Article(id=1241522773470802761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522764012647140, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307216, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1689091200000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773931695573, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1704816000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773931695573, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773931695573, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773931695573, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241522764012647140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773931693318, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773931808852, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241523248643494379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522764012647140, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241523248643494380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522764012647140, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=34, endPage=39, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241522775161107299, articleId=1241522773470802761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Pollution level and health risk assessment of arsenic and cadmium around Daye copper and iron smelter, columnId=1228016570660745413, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Environmental and Occupational Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the pollution status of arsenic and cadmium in the surrounding area of Daye copper and iron smelter in Huangshi city, Hubei Province, and to evaluate the health risk level of arsenic and cadmium exposure around the mining area.

Methods

The pollution status of arsenic and cadmium in environmental media was evaluated by single factor pollution index method and ground accumulation index method, and the health risk assessment model of human exposure pollutants was used to evaluate the health risk of arsenic and cadmium via different exposure pathways.

Results

The single factor pollution index (Pi) of arsenic and cadmium in indoor air and atmosphere were 2.47 and 2.67 (2 < Pi < 3, moderate pollution), respectively, and the Pi of heavy metal arsenic and cadmium in surface water were 1.50 and 1.21, respectively (1 < Pi < 2, mild pollution) in the 10 km range of downwind to southeast of the smelter. The geoaccumulation index (Igeo) of arsenic in sediment samples was 3.87 (3 < Igeo < 4, severe pollution), the Igeo of cadmium was 9.07 (Igeo > 5, severe pollution), the Igeo of arsenic in dust samples was 1.89 (1 < Igeo < 2, moderate pollution), the Igeo of cadmium was 4.80 (4 < Igeo < 5, severe pollution), the Igeo of arsenic in soil samples was 0.27 (0 < Igeo < 1, no moderate pollution), and the Igeo of cadmium was 2.57 (2 < Igeo < 3, moderate-severe pollution). The hazard index (HI) of non-carcinogenic risk of arsenic and cadmium in residents was 11.75 and 1.03, respectively. Exposure to arsenic and cadmium in this area had a potential non-carcinogenic risk to human health. The hazard quotient (HQ) of non-carcinogenic risk of arsenic and cadmium ingested through the digestive tract was 9.89 and 1.03, respectively, and the HQ of respiratory intake was 1.86 and 8.74 × 10-4, respectively. The HQ of skin contact was 7.47×10-4 and 2.91×10-4, respectively. The total carcinogenic risk index (TCR) of arsenic and cadmium was 1.53×10-3 and 2.15×10-3, respectively(TCR > 1.00×10-4). The carcinogenic risk index (R) of arsenic and cadmium intake through digestive tract was 1.53×10-3 and 2.15×10-3, respectively. The R value through respiratory tract was 4.10×10-5 and 1.89×10-6 respectively, and the R value through skin contact was 4.72×10-8 and 1.20×10-7, respectively.

Conclusion

The environmental media in the range of 10 km to the southeast of the smelter are polluted by arsenic and cadmium, and the effects of arsenic and cadmium exposure on the health of residents in the area exceed the acceptable level. The non-carcinogenic risk level and carcinogenic risk level of arsenic and cadmium exposure to residents in this area are as follows: intake through digestive tract > inhalation through respiratory tract > exposure through skin.

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目的

调查湖北黄石市大冶铜铁冶炼厂周边区域砷和镉的污染现状,评估该矿区周围砷和镉暴露健康风险水平。

方法

采用单因子污染指数法和地累积指数法评价环境介质中砷和镉污染现状;采用人体暴露污染物的健康风险评估模型评估不同暴露途径中砷和镉对人体的健康风险。

结果

该冶炼厂主导风向下风向东南方的10 km范围内,室内空气和大气中砷和镉的单因子污染指数(Pi)分别是2.47和2.67(2<Pi≤3,中度污染);地表水中重金属砷和镉的Pi分别是1.50和1.21(1<Pi≤2,轻度污染)。沉积物样品中砷的地累积指数(Igeo)为3.87(3<Igeo<4,重度污染),镉的Igeo为9.07(Igeo>5,严重污染);积尘样品中的砷的Igeo为1.89(1<Igeo<2,中度污染),镉的Igeo为4.80(4<Igeo<5,重度-严重污染);土壤样品中砷的Igeo为0.27(0<Igeo<1,无-中度污染),镉的Igeo为2.57(2<Igeo<3,中度-重度污染)。居民中砷和镉非致癌风险的危害指数(HI)大小分别为11.75和1.03,该地区砷和镉的暴露对人体健康存在潜在的非致癌风险,砷和镉经消化道摄入非致癌风险的危害商(HQ)大小分别为9.89和1.03,经呼吸道摄入的HQ分别为1.86和8.74×10-4,经皮肤接触的HQ分别为7.47×10-4和2.91×10-4;居民中砷和镉总致癌风险指数(TCR)大小分别为1.53×10-3和2.15×10-3 (TCR>1.00×10-4),该地区砷和镉的暴露对居民健康的致癌风险已不可忽略,砷和镉经消化道摄入的致癌风险指数(R)分别为1.53×10-3和2.15×10-3,经呼吸道吸入的R分别为4.10×10-5和1.89×10-6,经皮肤接触的R分别为4.72×10-8和1.20×10-7

