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Article(id=1241522774297080653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522764012647140, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307382, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1689609600000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773931695770, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1704816000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773931695770, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773931695770, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773931695770, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241522764012647140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773931693318, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773931808852, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241523248643494379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522764012647140, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241523248643494380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522764012647140, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=40, endPage=44, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241522775215633253, articleId=1241522774297080653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=A study on personal and family related factors of unhealthy eating behavior of fifth-grade children in Beijing, columnId=1228016572783063333, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Nutrition and Food Hygiene, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To describe children’s unhealthy eating behavior, to explore the influence of individual and family factors on children’s unhealthy eating behavior, and to provide suggestions for children’s health education and promotion.

Methods

By using the method of random cluster sampling, a questionnaire survey was conducted among 2 452 fifth-grade students and their parents from 16 medium-sized primary schools in 4 administrative regions of Beijing.

Results

The percentage of consumption frequency of sugary beverages, sweets, and fried puffed foods ≥ 4 days per week was 13.1%, 19.3%, and 11.0%,respectively. The results of multiple linear regression showed that the stronger ability of perceptual behavior control in personal factors (β=-0.17, P<0.01), stronger subjective supervision in family factors (β=-0.15, P<0.01), less food reserve (β=-0.14, P<0.01), and better parents’ dietary behavior (β=0.14, P<0.01) were associated with better eating behavior.

Conclusion

Children’s unhealthy eating behavior is affected by many family factors. Health education for parents and control and intervention of children’s unhealthy eating behavior should be strengthened.

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目的

描述儿童的不良饮食行为，探索个体和家庭因素对儿童不良饮食行为的影响，为儿童的健康教育、健康促进提供建议。

方法

采用随机整群抽样方法，对北京市4个行政区16所规模中等的小学五年级共2 452名学生及其家长进行问卷调查。

结果

含糖饮料、甜食、油炸膨化食品食用频率≥4 d/周的百分比分别为13.1%、19.3%、11.0%。多元线性回归结果显示，个人因素中的感知行为控制能力越强（β=-0.17，P<0.01）、家庭因素中的主观规范越强（β=-0.15，P<0.01）、食物储备越少（β=-0.14，P<0.01）、家长饮食行为越好（β=0.14，P<0.01）则儿童饮食行为越好。

结论

儿童不良饮食行为受家庭的多种因素影响，应加强对家长的健康教育，加强对儿童不良饮食行为的控制与干预。

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段佳丽，E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点，除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=yd3Z9RgECR4tVJNRClH/GQ==, magXml=gIDZd/y7SsdVoxhmiEYfXw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=S8YisZcwztJtD1Kl1fkndw==, pdfFileSize=574140, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=YMe2A0RWofkTRsUHD2Hgrg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

董元（1999—），女，硕士在读，研究方向：社会医学与健康教育

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董元（1999—），女，硕士在读，研究方向：社会医学与健康教育

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Chinese Journal of School Health, 2012, 33(2): 158-159, 161., articleTitle=Status of snacks consumption among pupils and correlations with their parents’ knowledge and attitude in Jing'an District in Shanghai, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241677621512163866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522774297080653, awardId=71673031, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(71673031), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241677613178081395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522774297080653, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241677613190664310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522774297080653, companyId=1241677613178081395, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241677613203247223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522774297080653, companyId=1241677613178081395, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.北京大学公共卫生学院，北京 100191)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241677613358436482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522774297080653, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241677613366825090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522774297080653, companyId=1241677613358436482, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.北京市疾病预防控制中心营养与食品卫生所，北京 100013)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241677618727145922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522774297080653, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Dependent variable, independent variable , reliability analysis, and validity analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型因素举例题数得分范围(分)克朗巴哈系数KMO*解释百分比（%）
因变量儿童不良饮食行为你食用甜食的频率为33～150.680.6660.91
自变量行为态度食用过多的含糖食物和饮料，可能发胖77～350.520.6650.38
主观规范家长会限制你吃甜食、饮料、油炸食品11～5
行为控制我无法自主选择每天吃的食物44～200.710.7454.88
家长不良饮食行为食用甜食的频率33～150.710.6663.44
食物储备家中储备甜点情况44～200.750.7257.09
), ArticleFig(id=1241677618844586439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522774297080653, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

