Article(id=1241522851438711528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522846384583426, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306047, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1685808000000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773931714162, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1707494400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773931714162, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773931714162, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773931714162, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241522846384583426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='3', pageStart='385', pageEnd='576', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773931712956, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773931842201, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241523388544504301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522846384583426, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241523388544504302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522846384583426, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=445, endPage=451, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241522852294349606, articleId=1241522851438711528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Analysis of the relationship between menarche age and hypertension, columnId=1228016568949474136, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Child and Adolescent Health, Maternal and Child Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the correlation between the age at menarche(AAM) and the incidence of hypertension.

Methods

Based on the baseline data of 1 499 women from a national key research and development program “Natural population cohort study of heavy air pollution in Sichuan basin” in Rongchang District, 4 townships were randomly selected in 2018. Questionnaire survey, physical examination, and blood biochemical tests were carried out among the people aged 30 to 79 who were registered in the selected townships. The correlation and sensitivity between AAM and hypertension were analyzed by logistic regression model and restricted cubic spline was drawn by software R4.1.1.

Results

The AAM of 1 499 female subjects was 14.31±2.06 years old, and the prevalence rate of hypertension was 36.62%. The prevalence rates of hypertension of ≤ 12 years old, 13 years old, 14 years old, 15 years old, and ≥ 16 years old were 22.88%, 27.02%, 33.33%, 45.61%, and 52.63%, respectively, showing an upward trend (trend χ2=52.198, P<0.001). After adjusting the confounding factors, compared with the 14 years old group in the control group, ≤ 12 years old (OR=0.793, 95%CI: 0.684-0.918), 13 years old (OR=0.865, 95%CI: 0.468-0.935), 15 years old (OR=1.513, 95%CI: 1.117-2.050), and ≥ 16 years old (OR=1.801, 95%CI: 1.483-2.118) were associated with hypertension. The restriction cubic spline showed that there was a non-linear dose-response relationship between AAM and hypertension (P<0.001), and the later AAM was associated with the high risk of hypertension. Sensitivity analysis showed that the correlation between AAM and hypertension still existed in different birth cohorts and BMI groups.

Conclusion

The later AAM may increase the risk of hypertension in adults. Strengthening health education and improving behavior and lifestyle are beneficial to the prevention and treatment of hypertension in women.

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目的

分析月经初潮年龄(age at menarche,AAM)与高血压患病的相关性

方法

利用国家重点研发计划“四川盆地大气重污染区域自然人群队列研究”荣昌区1 499名女性调查对象为基线数据,2018年随机抽取4个乡镇,对户籍在抽中乡镇的30~79岁人群自愿参与调查的对象开展问卷调查、体格检查和血生化检测。AAM与高血压患病的相关性及敏感性分析使用logistic回归模型,限制性立方样条采用软件R 4.1.1绘制。

结果

1 499例女性调查对象的AAM为(14.31±2.06)岁,高血压患病率为36.62%。≤12岁、13岁、14岁、15岁、≥16岁的高血压患病率分别为22.88%、27.02%、33.33%、45.61%、52.63%,呈上升趋势(趋势χ2=52.198,P<0.001)。调整混杂因素后,与对照组“14岁组”相比,≤12岁(OR=0.793,95%CI:0.684~0.918)、13岁(OR=0.865,95%CI:0.468~0.935)、15岁(OR=1.513,95%CI:1.117~2.050)、≥16岁(OR=1.801,95%CI:1.483~2.118)与高血压患病相关。限制性立方样条图显示,AAM与高血压患病之间呈非线性剂量—反应关系(P非线性<0.001),AAM越晚与高血压患病的高风险相关。敏感性分析发现,AAM与高血压患病的相关性在不同出生队列和BMI分组中仍然存在。

结论

AAM越晚可能会增加成人期患高血压的风险,加强健康教育和改善行为生活方式,有益于女性高血压的防治。

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余乐,E-mail:
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刘代强(1980—),男,本科,副主任医师,研究方向:疾病的信息化管理工作

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注:限制性立方样条图调整的混杂因素与模型4调整的混杂因素一致。

, figureFileSmall=HSYhVZH3YTi5V3Q2nmHK9g==, figureFileBig=IK0UEC0h1FqcXpZp8k3+5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241680456295445284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522851438711528, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Association between AAM and hypertension in different subgroups, figureFileSmall=0mT5Tb6mETtXK07NJA2JjQ==, figureFileBig=R5QIWfndcp7agBot72fzbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241680456379331368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522851438711528, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同亚组的AAM与高血压患病的相关性