结论

该冶炼厂主导风向下风向东南方的10 km范围内的环境介质受到砷和镉的污染,环境介质中砷和镉暴露对区域内居民健康的影响超过了可接受水平。该地区砷和镉暴露对居民的非致癌风险水平和致癌风险水平均表现为,经消化道摄入>经呼吸道吸入>经皮肤接触。

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常薇,E-mail:
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罗利霞(1992—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:劳动卫生与环境卫生学

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Journal of Zhengzhou University of Light Industry(Natural Science Edition), 2022,37(4): 118-126., articleTitle=Ecological and health risk assessment of heavy metals in urban soils from a typical southwest capital city, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241677636125127001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522773470802761, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=34, issue=7, pageStart=705, pageEnd=709, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=29, authorNames=周少磊, 刘波, 王鹏, journalName=预防医学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=周少磊,刘波,王鹏,等.北京市通州区农村饮用水砷暴露健康风险评估[J].预防医学202234(7):705-709., articleTitle=北京市通州区农村饮用水砷暴露健康风险评估, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241677636196430172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522773470802761, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=34, issue=7, pageStart=705, pageEnd=709, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=30, authorNames=Zhou SL, Liu B, Wang P, journalName=Journal of Preventive Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhou SL, Liu B, Wang P, et al. Health risk assessment of Arsenic exposure in rural drinking water in Tongzhou District,Beijing Municipality[J]. Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 705-709., articleTitle=Health risk assessment of Arsenic exposure in rural drinking water in Tongzhou District,Beijing Municipality, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241677623181504553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522773470802761, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241677623189893162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522773470802761, companyId=1241677623181504553, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Hubei Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241677623202476075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522773470802761, companyId=1241677623181504553, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=武汉科技大学公共卫生学院,职业危害识别与控制湖北省重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430081)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241677627963011248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522773470802761, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Classification criteria for pollution index

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地累积指数(Igeo级别污染程度
Igeo<01无污染
0<Igeo<12无-中度污染
1<Igeo<23中度污染
2<Igeo<34中度-重度污染
3<Igeo<45重度污染
4<Igeo<56重度-严重污染
Igeo>57严重污染
), ArticleFig(id=1241677628072063156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522773470802761, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

地累积指数分级标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地累积指数(Igeo级别污染程度
Igeo<01无污染
0<Igeo<12无-中度污染
1<Igeo<23中度污染
2<Igeo<34中度-重度污染
3<Igeo<45重度污染
4<Igeo<56重度-严重污染
Igeo>57严重污染
), ArticleFig(id=1241677628189503670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522773470802761, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Values of health risk assessment parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
暴露参数单位参数值参考文献
IRs土壤/积尘摄入量mg/d50[6]
IRw饮水摄入量L/d1.795[6]
IR大米大米摄入量g/d307.45[6]
IR蔬菜蔬菜摄入量g/d371.43[6]
IRa呼吸量m3/d14.5[6]
EF暴露频率d/a350[12]
ED暴露持续时间a24[12]
BW体重kg60.1[6]
AT平均总暴露时间dED×365 (非致癌)70×365 (致癌)[6]
AF皮肤黏附系数mg/(cm2·d)0.07[6]
SAs暴露土壤皮肤表面积cm25.0×103[6]
ABS皮肤吸收系数-As:0.03 Cd:0.001[12]
T洗澡时间min/d9[6]
SAw暴露水皮肤表面积cm21.6×104[6]
K皮肤渗透系数cm/h0.001[6]
), ArticleFig(id=1241677628290166970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522773470802761, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

健康风险评价参数取值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
暴露参数单位参数值参考文献
IRs土壤/积尘摄入量mg/d50[6]
IRw饮水摄入量L/d1.795[6]
IR大米大米摄入量g/d307.45[6]
IR蔬菜蔬菜摄入量g/d371.43[6]
IRa呼吸量m3/d14.5[6]
EF暴露频率d/a350[12]
ED暴露持续时间a24[12]
BW体重kg60.1[6]
AT平均总暴露时间dED×365 (非致癌)70×365 (致癌)[6]
AF皮肤黏附系数mg/(cm2·d)0.07[6]
SAs暴露土壤皮肤表面积cm25.0×103[6]
ABS皮肤吸收系数-As:0.03 Cd:0.001[12]
T洗澡时间min/d9[6]
SAw暴露水皮肤表面积cm21.6×104[6]
K皮肤渗透系数cm/h0.001[6]
), ArticleFig(id=1241677628382441662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522773470802761, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Parameter values of RfD and SF for arsenic and cadmium

