Article(id=1241522848871797426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522846384583426, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308487, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1692979200000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773931713550, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1707494400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773931713550, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773931713550, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773931713550, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241522846384583426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='3', pageStart='385', pageEnd='576', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773931712956, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773931842201, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241523388544504301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522846384583426, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241523388544504302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522846384583426, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=514, endPage=522, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241522849228313280, articleId=1241522848871797426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Effect of Akkermansia muciniphila intervention on mice with atopic dermatitis, columnId=1228016572065837304, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Experimental Technology and Applications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the intervention effect of Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK) on atopic dermatitis (AD) induced by 2,4-dichloronitrobenzene (DNCB) in mice and the effect of intestinal flora.

Methods

In total 72 BALB/c mice were randomly divided into high and low dose live bacteria group, pasteurization group, model group, and blank group, with 12 mice in each group. The AD mouse model was established by DNCB, and different doses of AKK living bacteria and Pasteurella multicide were intragastrically administered for 4 weeks. The skin lesions, splenomegaly, and skin histopathology of mice in each group were observed, the level of serum IgE was measured, and the expression levels of IL-4 and IFN- γ on mRNA transcription and protein in back skin tissue were detected. The fecal samples of mice were collected and 16SrRNA sequencing was used to understand the changes in the structure and abundance of intestinal microflora.

Results

After AKK intervention, the skin lesions, splenomegaly, and skin pathological damage of AD mice were not significantly improved, the level of serum IgE increased, the level of IL-4 decreased except the mRNA transcription level of low dose live bacteria group, and the expression of IFN- γ increased at mRNA and protein levels in low dose live bacteria group and high dose inactivated group.

Conclusion

Although AKK did not significantly improve the skin lesions of AD mice, it alleviated the inflammatory reaction in mice to some extent and improved the diversity and structure of intestinal flora.

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目的

探究嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌(Akkermansia muciniphila,AKK)对2,4-二硝基氯苯(2,4-dichloronitrobenzene,DNCB)诱导的特应性皮炎(atopic dermatitis,AD)小鼠的干预作用及肠道菌群的影响。

方法

将72只BALB/c小鼠随机分高、低剂量活菌组与巴氏灭菌组、模型组与空白组,每组12只。采用DNCB构建AD小鼠模型,使用不同剂量的AKK活菌和巴氏灭活菌灌胃干预4周。观察各组小鼠背部皮损、脾肿大和皮肤组织病理情况,测定血清IgE水平,检测背部皮肤组织中IL-4和IFN-γ在mRNA转录和蛋白上的表达水平。收集小鼠粪便样品,采用16S rRNA测序了解肠道菌群结构及丰度变化。

结果

AKK干预后未明显改善AD小鼠的皮损、脾肿大及皮肤组织病理损伤情况,血清IgE水平升高,IL-4水平除低剂量活菌组的mRNA转录水平外均降低,低剂量活菌组和高剂量灭活组的IFN-γ水平在mRNA和蛋白水平上均表达升高;各干预组肠道菌群多样性增加,厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门比值降低。

结论

AKK虽未明显改善AD小鼠的皮肤病变,但在一定程度上缓解了小鼠体内的炎症反应,改善了其肠道菌群多样性和结构。

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王国庆,E-mail:
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令狐晨曦(1998—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生检验与检疫

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令狐晨曦(1998—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生检验与检疫

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The gut flora as a forgotten organ[J].EMBO Reports, 2006, 7(7): 688-693., articleTitle=The gut flora as a forgotten organ, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241680460653318172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522848871797426, awardId=2019YFS0304, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省科技厅重点研发项目(2019YFS0304), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241680453590110797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522848871797426, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241680453615276624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522848871797426, companyId=1241680453590110797, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University/West China Fourth Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241680453623665232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522848871797426, companyId=1241680453590110797, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241680453720134233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522848871797426, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241680453728522843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522848871797426, companyId=1241680453720134233, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.湖南省疾病预防控制中心)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241680458489058174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522848871797426, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Skin damage on the back of mice in each group, figureFileSmall=tDNt7akHSP1c2I/f2DFcfw==, figureFileBig=CPgI5WXjtRbG+MbLSof7Nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241680458602304389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522848871797426, language=CN, label=图1, caption=各组小鼠背部皮肤损伤情况