因变量、自变量与信效度分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型因素举例题数得分范围(分)克朗巴哈系数KMO*解释百分比（%）
因变量儿童不良饮食行为你食用甜食的频率为33～150.680.6660.91
自变量行为态度食用过多的含糖食物和饮料，可能发胖77～350.520.6650.38
主观规范家长会限制你吃甜食、饮料、油炸食品11～5
行为控制我无法自主选择每天吃的食物44～200.710.7454.88
家长不良饮食行为食用甜食的频率33～150.710.6663.44
食物储备家中储备甜点情况44～200.750.7257.09
), ArticleFig(id=1241677618995581390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522774297080653, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The unhealthy eating behaviors in children ［n（%）］

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品摄食频次（d/周）
6～74～52～3<1
含糖饮料108(4.5)204(8.6)530(22.3)1 534(64.6)
甜食122(5.2)336(14.1)851(35.8)1 067(44.9)
油炸膨化食品81(3.4)182(7.6)505(21.3)1 608(67.7)
), ArticleFig(id=1241677619096244696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522774297080653, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

儿童不良饮食情况［n（%）］

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品摄食频次（d/周）
6～74～52～3<1
含糖饮料108(4.5)204(8.6)530(22.3)1 534(64.6)
甜食122(5.2)336(14.1)851(35.8)1 067(44.9)
油炸膨化食品81(3.4)182(7.6)505(21.3)1 608(67.7)
), ArticleFig(id=1241677619192713699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522774297080653, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Unhealthy eating behaviors of children with different characteristics

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影响因素及类型人数（%）不良饮食行为得分（分，）t值P值
性别男1 259(53.0)7.3±2.52.182<0.001
女1 117(47.0)7.1±2.2
独生子女是1 248(52.5)7.2±2.41.4220.395
否1 124(47.3)7.3±2.4
), ArticleFig(id=1241677619310154220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522774297080653, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同特征儿童不良饮食行为情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素及类型人数（%）不良饮食行为得分（分，）t值P值
性别男1 259(53.0)7.3±2.52.182<0.001
女1 117(47.0)7.1±2.2
独生子女是1 248(52.5)7.2±2.41.4220.395
否1 124(47.3)7.3±2.4
), ArticleFig(id=1241677619540840950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522774297080653, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Spearman correlation analysis of unhealthy eating behaviors and related factors in children

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型影响因素M Q1Q3r值P值
个体因素行为态度302732-0.09<0.01
行为控制181620-0.24<0.01
家庭因素主观规范535-0.19<0.01
家长不良饮食行为6580.25<0.01
食物储备141215-0.23<0.01
零花钱（元/周）100200.10<0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1241677621025624573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522774297080653, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

儿童不良饮食行为与相关因素的Spearman相关分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型影响因素M Q1Q3r值P值
个体因素行为态度302732-0.09<0.01
行为控制181620-0.24<0.01
家庭因素主观规范535-0.19<0.01
家长不良饮食行为6580.25<0.01
食物储备141215-0.23<0.01
零花钱（元/周）100200.10<0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1241677621164036612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522774297080653, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Results of multiple linear regression of unhealthy eating behaviors in children

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素及常量β(95%CI)标准化系数Beta标准误t值P值
模型一(常量)11.099(10.274～11.923)0.42126.391<0.001
性别（男=0）-0.100(-0.300～0.077)-0.0230.096-1.1630.245
独生子女（“否”=0）-0.100(-0.287～0.088)-0.0210.096-1.0420.298
行为态度-0.025(-0.051～0.001)-0.0400.013-1.9790.048
行为控制-0.177(-0.207～-0.147)-0.2370.150-11.589<0.001
模型二(常量)12.539(11.420～13.658)0.57121.972<0.001
性别（男=0）-0.184(-0.366～-0.001)-0.0380.093-1.9750.050
独生子女（“否”=0）-0.224(-0.406～-0.042)-0.0470.093-2.4130.016
行为态度-0.012(-0.036～0.013)-0.0190.013-0.9490.342
感知行为控制-0.130(-0.160～-0.101)-0.1750.015-8.639<0.001
家长饮食行为0.140(0.097～0.184)0.1390.0226.323<0.001
主观规范-0.149(-0.189～-0.110)-0.1490.020-7.383<0.001
食物储备-0.133(-0.173～-0.093)-0.1430.020-6.518<0.001
零花钱（周/元）0.001(-0.002～0.003)0.0100.0010.5400.589
), ArticleFig(id=1241677621277282827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522774297080653, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