注:A为不同出生队列与高血压患病的相关性;B为不同BMI与高血压患病的相关性;调整的混杂因素包括人口学特征、生活行为方式、生育因素和体格检查情况。

, figureFileSmall=0mT5Tb6mETtXK07NJA2JjQ==, figureFileBig=R5QIWfndcp7agBot72fzbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241680457893475120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522851438711528, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic information of 1 499 participants with different ages at menarche [(),n(%),MP25P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量合计月经初潮年龄(岁)统计值P
≤12131415≥16
人口学特征
调查时年龄(岁)50.41±11.9844.88±10.6745.46±10.4449.17±10.8753.36±10.4658.39±11.02F=97.723<0.001
婚姻情况χ2=10.1790.038
已婚/同居1 306(87.12)241(88.93)291(90.37)295(87.80)148(86.55)331(82.96)
其他193(12.88)30(11.07)31(9.63)41(12.20)23(13.45)68(17.04)
受教育程度χ2=74.099<0.001
小学及以下370(24.68)73(26.94)67(20.81)82(24.40)38(22.22)110(27.57)
初中447(29.82)59(21.77)72(22.36)87(25.89)60(35.09)169(42.36)
高中及以上682(45.50)139(51.29)183(56.83)167(49.70)73(42.69)120(30.08)
职业χ2=125.350<0.001
农林牧渔劳动者489(32.62)69(25.46)75(23.29)89(26.49)61(35.67)195(48.87)
机关事业单位人员131(8.74)36(13.28)42(13.04)30(8.93)13(7.60)10(2.51)
工人87(5.80)22(8.12)23(7.14)23(6.85)5(2.92)14(3.51)
销售及服务人员275(18.25)64(23.62)78(24.22)71(21.13)23(13.45)39(9.77)
其他517(34.49)80(29.52)104(32.3)123(36.61)69(40.35)141(35.34)
家庭年收入(万元)χ2=55.720<0.001
<2496(33.09)71(26.2)90(27.95)103(30.65)70(40.94)162(40.6)
2~5554(36.96)97(35.79)109(33.85)126(37.50)64(37.43)158(39.6)
5~9247(16.48)59(21.77)59(18.32)57(16.96)25(14.62)47(11.78)
≥10202(13.48)44(16.24)64(19.88)50(14.88)12(7.02)32(8.02)
高血压家族病史χ2=9.0750.059
1 062(70.85)192(70.85)224(69.57)230(68.45)112(65.50)304(76.19)
437(29.15)79(29.15)98(30.43)106(31.55)59(34.50)95(23.81)
生活行为方式
吸烟*χ2=4.6830.321
1 492(99.53)268(98.89)320(99.38)335(99.70)170(99.42)399(100)
7(0.47)3(1.11)2(0.62)1(0.30)1(0.58)0(0.00)
饮酒χ2=4.0080.405
935(62.37)163(60.15)189(58.7)218(64.88)109(63.74)256(64.16)
564(37.63)108(39.85)133(41.3)118(35.12)62(36.26)143(35.84)
饮茶χ2=4.7780.781
不饮茶36(2.40)6(2.21)7(2.17)9(2.68)4(2.34)10(2.51)
偶尔695(46.36)135(49.82)143(44.41)150(44.64)72(42.11)195(48.87)
经常768(51.23)130(47.97)172(53.42)177(52.68)95(55.56)194(48.62)
静坐时间(h/周)χ2=14.9430.060
<21336(22.41)72(26.57)79(24.53)78(23.21)27(15.79)80(20.05)
21~34568(37.89)97(35.79)123(38.2)110(32.74)76(44.44)162(40.6)
≥35595(39.69)102(37.64)120(37.27)148(44.05)68(39.77)157(39.35)
体力活动水平χ2=28.917<0.001
不足260(17.34)36(13.28)43(13.35)52(15.48)39(22.81)90(22.56)
中等277(18.48)40(14.76)60(18.63)58(17.26)33(19.3)86(21.55)
充分962(64.18)195(71.96)219(68.01)226(67.26)99(57.89)223(55.89)
日均睡眠时间(h/d)8.00
[7.00,8.50]
8.00
[7.00,8.50]
8.00
[7.00,8.50]
8.00
[7.00,8.50]
7.67
[7.00,8.50]
8.00
[6.50,8.50]
H=7.2990.121
每日食盐量(g/d)16.87±10.5114.95±10.1815.94±10.3917.13±10.2517.18±10.2618.41±10.92F=4.3280.002
生育因素
绝经χ2=187.633<0.001
787(52.50)192(70.85)224(69.57)191(56.85)72(42.11)108(27.07)
712(47.50)79(29.15)98(30.43)145(43.15)99(57.89)291(72.93)
避孕药使用情况χ2=41.857<0.001
从未1 216(81.12)195(71.96)243(75.47)278(82.74)142(83.04)358(89.72)
使用过283(18.88)76(28.04)79(24.53)58(17.26)29(16.96)41(10.28)
母乳喂养情况χ2=1.1200.891
从未107(7.14)22(8.12)25(7.76)21(6.25)11(6.43)28(7.02)
曾经或正在1 392(92.86)249(91.88)297(92.24)315(93.75)160(93.57)371(92.98)
宫内节育器使用情况χ2=4.1920.381
从未用过491(32.76)91(33.58)104(32.3)96(28.57)60(35.09)140(35.09)
使用过或仍在使用1 008(67.24)180(66.42)218(67.7)240(71.43)111(64.91)259(64.91)
怀孕次数(次)2.75±1.062.73±1.082.69±1.082.62±1.062.75±1.042.93±1.04F=4.5950.001
活产次数(次)2.00
[1.00,2.00]
1.00
[1.00,2.00]
1.00
[1.00,2.00]
1.00
[1.00,2.00]
1.00
[1.00,2.00]
2.00
[1.00,3.00]
H=85.020<0.001
流产次数(次)1.20±1.321.36±1.411.26±1.241.21±1.331.20±1.351.03±1.29F=2.8070.024
月经持续时间(年)31.00
[27.00,35.00]
31.00
[25.00,36.00]
30.00
[24.00,35.00]
32.00
[27.00,35.00]
33.00
[29.00,35.00]
31.00
[28.00,34.00]
H=6.8160.146
体格与生化检查
BMI值(kg/m224.59±3.3724.69±3.3524.14±3.1324.32±3.4624.56±3.2625.12±3.47F=4.5750.001
WC(cm)79.43±9.5778.63±9.3278.26±9.5478.13±8.9680.09±9.8981.74±9.74F=9.449<0.001
SBP(mm Hg)132.48±19.96126.57±17.57128.38±19.15130.45±19.15135.63±19.20140.17±20.59F=27.840<0.001
DBP(mm Hg)77.64±10.7676.15±9.3977.02±11.3376.89±10.1379.06±11.2279.16±11.28F=4.4730.001
血糖(mmol/L)5.71±1.595.61±1.745.50±1.435.71±1.745.79±1.375.90±1.55F=3.0820.015
TC(mmol/L)5.07±0.974.94±0.894.95±1.064.97±0.925.20±1.035.28±0.91F=9.105<0.001
TG(mmol/L)1.48±0.981.42±0.941.45±0.941.42±0.961.39±0.901.63±1.07F=3.2590.011
), ArticleFig(id=1241680458103190335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522851438711528, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