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素RfD[mg/(kg·d)]SF [mg/(kg·d)]-1
呼吸吸入经口摄入皮肤接触呼吸吸入经口摄入皮肤接触
As3.83×10-63×10-43×10-416.81.51.5
Cd1×10-31×10-33×10-56.36.140
), ArticleFig(id=1241677629955305666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522773470802761, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各途径砷和镉的RfD、SF的参数取值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素RfD[mg/(kg·d)]SF [mg/(kg·d)]-1
呼吸吸入经口摄入皮肤接触呼吸吸入经口摄入皮肤接触
As3.83×10-63×10-43×10-416.81.51.5
Cd1×10-31×10-33×10-56.36.140
), ArticleFig(id=1241677630060163270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522773470802761, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Concentrations of arsenic and cadmium in environmental media around the copper-iron smelting plant

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环境介质As平均值As标准限值Cd平均值Cd标准限值参考标准
环境空气(μg/m30.016 0*0.0060.001 980.005《环境空气质量标准》二级限值(GB 3095-2012)
室内空气(μg/m30.014 8*0.0060.001 800.005《环境空气质量标准》二级限值(GB 3095-2012)
大米(mg/kg)0.070 20.50.090 40.2食品中污染物限量(GB 2762-2017)
蔬菜(mg/kg)0.068 70.50.068 40.2食品中污染物限量(GB 2762-2017)
地表水(mg/L)0.074 8*0.050.006 05*0.005《地表水环境质量标准》III类限值(GB3838-2002)
沉积物(mg/kg)270.5*1.74137.0*0.3《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB15618-2018)
积尘(mg/kg)68.6*257.12*0.3《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB15618-2018)
土壤(mg/kg)22.3251.51*0.3《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB15618-2018)
), ArticleFig(id=1241677630206963915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522773470802761, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

冶炼厂周围环境介质中重金属砷和镉含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环境介质As平均值As标准限值Cd平均值Cd标准限值参考标准
环境空气(μg/m30.016 0*0.0060.001 980.005《环境空气质量标准》二级限值(GB 3095-2012)
室内空气(μg/m30.014 8*0.0060.001 800.005《环境空气质量标准》二级限值(GB 3095-2012)
大米(mg/kg)0.070 20.50.090 40.2食品中污染物限量(GB 2762-2017)
蔬菜(mg/kg)0.068 70.50.068 40.2食品中污染物限量(GB 2762-2017)
地表水(mg/L)0.074 8*0.050.006 05*0.005《地表水环境质量标准》III类限值(GB3838-2002)
沉积物(mg/kg)270.5*1.74137.0*0.3《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB15618-2018)
积尘(mg/kg)68.6*257.12*0.3《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB15618-2018)
土壤(mg/kg)22.3251.51*0.3《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB15618-2018)
), ArticleFig(id=1241677630307627216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522773470802761, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Single-factor pollution index of arsenic and cadmium in environmental media

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环境介质As单因子污染指数(PiAs污染程度Cd单因子污染指数(PiCd污染程度
室内空气2.47中度污染0.36未受污染
环境空气2.67中度污染0.40未受污染
大米0.14未受污染0.45未受污染
蔬菜0.14未受污染0.34未受污染
地表水1.50轻度污染1.21轻度污染
), ArticleFig(id=1241677630441844946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522773470802761, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

环境介质中砷和镉的单因子污染指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环境介质As单因子污染指数(PiAs污染程度Cd单因子污染指数(PiCd污染程度
室内空气2.47中度污染0.36未受污染
环境空气2.67中度污染0.40未受污染
大米0.14未受污染0.45未受污染
蔬菜0.14未受污染0.34未受污染
地表水1.50轻度污染1.21轻度污染
), ArticleFig(id=1241677630538313940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522773470802761, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Index of geoaccumulation of arsenic and cadmium in environmental media

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环境介质As地累积指数
(Igeo
As污染程度Cd地累积指数
(Igeo
Cd污染程度
沉积物3.87重度污染9.07严重污染
积尘1.89中度污染4.80重度-严重污染
土壤0.27无-中度污染2.57中度-重度污染
), ArticleFig(id=1241677630630588634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522773470802761, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