儿童不良饮食行为的多元线性回归结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素及常量β(95%CI)标准化系数Beta标准误t值P值
模型一(常量)11.099(10.274～11.923)0.42126.391<0.001
性别（男=0）-0.100(-0.300～0.077)-0.0230.096-1.1630.245
独生子女（“否”=0）-0.100(-0.287～0.088)-0.0210.096-1.0420.298
行为态度-0.025(-0.051～0.001)-0.0400.013-1.9790.048
行为控制-0.177(-0.207～-0.147)-0.2370.150-11.589<0.001
模型二(常量)12.539(11.420～13.658)0.57121.972<0.001
性别（男=0）-0.184(-0.366～-0.001)-0.0380.093-1.9750.050
独生子女（“否”=0）-0.224(-0.406～-0.042)-0.0470.093-2.4130.016
行为态度-0.012(-0.036～0.013)-0.0190.013-0.9490.342
感知行为控制-0.130(-0.160～-0.101)-0.1750.015-8.639<0.001
家长饮食行为0.140(0.097～0.184)0.1390.0226.323<0.001
主观规范-0.149(-0.189～-0.110)-0.1490.020-7.383<0.001
食物储备-0.133(-0.173～-0.093)-0.1430.020-6.518<0.001
零花钱（周/元）0.001(-0.002～0.003)0.0100.0010.5400.589
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北京市五年级儿童不良饮食行为的个人和家庭相关因素研究
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董元 1 , 李智婧 1 , 纪颖 1 , 张炎 2 , 段佳丽 2
现代预防医学 | 营养与食品卫生 2024,51(1): 40-44
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现代预防医学 | 营养与食品卫生 2024, 51(1): 40-44
北京市五年级儿童不良饮食行为的个人和家庭相关因素研究
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董元1, 李智婧1, 纪颖1, 张炎2, 段佳丽2
作者信息
  • 1.北京大学公共卫生学院，北京 100191
  • 2.北京市疾病预防控制中心营养与食品卫生所，北京 100013

    • 董元（1999—），女，硕士在读，研究方向：社会医学与健康教育

通讯作者:

段佳丽，E-mail:
A study on personal and family related factors of unhealthy eating behavior of fifth-grade children in Beijing
Yuan DONG1, Zhi-jing LI1, Ying JI1, Yan ZHANG2, Jia-li DUAN2
Affiliations
  • School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
出版时间: 2024-01-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307382
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摘要
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目的

描述儿童的不良饮食行为，探索个体和家庭因素对儿童不良饮食行为的影响，为儿童的健康教育、健康促进提供建议。

方法

采用随机整群抽样方法，对北京市4个行政区16所规模中等的小学五年级共2 452名学生及其家长进行问卷调查。

结果

含糖饮料、甜食、油炸膨化食品食用频率≥4 d/周的百分比分别为13.1%、19.3%、11.0%。多元线性回归结果显示，个人因素中的感知行为控制能力越强（β=-0.17，P<0.01）、家庭因素中的主观规范越强（β=-0.15，P<0.01）、食物储备越少（β=-0.14，P<0.01）、家长饮食行为越好（β=0.14，P<0.01）则儿童饮食行为越好。

结论

儿童不良饮食行为受家庭的多种因素影响，应加强对家长的健康教育，加强对儿童不良饮食行为的控制与干预。

儿童  /  不良饮食行为  /  家庭因素  /  计划行为理论
Objective

To describe children’s unhealthy eating behavior, to explore the influence of individual and family factors on children’s unhealthy eating behavior, and to provide suggestions for children’s health education and promotion.

