Article(id=1241522775265964904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522764012647140, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307431, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1689868800000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773931696000, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1704816000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773931696000, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773931696000, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773931696000, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241522764012647140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773931693318, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773931808852, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241523248643494379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522764012647140, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241523248643494380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522764012647140, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=55, endPage=59, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241522776222266289, articleId=1241522775265964904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=The relationship between self-esteem and depression of left-behind children in rural areas: multiple mediating effects of social anxiety and loneliness, columnId=1228016568949474136, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Child and Adolescent Health, Maternal and Child Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the effect of self-esteem on depression of left-behind children in rural areas, and to investigate the mediating effect of social anxiety and loneliness.

Methods

A total of 779 rural left-behind children (422 boys and 357 girls) in northern Jiangsu were selected by cluster random sampling. A questionnaire survey was conducted with the use of self-esteem scale, social anxiety scale for children, children’s loneliness scale and center for epidemiologic studies depression scale. The multiple mediating effects were analyzed by structural equation model test.

Results

The self-esteem of left-behind children in rural areas was negatively correlated with social anxiety, loneliness, and depression (r=-0.38, -0.27, and -0.43, P <0.001), while social anxiety was positively correlated with loneliness and depression of left-behind children (r=0.25 and 0.50,P < 0.001). There was a positive correlation between loneliness and depression of left-behind children (r= 0.28, P < 0.001). Multiple mediating effect model analysis showed that social anxiety and loneliness could independently mediate the relationship between self-esteem and depression of left-behind children in rural areas, and the mediating effect values were -0.079(95%CI: -0.131 to -0.017) and -0.165 (95%CI: -0.253 to -0.110), respectively. It also played a chain mediating role through the intermediary chain of “social anxiety-loneliness”, and the mediating effect value was -0.124 (95%CI: -0.177 to -0.092).

Conclusion

The self-esteem of rural left-behind children can significantly reduce the level of social anxiety and loneliness, thus reducing the risk of depression of left-behind children.

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目的

探讨农村留守儿童自尊对抑郁影响,并考察社交焦虑、孤独感在其中的中介效应。

方法

采用整群随机抽样选取江苏苏北地区779名农村留守儿童(男422人,女357人)作为调查对象,运用采用自尊量表、儿童社交焦虑量表、儿童孤独感量表和流调中心用抑郁量表进行问卷调查,采用结构方程模型检验进行多重中介效应分析。

结果

(1)农村留守儿童自尊与社交焦虑、孤独感、抑郁均呈负相关且具有统计学意义(r=-0.38、-0.27、-0.43,P<0.001);留守儿童社交焦虑与孤独感、抑郁均呈正相关且具有统计学意义(r=0.25、0.50,P<0.001);留守儿童孤独感与抑郁呈正相关且具有统计学意义(r=0.28,P<0.001)。(2)多重中介效应模型分析显示社交焦虑、孤独感在农村留守儿童自尊与抑郁的关系中既可以独立发挥中介效应,中介效应值分别为-0.079(95%CI:-0.131 ~ -0.017)、-0.165(95%CI:-0.253 ~ -0.110);也可以通过“社交焦虑-孤独感”中介链发挥链式中介作用,中介效应值为-0.124(95% CI:-0.177 ~ -0.092)。

结论

农村留守儿童自尊能够显著降低社会焦虑和孤独感水平,进而减少留守儿童出现抑郁的风险。

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王华容,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=1bIV4ndE/Npsu+bclwrkEg==, magXml=yZWJ9jrMsnh5p7AtsFIIFw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=E1gXFN7cpGMavVG/DErcYQ==, pdfFileSize=701112, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=pZy/cVvknj616V1wC9eSPg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=qAG30ItqKwnGVFgesfRQkA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张岩(1980—),男,博士,教授,研究方向:心理健康教育

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注:a P<0.05,b P<0.01,c P<0.001。

, figureFileSmall=PI0wnnOBHqSxDI/hWa+5aA==, figureFileBig=2TnHkPZW3S2CTxjkUUYaWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241677626021048420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522775265964904, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Descriptive analysis of depression among left-behind children based on demographic characteristics