1 499例不同AAM的调查对象基本情况[(),n(%),MP25P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量合计月经初潮年龄(岁)统计值P
≤12131415≥16
人口学特征
调查时年龄(岁)50.41±11.9844.88±10.6745.46±10.4449.17±10.8753.36±10.4658.39±11.02F=97.723<0.001
婚姻情况χ2=10.1790.038
已婚/同居1 306(87.12)241(88.93)291(90.37)295(87.80)148(86.55)331(82.96)
其他193(12.88)30(11.07)31(9.63)41(12.20)23(13.45)68(17.04)
受教育程度χ2=74.099<0.001
小学及以下370(24.68)73(26.94)67(20.81)82(24.40)38(22.22)110(27.57)
初中447(29.82)59(21.77)72(22.36)87(25.89)60(35.09)169(42.36)
高中及以上682(45.50)139(51.29)183(56.83)167(49.70)73(42.69)120(30.08)
职业χ2=125.350<0.001
农林牧渔劳动者489(32.62)69(25.46)75(23.29)89(26.49)61(35.67)195(48.87)
机关事业单位人员131(8.74)36(13.28)42(13.04)30(8.93)13(7.60)10(2.51)
工人87(5.80)22(8.12)23(7.14)23(6.85)5(2.92)14(3.51)
销售及服务人员275(18.25)64(23.62)78(24.22)71(21.13)23(13.45)39(9.77)
其他517(34.49)80(29.52)104(32.3)123(36.61)69(40.35)141(35.34)
家庭年收入(万元)χ2=55.720<0.001
<2496(33.09)71(26.2)90(27.95)103(30.65)70(40.94)162(40.6)
2~5554(36.96)97(35.79)109(33.85)126(37.50)64(37.43)158(39.6)
5~9247(16.48)59(21.77)59(18.32)57(16.96)25(14.62)47(11.78)
≥10202(13.48)44(16.24)64(19.88)50(14.88)12(7.02)32(8.02)
高血压家族病史χ2=9.0750.059
1 062(70.85)192(70.85)224(69.57)230(68.45)112(65.50)304(76.19)
437(29.15)79(29.15)98(30.43)106(31.55)59(34.50)95(23.81)
生活行为方式
吸烟*χ2=4.6830.321
1 492(99.53)268(98.89)320(99.38)335(99.70)170(99.42)399(100)
7(0.47)3(1.11)2(0.62)1(0.30)1(0.58)0(0.00)
饮酒χ2=4.0080.405
935(62.37)163(60.15)189(58.7)218(64.88)109(63.74)256(64.16)
564(37.63)108(39.85)133(41.3)118(35.12)62(36.26)143(35.84)
饮茶χ2=4.7780.781
不饮茶36(2.40)6(2.21)7(2.17)9(2.68)4(2.34)10(2.51)
偶尔695(46.36)135(49.82)143(44.41)150(44.64)72(42.11)195(48.87)
经常768(51.23)130(47.97)172(53.42)177(52.68)95(55.56)194(48.62)
静坐时间(h/周)χ2=14.9430.060
<21336(22.41)72(26.57)79(24.53)78(23.21)27(15.79)80(20.05)
21~34568(37.89)97(35.79)123(38.2)110(32.74)76(44.44)162(40.6)
≥35595(39.69)102(37.64)120(37.27)148(44.05)68(39.77)157(39.35)
体力活动水平χ2=28.917<0.001
不足260(17.34)36(13.28)43(13.35)52(15.48)39(22.81)90(22.56)
中等277(18.48)40(14.76)60(18.63)58(17.26)33(19.3)86(21.55)
充分962(64.18)195(71.96)219(68.01)226(67.26)99(57.89)223(55.89)
日均睡眠时间(h/d)8.00
[7.00,8.50]
8.00
[7.00,8.50]
8.00
[7.00,8.50]
8.00
[7.00,8.50]
7.67
[7.00,8.50]
8.00
[6.50,8.50]
H=7.2990.121
每日食盐量(g/d)16.87±10.5114.95±10.1815.94±10.3917.13±10.2517.18±10.2618.41±10.92F=4.3280.002
生育因素
绝经χ2=187.633<0.001
787(52.50)192(70.85)224(69.57)191(56.85)72(42.11)108(27.07)
712(47.50)79(29.15)98(30.43)145(43.15)99(57.89)291(72.93)
避孕药使用情况χ2=41.857<0.001
从未1 216(81.12)195(71.96)243(75.47)278(82.74)142(83.04)358(89.72)
使用过283(18.88)76(28.04)79(24.53)58(17.26)29(16.96)41(10.28)
母乳喂养情况χ2=1.1200.891
从未107(7.14)22(8.12)25(7.76)21(6.25)11(6.43)28(7.02)
曾经或正在1 392(92.86)249(91.88)297(92.24)315(93.75)160(93.57)371(92.98)
宫内节育器使用情况χ2=4.1920.381
从未用过491(32.76)91(33.58)104(32.3)96(28.57)60(35.09)140(35.09)
使用过或仍在使用1 008(67.24)180(66.42)218(67.7)240(71.43)111(64.91)259(64.91)
怀孕次数(次)2.75±1.062.73±1.082.69±1.082.62±1.062.75±1.042.93±1.04F=4.5950.001
活产次数(次)2.00
[1.00,2.00]
1.00
[1.00,2.00]
1.00
[1.00,2.00]
1.00
[1.00,2.00]
1.00
[1.00,2.00]
2.00
[1.00,3.00]
H=85.020<0.001
流产次数(次)1.20±1.321.36±1.411.26±1.241.21±1.331.20±1.351.03±1.29F=2.8070.024
月经持续时间(年)31.00
[27.00,35.00]
31.00
[25.00,36.00]
30.00
[24.00,35.00]
32.00
[27.00,35.00]
33.00
[29.00,35.00]
31.00
[28.00,34.00]
H=6.8160.146
体格与生化检查
BMI值(kg/m224.59±3.3724.69±3.3524.14±3.1324.32±3.4624.56±3.2625.12±3.47F=4.5750.001
WC(cm)79.43±9.5778.63±9.3278.26±9.5478.13±8.9680.09±9.8981.74±9.74F=9.449<0.001
SBP(mm Hg)132.48±19.96126.57±17.57128.38±19.15130.45±19.15135.63±19.20140.17±20.59F=27.840<0.001
DBP(mm Hg)77.64±10.7676.15±9.3977.02±11.3376.89±10.1379.06±11.2279.16±11.28F=4.4730.001
血糖(mmol/L)5.71±1.595.61±1.745.50±1.435.71±1.745.79±1.375.90±1.55F=3.0820.015
TC(mmol/L)5.07±0.974.94±0.894.95±1.064.97±0.925.20±1.035.28±0.91F=9.105<0.001
TG(mmol/L)1.48±0.981.42±0.941.45±0.941.42±0.961.39±0.901.63±1.07F=3.2590.011
), ArticleFig(id=1241680458216436549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522851438711528, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The association between AAM and hypertension [OR(95%CI)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量月经初潮年龄(岁)
≤12131415≥16
模型10.593(0.413~0.853)a0.540(0.430~1.035)1.0001.277(1.151~1.445)a1.222(1.146~2.000)a
模型20.648(0.524~0.859)a0.612(0.594~0.875)a1.0001.220(1.140~1.817)a1.438(1.101~2.129)a
模型30.773(0.668~0.895)a0.619(0.466~0.823)a1.0001.315(1.100~1.830)a1.518(1.127~2.045)a
模型40.793(0.684~0.918)a0.865(0.468~0.935)a1.0001.513(1.117~2.050)a1.801(1.483~2.118)a
), ArticleFig(id=1241680458338071369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522851438711528, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