注:(a)小鼠背部皮损图,(b)小鼠背部皮肤HE病理染色图;A为高剂量活菌组,B为低剂量活菌组,C为高剂量灭活组,D为低剂量灭活组,E为模型对照组,F为空白对照组。

, figureFileSmall=tDNt7akHSP1c2I/f2DFcfw==, figureFileBig=CPgI5WXjtRbG+MbLSof7Nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241680458719744917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522848871797426, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Spleen diagrams of mice in each group, figureFileSmall=SG30zOlFkjC8/AQZ4YpxYw==, figureFileBig=qlgb69fOSbRfIVbGv1gk+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241680458866545564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522848871797426, language=CN, label=图2, caption=各组小鼠脾脏图

注:A为高剂量活菌组,B为低剂量活菌组,C为高剂量灭活组,D为低剂量灭活组,E为模型对照组,F为空白对照组。

, figureFileSmall=SG30zOlFkjC8/AQZ4YpxYw==, figureFileBig=qlgb69fOSbRfIVbGv1gk+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241680458996569001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522848871797426, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Serum IgE levels and skin tissue inflammatory factor levels in mice in each group, figureFileSmall=MCA0HzkuvkvCINHGw2ouPA==, figureFileBig=+fso1mJPBx6248Tedef8mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241680459181118390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522848871797426, language=CN, label=图3, caption=各组小鼠血清IgE水平及皮肤组织炎症因子水平

注:图(a)血清IgE水平,图(b)IL-4转录水平,图(c)IFN-γ转录水平,图(d)IL-4蛋白水平,图(e)IFN-γ蛋白水平;A为高剂量活菌组,B为低剂量活菌组,C为高剂量灭活组,D为低剂量灭活组,E为模型对照组,F为空白对照组;*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001。

, figureFileSmall=MCA0HzkuvkvCINHGw2ouPA==, figureFileBig=+fso1mJPBx6248Tedef8mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241680459315336125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522848871797426, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Diversity analysis of gut microbiota char, figureFileSmall=uAi1UIVGKSf3ildGeFnIsQ==, figureFileBig=xZgT6zya8jzKm9mWRnEOqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241680459453748165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522848871797426, language=CN, label=图4, caption=肠道菌群多样性分析图

注:(a)α多样性物种累积曲线图,(b)β多样性聚类热图,(c)β多样性PCoA图,(d)β多样性NMDS图;A为高剂量活菌组,B为低剂量活菌组,C为高剂量灭活组,D为低剂量灭活组,E为模型对照组,F为空白对照组。

, figureFileSmall=uAi1UIVGKSf3ildGeFnIsQ==, figureFileBig=xZgT6zya8jzKm9mWRnEOqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241680459604743119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522848871797426, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Relative abundance of different levels of mouse colonies in each group, figureFileSmall=NtUAIwqYIbjky8ev5WMpGw==, figureFileBig=+5bmCBmPV1SngsuIYalneQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241680459726377940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522848871797426, language=CN, label=图5, caption=各组小鼠菌群不同水平的相对丰度

注:图(a)门水平的相对丰度,图(b)属水平的相对丰度,图(c)种水平的相对丰度;A为高剂量活菌组,B为低剂量活菌组,C为高剂量灭活组,D为低剂量灭活组,E为模型对照组,F为空白对照组。

, figureFileSmall=NtUAIwqYIbjky8ev5WMpGw==, figureFileBig=+5bmCBmPV1SngsuIYalneQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241680459860595678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522848871797426, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Target genes and primer sequences

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目的基因引物序列(5’→3’)碱基长度(bp)
GAPDHF:AGGTCGGTGTGAACGGATTTG123
R:TGTAGACCATGTAGTTGAGGTCA
IL-4F:GGTCTCAACCCCCAGCTAGT102
R:GCCGATGATCTCTCTCAAGTGAT
IFN-γF:TCAAGTGGCATAGATGTGGAAGAA92
R:TGGCTCTGCAGGATTTTCATG
), ArticleFig(id=1241680460003202020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522848871797426, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