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人口统计学变量类别抑郁分值
(分,
频数(%)
性别男生28.06±9.0545.96
女生28.11±9.5054.04
是否独生子女独生子女28.74±9.199.37
非独生子女28.02±9.2790.63
年级三年级27.60±9.2620.15
四年级28.31±8.6232.61
五年级27.25±8.6824.52
六年级29.09±10.6122.72
), ArticleFig(id=1241677626142683242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522775265964904, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

留守儿童抑郁水平在人口统计学特征上的描述性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人口统计学变量类别抑郁分值
(分,
频数(%)
性别男生28.06±9.0545.96
女生28.11±9.5054.04
是否独生子女独生子女28.74±9.199.37
非独生子女28.02±9.2790.63
年级三年级27.60±9.2620.15
四年级28.31±8.6232.61
五年级27.25±8.6824.52
六年级29.09±10.6122.72
), ArticleFig(id=1241677626264318062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522775265964904, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Descriptive statistics and correlations between variables(r)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量自尊社交焦虑孤独感
自尊31.44±4.771.00
社交焦虑15.95±4.19-0.38*1.00
孤独感38.72±6.84-0.27*0.25*1.00
抑郁28.08±8.25-0.43*0.50*0.28 *
), ArticleFig(id=1241677626348204145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522775265964904, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

描述性结果及相关矩阵(r)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量自尊社交焦虑孤独感
自尊31.44±4.771.00
社交焦虑15.95±4.19-0.38*1.00
孤独感38.72±6.84-0.27*0.25*1.00
抑郁28.08±8.25-0.43*0.50*0.28 *
), ArticleFig(id=1241677626448867444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522775265964904, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Test of multiple mediation effect

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路径标准化间接效应估计值(95%CI
自尊-社交焦虑-抑郁-0.079(-0.131 ~ -0.017)
自尊-孤独感-抑郁-0.165(-0.253 ~ -0.110)
自尊-社交焦虑-孤独感-抑郁-0.124(-0.177 ~ -0.092)
), ArticleFig(id=1241677626562113658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522775265964904, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

多重中介效应检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路径标准化间接效应估计值(95%CI
自尊-社交焦虑-抑郁-0.079(-0.131 ~ -0.017)
自尊-孤独感-抑郁-0.165(-0.253 ~ -0.110)
自尊-社交焦虑-孤独感-抑郁-0.124(-0.177 ~ -0.092)
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农村留守儿童自尊与抑郁的关系——社交焦虑和孤独感的多重中介效应
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张岩 1 , 张琛璐 2 , 王华容 3
现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2024,51(1): 55-59
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现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2024, 51(1): 55-59
农村留守儿童自尊与抑郁的关系——社交焦虑和孤独感的多重中介效应
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张岩1, 张琛璐2, 王华容3
作者信息
  • 1.江苏第二师范学院教育科学学院,江苏 南京 211222
  • 2.江苏省连云港市厉庄高级中学
  • 3.南通大学航海医学研究所,江苏 南通 226019
  • 张岩(1980—),男,博士,教授,研究方向:心理健康教育

通讯作者:

王华容,E-mail:
The relationship between self-esteem and depression of left-behind children in rural areas: multiple mediating effects of social anxiety and loneliness
Yan ZHANG1, Chen-lu ZHANG2, Hua-rong WANG3
Affiliations
  • College of Educational Science, Jiangsu Second Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211222, China
出版时间: 2024-01-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307431
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目的

探讨农村留守儿童自尊对抑郁影响,并考察社交焦虑、孤独感在其中的中介效应。

方法

采用整群随机抽样选取江苏苏北地区779名农村留守儿童(男422人,女357人)作为调查对象,运用采用自尊量表、儿童社交焦虑量表、儿童孤独感量表和流调中心用抑郁量表进行问卷调查,采用结构方程模型检验进行多重中介效应分析。