环境介质中砷和镉的地累积指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环境介质As地累积指数
(Igeo
As污染程度Cd地累积指数
(Igeo
Cd污染程度
沉积物3.87重度污染9.07严重污染
积尘1.89中度污染4.80重度-严重污染
土壤0.27无-中度污染2.57中度-重度污染
), ArticleFig(id=1241677630731251934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522773470802761, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Hazard quotient and hazard index of non-carcinogenic risk from arsenic and cadmium intake through multiple pathways in various environmental media

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
暴露途径环境介质As非致癌风险的危害商(HQ)Cd非致癌风险的危害商(HQ)As不同暴露途径非致癌风险的危害商(HQ)Cd不同暴露途径非致癌风险的危害商(HQ)
呼吸道摄入环境空气0.974.58×10-41.868.74×10-4
室内空气0.894.16×10-4
经消化道摄入大米1.150.449.891.03
蔬菜1.360.40
7.140.17
积尘0.185.68×10-3
土壤5.92×10-21.20×10-3
皮肤接触2.33×10-67.72×10-77.47×10-42.91×10-4
积尘5.62×10-42.39×10-4
土壤1.83×10-45.07×10-5
非致癌风险的危害指数(HI)11.751.0311.751.03
), ArticleFig(id=1241677630869663971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522773470802761, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

多途径摄入各环境介质中砷和镉的非致癌风险的危害商和危害指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
暴露途径环境介质As非致癌风险的危害商(HQ)Cd非致癌风险的危害商(HQ)As不同暴露途径非致癌风险的危害商(HQ)Cd不同暴露途径非致癌风险的危害商(HQ)
呼吸道摄入环境空气0.974.58×10-41.868.74×10-4
室内空气0.894.16×10-4
经消化道摄入大米1.150.449.891.03
蔬菜1.360.40
7.140.17
积尘0.185.68×10-3
土壤5.92×10-21.20×10-3
皮肤接触2.33×10-67.72×10-77.47×10-42.91×10-4
积尘5.62×10-42.39×10-4
土壤1.83×10-45.07×10-5
非致癌风险的危害指数(HI)11.751.0311.751.03
), ArticleFig(id=1241677631003881706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522773470802761, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Carcinogenic risk index of arsenic and cadmium intake through various pathways in environment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
暴露途径环境介质As致癌风险指数(R)Cd致癌风险指数(R)As不同暴露途径致癌风险指数(R)Cd不同暴露途径致癌风险指数(R)
呼吸道摄入环境空气2.13×10-59.88×10-74.10×10-51.89×10-6
室内空气1.97×10-58.99×10-7
消化道摄入大米9.14×10-69.27×10-41.53×10-32.15×10-3
蔬菜2.09×10-48.47×10-4
1.10×10-33.62×10-4
积尘2.81×10-52.52×10-6
土壤1.77×10-41.19×10-5
皮肤接触1.52×10-103.27×10-104.72×10-81.20×10-7
积尘3.56×10-89.84×10-8
土壤1.15×10-82.09×10-8
总致癌风险(TCR)1.57×10-32.15×10-31.57×10-32.15×10-3
), ArticleFig(id=1241677631125516527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522773470802761, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

多途径摄入各环境介质中砷和镉的致癌风险指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
暴露途径环境介质As致癌风险指数(R)Cd致癌风险指数(R)As不同暴露途径致癌风险指数(R)Cd不同暴露途径致癌风险指数(R)
呼吸道摄入环境空气2.13×10-59.88×10-74.10×10-51.89×10-6
室内空气1.97×10-58.99×10-7
消化道摄入大米9.14×10-69.27×10-41.53×10-32.15×10-3
蔬菜2.09×10-48.47×10-4
1.10×10-33.62×10-4
积尘2.81×10-52.52×10-6
土壤1.77×10-41.19×10-5
皮肤接触1.52×10-103.27×10-104.72×10-81.20×10-7
积尘3.56×10-89.84×10-8
土壤1.15×10-82.09×10-8
总致癌风险(TCR)1.57×10-32.15×10-31.57×10-32.15×10-3
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大冶铜铁冶炼厂周边砷和镉污染水平及健康风险评估
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罗利霞 , 王丹丹 , 覃江阳 , 梅勇 , 常薇
现代预防医学 | 环境与职业卫生 2024,51(1): 34-39
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现代预防医学 | 环境与职业卫生 2024, 51(1): 34-39
大冶铜铁冶炼厂周边砷和镉污染水平及健康风险评估
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罗利霞, 王丹丹, 覃江阳, 梅勇, 常薇
作者信息
  • 武汉科技大学公共卫生学院,职业危害识别与控制湖北省重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430081
  • 罗利霞(1992—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:劳动卫生与环境卫生学