目的基因及引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目的基因引物序列(5’→3’)碱基长度(bp)
GAPDHF:AGGTCGGTGTGAACGGATTTG123
R:TGTAGACCATGTAGTTGAGGTCA
IL-4F:GGTCTCAACCCCCAGCTAGT102
R:GCCGATGATCTCTCTCAAGTGAT
IFN-γF:TCAAGTGGCATAGATGTGGAAGAA92
R:TGGCTCTGCAGGATTTTCATG
), ArticleFig(id=1241680460108059627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522848871797426, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Spleen index of mice in each group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组脾脏指数
A组(n=12)0.62±0.08**
B组(n=12)0.57±0.06
C组(n=12)0.58±0.06
D组(n=12)0.57±0.06
E组(n=12)0.52±0.06###
F组(n=12)0.38±0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1241680460196140021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522848871797426, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各组小鼠脾脏指数比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组脾脏指数
A组(n=12)0.62±0.08**
B组(n=12)0.57±0.06
C组(n=12)0.58±0.06
D组(n=12)0.57±0.06
E组(n=12)0.52±0.06###
F组(n=12)0.38±0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1241680460313580543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522848871797426, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of alpha diversity indices

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别chao1observed_speciesPD_whole_treeshannonsimpson
A组(n=8)865.64±197.48593.25±106.80#44.35±5.03##5.88±0.570.96±0.05##
B组(n=8)780.50±174.14##534.63±126.69###42.36±6.42##5.66±0.68#0.95±0.04
C组(n=8)743.00±169.70###541.00±100.98###42.60±5.22##6.01±0.54*0.95±0.04
D组(n=8)825.52±265.58##566.00±151.69##43.55±7.60##5.53±0.95#0.93±0.06#
E组(n=8)790.86±251.30##538.63±173.91##42.38±8.78##4.82±1.51##0.83±0.19##
F组(n=8)1218.17±206.62860.63±141.4756.36±6.076.39±0.420.97±0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1241680460426825733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522848871797426, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

α多样性指数比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别chao1observed_speciesPD_whole_treeshannonsimpson
A组(n=8)865.64±197.48593.25±106.80#44.35±5.03##5.88±0.570.96±0.05##
B组(n=8)780.50±174.14##534.63±126.69###42.36±6.42##5.66±0.68#0.95±0.04
C组(n=8)743.00±169.70###541.00±100.98###42.60±5.22##6.01±0.54*0.95±0.04
D组(n=8)825.52±265.58##566.00±151.69##43.55±7.60##5.53±0.95#0.93±0.06#
E组(n=8)790.86±251.30##538.63±173.91##42.38±8.78##4.82±1.51##0.83±0.19##
F组(n=8)1218.17±206.62860.63±141.4756.36±6.076.39±0.420.97±0.01
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嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌干预对特异性皮炎小鼠的影响
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令狐晨曦 1 , 邓思思 2 , 查碧晴 1 , 陈静 1 , 张翔凌 1 , 王国庆 1
现代预防医学 | 实验技术及其应用 2024,51(3): 514-522
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现代预防医学 | 实验技术及其应用 2024, 51(3): 514-522
嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌干预对特异性皮炎小鼠的影响
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令狐晨曦1, 邓思思2, 查碧晴1, 陈静1, 张翔凌1, 王国庆1
作者信息
  • 1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041
  • 2.湖南省疾病预防控制中心
  • 令狐晨曦(1998—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生检验与检疫

通讯作者:

王国庆,E-mail:
Effect of Akkermansia muciniphila intervention on mice with atopic dermatitis
Chen-xi LINGHU1, Si-si DENG2, Bi-qing ZHA1, Jing CHEN1, Xiang-ling ZHANG1, Guo-qing WANG1
Affiliations
  • West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University/West China Fourth Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
出版时间: 2024-02-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308487
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目的

探究嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌(Akkermansia muciniphila,AKK)对2,4-二硝基氯苯(2,4-dichloronitrobenzene,DNCB)诱导的特应性皮炎(atopic dermatitis,AD)小鼠的干预作用及肠道菌群的影响。