结果

(1)农村留守儿童自尊与社交焦虑、孤独感、抑郁均呈负相关且具有统计学意义(r=-0.38、-0.27、-0.43,P<0.001);留守儿童社交焦虑与孤独感、抑郁均呈正相关且具有统计学意义(r=0.25、0.50,P<0.001);留守儿童孤独感与抑郁呈正相关且具有统计学意义(r=0.28,P<0.001)。(2)多重中介效应模型分析显示社交焦虑、孤独感在农村留守儿童自尊与抑郁的关系中既可以独立发挥中介效应,中介效应值分别为-0.079(95%CI:-0.131 ~ -0.017)、-0.165(95%CI:-0.253 ~ -0.110);也可以通过“社交焦虑-孤独感”中介链发挥链式中介作用,中介效应值为-0.124(95% CI:-0.177 ~ -0.092)。

结论

农村留守儿童自尊能够显著降低社会焦虑和孤独感水平,进而减少留守儿童出现抑郁的风险。

留守儿童  /  自尊  /  社交焦虑  /  孤独感  /  抑郁
Objective

To explore the effect of self-esteem on depression of left-behind children in rural areas, and to investigate the mediating effect of social anxiety and loneliness.

Methods

A total of 779 rural left-behind children (422 boys and 357 girls) in northern Jiangsu were selected by cluster random sampling. A questionnaire survey was conducted with the use of self-esteem scale, social anxiety scale for children, children’s loneliness scale and center for epidemiologic studies depression scale. The multiple mediating effects were analyzed by structural equation model test.

Results

The self-esteem of left-behind children in rural areas was negatively correlated with social anxiety, loneliness, and depression (r=-0.38, -0.27, and -0.43, P <0.001), while social anxiety was positively correlated with loneliness and depression of left-behind children (r=0.25 and 0.50,P < 0.001). There was a positive correlation between loneliness and depression of left-behind children (r= 0.28, P < 0.001). Multiple mediating effect model analysis showed that social anxiety and loneliness could independently mediate the relationship between self-esteem and depression of left-behind children in rural areas, and the mediating effect values were -0.079(95%CI: -0.131 to -0.017) and -0.165 (95%CI: -0.253 to -0.110), respectively. It also played a chain mediating role through the intermediary chain of “social anxiety-loneliness”, and the mediating effect value was -0.124 (95%CI: -0.177 to -0.092).

Conclusion

The self-esteem of rural left-behind children can significantly reduce the level of social anxiety and loneliness, thus reducing the risk of depression of left-behind children.

