Article(id=1241522852340486959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522846384583426, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306452, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1687363200000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773931714377, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1707494400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773931714377, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773931714377, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773931714377, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241522846384583426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='3', pageStart='385', pageEnd='576', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773931712956, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773931842201, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241523388544504301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522846384583426, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241523388544504302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522846384583426, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=412, endPage=416, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241522852936078164, articleId=1241522852340486959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=A Mendelian randomization study on the causal relationship between hypothyroidism and coronary heart disease, columnId=1240413921954295836, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the causal relationship between hypothyroidism and the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) by two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

Methods

Based on the association analysis data at the whole genome level, the exposure was hypothyroidism and the outcome was coronary heart disease. Random effect IVW method, MR-Egger method, and weighted median method were used for two sample Mendelian randomized analysis, and heterogeneity test, horizontal multiplicity analysis, and sensitivity analysis were carried out.

Results

The results of random effect IVW method, weighted median method, and MR-Egger regression were 1.137 (95%CI: 1.070-1.209), 1.117 (95%CI: 1.028-1.214), and 1.194 (95%CI: 1.020-1.398), respectively, indicating that hypothyroidism was a risk factor for coronary heart disease with a positive causal correlation between them.

Conclusion

There is a causal relationship between hypothyroidism and the risk of coronary heart disease.

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目的

采用两样本孟德尔随机化的方法,探讨甲状腺功能减退症与冠心病发生风险的因果关系。

方法

通过全基因组水平上的数据进行关联分析研究,暴露因素为甲状腺功能减退症,结局变量为冠心病。采用随机效应IVW法、MR-Egger法、加权中位数法进行两样本孟德尔随机化分析,同时进行异质性检验、水平多效性分析、敏感性分析。

结果

随机效应IVW法、加权中位数法和MR-Egger回归结果分别为1.137(95%CI:1.070~1.209)、1.117(95%CI:1.028~1.214)和1.194(95%CI:1.020~1.398),表明甲状腺功能减退症为冠心病发病的危险因素,两者之间存在正向因果关联。

结论

甲状腺功能减退症与冠心病发生风险存在因果关系。

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王艳,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=jjwWDBVeDVzW0ATxOvUFWg==, magXml=x/BHfvvimSVRGitF8fhZ6w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=t6sBlhCMUMcW0/aLAocNSg==, pdfFileSize=721906, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=zTWep60MlK1/Gjsc6Vz1OQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=V5rA8m/jNQroZuG2IRQV+Q==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

夏晓琳(1998—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:临床护理、孟德尔随机化

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522852340486959, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The results of the three MR methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MethodnSNPβ POR值(95%CI)
MR Egger360.1770.0800.0351.194(1.020~1.398)
Weighted median360.1110.0420.0081.117(1.028~1.214)
Inverse variance weighted (multiplicative random effects)360.1290.031<0.0011.137(1.070~1.209)
), ArticleFig(id=1241680458606506836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522852340486959, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

三种孟德尔随机化分析方法的结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MethodnSNPβ POR值(95%CI)
MR Egger360.1770.0800.0351.194(1.020~1.398)
Weighted median360.1110.0420.0081.117(1.028~1.214)
Inverse variance weighted (multiplicative random effects)360.1290.031<0.0011.137(1.070~1.209)
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甲状腺功能减退症与冠心病因果关系的孟德尔随机化研究
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夏晓琳 1, 2 , 刘晔 2 , 徐晓冰 1 , 孟俊彤 3 , 王艳 4
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2024,51(3): 412-416
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现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2024, 51(3): 412-416
甲状腺功能减退症与冠心病因果关系的孟德尔随机化研究
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夏晓琳1, 2, 刘晔2, 徐晓冰1, 孟俊彤3, 王艳4
作者信息
  • 1.青岛大学护理学院,山东 青岛 266071
  • 2.山东大学齐鲁医院(青岛)监察部,山东 青岛 266000
  • 3.山东大学护理与康复学院
  • 4.山东大学齐鲁医院(青岛)心外ICU,山东 青岛 266000
  • 夏晓琳(1998—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:临床护理、孟德尔随机化

通讯作者:

王艳,E-mail:
A Mendelian randomization study on the causal relationship between hypothyroidism and coronary heart disease
Xiao-lin XIA1, 2, Ye LIU2, Xiao-bing XU1, Jun-tong MENG3, Yan WANG4
Affiliations
  • School of Nursing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
出版时间: 2024-02-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306452
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目的