方法

将72只BALB/c小鼠随机分高、低剂量活菌组与巴氏灭菌组、模型组与空白组,每组12只。采用DNCB构建AD小鼠模型,使用不同剂量的AKK活菌和巴氏灭活菌灌胃干预4周。观察各组小鼠背部皮损、脾肿大和皮肤组织病理情况,测定血清IgE水平,检测背部皮肤组织中IL-4和IFN-γ在mRNA转录和蛋白上的表达水平。收集小鼠粪便样品,采用16S rRNA测序了解肠道菌群结构及丰度变化。

结果

AKK干预后未明显改善AD小鼠的皮损、脾肿大及皮肤组织病理损伤情况,血清IgE水平升高,IL-4水平除低剂量活菌组的mRNA转录水平外均降低,低剂量活菌组和高剂量灭活组的IFN-γ水平在mRNA和蛋白水平上均表达升高;各干预组肠道菌群多样性增加,厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门比值降低。

结论

AKK虽未明显改善AD小鼠的皮肤病变,但在一定程度上缓解了小鼠体内的炎症反应,改善了其肠道菌群多样性和结构。

特异性皮炎  /  嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌  /  肠道菌群
Objective

To investigate the intervention effect of Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK) on atopic dermatitis (AD) induced by 2,4-dichloronitrobenzene (DNCB) in mice and the effect of intestinal flora.

Methods

In total 72 BALB/c mice were randomly divided into high and low dose live bacteria group, pasteurization group, model group, and blank group, with 12 mice in each group. The AD mouse model was established by DNCB, and different doses of AKK living bacteria and Pasteurella multicide were intragastrically administered for 4 weeks. The skin lesions, splenomegaly, and skin histopathology of mice in each group were observed, the level of serum IgE was measured, and the expression levels of IL-4 and IFN- γ on mRNA transcription and protein in back skin tissue were detected. The fecal samples of mice were collected and 16SrRNA sequencing was used to understand the changes in the structure and abundance of intestinal microflora.

Results

After AKK intervention, the skin lesions, splenomegaly, and skin pathological damage of AD mice were not significantly improved, the level of serum IgE increased, the level of IL-4 decreased except the mRNA transcription level of low dose live bacteria group, and the expression of IFN- γ increased at mRNA and protein levels in low dose live bacteria group and high dose inactivated group.

Conclusion

Although AKK did not significantly improve the skin lesions of AD mice, it alleviated the inflammatory reaction in mice to some extent and improved the diversity and structure of intestinal flora.