Methods

By using the method of random cluster sampling, a questionnaire survey was conducted among 2 452 fifth-grade students and their parents from 16 medium-sized primary schools in 4 administrative regions of Beijing.

Results

The percentage of consumption frequency of sugary beverages, sweets, and fried puffed foods ≥ 4 days per week was 13.1%, 19.3%, and 11.0%,respectively. The results of multiple linear regression showed that the stronger ability of perceptual behavior control in personal factors (β=-0.17, P<0.01), stronger subjective supervision in family factors (β=-0.15, P<0.01), less food reserve (β=-0.14, P<0.01), and better parents’ dietary behavior (β=0.14, P<0.01) were associated with better eating behavior.

Conclusion

Children’s unhealthy eating behavior is affected by many family factors. Health education for parents and control and intervention of children’s unhealthy eating behavior should be strengthened.

Children  /  Unhealthy eating behavior  /  Family factors  /  Theory of planned behavior
董元, 李智婧, 纪颖, 张炎, 段佳丽. 北京市五年级儿童不良饮食行为的个人和家庭相关因素研究. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (1) : 40 -44 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307382
Yuan DONG, Zhi-jing LI, Ying JI, Yan ZHANG, Jia-li DUAN. A study on personal and family related factors of unhealthy eating behavior of fifth-grade children in Beijing[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (1) : 40 -44 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307382
正文
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儿童过多摄入高糖、高盐、高脂肪的食物会增加慢性疾病的发生风险[1]。因此，《中国居民膳食指南（2022）》和《中国儿童青少年零食指南（2018）》[2]中均提到，学龄儿童应注意控制盐、油、糖的摄入，不喝含糖饮料，更不能用含糖饮料替代白水，并少吃含脂肪较高的油炸食品，如炸薯条、炸鸡腿等，限制含反式脂肪酸食物的摄入，如人造奶油蛋糕、起酥糕点等。此外，家庭应构建健康食物环境，提供平衡膳食，还应通过营养教育、行为示范、制定食物规则等方法，鼓励和支持学龄儿童提高营养素养并养成健康饮食行为[3]。
既往对个人因素和家庭因素的研究大多关注儿童和家长的知识、态度、消费行为等，而基于行为理论的研究和关注家庭环境因素的研究相对较少。本研究基于计划行为理论，考虑到儿童独立完成问卷的能力，选取北京市小学五年级的学生，描述儿童的不良饮食行为情况，并分析主观规范，以及包括家长态度在内的家长自身行为、家庭零食储备等家庭因素对儿童不良饮食行为的影响，为儿童的健康教育、健康促进提供建议。
1　对象与方法
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1.1　研究对象及抽样方法
