等多个方面的影响。年龄是一个危险因素,年龄越大,健康素养水平越低(OR值=0.455~0.761,P<0.001);文化程度越高,健康素养水平越高(OR值=2.551~6.890,P<0.001);汉族的健康素养较高,少数民族的健康素养较低。不同职业中,医务人员的健康素养是最高的,OR值为2.477(95%CI:1.813~3.384);健康素养水平与人均年收入成正比。(OR值=1.228~1.399, P<0.001)。见表4
通过趋势检验可以看出,重庆市农村居民健康素养呈现明显的上升趋势(χ2=280.989,P<0.001)。由表5可知,健康素养及其三方面、六类问题的预测模型拟合效果良好且模型精度高,其中健康信息素养的预测模型精度最高(C值=0.001)、总健康素养的预测模型拟合效果最好(平均相对误差值=0.568%)。
预测结果显示,重庆市农村居民的健康素养不断提高,到2024年总健康素养将升至28.54%,提前实现“健康中国行动”所提出的到2025年,全民健康素养水平达到25%的目标,接近“健康中国2030”所规定的2030年达到30%的目标。三方面健康素养均呈上升趋势,基本知识和理念素养升至30.85%、健康生活方式与行为素养升至34.16%、健康技能素养将达到24.02%。六类问题中,除科学健康观素养、安全与急救素养呈下降趋势外,其余四类问题健康素养均持续上升,其中传染病防治素养升至37.54%、慢性病防治素养升至29.88%、基本医疗素养升至28.59%、健康信息素养升至32.39%。此外,到2024年科学健康观素养预计降至33.42%,安全与急救素养则降至38.57%。
监测结果显示, 2018—2021年重庆市农村居民的健康素养水平分别为17.14%、21.68%、22.50%和24.15%,呈稳步上升趋势(趋势χ2=280.989,P<0.001)。一方面可能是由于近年来重庆市贯彻落实健康中国战略,结合重庆市发展实际情况,制定《健康中国重庆行动实施方案(2019—2030)》[8]和《重庆市促进大健康产业高质量发展行动计划》的中长期战略规划,通过大力开展健康知识普及行动,有效推动了农村地区健康素养水平的提升。另一方面,可能与政府在新冠肺炎疫情防控期间实施的一系列健康促进措施[2,9]有关。为抗击疫情,政府各部门积极推进全民健康教育普及工作,将应急健康教育融入教育体系中[10],同时大力开展了相关健康促进活动。
研究结果显示,60岁及以上居民健康素养具备率较低。已有研究证实,老年人的自身健康管理状况、治疗依从性等因素都对其自身的健康素养水平产生影响[911-12],针对老年人群的健康素养促进工作急需推进。文化程度也是健康素养的一个重要影响因子[13]。大专/本科及以上学历、职业为公务员的农村居民健康素养较高。
在健康素养三个方面中,基本知识和理论均值最高。在六类健康问题中,居民在安全与急救素养和科学健康观方面有比较高的水平,而对于慢性病以及传染病防治、健康信息的相关知识比较欠缺。此结果与既往其他地区监测结果相似[14-15]。研究表明,慢性病防治素养水平是健康素养不高的主要原因,也是提高健康素养的关键环节[16]。本次研究结果中慢性病防治素养水平较低[17-19]。在当今的形势下,农村依旧是慢性病、传染病的重点地区。对此,可以进一步加强对传染病、慢性病的危害以及防治等知识进行的健康宣教,提高农村居民的传染病防治、慢性病防治等健康素养水平。
三个方面中除健康行为和生活方式外,其余两方面的健康素养水平都出现了明显的波动,基本知识理念素养在2019年达到峰值,可能与重庆市建立健康科普专家库[8]、资源库有关[8]。2020年出现较大程度的回落,可能是因为在新冠肺炎疫情暴发后,线下健康讲座和活动减少,导致获取健康知识减少有关。健康技能素养变化幅度不大,且仍低于基本知识理念、健康行为和生活方式方面,农村居民的健康知识水平高于健康行为水平,在将健康知识有效转化为健康行为方面仍存在困难。未来应通过更多的宣传和科普活动促进农村居民对健康重要性的理解。通过情景演绎、团体活动等形式多途径增强重庆市农村居民健康技能掌握能力,推动总体健康素养水平的进一步增长。
六类问题的健康素养水平变化趋势分析显示,与同时期的城市居民相比,重庆市农村居民的健康素养处于较低水平[16]。除基本医疗素养外,重庆市农村居民的其余五类健康素养水平均低于同期全国居民健康素养水平[20],且仍显著低于浙江省农村居民健康素养水平[15],但高于贵州省[14]、湖北省[21]、四川省[22]等周边地区。在传染病防治方面,农村居民素养水平稳步上升。重庆一直注重传染病防治教育,政府根据2018年《中华人民共和国传染病防治法》[23]最新版的修订,调整自身政策并发布《重庆市健康促进条例》,该条例明确提出加强传染病防治宣传的具体措施,包括加强传染病预防知识的普及和传播、开展公共场所卫生检查等。此外,《重庆市重大传染病防控工作方案》[24]也已发布,强调加强多部门传染病防控健康教育,建立重大传染病预警信息发布和传播机制,定期、公开向公众通报重大传染病风险,对疾病暴发疫情进行科学传播和预警。健康素养预测结果显示,到2024年,重庆市农村居民的总健康素养将上升到28.54%,接近“健康中国2030”所规定的2030年达到30%的目标。科学健康观素养、安全与急救素养则呈现小幅度下降趋势。既往研究显示[131625],就六类问题而言,重庆市居民的科学健康观素养及安全与急救素养一直维持在较高水平,研究也大多数关注于慢性病防治、传染病防治等健康素养的薄弱之处。长此以往,可能会忽略对这两类问题的关注,从而导致其健康素养下降。
  • 重庆市教委科学技术研究青年项目(KJQN202215129)
  • 重庆医科大学未来医学青年创新团队支持计划项目(W0013)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307534
  • 接收时间:2023-07-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-27
基金
重庆市教委科学技术研究青年项目(KJQN202215129)
重庆医科大学未来医学青年创新团队支持计划项目(W0013)
作者信息
    1.重庆医科大学公共卫生学院/医学与社会发展研究中心/重庆市新型建设智库公共卫生安全研究中心,重庆 401331
    2.重庆市健康教育所,重庆 401120

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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