AAM与高血压患病的相关性[OR(95%CI)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量月经初潮年龄(岁)
≤12131415≥16
模型10.593(0.413~0.853)a0.540(0.430~1.035)1.0001.277(1.151~1.445)a1.222(1.146~2.000)a
模型20.648(0.524~0.859)a0.612(0.594~0.875)a1.0001.220(1.140~1.817)a1.438(1.101~2.129)a
模型30.773(0.668~0.895)a0.619(0.466~0.823)a1.0001.315(1.100~1.830)a1.518(1.127~2.045)a
模型40.793(0.684~0.918)a0.865(0.468~0.935)a1.0001.513(1.117~2.050)a1.801(1.483~2.118)a
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月经初潮年龄与高血压患病的相关性分析
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刘代强 1 , 余乐 2 , 熊华利 3 , 唐大乂 4 , 马凤勋 1
现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2024,51(3): 445-451
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现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2024, 51(3): 445-451
月经初潮年龄与高血压患病的相关性分析
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刘代强1, 余乐2 , 熊华利3, 唐大乂4, 马凤勋1
作者信息
  • 1.重庆市荣昌区人民医院,重庆 402460
  • 2.武警重庆总队医院,重庆 400061
  • 3.重庆市荣昌区卫生健康委员会
  • 4. 牡丹江医学院 临床学院
  • 刘代强(1980—),男,本科,副主任医师,研究方向:疾病的信息化管理工作