Atopic Dermatitis  /  Akkermansia muciniphila  /  Intestinal flora
令狐晨曦, 邓思思, 查碧晴, 陈静, 张翔凌, 王国庆. 嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌干预对特异性皮炎小鼠的影响. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (3) : 514 -522 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308487
Chen-xi LINGHU, Si-si DENG, Bi-qing ZHA, Jing CHEN, Xiang-ling ZHANG, Guo-qing WANG. Effect of Akkermansia muciniphila intervention on mice with atopic dermatitis[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (3) : 514 -522 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308487
特应性皮炎(atopic dermatitis,AD)是一种与免疫相关的炎症性皮肤病,具有慢性、复发性、皮肤持续瘙痒等特征[1]。AD病例一般出现在生命早期,少数严重的病例可持续到成年仍然继续发病,并影响患者的睡眠、社交等正常活动[2-4]。AD的发病机制非常复杂,涉及遗传、皮肤屏障功能障碍、免疫障碍、微生物失衡等多个因素[5]。有研究表明,免疫失衡是AD的关键病因,过敏原刺激Th2细胞释放炎性细胞因子,导致其与Th1细胞失衡[6]。Th1和Th2是CD4+T辅助性(Th)淋巴细胞的细胞亚群,检测Th1/Th2细胞比例及相关细胞因子表达的变化可以更好的理解免疫性疾病的发病机制,为治疗相关疾病提供理论基础[7]。目前AD的治疗方法包括紫外线光疗、外用皮质类固醇及注射度普利尤单抗等,这些方法存在一定的副作用或价格昂贵[8]。因此需要探索有效、安全且易获得的AD治疗策略。
肠道和皮肤作为与外界环境接触的重要器官,存在许多共同之处,因此有研究提出了“肠-皮肤”轴理论,认为可基于肠道健康治疗皮肤病[9]。肠道微生物群是宿主代谢的中央调节器,其结构发生改变将会导致代谢紊乱和免疫功能障碍,因此,可通过肠道微生物群调节免疫反应[10-11]。有研究表明,肠道微生物群与特异性皮炎之间存在相关性,可通过补充益生菌来预防和治疗AD[12]。益生菌已被证实在塑造肠道微生物群和促进机体健康方面发挥了很好的作用[13]。对于AD的预防与治疗,大多数研究采用的都是传统益生菌(乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌),且它们缓解AD的作用可能还存在菌株特异性[14-15]。嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌(Akkermansia muciniphila,AKK)是一种肠道共生厌氧菌,于2004年由Derrien等人[16]首次从人类粪便中分离得到。已有研究证实AKK的丰度水平与肥胖[17]、结肠炎[18]、2型糖尿病[19]等多种疾病有关,被认为是极具潜力的下一代益生菌[20]。AKK与宿主的代谢和免疫反应密切相关,可望成为预防和治疗与免疫相关的炎症性疾病的新策略[21]
目前,通过构建AD小鼠模型使用AKK灌胃干预,探究AKK缓解AD症状的研究较少。因此,本研究通过2,4-二硝基氯苯(2,4-dichloronitrobenzene,DNCB)建立AD小鼠模型,拟评价AKK菌株对AD小鼠的干预作用,并探讨AD小鼠肠道菌群的变化,为AD的预防与治疗及AKK作为益生菌的开发与应用提供理论依据。
2,4-二硝基氯苯(成都化夏试剂有限公司);总RNA提取试剂盒(南京诺唯赞生物科技有限公司);Evo M-MLV反转录试剂预混液、SYBR® Green Pro Taq HS预混型qPCR试剂盒(湖南艾科瑞生物工程有限公司);小鼠免疫球蛋白E(IgE)酶联免疫吸附测定试剂盒(武汉伊莱瑞特生物科技股份有限公司);小鼠多因子检测试剂盒(成都诺和生物科技有限公司);嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌(DSM 22959)由南京农业大学刘丽教授惠赠,本课题组保存。