通讯作者:

常薇,E-mail:
Pollution level and health risk assessment of arsenic and cadmium around Daye copper and iron smelter
Li-xia LUO, Dan-dan WANG, Jiang-yang QIN, Yong MEI, Wei CHANG
Affiliations
  • Hubei Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China
出版时间: 2024-01-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307216
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目的

调查湖北黄石市大冶铜铁冶炼厂周边区域砷和镉的污染现状,评估该矿区周围砷和镉暴露健康风险水平。

方法

采用单因子污染指数法和地累积指数法评价环境介质中砷和镉污染现状;采用人体暴露污染物的健康风险评估模型评估不同暴露途径中砷和镉对人体的健康风险。

结果

该冶炼厂主导风向下风向东南方的10 km范围内,室内空气和大气中砷和镉的单因子污染指数(Pi)分别是2.47和2.67(2<Pi≤3,中度污染);地表水中重金属砷和镉的Pi分别是1.50和1.21(1<Pi≤2,轻度污染)。沉积物样品中砷的地累积指数(Igeo)为3.87(3<Igeo<4,重度污染),镉的Igeo为9.07(Igeo>5,严重污染);积尘样品中的砷的Igeo为1.89(1<Igeo<2,中度污染),镉的Igeo为4.80(4<Igeo<5,重度-严重污染);土壤样品中砷的Igeo为0.27(0<Igeo<1,无-中度污染),镉的Igeo为2.57(2<Igeo<3,中度-重度污染)。居民中砷和镉非致癌风险的危害指数(HI)大小分别为11.75和1.03,该地区砷和镉的暴露对人体健康存在潜在的非致癌风险,砷和镉经消化道摄入非致癌风险的危害商(HQ)大小分别为9.89和1.03,经呼吸道摄入的HQ分别为1.86和8.74×10-4,经皮肤接触的HQ分别为7.47×10-4和2.91×10-4;居民中砷和镉总致癌风险指数(TCR)大小分别为1.53×10-3和2.15×10-3 (TCR>1.00×10-4),该地区砷和镉的暴露对居民健康的致癌风险已不可忽略,砷和镉经消化道摄入的致癌风险指数(R)分别为1.53×10-3和2.15×10-3,经呼吸道吸入的R分别为4.10×10-5和1.89×10-6,经皮肤接触的R分别为4.72×10-8和1.20×10-7

结论

该冶炼厂主导风向下风向东南方的10 km范围内的环境介质受到砷和镉的污染,环境介质中砷和镉暴露对区域内居民健康的影响超过了可接受水平。该地区砷和镉暴露对居民的非致癌风险水平和致癌风险水平均表现为,经消化道摄入>经呼吸道吸入>经皮肤接触。

铜铁冶炼厂  /  重金属  /  污染特征  /  健康风险
Objective

To investigate the pollution status of arsenic and cadmium in the surrounding area of Daye copper and iron smelter in Huangshi city, Hubei Province, and to evaluate the health risk level of arsenic and cadmium exposure around the mining area.

Methods

The pollution status of arsenic and cadmium in environmental media was evaluated by single factor pollution index method and ground accumulation index method, and the health risk assessment model of human exposure pollutants was used to evaluate the health risk of arsenic and cadmium via different exposure pathways.

Results

The single factor pollution index (Pi) of arsenic and cadmium in indoor air and atmosphere were 2.47 and 2.67 (2 < Pi < 3, moderate pollution), respectively, and the Pi of heavy metal arsenic and cadmium in surface water were 1.50 and 1.21, respectively (1 < Pi < 2, mild pollution) in the 10 km range of downwind to southeast of the smelter. The geoaccumulation index (Igeo) of arsenic in sediment samples was 3.87 (3 < Igeo < 4, severe pollution), the Igeo of cadmium was 9.07 (Igeo > 5, severe pollution), the Igeo of arsenic in dust samples was 1.89 (1 < Igeo < 2, moderate pollution), the Igeo of cadmium was 4.80 (4 < Igeo < 5, severe pollution), the Igeo of arsenic in soil samples was 0.27 (0 < Igeo < 1, no moderate pollution), and the Igeo of cadmium was 2.57 (2 < Igeo < 3, moderate-severe pollution). The hazard index (HI) of non-carcinogenic risk of arsenic and cadmium in residents was 11.75 and 1.03, respectively. Exposure to arsenic and cadmium in this area had a potential non-carcinogenic risk to human health. The hazard quotient (HQ) of non-carcinogenic risk of arsenic and cadmium ingested through the digestive tract was 9.89 and 1.03, respectively, and the HQ of respiratory intake was 1.86 and 8.74 × 10-4, respectively. The HQ of skin contact was 7.47×10-4 and 2.91×10-4, respectively. The total carcinogenic risk index (TCR) of arsenic and cadmium was 1.53×10-3 and 2.15×10-3, respectively(TCR > 1.00×10-4). The carcinogenic risk index (R) of arsenic and cadmium intake through digestive tract was 1.53×10-3 and 2.15×10-3, respectively. The R value through respiratory tract was 4.10×10-5 and 1.89×10-6 respectively, and the R value through skin contact was 4.72×10-8 and 1.20×10-7, respectively.