采用两样本孟德尔随机化的方法,探讨甲状腺功能减退症与冠心病发生风险的因果关系。

方法

通过全基因组水平上的数据进行关联分析研究,暴露因素为甲状腺功能减退症,结局变量为冠心病。采用随机效应IVW法、MR-Egger法、加权中位数法进行两样本孟德尔随机化分析,同时进行异质性检验、水平多效性分析、敏感性分析。

结果

随机效应IVW法、加权中位数法和MR-Egger回归结果分别为1.137(95%CI:1.070~1.209)、1.117(95%CI:1.028~1.214)和1.194(95%CI:1.020~1.398),表明甲状腺功能减退症为冠心病发病的危险因素,两者之间存在正向因果关联。

结论

甲状腺功能减退症与冠心病发生风险存在因果关系。

甲状腺功能减退症  /  冠心病  /  孟德尔随机化
Objective

To explore the causal relationship between hypothyroidism and the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) by two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

Methods

Based on the association analysis data at the whole genome level, the exposure was hypothyroidism and the outcome was coronary heart disease. Random effect IVW method, MR-Egger method, and weighted median method were used for two sample Mendelian randomized analysis, and heterogeneity test, horizontal multiplicity analysis, and sensitivity analysis were carried out.

Results

The results of random effect IVW method, weighted median method, and MR-Egger regression were 1.137 (95%CI: 1.070-1.209), 1.117 (95%CI: 1.028-1.214), and 1.194 (95%CI: 1.020-1.398), respectively, indicating that hypothyroidism was a risk factor for coronary heart disease with a positive causal correlation between them.

Conclusion

There is a causal relationship between hypothyroidism and the risk of coronary heart disease.