本研究的研究对象为北京市五年级小学生。本研究于2018年4—5月，在北京市城区的海淀区、朝阳区和郊区的大兴区、延庆区，随机抽取每个区内规模中等的小学各4所，共16所小学。根据选定学校的具体规模在五年级抽取3～4个班级，在选定班级内选择全部符合纳入标准的学生及其家长参与项目调查，共发放调查问卷2 452份，回收问卷2 452份，剔除不合格问卷，有效问卷为2 376份，有效回收率为96.9%。
1.2　方法
1.2.1　调查工具
采用自行设计的问卷进行调查，并进行预调查。评价问卷的信效度，根据反馈信息进行修正完善。儿童问卷内容包括儿童的一般情况、家庭饮食环境、儿童对饮食与体重的态度、儿童感受到来自家长对饮食的控制与态度等。家长问卷内容包括家庭的一般状况和家长饮食情况、家庭食物储备等。问卷信效度见下述内容。
1.2.2　数据收集方法
采用自填问卷调查法。学生问卷在调查员的指导下完成，并当场收回，家长问卷家长自填完成，由学校代为回收，经审查剔除不合格的无效问卷。
1.3　研究框架
本研究以儿童不良饮食行为作为因变量。儿童不良饮食行为采用5级评分，（分别问询含糖饮料、甜食、油炸膨化食品的食用频率，6～7 d/周、4～5 d/周、2～3 d/周、1 d/周或更少、未食用分别计分为5～1分，）将所有分数累加得到总分，得分越高，不良饮食行为越频繁，饮食行为越差。
本研究的自变量包含个体因素与家庭因素。其中，个体因素包括性别、独生子女，以及来自于计划行为理论的行为态度和感知行为控制两个因素。家庭因素包括家长不良饮食行为、食物储备、零花钱，以及来自于计划行为理论的主观规范因素。计划行为理论（theory of planned behavior，TPB），是可了解并预测个体的行为意图及其感知和自我效能[4-6]，并且显著提高人们的具体态度对行为的解释力的社会心理学模型[7]，经常用于预测少年儿童饮食意愿和行为[8-9]。
分别对因变量、行为态度、感知行为控制、家长不良饮食行为和食物储备几个因素测量题目做探索性因子分析与信度分析，提取因子数均为1，信度尚可。测量例题及信效度分析结果见表1。
1.4　统计分析
数据采用EpiData3.0软件平行双录入。连续变量采用均数、中位数进行统计描述；分类变量采用比例进行统计描述。单因素分析采用Spearman相关和独立样本t检验，多因素分析采用多元线性回归分析建立模型。采用SPSS26进行统计分析，检验水准α=0.05。
1.5　伦理声明
本研究严格遵循知情同意、自愿参与和保密原则。本研究通过北京市疾控中心/北京市预防医学研究中心伦理委员会审查和批准（伦理审查批准编号：201805）。
2　结果
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2.1　调查对象基本情况
在本次研究中，有男生1 259人，占53.0%，女生1 117人，占47.0%；有1 248名独生子女，占52.5%，1 124名非独生子女，占47.3%。
2.2　儿童不良饮食行为现状
数据结果显示，儿童不良饮食行为的实际得分在3～15分之间，均值为（7.23±2.39）分，见表2。
2.3　不同特征儿童的不良饮食行为得分及单因素分析
采用独立样本t检验分析不同特征儿童的不良饮食行为得分，结果表明，不同性别的儿童在不良饮食行为得分方面的差异具有显著性，男性略微高于女性，见表3。对各个连续变量进行Spearman相关分析，结果表明各连续变量均与不良饮食行为相关且具有统计学意义，见表4。
2.4　儿童不良饮食行为影响因素的多元线性回归分析
以不良饮食行为得分为因变量，以前述影响因素为自变量，进行多元线性回归。模型一只纳入个人因素；模型二在模型一的基础上纳入家庭因素。模型一、模型二的调整后R2分别为0.062、0.146。分析中采用输入法拟合模型，检验水准为0.05。共线性诊断结果，VIF值均<1.4，不存在共线性问题。回归标准化残差的正态P-P图结果表明，残差具有正态性。结果显示，独生子女的饮食行为好于非独生子女；自我控制不良饮食行为的能力越强、主观感受得限制越多、家长饮食行为越好、家庭食物储备越少的儿童，饮食行为越好。各影响因素对饮食行为的影响从大到小分别为，感知行为控制、主观规范、家长行为与食物储备。见表5。
3　讨论
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本研究结果表明，本次调查中北京市五年级儿童整体的不良饮食行为发生水平较低，但与《中国居民膳食指南》的“不吃”或“少吃”建议相比仍有一定差距。本研究结果显示，13.1%的儿童饮用含糖饮料的频率在每周4次以上，低于2017年北京市的一项研究[10]所显示的，31.77%的学生每周喝4次以上饮料。本次研究中，有64.6%的儿童饮用含糖饮料的频率小于每周一次，接近《中国居民膳食指南》中推荐的不喝含糖饮料水平。本研究的甜食和油炸膨化食品的食用频率在4～5 d/周的比例分别为14.1%和7.6%，与一项2018年在北京市通州区开展的研究比较接近[11]，其研究结果为16.98%的儿童食用奶油蛋糕、夹心饼干等糕点的频率在4～6次/周；8.3%的儿童食用薯片、虾条、米饼等膨化食品的频率为4～6次/周。本研究还发现，油炸膨化食品的食用频率小于含糖饮料与甜食，这一结果与一项在青海开展的研究结果[12]基本相符。