Conclusion

The environmental media in the range of 10 km to the southeast of the smelter are polluted by arsenic and cadmium, and the effects of arsenic and cadmium exposure on the health of residents in the area exceed the acceptable level. The non-carcinogenic risk level and carcinogenic risk level of arsenic and cadmium exposure to residents in this area are as follows: intake through digestive tract > inhalation through respiratory tract > exposure through skin.

Copper and iron smelter  /  Heavy metal  /  Pollution characteristics  /  Health risk
罗利霞, 王丹丹, 覃江阳, 梅勇, 常薇. 大冶铜铁冶炼厂周边砷和镉污染水平及健康风险评估. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (1) : 34 -39 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307216
Li-xia LUO, Dan-dan WANG, Jiang-yang QIN, Yong MEI, Wei CHANG. Pollution level and health risk assessment of arsenic and cadmium around Daye copper and iron smelter[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (1) : 34 -39 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307216
大多数环境重金属污染都是过度使用金属和含金属化合物而引起[1]。现有研究表明矿区[2-3]周围砷和镉的健康风险危害最高,非致癌性和致癌性风险值均会造成人体危害。国际癌症研究机构已将砷和镉列为Ⅰ类致癌物[4]
砷和镉往往与铜铁矿石伴生,提炼铜铁后,砷和镉成为“三废”释放到周围环境中,此前黄石大冶铜铁冶炼厂邻近的阳新县发生过因冶炼导致的砷污染事件[5]。为掌握该厂周边环境污染状况及其对人群健康影响,提出环境与健康管理综合防治对策,应当地卫生、环保部门要求开展此项工作。本研究监测了湖北黄石市大冶铜铁冶炼厂主导风向下风向东南方的10 km范围内的室内空气、环境空气、地表水、沉积物、积尘、土壤样品及大米蔬菜中砷和镉。在该基础上,利用单因子污染指数法和地累积指数法来评价该地区砷和镉环境污染程度,根据《中国人群暴露参数手册》[6]选取适合该地区的健康暴露评价参数,结合不同环境介质中砷和镉的含量数据,按照US EPA人体暴露污染物的健康风险评估模型[7-8]评估不同暴露途径砷和镉对人体的健康风险。
大冶铜铁冶炼厂的常年主导风向为东南风,建厂至今近20余年,该企业行业类型为有色金属的冶炼及压延加工,包括阴极铜年产量为5.3×105 t,铜杆年产量为3.0×105 t,铁精矿年产量为2.4×105 t。距离该厂东南方向10 km范围内的常住总人口有17.0万人,其中成人(18~75岁)有11.1万人,儿童(3~17岁)5.6万人。2019年4—5月,综合考虑该厂的空间和地理分布以及实施采样的可行性,以该厂东南方向的10 km范围内,根据人群暴露情况选取具有代表性的采样点,具体对象包括8个村,分别选取具有代表性的采样点。
(1)环境空气该地常年主导风向为东南风,故环境空气监测点位分布于该铜铁冶炼厂东南部,布设环境空气采样点位9个,共采集样品90份。
(2)室内空气采取环境空气-室内空气-人群健康调查一致的原则,在环境空气监测范围内的人群居住区进行监测,采样高度与人呼吸带高度相一致。采样时通过调查家庭的房屋结构类型和主要燃料类型等排除家庭活动造成砷镉污染的情况。布设室内空气采样点位11个,共采集102份样品。
(3)大米和蔬菜自产农作物,均来自8个行政村居民,以家庭为单位。大米共采集32份样品,蔬菜共采集48份样品。