72只SPF级5周龄雌性BALB/c小鼠购自成都达硕实验动物有限公司(实验动物生产许可证:SCXK(川)2020-030)。饲养于室温20~26℃,空气相对湿度40%~70%,光照周期12 h/12 h的SPF级屏障环境中。适应性喂养1周,自主饮水及进食。本实验所有涉及实验动物的操作严格按照四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院伦理委员会的要求进行(批件号:Gwll2022056)。
将细菌接种于含有L-半胱氨酸的BHI液体培养基中厌氧培养,根据课题组前期制备的菌落数-OD600 nm处吸光度值的标准曲线确定细菌浓度,用含25%甘油的无菌PBS收集菌体,调整菌液终浓度为1×108 CFU/ml和1×1010 CFU/ml,即为AKK活菌灌胃储备液,分别取上述菌液于70℃水浴加热30 min进行巴氏灭活,即为AKK灭活菌灌胃储备液,将上述灌胃储备液于-80℃冻存备用。灌胃前将灌胃储备液解冻,用无菌PBS进行10倍稀释,制备为1×107 CFU/ml的低浓度和1×109 CFU/ml的高浓度灌胃液。
将72只小鼠随机分为6组,每组各12只。分别为A组,即高剂量活菌组(high-dose live AKK);B组,即低剂量活菌组(low-dose live AKK);C组,高剂量灭活组(high-dose pasteurized AKK);D组,低剂量灭活组(low-dose pasteurized AKK);E组,模型对照组(MC);F组,空白对照组(NC)。单次灌胃剂量为200 μl,最终高剂量组、低剂量组的灌胃菌量分别为2×108 CFU和2×106 CFU。
灌胃前先剃去小鼠背部毛发,大小约为3 cm×2 cm。除F组外,在实验的第1、4和7 d给其余各组小鼠背部脱毛区涂抹1%的二硝基氯苯溶液(4:1丙酮橄榄油配制)200 μl进行致敏;在第14、17、19、22、24、27、29、32、34、37和39 d给小鼠背部脱毛区涂抹0.5%的二硝基氯苯溶液200 μl诱发皮炎。在持续6周的处理中,各组从第3周开始给小鼠灌胃200 μl/次。干预组分别用1.3.2制备的灌胃液进行灌胃,两对照组用含2.5%甘油的无菌PBS进行灌胃。所有小鼠灌胃每天1次,连续4周。
实验期间观察小鼠的生长情况,记录各组小鼠背部皮损部位的情况。
在实验结束的第1 d采用颈椎脱臼处死小鼠,取小鼠脾脏进行称重,脏器指数=脏器重量/小鼠体重×100%。切取小鼠背部脱毛区域皮肤组织,在4%多聚甲醛溶液中固定,经乙醇脱水、二甲苯透明化、石蜡包埋制成切片。采用苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin,HE)对切片进行染色,于显微镜下观察小鼠皮肤组织的病理症状。
小鼠麻醉后进行摘眼球取血,室温放置2 h后4 000 r/min离心20 min,收集血清,-20℃冷冻保存备用,用ELISA法检测各组小鼠的血清IgE含量。
取小鼠背部皮肤组织提取RNA,采用逆转录-荧光定量PCR法(quantitative reverse transcription PCR,RT-qPCR)测定IL-4与IFN-γ的mRNA表达水平,所有操作均按试剂盒要求进行。cDNA作为qPCR的模板,目的基因及引物序列如表1所示,引物由擎科生物科技有限公司合成。反应体系为:2×SYBR® Green Pro Taq HS Premix 10 μl,上下游引物各1 μl,模板2 μl,ddH2O 2 μl;反应条件为:95℃ 30 s,95℃ 5 s,60℃ 30 s,65~95℃ 0.5℃/5 s扩增,40个循环。以GAPDH基因为参比,采用2-△△Ct相对定量法计算目的基因的mRNA表达水平。
称取100 mg的小鼠背部皮肤组织,加入1 ml预冷的PBS缓冲液,裂解均质后14 000×g离心10 min取上清,-20℃冷冻保存。根据小鼠多因子试剂盒提取蛋白IL-4和IFN-γ,采用流式细胞仪上机检测。
在实验结束前一天收集各组小鼠粪便,-80℃冷冻保存。每组随机选择8只小鼠,共48个粪便样品进行16S rRNA基因测序。粪便DNA提取及测序由奥维森基因科技有限公司进行。
使用SPSS 22.0软件对数据进行分析,GraphPad Prism 9.0软件绘制图形。计量资料使用(均数±标准差)表示,符合正态性和方差齐性的资料采用单因数方差分析(one-way ANOVA)进行组间比较,两两比较采用SNK检验,反之则进行Kruskal-Wallis H检验。检验水准为α=0.05。测序结果的数据分析均在奥维森云平台上进行。
图1(a)所示,与F组比较,造模第40 d,各组小鼠背部皮肤均出现红斑、结痂、脱皮的皮损表现,表明特异性皮炎模型造模成功;与E组比较,各干预组的皮损症状并无明显改善。同时HE染色镜检发现,F组小鼠背部皮肤组织各层界限清晰、结构完整、表皮层薄,而E组皮肤组织表现为角化过度、表皮层变厚,基底层细胞增生;与E组比较,各干预组的皮肤组织结构均未明显改善,见图1(b)