通讯作者:

余乐,E-mail:
Analysis of the relationship between menarche age and hypertension
Dai-qiang LIU1, Le YU2 , Hua-li XIONG3, Da-yi TANG4, Feng-xun MA1
Affiliations
  • People’s Hospital of Rongchang District, Chongqing 402460, China
出版时间: 2024-02-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306047
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目的

分析月经初潮年龄(age at menarche,AAM)与高血压患病的相关性

方法

利用国家重点研发计划“四川盆地大气重污染区域自然人群队列研究”荣昌区1 499名女性调查对象为基线数据,2018年随机抽取4个乡镇,对户籍在抽中乡镇的30~79岁人群自愿参与调查的对象开展问卷调查、体格检查和血生化检测。AAM与高血压患病的相关性及敏感性分析使用logistic回归模型,限制性立方样条采用软件R 4.1.1绘制。

结果

1 499例女性调查对象的AAM为(14.31±2.06)岁,高血压患病率为36.62%。≤12岁、13岁、14岁、15岁、≥16岁的高血压患病率分别为22.88%、27.02%、33.33%、45.61%、52.63%,呈上升趋势(趋势χ2=52.198,P<0.001)。调整混杂因素后,与对照组“14岁组”相比,≤12岁(OR=0.793,95%CI:0.684~0.918)、13岁(OR=0.865,95%CI:0.468~0.935)、15岁(OR=1.513,95%CI:1.117~2.050)、≥16岁(OR=1.801,95%CI:1.483~2.118)与高血压患病相关。限制性立方样条图显示,AAM与高血压患病之间呈非线性剂量—反应关系(P非线性<0.001),AAM越晚与高血压患病的高风险相关。敏感性分析发现,AAM与高血压患病的相关性在不同出生队列和BMI分组中仍然存在。

结论

AAM越晚可能会增加成人期患高血压的风险,加强健康教育和改善行为生活方式,有益于女性高血压的防治。

月经初潮年龄  /  高血压  /  相关性
Objective

To analyze the correlation between the age at menarche(AAM) and the incidence of hypertension.