在个体因素层面，本研究发现，不同性别儿童不良饮食情况差异并不显著，这与2013年开展的一项研究[13]结果不符，该研究发现中小学女生喝饮料频率≥4次/周的比例为25.3%，低于男生的38.0%，而女生吃零食频率≥5 d/周的比例为29.5%，高于男生的24.6%。可能由于两项研究在不同年级的儿童中开展有关。2015年一项研究[14]发现，不同性别儿童消费零食种类存在差异，男生消费饮料、冷饮、膨化食品报告率高于女生，女生消费奶及奶制品、糖果类、果蔬干的报告率高于男生。本研究尽管在零食整体上未见性别差异，但在种类分析中分析了不同零食种类选择的性别差异，发现男性饮用含糖饮料更为频繁，与以往研究类似。零食选择是否存在性别偏好有待进一步研究。本研究同时发现，独生子女饮食情况好于非独生子女，不同于既往研究的非独生子女饮食行为更好[15-16]。大部分既往研究认为，在独生子女家庭模式下，容易出现家庭成员对儿童抚养的过度关注和溺爱，导致儿童不良饮食行为的形成。本研究非独生子女零食食用情况更多，可能与非独生子女食用零食会受兄弟姐妹影响有关，如会和兄弟姐妹一起吃零食。台湾省一项定性研究发现[17]，兄弟姐妹存在一起去买含糖饮料和甜食以及分享食物的行为。行为态度与感知行为控制，两者作为两个个体因素，是计划行为理论的重要因素。本研究表明，感知行为控制方面，自我控制不良饮食行为的能力越强的儿童，其饮食行为越好，这与北京的一项研究[18]结果基本相符。这提示我们，应这提示我们，提高儿童自身选择和坚持食用健康食品的能力，使儿童正向控制自己行为是必要的。而行为态度的单因素分析结果显示相关性弱，多元线性回归结果不显著，可能与儿童身心发育尚未成熟，其态度会受到家长、同伴等多方面外在因素影响，难以形成明确清晰的态度有关。
既往研究[19]表明，家庭因素是儿童饮食行为的重要影响因素。本研究中多元线性回归发现，纳入家庭因素比只考虑个体因素的R2有所上升，解释的儿童不良饮食行为变异增加，这表明，对于儿童不良饮食行为，家庭因素能够较好补充个体因素之外的影响因素。家庭因素中根据标准化系数，主观规范作为家庭因素，也是计划行为理论的重要因素。本研究表明，主观规范与不良饮食行为呈负性相关，这一结果与2009年两项上海的研究[20-21]结果基本相符。儿童主观上受到的规范与控制越多、饮食行为越好，这提示我们，家长需加强对儿童零食或不健康食品摄入，并加强对儿童健康行为的引导及不良行为的纠正与控制。家长不良饮食行为与儿童不良饮食行为呈正相关，提示我们，家长在家庭饮食中具有主导作用，家长的行为对儿童行为具有引导作用，家长在家庭中应当对儿童起到良好表率，以身作则，选择健康食品，尽量不吃或少吃零食。食物储备与儿童不良饮食行为呈负相关，提示家庭应减少不健康食品的储备，尽量不购买不健康食品。
本研究具有一定的局限性。本研究为横断面研究，因果推断效力有限。其次，本研究的研究对象仅为五年级的儿童和其家长，是考虑到五年级学生在评价行为、态度和感知环境中的具有一定的能力，并且也具备了自填问卷的能力，但可能会导致结果外推至整个学龄儿童或中儿童人群受限。
综上所述，儿童自身自我控制不良饮食行为的能力、儿童感知到家长对其饮食的控制与管理、家长饮食行为和食物储备是儿童不良饮食行为的重要影响因素。应加强对家长的健康教育，使其提高自身饮食与营养知识，加强对儿童饮食行为的控制与干预，为儿童起到良好示范作用，改善不良饮食行为。
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2024年第51卷第1期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307382
  • 接收时间：2023-07-18
  • 首发时间：2026-03-19
  • 出版时间：2024-01-10
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  • 收稿日期：2023-07-18
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(71673031)
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    1.北京大学公共卫生学院，北京 100191
    2.北京市疾病预防控制中心营养与食品卫生所，北京 100013

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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