脾脏是最重要的免疫器官,具有调节各种免疫反应的作用,脾肿大提示免疫系统功能异常[22]。如图2表2所示,与F组比较,E组脾脏增大,脾脏指数显著升高(P<0.001);与E组比较,各干预组脾脏大小无明显差异,脾脏指数均升高,其中A组与E组相比显著升高,有统计学意义(P<0.01)。
ELISA测得小鼠血清IgE含量结果见图3(a),与F组比较,E组小鼠血清IgE水平显著升高(P<0.05),与E组比较,各干预组IgE水平均升高,仅有A组和B组的差异有统计学意义(P<0.001,P<0.01)。
图3(b)与(c),与F组比较,E组中IL-4转录水平显著增加(P<0.001),IFN-γ转录水平降低。与E组比较,除B组外其余干预组IL-4转录水平均降低,但差异无统计学意义;IFN-γ转录水平A、D组降低,B、C组升高,仅有C组有统计学差异(P<0.05)。
图3(d)与(e),与F组比较,E组IL-4蛋白水平显著升高(P<0.001),IFN-γ蛋白水平降低。与E组比较,各干预组IL-4蛋白水平均降低,但差异无统计学意义,IFN-γ蛋白水平A、D组降低,B、C组升高,仅有D组无统计学差异(P>0.05)。
图4,Specaccum物种累积曲线(a)趋向平缓,说明测序样本量充足,物种丰富度高。因此,我们通过α多样性指数来评估样本中微生物群落的丰度和多样性,见表3。在chao1指数、observed_species指数和PD_whole_tree指数水平上,与F组比较,E组三种指数均显著降低(P<0.01);与E组比较,A组和D组三种指数均升高(差异无统计学意义),B、C组都与F组相差不大。但在Shannon指数和Simpson指数水平上,与F组比较,E组两种指数均显著降低(P<0.01)。与E组比较,各干预组两种指数均升高,但仅有C组的Shannon指数有显著性(P<0.05)。提示AD小鼠肠道菌群丰富度显著降低,各干预组在经过AKK干预后,AD小鼠肠道菌群α多样性能在一定程度上能升高。
图4(b),基于unifrac距离的聚类热图显示,各个样本间存在一定程度的差异。图4(c)PCoA分析显示,当主坐标PC1=20.27%,PC2=14.43%时,F组与E组距离较远,说明微生物组成结构差异较大;而F组与A组距离较近,说明微生物组成结构分布较为相似。这一结果与NMDS分析所显示的结果较为一致,见图4(d)
在门水平上,如图5(a),与F组比较,E组拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)水平显著降低(P<0.05),厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)水平显著升高(P<0.05)。与E组比较,各干预组拟杆菌门水平均升高、厚壁菌门水平均降低,差异虽无统计学意义,但提示AKK在一定程度上恢复了各干预组小鼠在拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门水平上的相对丰度。
在属水平上,如图5(b),E组乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)水平显著高于F组(P<0.05);与E组比较,各干预组乳杆菌属水平均降低,接近F组的水平。
在种水平上,如图5(c),与F组比较,E组鼠乳杆菌(Lactobacill us_murinus)水平显著升高(P<0.001),Alistipes_inops水平和肠乳杆菌(Lactobacillus_intestinalis)水平均显著性降低(P<0.01)。与E组比较,各干预组鼠乳杆菌水平均降低,除D组外均有统计学意义(P<0.05);各干预组Alistipes_inops水平和肠乳杆菌水平均升高,仅有肠乳杆菌水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),提示AKK干预在一定程度上恢复了AD小鼠的菌群结构。
已有研究表明用DNCB诱导BALB/c小鼠构建的AD模型与人类AD具有相似的免疫现象,其可作为探究AD治疗策略的动物模型[23]。本研究通过构建AD小鼠模型,研究不同剂量AKK活菌和灭活菌对AD症状的影响。与空白组比较,AD小鼠背部出现明显的红斑、表皮脱落等典型症状,脾脏增大,皮肤病理组织明显增生,表明AD模型构建成功。但经过AKK干预后,上述症状和指标并未明显改变,与模型组差异不大,各干预组间也并未出现明显差异。说明本研究中AKK改善AD小鼠皮肤炎症的效果并不明显。而Jeong等人[24]用DNCB构建雄性NC/Nga小鼠AD模型,使用乳酸片球菌(PA)灌胃干预5周,结果显示AD小鼠的皮肤损伤和病理组织炎症得到改善。由于本文干预时间较短,使用的动物品系和性别也不同,因此还不能直接判定AKK对调节AD没有益处,需更多研究继续探讨AKK在AD免疫调节方面的作用。