Left-behind children  /  Self-esteem  /  Social anxiety  /  Loneliness  /  Depression
张岩, 张琛璐, 王华容. 农村留守儿童自尊与抑郁的关系——社交焦虑和孤独感的多重中介效应. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (1) : 55 -59 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307431
Yan ZHANG, Chen-lu ZHANG, Hua-rong WANG. The relationship between self-esteem and depression of left-behind children in rural areas: multiple mediating effects of social anxiety and loneliness[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (1) : 55 -59 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307431
农村留守儿童是指外出务工连续三个月以上的农民托留在户籍所在地家乡,由父、母单方或其他亲属监护接受义务教育的适龄儿童少年[1]。由于缺少父母亲的陪伴、应对和支持,农村留守儿童心理健康与适应更容易出现问题。众多研究显示,农村留守儿童抑郁症状的检出率显著高于国内外非留守儿童抑郁症状的检出率[2-4]。研究发现,抑郁不仅能够给个体带来巨大的心理痛苦,而且严重影响个体的社会功能,引发儿童的问题行为,并增加个体自杀的风险[5-6]
自尊是指个人对自我价值和自我能力的情感体验,属于自我系统中的情感成分,具有一定的评价意义[7]。Beck (1967)[8]提出的抑郁易感性模型认为,个体对自我的消极认知和评价是抑郁发生的关键易感因素,低自尊是个体抑郁的重要预测指标。Zhou等[9]学者(2020)研究指出,低自尊水平个体在社会生活中对他人的拒绝更加敏感,在社会交往中难以产生依恋感,更容易诱发抑郁。众多研究也发现,留守儿童自尊对其抑郁水平具有显著的负向预测作用,自尊水平越低,抑郁水平越高[10-11]。抑郁的三维度模型进一步指出,低自尊水平不仅直接导致抑郁,而且能够加重个体其他易感性因素水平从而对抑郁产生间接影响[12]。综上,自尊可能是留守儿童抑郁的重要预测性因素。
孤独感是指自己所期望的交往水平与实际的交往水平产生差距时的一种主观心理感受或体验[13]。由于父母亲不在身边,留守儿童的情感需求得不到满足,有可能提升其孤独感水平,因此,孤独感是农村留守儿童常见的情绪体验之一。研究指出,孤独感往往是与抑郁伴随着出现的[14]。纵向研究也进一步发现:孤独感能够稳定的预测个体的抑郁水平[15]。因此,孤独感有可能是农村留守儿童抑郁的又一个易感性因素。同时,研究也指出,自尊是影响青少年孤独感的重要变量,低自尊水平的青少年往往伴随着更高的孤独感[16]。众多实证研究也证实,留守儿童自尊能够显著负向预测其孤独感水平[17-18]。基于抑郁的三维度模型,低水平自尊有可能提升农村留守儿童的孤独感,并进而诱发其产生抑郁的风险。
社交焦虑是个体对某一种或多种人际处境有强烈的忧虑、紧张不安或恐惧的情绪体验[19]。吴晓薇等学者(2015)指出,焦虑尤其是社交焦虑往往与抑郁是伴随着出现[20]。追踪研究进一步发现青少年早期的焦虑能够显著预测其后期的抑郁水平[21]。众多实证研究也发现社交焦虑能够显著正向预测个体的抑郁水平[22-23]。因此,社交焦虑有可能是留守儿童抑郁的另一个易感性因素。同时一项关于中国学生群体自尊与社交焦虑关系元分析发现自尊与社交焦虑存在着中等程度的负相关,低自尊水平个体跟容易出现社交焦虑[24]。实证研究也发现,具有农村留守经历的大学生自尊对社交焦虑具有显著的负向预测作用[25]。基于抑郁的三维度模型,社交焦虑有可能在农村留守儿童自尊与抑郁之间具有显著的中介效应。
同时,社会需要理论进一步指出,个体天生就有与人交往的需要,当人际交往需要得不到满足,就会产生孤独感[26]。社会焦虑水平高的留守儿童往往回避人际交往,从而导致人际交往需要得不到满足,并引发孤独感的出现。众多实证研究也发现社交焦虑对儿童、青少年的孤独感均具有显著的正向预测作用[27-28]。因此,农村留守儿童自尊可能通过“社交焦虑-孤独感”中介链的多重中介作用间接影响抑郁。