Hypothyroidism  /  Coronary heart disease  /  Mendelian randomization
夏晓琳, 刘晔, 徐晓冰, 孟俊彤, 王艳. 甲状腺功能减退症与冠心病因果关系的孟德尔随机化研究. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (3) : 412 -416 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306452
Xiao-lin XIA, Ye LIU, Xiao-bing XU, Jun-tong MENG, Yan WANG. A Mendelian randomization study on the causal relationship between hypothyroidism and coronary heart disease[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (3) : 412 -416 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306452
甲状腺功能减退症是相当常见的内分泌疾病,疾病主要表现为甲状腺素合成或分泌减少,或不能发挥其生理效应从而导致机体代谢降低,甲状腺激素能调节机体内葡萄糖和脂质代谢,从而保证机体处于稳态[1]。随着甲状腺功能减退症的逐渐发展,患者可能出现多种并发症,如认知功能降低、昏迷等,导致患者的身心健康受损,甚至危及性命[2]
随着全球心血管疾病患病人数的不断升高,心血管疾病成为全球导致死亡的最主要原因,因心血管疾病导致死亡的人数约占全球总死亡人数的1/3[3],其中约有一半是由冠心病导致的[4]。既往研究表明,甲状腺功能减退症是冠心病的危险因素之一[5],甲状腺激素的变化可能会损害心血管系统,导致急性心脏事件[6]。同样,Yu[7]纳入340人的横断面研究发现,甲状腺激素水平与冠状动脉粥样硬化程度呈负相关,但由于该研究为横断面研究,样本量较小,需要我们慎重解释结果。然而,一项纳入11 554名45~79岁人群的前瞻性研究发现,甲状腺状态与未来冠心病或全因死亡率的风险不具有统计学意义[8]。这可能与纳入研究对象范围较局限及研究结果仅为甲状腺激素的单一测量有关。综上所述,甲状腺功能减退症与冠心病的因果关系仍存在一定的争议。
孟德尔随机化研究是将遗传变异作为工具,以大样本的全基因组关联分析(genome-wide association study,GWAS)中的单核苷酸多态性位点(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)为基础[9],广泛用于流行病学中暴露因素与临床疾病之间潜在因果关系评估的重要方法[10],由于等位基因在个体中的随机分配是在疾病发生之前,可最小化混杂因素偏差的影响[11],减少反向因果估计值的潜在偏倚[12]。因此,本研究采用孟德尔随机化的方法,探讨甲状腺功能减退症与冠心病发生风险的潜在关联性,以期为甲状腺功能减退症与冠心病之间发生发展的因果关系提供依据,为冠心病的预防和管理提供新思路。
本研究将GWAS中的SNP作为两样本孟德尔随机化分析的基础,对甲状腺功能减退症与冠心病之间的关联性和因果关系进行评估,并通过敏感性分析检验结果的有效性。
本研究孟德尔随机化结果的可靠性涉及三个重要假设:(1)SNPs与甲状腺功能减退症具有密切相关性;(2)SNPs与已知的混杂因素不相关;(3)SNPs仅通过甲状腺功能减退症影响冠心病,不与冠心病直接相关。具体流程见图1
本研究采用的暴露、结局因素数据均为公开数据库获取的数据,其中暴露因素为甲状腺功能减退症,数据来源于英国生物银行(UKBB),该数据库的样本含量已超过50万人,本研究通过MR-Base平台获取了英国生物银行数据库中关于甲状腺功能减退症(ID:ukb-b-4226)的数据,研究对象包括9 647例欧洲人群病例和453 336例对照,SNPs数量为9 851 867个。此外,冠心病(ID:ukb-d-I9_CHD)的数据来源于IEU OpenGWAS project数据库,研究对象包括10 157例欧洲人群病例和351 037例对照,SNP数量为13 295 130个。本研究所涉及的数据均来源于公共数据库,因此不涉及伦理审查问题。
首先,本研究考虑到孟德尔随机化中SNP必须与甲状腺功能减退症具有密切相关性的第一个重要假设,从全基因组水平上筛选出与冠心病具有显著相关性的SNPs(P<5×10-8r2<0.001,遗传距离=10 000 kb)。其次,为了满足孟德尔随机化第二个重要假设,即SNP与已知的混杂因素不相关,采用Phenoscanner数据库进行查询,以保证筛选后的工具变量与已知的混杂因素不具有相关性。最后,通过异质性检验筛选显著异质性的SNPs并剔除,获得与冠心病显著相关的SNPs,将其作为本研究的工具变量。同时,为了判断所选的SNPs是否会对结果产生弱工具变量偏倚,需要计算F统计量并进行评估,计算公式[12]F=R2N-2)/(1-R2),R2表示暴露因素相关SNP解释变异的程度,N为暴露因素的GWAS样本量,具体计算公式[13]如下,R2=[2×MAF×(1-MAF)×beta2]/[2×MAF×(1-MAF)×beta2+2×MAF×(1-MAF)×N× (beta)2],其中MAF为效应等位基因频率,beta为工具变量对冠心病的遗传效应值,(beta)为遗传效应的标准误差,若F>10则表明不太可能存在弱工具变量偏倚。
本研究利用三种孟德尔随机化研究方法,即逆方差加权法(inverse variance weighted,IVW)、MR-Egger回归法(MR-Egger regression)、加权中位数法(weighted median)进行分析,采用比值比(odds ratio,OR)和95%置信区间(95%confidence interval,95%CI)作为评价指标;检验水准α=0.05。