(4)地表水根据当地水系图和生态功能区划图,布点方式参照地表水河道水体的布点方式,覆盖有排污口以及地表水经过的、进行外暴露和人群健康调查的点位共布设4个采样断面,共采集地表水样品24份。
(5)沉积物根据当地水系图和生态功能区划图,布点方式参照地表水河道水体的布点方式,采集表层沉积物,采样为深度0~20cm,沉积物采样点位与地表水一致,共采集4份样品。
(6)积尘此次调查污染区居民室内积尘采样点位原则上与室内空气一致,收集居民室内表层尘土;对于学校,采样位置在积尘量较多的学校仓库。根据实际情况选取刮擦法,每点混合样本量1~5 g。布设11个采样点,共采集11份样品。
(7)土壤本研究中采集了蔬菜采样点的土壤和学校绿化带的土壤,均为红壤土。一般监测采集表层土,采样深度为0~20 cm,每个采样点的样品为土壤混合样。露调查的蔬菜采样点布设土壤点位48个,在7所学校布设土壤采样单元,每个学校3个采样点位,共计21份混合土样,共计土样69份。
单因子污染指数(single factor pollution index,Pi[9]确定主要污染物及其危害程度,评价水、室内空气、环境空气、大米及蔬菜样品中砷和镉的污染程度。
式(1)中:Pi为样品中重金属元素i的污染物指数,Ci为重金属元素i的实测值,Si为重金属元素i评价标准值。若Pi≤1,表明未受污染;1<Pi≤2,为轻度污染;2<Pi≤3,为中度污染;Pi>3,为重度污染。
地累积指数(index of geoaccumulation,Igeo[9]由Muller提出,应用于研究沉积物、土壤、积尘中重金属的污染评价。
式(2)中:Ci为重金属i在样品中的实测含量(mg/kg);Bi为重金属i在土壤中的背景含量(mg/kg);系数1.5是考虑到环境中重金属i背景值的变化及人类影响而取的修正系数[10]。按受污染程度强弱,对地累积指数进行分级[11],见表1
采用US EPA人体暴露污染物的健康风险评估模型来评估采样区域内砷和镉经不同摄入途径的健康风险,非致癌风险和致癌风险[7],主要步骤包括暴露量计算和健康风险表征。
不同途径砷和镉的日均暴露剂量分别采用以下公式计算[12]
经呼吸途径:
经口途径:
经皮肤途径:
式(3)、(4)、(5)、(6)中:ADD为3种不同途径日平均暴露量,mg/(kg·d);C为环境介质中的污染物的浓度(mg/L;mg/kg;mg/m3);其他重金属健康风险暴露参数[6,12]。见表2
风险表征包括非致癌风险和致癌风险,分别采用非致癌风险系数(HQ)和致癌健康风险指数(R)评估。依照如下公式计算。
式(7)、(8)、(9)、(10)中:危害商(hazard quotient,HQ),人体经单一途径暴露于非致癌污染物受到危害的水平,无量纲;RfD为污染物的参考剂量,mg/(kg·d);ADD为污染物的日均暴露剂量,mg/(kg·d);SF为致癌斜率因子,[mg/(kg·d)]-1。危害指数(hazard index,HI),人群经多种途径暴露于单一污染物的危害商之和,表征人体暴露于非致癌污染物受到危害的水平;总致癌风险指数(total carcinogenic risk index,TCR),即全部暴露途径的致癌风险指数的总和。HQ>1.00,表明存在潜在的非致癌风险[7-8]。致癌风险指数(carcinogenic risk index,R),可接受范围为1.00×10-6~1.00×10-4,R<1.00×10-6,则致癌风险可忽略;R>1.00×10-4,则致癌风险已不可忽略,较为明显[7-8]。不同暴露途径下砷和镉的RfD与SF值[6,13]。见表3
根据该厂主导风向下风向东南方10 km范围内介质中砷和镉含量与国内现有相关标准的比较可知,只有大米和蔬菜中砷和镉含量均低于相应的标准限值,其余调查区环境介质室内空气、环境空气、地表水、沉积物、积尘和土壤样品均都受到不同程度的砷和镉污染,见表4
按照单因子污染指数法对环境介质室内空气、环境空气、大米、蔬菜和地表水进行污染状况评价,该地区室内空气和环境空为未受污染。该地区水样中砷和镉的Pi是1.50和1.20,为轻度污染。大米和蔬菜中砷和镉的Pi<1,为未受污染。见表5
采用地累积指数法评价沉积物样品、积尘样品和土壤样品,按湖北省土壤背景值[14](As:12.30 mg/kg;Cd:0.17 mg/kg)计算分析得出该地区沉积物样品中的砷和镉的Igeo分别为3.87和9.07,为重度污染和严重污染;积尘样品中的砷和镉的Igeo分别为1.89和4.80,为中度污染和重度-严重污染;土壤样品中砷和镉的Igeo分别为0.27和2.57,砷为无-中度污染和中度-重度污染,镉为重度污染。见表6
结果表明,该地区居民不同途径砷和镉暴露的HI分别为11.75和1.03。其中,经消化道摄入砷和镉途径的HQ分别为9.89和1.03;经呼吸道吸入的HQ分别为1.86和8.74×10-4;经皮肤接触的HQ分别为7.47×10-4和2.91×10-4;该地区砷和镉暴露对居民的非致癌风险水平均表现为经消化道摄入>经呼吸道吸入>经皮肤接触。见表7