在AD的发病机制中,急性期主要由Th2细胞介导免疫反应,随着慢性病变的出现转为Th1细胞介导,但仍以Th2免疫反应为主[25-26]。Th2细胞主要产生IL-4,与IL-5和IL-13共同参与IgE的合成,Th1细胞主要产生IFN-γ,在特应性发育中具有拮抗Th2细胞的作用[7,27]。血清总IgE水平升高是AD的一个主要标志,大约有80%的AD患者血清总IgE水平升高[28]。IFN-γ是调节Th1/Th2平衡的重要细胞因子,可促进由Th1细胞介导的免疫反应发生[26]。为了评估AKK的免疫调节作用,本研究测定了AKK干预后AD小鼠血清IgE水平、IL-4与IFN-γ转录水平和蛋白水平的变化。结果显示,模型组中血清IgE、IL-4(转录与蛋白)水平均显著高于对照组,IFN-γ(转录与蛋白)水平降低。经过AKK干预后,各组小鼠IgE水平并未降低,甚至高于模型组,推测可能是干预之后增强了小鼠体内的免疫应答反应。IL-4水平除低剂量活菌干预组的转录水平外均降低。IFN-γ(转录与蛋白)水平仅有低剂量活菌组和高剂量灭活组升高。Lee等人[29]用DNCB构建雄性NC/Nga小鼠AD模型,首次使用AKK菌株进行灌胃干预6周,结果显示,AKK菌株EBAMDK19与ATCC BAA-835(与DSM 22959属于同一株)均能有效缓解AD小鼠的皮肤炎症情况和降低血清IgE水平,改善了Th1/Th2免疫反应之间的不平衡,但EBAMDK19效果优于ATCC BAA-835,提示可能存在菌株特异性。本研究与他们的结果并不完全一致,推测可能有以下原因。一是黏蛋白附着于肠上皮细胞表面,有助于构建上皮保护屏障[30]。AKK粘附于肠上皮细胞上,通过降解黏蛋白获得能量并可加强肠细胞单层的完整性,保护肠道屏障[16,31]。但有研究表明,当AKK过度降解黏蛋白时,肠道屏障的完整性会降低,导致胃肠道对过敏蛋白的摄入增加,从而加剧机体免疫反应[32-33]。同时有研究表明,益生菌至少给药8周才能有效改善AD严重程度的评分[34]。因此要更加关注AKK干预剂量和干预时间的影响。二是Wakabayashi等人[35]研究表明,不同菌株对改善NC/Nga小鼠AD样病变具有免疫调节差异,因此菌株特异性也可能是原因之一。除此之外,推测小鼠品系、性别、造模过程及菌株的培养条件与处理方式也是可能的原因。
AD的发展与肠道菌群多样性和组成变化密切相关,与健康对照组比较,AD患者的α多样性降低,肠道菌群组成之间存在差异[36-38]。肠道微生物群优势菌门主要包括厚壁菌门与拟杆菌门,其比值增加与多种代谢疾病相关[39]。本研究结果显示,经过AKK干预后,AD小鼠的肠道菌群多样性能在一定程度上升高,厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门水平降低,属水平和种水平上的优势菌群相对丰度均趋向空白对照组水平。这与Bian等人[40]使用AKK干预结肠炎小鼠和Xie等人[41]使用银耳多糖干预AD小鼠得到的结果一致。提示AKK能够调节AD小鼠肠道菌群的多样性和菌群组成。其机制可能是肠道菌群的代谢物会激活宿主免疫细胞,增加抗炎免疫反应,以缓解AD的症状[42]
综上所述,本研究使用AKK干预AD小鼠虽未得到与预期完全一致的结果,但也能说明AKK在一定程度上能缓解AD小鼠体内的炎症反应,并调节了AD小鼠肠道菌群的多样性与组成。但由于本研究测定的炎症因子种类不够全面,不能很好的说明AKK对AD炎症的免疫调节作用,需要更多的证据进一步探索AKK对AD的作用,为预防和治疗AD及AKK作为益生菌的开发提供新策略。
  • 四川省科技厅重点研发项目(2019YFS0304)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308487
  • 接收时间:2023-08-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-02-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-26
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四川省科技厅重点研发项目(2019YFS0304)
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    1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041
    2.湖南省疾病预防控制中心

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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