Methods

Based on the baseline data of 1 499 women from a national key research and development program “Natural population cohort study of heavy air pollution in Sichuan basin” in Rongchang District, 4 townships were randomly selected in 2018. Questionnaire survey, physical examination, and blood biochemical tests were carried out among the people aged 30 to 79 who were registered in the selected townships. The correlation and sensitivity between AAM and hypertension were analyzed by logistic regression model and restricted cubic spline was drawn by software R4.1.1.

Results

The AAM of 1 499 female subjects was 14.31±2.06 years old, and the prevalence rate of hypertension was 36.62%. The prevalence rates of hypertension of ≤ 12 years old, 13 years old, 14 years old, 15 years old, and ≥ 16 years old were 22.88%, 27.02%, 33.33%, 45.61%, and 52.63%, respectively, showing an upward trend (trend χ2=52.198, P<0.001). After adjusting the confounding factors, compared with the 14 years old group in the control group, ≤ 12 years old (OR=0.793, 95%CI: 0.684-0.918), 13 years old (OR=0.865, 95%CI: 0.468-0.935), 15 years old (OR=1.513, 95%CI: 1.117-2.050), and ≥ 16 years old (OR=1.801, 95%CI: 1.483-2.118) were associated with hypertension. The restriction cubic spline showed that there was a non-linear dose-response relationship between AAM and hypertension (P<0.001), and the later AAM was associated with the high risk of hypertension. Sensitivity analysis showed that the correlation between AAM and hypertension still existed in different birth cohorts and BMI groups.

Conclusion

The later AAM may increase the risk of hypertension in adults. Strengthening health education and improving behavior and lifestyle are beneficial to the prevention and treatment of hypertension in women.