根据计算结果可知,该地区砷和镉的TCR分别为1.57×10-3和2.15×10-3,不同途径砷和镉暴露的R如下:经消化道摄入的R分别为1.53×10-3和2.15×10-3;经呼吸道吸入的R分别为4.10×10-5和1.89×10-6;经裸露皮肤接触的R分别为4.72×10-8和1.20×10-7;该地区砷和镉对居民的致癌风险水平均表现为经消化道摄入>经呼吸道吸入>经皮肤接触。见表8
从调查区砷和镉的污染状况来看,调查区的室内空气、环境空气和地表水中砷的Pi均大于1,沉积物、积尘和土壤样品中砷的Igeo也均大于0,表明该调查区的室内空气、环境空气、地表水、沉积物、积尘和土壤样品都受到了砷的污染。根据Salazar-Camacho C等[15-16]研究发现室内空气、环境空气、地表水、沉积物、积尘和土壤这些环境介质都可能成为砷的暴露途径。该调查区地表水中镉的Pi大于1,沉积物、积尘和土壤样品中砷的Igeo也均大于0,表明该调查区地表水、沉积物、积尘和土壤样品都受到了镉的污染,根据Chen R等人[17-18]的相关研究研究表明这些环境介质都可能成为镉的暴露途径,结合非致癌风险水平和致癌风险水平可知以上环境介质都是砷和镉的暴露途径。
该地区不同暴露途径的砷和镉的HI分别为11.75和1.03,HI>1.00,表明该区域环境介质中砷和镉暴露对居民存在潜在的非致癌风险,其中经消化道摄入途径的HQ分别为9.89和1.03,表明经消化道摄入是主要的非致癌风险途径;经呼吸道摄入途径砷的HQ为1.86,表明砷经呼吸道摄入途径存在潜在的非致癌风险。根据非致癌风险评估结果砷和镉暴露对居民的非致癌风险水平由高到低为经消化道摄入>经呼吸道吸入>经皮肤接触。这意味着通过消化道摄入砷和镉是主要的非致癌风险途径,其次是通过呼吸道吸入,最后是经皮肤接触。李良钟等[13,19]研究发现通过消化道摄入的砷和镉是主要的非致癌风险来源,且砷的非致癌风险大于镉的非致癌风险与本研究一致。因此,应该采取相应的措施来减少当地居民对砷和镉的摄入。
调查区砷和镉的所有暴露途径产生的TCR分别高达1.57×10-3和2.15×10-3,超过可接受范围值[12]为10-6~10-4。根据致癌风险评估结果可以看出在砷和镉的暴露途径中,经消化道摄入暴露风险最大,其次是经呼吸道摄入,暴露风险经皮肤接触暴露风险最小,与非致癌风险的结果一致。关于砷和镉污染区人群暴露致癌风险评估,已经受到广泛关注。汪洁等[20-21]在砷和镉污染的典型地区调查发现,环境中砷和镉的总致癌风险均超过10-4,经消化道摄入仍是砷和镉最主要的致癌风险途径,与本研究结果一致。
以该铜铁冶炼厂主导风向下风向东南方10 km范围内的环境介质受到砷和镉的污染,环境介质中砷和镉暴露对区域内居民健康的影响超过了可接受水平。该地区砷和镉暴露对居民的非致癌风险水平和致癌风险水平均表现为:经消化道摄入>经呼吸道吸入>经皮肤接触。砷和镉主要通过消化道摄入途径对暴露人群健康造成潜在危害,故应从根源上降低砷和镉对人群的健康风险,采用敏感指标进行筛查,监测污染区人群的健康状况并及早发现早期健康损伤。同时,建立长期追踪队列,对健康影响进展进行持续随访,分析和探讨暴露、早期健康损伤及慢性健康影响(如慢性疾病、癌症或死亡)之间的相互关系,全面了解该铜铁矿矿区周边环境中砷和镉污染对人体健康影响,为预防和控制矿区周围砷和镉污染提供人群健康依据。
本次风险评估也存在一定的局限性,在人体健康风险评估过程中,水中的镉和砷检测的水体指的是地表水,当地居民大部分使用自来水厂的自来水,同时当地居民也会购买食用其他非污染地区的粮食和蔬菜,因此,通过消化道摄入途径对暴露人群的危害风险评估结果可能偏高。
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307216
  • 接收时间:2023-07-12
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-01-10
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    武汉科技大学公共卫生学院,职业危害识别与控制湖北省重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430081

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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