当所有的遗传变异均满足工具变量假设时,可将IVW法的结果作为主要分析结果,此时IVW法为因果效应的适当估计[14]。同时,IVW法可能会受一定的多效性偏倚影响,因此需要通过敏感性分析来检验结果的可靠性,若敏感性检验结果存在异质性,则选用随机效应IVW法。当工具变量和结局因素的直接效应与工具变量和暴露因素的关联效应相独立的假设成立时,MR-Egger法成为强效评价工具,此时采用非零截距评估结果的多效性[15]。使用加权中位数法分析的过程中,当工具变量在遗传变异的贡献占比大于50%时,表明分析结果具有有效性[16]。对于以上三种两样本孟德尔随机化的统计值,本研究将IVW法用作主要分析结果。
本研究通过MR-Egger法、Cochran Q检验、留一法(leave-one-out)评估研究结果的敏感性,检验工具变量间有无异质性。
MR-Egger法作为评估水平多效性是否存在的依据,以截距为参考项,当截距接近零时,所得结果与IVW法相似;若截距与零相距较远,则说明SNPs间有较大的可能存在水平多效性[17]。Cochran Q检验是判断所选SNP间是否存在异质性的重要方法。leave-one-out法指逐个剔除单个SNP并计算其他SNP的合并效应,目的是判断单个SNP是否会对结局产生不成比例的影响[18]
本研究从GWAS中最终筛选出36个与甲状腺功能减退症相关的SNPs作为工具变量,所选SNPs显著相关且相互独立(P<5×10-8,r2<0.001)。同时,经计算所选工具变量均与冠心病为强相关关系,F>10,表明弱工具变量不会导致结果发生偏倚,结果具有可靠性。
本研究随机效应IVW法结果(β=0.129,=0.031, P<0.001)如图2显示,甲状腺功能减退症为冠心病发病的危险因素,OR值为1.137(95%CI:1.070~1.209),甲状腺功能减退症的发生发展可增加冠心病的发病风险。三种孟德尔随机化结果见表1,可见三种分析方法所得结果相似。各种孟德尔随机化分析方法得到的因果效应方向,见图3
采用MR-Egger法的截距项对水平多效性进行评估,结果显示P=0.519(>0.05),表明所选SNP间不存在水平多效性的证据,所选工具变量具有可靠性。
经Cochran Q检验,P=0.019(<0.05),表明所选的工具变量间存在一定的异质性,则选择随机效应IVW法为本研究的主要结果。此外,漏斗图的结果显示,所选工具变量的因果效应分布基本对称,未发现偏倚存在,见图4
通过leave-one-out敏感性分析法对结果进行评估,逐一剔除所选SNP,并对其是否影响总体因果关系进行分析,结果显示,未出现影响总体因果关系显著变化的SNP位点,见图5
本研究采用了两样本孟德尔随机化研究,对甲状腺功能减退症与冠心病发生风险之间的因果关系从遗传学角度进行了评估。研究结果显示,在欧洲人群中,甲状腺功能减退症与冠心病发生发展风险间存在正相关关系,甲状腺功能减退症是冠心病的危险因素。
本研究与既往观察性研究结果具有一致性,即甲状腺功能减退症可以增加冠心病的发生发展风险。例如,Mahzari[19]纳入412名患有甲状腺功能减退症的沙特成年群体,探讨甲状腺功能减退症与冠心病间的发生发展关系,结果显示两者之间存在正相关关系。同样,Liu[20]的一项纳入6 679名冠心病患者的横断面研究结果显示,甲状腺激素敏感性与冠心病患者的颈动脉斑块存在显著相关性。由上显示甲状腺功能减退症与冠心病存在某种因果关联,本研究通过两样本孟德尔随机化方法证明甲状腺功能减退症可增加冠心病的患病风险。
既往研究表明,甲状腺激素功能异常可影响脂质代谢和心脏收缩功能[21]。然而,甲状腺功能减退症涉及多种激素,包括血清TT4、TT3、FT4、FT3、TSH等[22],这些激素共同调节机体代谢,从而影响冠心病的发生发展。因此,甲状腺功能减退症对冠心病的影响不仅仅是单一激素的作用,而是多种激素的共同作用。
孟德尔随机化具有因果显著相关性、混杂因素的潜在影响小、不受反向因果关系影响、研究设计与随机分配相似[23]的独特特征,使本研究的结果避免受混杂因素或其他偏倚的影响,代表甲状腺功能减退症与冠心病之间具有关联性。同时,本研究采用孟德尔随机化分析的三种统计方法,且三种方法的结果具有一致性,因此推断结果较为可靠。
同时,本研究也具有一定的局限性。首先,甲状腺功能减退症与冠心病的结果可能存在偏倚。两样本孟德尔随机化需要满足暴露和结局数据不存在样本重叠问题,然而本研究中的两样本均来自于UKBB数据库,因此暴露和结局的样本重叠问题可能会导致结果存在一定的偏倚。其次,本研究的“暴露-结局”数据仅涉及欧洲人群,可能会受一定的地域和文化影响,不利于研究结果向其他种族、国家人群的推广,毕竟,东亚人群中两种疾病的患病率与欧洲人群间存在一定的差异[24]。最后,本研究的数据仅关注了甲状腺功能减退症这个疾病与冠心病的因果关系,未注意具体甲状腺相关调节激素与冠心病的关联,使得研究存在一定的局限性。
综上所述,本研究采用孟德尔随机化的方法探索甲状腺功能减退症与冠心病之间发生风险的因果关联,结果显示甲状腺功能减退症与冠心病的遗传预测呈正相关。甲状腺相关激素在心血管调节中起着重要作用[25],全面了解其功能原理等可能有助于预防冠心病,减少心肌缺血性病变,改善冠心病的结局。甲状腺功能减退症的治疗可能会为未来冠心病的防治开辟新的路径。
  • 山东省重点研发计划项目(2019GSF108049)
  • 山东大学齐鲁医院(青岛)院内项目(QDKY2020HL03)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306452
  • 接收时间:2023-06-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-22
基金
山东省重点研发计划项目(2019GSF108049)
山东大学齐鲁医院(青岛)院内项目(QDKY2020HL03)
作者信息
    1.青岛大学护理学院,山东 青岛 266071
    2.山东大学齐鲁医院(青岛)监察部,山东 青岛 266000
    3.山东大学护理与康复学院
    4.山东大学齐鲁医院(青岛)心外ICU,山东 青岛 266000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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