Age of menarche  /  Hypertension  /  Correlation
刘代强, 余乐, 熊华利, 唐大乂, 马凤勋. 月经初潮年龄与高血压患病的相关性分析. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (3) : 445 -451 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306047
Dai-qiang LIU, Le YU, Hua-li XIONG, Da-yi TANG, Feng-xun MA. Analysis of the relationship between menarche age and hypertension[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (3) : 445 -451 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306047
月经初潮是第一个月经周期的开始,可以影响女性晚年的健康[1]。月经初潮年龄(age at menarche,AAM)与2型糖尿病[2]、肥胖[3]、代谢综合征[4]、心血管疾病和全因死亡率的风险增加[5]有关。AAM与高血压之间的关联的在不同国家或地区的研究结果并不一致。Canoy[6]等在英国女性人群中发现,AAM和高血压之间存在U型关系;Werneck[7]等报道巴西女性AAM与血压升高呈负相关;韩国的证据显示,AAM和高血压之间没有显著的相关性[8]。基于2012—2016全国高血压调查发现,较大的AAM与高血压风险的增加显著相关[9],但Qiu[10]等报道AAM较晚(≥18岁)与较低的高血压风险显著相关。此外,少数研究发现,肥胖或出生队列在AAM与高血压之间存在中介效应或影响[11-12]。目前,关于西部地区女性AAM与高血压患病的相关性研究较少。荣昌区地处重庆西部,经济发展相对落后,本文利用2018年荣昌区参加国家重点研发计划“四川盆地大气重污染区域自然人群队列研究”基线调查数据,分析AAM与高血压患病的相关性,能一定程度上反应农村地区的相关情况,为调整女性高血压防控措施提供参考。
所有调查对象均来自国家重点研发计划“四川盆地大气重污染区域自然人群队列研究”荣昌区2018年基线调查数据[13]。荣昌区对象的纳入和排除标准见文献[14]。研究受四川大学伦理委员会批准(NO.K2016083),所有参与调查的对象均签署知情同意书。
研究为横断面调查。2018年6月,采用随机抽样的方法在全区抽取4个调查点,对户籍在抽中调查点自愿参与的30~79岁的常住居民均招募到项目中,共调查2 998例,排除男性1 498例,1例调查信息不全,共1 499例女性的基线数据纳入分析。调查内容包括人口学基本信息、生活行为方式、疾病家族史等;生育因素包括女性的AAM、绝经情况、生育情况、避孕药使用、节育器使用和手术等情况;体格检查内容包括身高、体重、腰围(waist circumference,WC)、血压等。使用身高体重计测量调查对象的身高和体重,调查对象脱帽,赤足,头部平视前方,双脚并拢,臀部放松,与身高体重计三点一线。每天使用身高体重计前进行校正。使用软皮尺测量调查对象的腰围;使用电子血压计(欧姆龙U702)重复测量调查对象静息状态下的血压三次;采取调查对象距上次就餐时间≥8 h的空腹静脉血进行总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、三酰甘油三酯(triglycerides,TG)、血糖等生化检测。
(1)高血压:基线测量三次血压,平均收缩压(aystolic blood pressure,SBP)≥140 mm Hg或舒张压(diastolic blood pressure,DBP)≥90 mm Hg[15],或已被医疗机构诊断为高血压,或正在服用降血压药物。(2)体质指数(body mass index,BMI):BMI=体重(kg)/身高的二次方(m)2,24 kg/m2≤BMI<28 kg/m2为超重,BMI≥28 kg/m2为肥胖[16]。(3)吸烟:一生中总吸烟量大于100支。(4)饮酒:是指调查时仍有饮酒行为。(5)体力活动水平:评价指标使用个体每周体力活动水平(MET-min/week)(代谢当量,metabolic equivalent of task,MET)进行评价,体力活动水平=对应劳动类型的MET赋值权重×时间[17],不同的劳动类型赋予不同的权重。参照既往研究文献[17],PA<600 MET-min/week为不足,600 MET-min/week≤PA<3 000 MET-min/week为中等,PA≥3 000 MET-min/week为充分。(6)静坐时间分组:参照文献[18]将静坐时间分为三级,分别为<21 h/周、21~34 h/周、≥35 h/周。(7)日均睡眠时间:调查对象自报的午休睡眠时间和夜间睡眠时间之和。(8)月经持续时间:绝经的对象月经结束时的年龄-AAM。
所有调查员经培训考核合格后方能上岗(包括如何使用平板、电脑端进行问卷调查,如何核查和上传问卷,体格检查的标准方法,样本的采集和转运等)。每天抽取现场工作量的1%进行复核,发现问题及时整改。所有血样由第三方实验室(重庆迪安医学检验中心有限公司)检测。所有调查数据经四川大学项目办统一清洗后,返给各项目点。
采用SPSS 22.0进行统计分析。连续变量若符合正态分布,用()表示,检验方法使用单因素方差分析(ANOVA);连续变量若不符合正态分布,用[MP25P75)]表示,检验方法使用Kruskal-Wallis H检验;分类变量以百分比(%)表示,检验方法使用χ2检验。根据1 499例AAM的均值和中位数情况,将AAM进行分组,分别为≤12岁、13岁、14岁、15岁、≥16岁组,并以14岁组作为参照组。限制性立方样条图采用软件 R 4.1.1绘制。采用logistic回归分析方法分析不同AAM分组与高血压患病的优势比(odds ratio, OR)和95%置信区间(confidence interval,CI)。考虑到肥胖或出生队列在AAM与高血压之间存在影响[11-12],根据调查对象的出生日期结合历史事件,将调查对象分为<1959年、1959—1977年、≥1978年三个出生队列,将BMI分为<24 kg/m2、24~28 kg/m2、≥28kg/m2三个亚组进行敏感性分析,探讨不同亚组下不同AAM的高血压患病风险。检验水准α=0.05。