采取整群抽样,在江苏省苏北地区对两所农村小学779名留守儿童进行问卷调查。其中,女生357人,占45.96%,男生422人,占54.04%;三年级158人,占20.15%,四年级254人,占32.61%,五年级190人,占24.52%,六年级177人,占22.72%;独生子女74人,占9.37%,非独生子女705人,占90.63%。本研究已获得南通大学医学伦理委员会批准(20200041),调查之前已获得学生及其家长知情同意。
采用Rosenberg编制的自尊量表测量农村留守儿童的自尊水平。该量表共十道条目,比如“我能像大多数人一样能把事情做好”,采用4点计分(从1“非常不符合”到4“非常符合”),对个体的自我价值和自我接纳进行评定,得分越高说明个体感受到的自尊水平就越高。该量表已经在众多中国本土研究中被证明具有较高的信度和效度,本次研究中,总量表的内部一致性系数为0.79。
采用马弘的儿童社交焦虑量表修订版测量留守儿童的社会焦虑水平。该量表包含十道条目,共两个分量表,分别是否定评价和社交回避及苦恼。量表采用4点计分,从1“从不这样”到4“总是这样”。研究中,该量表的内部一致性系数为0.85,分量表的内部一致性系数为0.86、0.76。
采用刘平修订的儿童孤独量表来评定留守儿童的孤独情绪。该量表包含21道条目,比如“我觉得在有些活动中,我受到冷落”。量表采用李克特五点计分,从1“完全不符合”到5“完全符合”。本次研究中,该量表的内部一致性系数为0.89。
采用陈祉妍等人修订的流调中心用抑郁量表,用于评价留守儿童当前(最近一周)抑郁症状。该量表共包含20道条目,比如“即使在朋友和家人的帮助下,我也无法摆脱低落的情绪”。量表采用4点计分,1代表“很少或没有过”(少于1 d),4代表“很多时间或所有时候”(5~7 d),评分越高说明个体出现抑郁症状的频率就越高。本次研究中,该量表内部一致性系数为0.94。
运用SPSS23.0软件,采用描述性统计计算自尊得分、社交焦虑得分、孤独感得分与抑郁得分的平均数和标准差;采用Pearson积差相关分析探讨自尊、社交焦虑、孤独感与抑郁之间的关系。运用AMOS22.0建构结构方程模型,检验社交焦虑、孤独感在留守儿童自尊与抑郁关系中的中介效应。以α=0.05作为检验水准。
农村留守儿童自尊与社交焦虑、孤独感、抑郁均呈负相关且具有统计学意义(P<0.001);留守儿童社交焦虑与孤独感、抑郁均呈正相关且具有统计学意义(P<0.001);留守儿童孤独感与抑郁呈正相关且具有统计学意义(P<0.001)。见表12
为避免出现多项目造成的潜变量膨胀测量误差,本研究采用平衡取向方法分别对自尊、孤独感和抑郁三个量表进行打包处理。社交焦虑量表包含两个维度,所以不对其进行打包处理。
首先,将农村留守儿童自尊对抑郁的效应进行检验,模型拟合良好:χ2/v=2.17,TLI=0.98,CFI=0.96,RMSEA=0.059;农村留守儿童自尊对抑郁具有显著的负向预测作用(β=-0.48,P<0.001)。然后,将农村留守儿童自尊作为自变量、抑郁作为因变量,将社交焦虑和孤独感作为中介变量,运用结构方程模型的检验方法,其中参数估计和中介效应检验采用极大似然法和Bootstrap检验。模型拟合良好:χ2=887.90,χ2/v=2.31,RMSEA=0.051,TLI=0.98,CFI=0.97。该模型能够较好地解释社交焦虑、孤独感在农村留守儿童自尊与抑郁之间的中介作用。对模型中各个路径进行分析,可以发现:自尊对社交焦虑、孤独感具有显著的负向预测作用(β=-0.46、-0.32,P<0.001),对抑郁影响的直接效应为(β=-0.11,P<0.05);社交焦虑对孤独感、抑郁具有显著正向预测作用(β=0.54、0.17,P<0.001、0.01);孤独感对抑郁具有显著的正向预测作用(β=0.51,P<0.001)。其具体路径系数见图1
使用AMOS22.0软件,采取偏差校正的百分比Bootstrap检验,重复取样1 000次,通过编辑AMOS语法进行中介效应检验和置信区间估计。结果显示三条路径的中介效应均显著。其中,社交焦虑的独立中介效应值为-0.079(95%CI:-0.131 ~ -0.017);孤独感的独立中介效应值为-0.165(95%CI:-0.253 ~-0.110);社交焦虑、孤独感的链式中介效应值为-0.124(95% CI:-0.177 ~ -0.092)。中介效应总值为-0.368,占总效应的比例为76.67%。见表3