纳入分析1 499例,平均年龄为(50.41±11.98)岁,平均AAM为(14.31±2.06)岁,按照AAM进行分组,≤12岁的有271例,占18.08%;13岁的有322例,占21.48%;14岁的有336例,占22.41%;15岁的占171例,占11.41%;≥16岁的有399例,占26.62%。AAM越早的女性,调查时年龄偏年轻、受过良好的教育、家庭年收入相对较高、较低的每日食盐摄入量、使用避孕药、较高的流产次数(P<0.05);AAM越晚的女性,调查时文化程度相对更低、从事农林牧渔劳动、家庭年收入相对较低、较高的每日食盐摄入量、经历绝经、较高的怀孕次数和活产次数。BMI、WC、SBP、DBP、血糖、TC、TG在不同AAM组之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);高血压家族史、吸烟、饮酒、饮茶、静坐时间、日均睡眠时间、母乳喂养情况、是否使用过宫内节育器、月经持续时间在不同AAM组之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1
1 499例调查对象中,高血压患病率为36.62%(549/1 499),≤12岁、13岁、14岁、15岁、≥16岁的高血压患病率分别为22.88%(62/271)、27.02%(87/322)、33.33%(112/336)、45.61%(78/171)、52.63%(210/399),呈上升趋势(趋势χ2=52.198,P<0.001)。限制性立方样条图显示,AAM与高血压患病之间呈非线性剂量—反应关系(P非线性<0.001),AAM越晚与高血压患病的高风险相关。调整混杂因素后,与对照组“14岁组”相比,≤12岁(OR=0.793,95%CI:0.684~0.918)、13岁(OR=0.865,95%CI:0.468~0.935)、15岁(OR=1.513,95%CI:1.117~2.050)、≥16岁(OR=1.801,95%CI:1.483~2.118)与高血压患病相关。见图1表2
按照出生队列和BMI值进行不同亚组的敏感性分析,<1959年、1959—1977年、≥1978年的出生队列的高血压患病率分别为22.22%、7.71%、6.00%(趋势χ2=90.682,P<0.001);BMI<24 kg/m2、24~28 kg/m2、≥28 kg/m2的高血压患病率5.59%、13.11%、17.03%(趋势χ2=33.153,P<0.001)。分层分析发现,AAM与高血压患病的相关性趋势在不同出生队列和BMI分组的人群中仍然存在。见图2
研究发现,1 499例30~79岁女性的平均AAM为14.31岁,低于藏族绝经前同年龄段女性[11]的AAM(15.13岁),低于成都市和重庆市[19]同年龄段女性的AAM(14.36岁),低于华南地区[1]15岁以上女性的AAM(15.50岁),说明不同地区、经济发展情况等都可能影响AAM。
研究发现,AAM越晚与高血压患病的高风险相关,AAM越晚的人,高血压患病风险越高,限制性立方样条图进一步证实高血压患病的OR值随着AAM的增加而稳步提高。我们的研究结果与华南地区[1]n=5 102)、重庆地区[20]n=7 119)、重庆和成都地区[19]n=23 805)、2012—2016年全国高血压调查(n=234 867)[9]结果类似,AAM与高血压呈正相关。然而,李可晗[11]等报道藏族绝经前女性血压随着AAM的增加而降低(n=2 337),Qiu[10]等报道福建地区女性月经初潮较晚(≥18岁)与较低的高血压风险显著相关(n=6 242),Zhang[21]等报道河南地区AAM越早的女性患高血压的风险更高(n=15 361),而Shen[22]等报道45岁及以上的城市女性的AAM与高血压无关(n=7 893)。关于AAM和高血压之间关系的不一致可能是由于研究设计、样本量、种族、AAM类别和研究人群之间不同的遗传背景的差异造成。为进一步探讨AAM与高血压患病的相关性,我们对出生队列和BMI值进行分层分析,AAM与高血压患病的相关性在不同出生队列和BMI分组中的关联趋势仍然存在。值得注意的是,较低的AAM与高血压患病的关联还需要大样本研究去证实。
荣昌区地处重庆西部,属于相对欠发达地区,他们过去的收入低,生活条件差。AAM较晚可能是由于早期营养不良,导致晚年患高血压的风险增加[22]。此外,AAM较晚与雌激素、卵巢激素和生长激素水平较低有关[19],这些激素可以保护生殖期的女性免受心血管疾病和高血压的影响[1,23]。我们的研究中,不同AAM类别组的的平均绝经年龄差异无统计学意义,这意味着AAM较晚的女性生殖时间也较短,较短的生殖时间可能导致高血压风险增加[1,20]。此外,AAM较晚的女性在成年期的BMI、WC更大,血糖、TC值更高,而中心性肥胖是荣昌区居民高血压危险因素之一[24],可能造成AAM较晚的女性高血压风险增加。
研究局限性:第一,研究为横断面调查,无法对AAM与高血压之间的因果关系进行推断。第二,研究的参与者来自中国西部欠发达地区,结论的外推有待验证。第三,根据问卷获得的生育因素是患者自我报告的,可能存在偏倚。但不可否认的是,我们的研究仍具有一定的优势,首先,我们的调查对象是来自普通自然人群,样本的代表性优于基于医院数据[20];其次,我们对足够多的混杂因素进行调整,同时引入限制性立方样条图更直观的呈现AAM与高血压患病的关联;最后,我们对不同的出生队列和BMI值进行分层分析,结果更直观可靠。
终上所述,AAM越晚可能会增加女性成人期患高血压的风险,在AAM较晚的人群中,加强健康教育宣传、改变生活行为方式,有益于女性的高血压防治。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2017YFC0907303)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306047
  • 接收时间:2023-06-04
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-04
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国家重点研发计划(2017YFC0907303)
作者信息
    1.重庆市荣昌区人民医院,重庆 402460
    2.武警重庆总队医院,重庆 400061
    3.重庆市荣昌区卫生健康委员会
    4. 牡丹江医学院 临床学院

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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