本研究以农村留守儿童作为研究对象,检验了社交焦虑、孤独感在农村留守儿童自尊与抑郁关系中的多重中介效应。结果发现:社会焦虑、孤独感在农村留守儿童自尊与抑郁的关系中既可以独立发挥中介效应,也可以通过“社交焦虑-孤独感”中介链发挥链式中介作用。
首先,研究发现农村留守儿童自尊对抑郁具有显著的负向预测作用,这与前人研究是相一致的[10-11],这一研究结论也再次验证了抑郁的易感性模型,即低自尊是诱发个体产生抑郁的易感性因素之一。同时压力-易感性模型进一步指出,个体易感性素质和压力双重危险因素导致了个体身心疾病,具有易感性素质的个体,在遭遇到压力环境时更容易产生某些精神疾病或行为问题[33]。农村留守儿童由于父母一方或者双方不在身边,更容易遭遇人际困扰、学习压力等压力性事件。在如此的压力环境下,低自尊更容易诱发农村留守儿童出现抑郁的风险。因此,农村留守儿童自尊对抑郁具有显著的负向预测作用是可以被解释的。
其次,研究还发现农村留守儿童社交焦虑、孤独感分别在自尊与抑郁关系中具有部分中介效应。自尊的恐惧管理理论指出,自尊能够保护个体免受先天对死亡的畏惧所产生的焦虑困扰以及摆脱所正在经历的焦虑[34]。一旦当自尊不能正常发挥其保护作用,就容易导致个体无法有效摆脱和缓解社交情境中的焦虑情绪,从而提升其社交焦虑水平[35]。同时,研究已经证实,焦虑是诱发个体出现抑郁的又一个易感性因素。基于抑郁的三维度模型,低自尊水平不仅直接导致抑郁,而且能够加重个体社交焦虑进而影响抑郁水平。因此,社交焦虑在农村留守儿童自尊与抑郁关系中具有显著的中介效应。同时,实证研究发现农村留守儿童自尊能够显著负向预测孤独感,低自尊水平的留守儿童孤独感水平更高[17-18]。而且,研究进一步发现孤独感往往是与抑郁伴随着出现的,是诱发个体出现抑郁的易感性因素[15]。根据抑郁的三维度模型,低自尊能够显著提升留守儿童孤独感水平,进一步增加其抑郁的风险。因此,孤独感在农村留守儿童自尊与抑郁关系中具有显著的中介效应也是可以被解释的。
最后,研究还进一步发现社交焦虑、孤独感在农村留守儿童自尊与抑郁关系中具有链式中介作用。对于低自尊水平的留守儿童而言,无法有效摆脱和缓解其在社交情境中的焦虑情绪,为了缓解社交焦虑的困扰,往往选择回避人际交往;同时基于孤独感的社会需要理论,当留守儿童人际交往需求得不到满足,孤独感会更加经常性地出现,而孤独感会进一步诱发其出现抑郁的风险。因此,“社交焦虑-孤独感”在留守儿童自尊与抑郁关系中发现链式中介效应也是可以得到解释的。
综上,本研究发现农村留守儿童自尊能够降低社会焦虑和孤独感水平,进而降低抑郁的风险。这一研究发现提醒我们应当关注农村留守儿童自尊对其社交焦虑、孤独感和抑郁的影响,家庭与学校应当帮助留守儿童进行积极的自我认知,提升其自尊水平。同时,也可以通过多种措施降低农村留守儿童社交焦虑和孤独感,进而减少留守儿童抑郁的风险,促进其心理健康发展。当然,本次研究还存在一些不足,一是本次研究采用的是横断面研究,严格意义而言,是无法进行因果关系推断,在今后研究中,我们将会通过采用追踪研究设计进一步检验本次研究发现;二是本次研究的问卷调查采用的是自陈式量表,可能会出现社会赞许倾向等偏差,今后研究将会采用更加客观的心理测量方法对数据进行收集。
  • 教育部人文社科规划基金项目(22YJA880087)
  • 江苏省教育科学“十四五”规划2021年度重点课题(B/2021/01/84)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307431
  • 接收时间:2023-07-21
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-01-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-21
基金
教育部人文社科规划基金项目(22YJA880087)
江苏省教育科学“十四五”规划2021年度重点课题(B/2021/01/84)
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    1.江苏第二师范学院教育科学学院,江苏 南京 211222
    2.江苏省连云港市厉庄高级中学
    3.南通大学航海医学研究所,江苏 南通 226019

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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