Article(id=1241522773022012220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522764012647140, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306358, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1687017600000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773931695466, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1704816000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773931695466, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773931695466, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773931695466, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241522764012647140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773931693318, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773931808852, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241523248643494379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522764012647140, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241523248643494380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522764012647140, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=65, endPage=70, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241522773412082502, articleId=1241522773022012220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Analysis of risk factors related to the development of myopia in adolescents, columnId=1228016568949474136, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Child and Adolescent Health, Maternal and Child Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the risk factors related to the development of adolescent myopia to identify the risk factors and protective factors, to provide basis for implementing prevention and control measures for adolescent myopia.

Methods

From September 2021 to April 2022, a questionnaire survey was conducted among junior and senior high school students in a middle school group in Chengdu by stratified cluster sampling, including personal basic information and risk factors related to the development of myopia. A total of 2 072 participants were included. SAS9.4 software was used for univariate analysis, and R4.2.3 software was used to analyze the statistically significant factors using multiple logistic regression.

Results

The results of univariate analysis showed that there were 15 factors including sex (χ2=25.56, P<0.001), age (F=62.11, P<0.001), and grade (χ2=192.7, P<0.001) were significantly associated with myopia. The results of multiple logistic regression showed that among the 15 independent variables, seven variables including gender, grade, and frequency of doing eye exercises were statistically significant. The protective factors included doing eye exercises every day (OR=0.64, 95%CI: 0.42-0.98) and doing physical exercise for more than 1.5 hours (OR=0.52, 95%CI: 0.33-0.83). The risk factors included female students (OR=1.47, 95%CI: 1.20-1.81), average daily time of using electronic products > 5 hours to 7 hours (OR=3.10, 95%CI: 1.42-6.80), and average time of doing homework per day > 3 hours to 4 hours (OR=1.57, 95%CI: 1.16-2.12).

Conclusion

There are multiple risk factors related to the development of adolescent myopia. It is suggested to implement targeted prevention and control measures to prevent and control the risk factors.

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目的

对青少年近视发展的相关风险因素进行分析,识别青少年近视发展的危险因素及保护因素,为实施青少年近视发展防控措施提供依据。

方法

本研究于2021年9月—2022年4月进行调查,采取分层整群抽样方法对成都市某中学集团的初中及高中学生进行问卷调查,调查内容包括个人基本情况和近视发展的相关风险因素,共纳入2 072个样本数据。应用SAS9.4软件对影响因素进行单因素分析,应用R4.2.3软件对有统计学意义的因素进行多元logistic回归分析。

结果

单因素分析结果显示有统计学意义(P<0.05)的有性别(χ2=25.56,P<0.001)、年龄(F=62.11,P<0.001)、年级(χ2=192.7,P<0.001)等15个因素。多元logistic回归结果显示15个自变量中,有统计学意义(P<0.05)的是性别、年级、做眼保健操的频率等7个因素,其中保护因素有:每天都做眼保健操、每次进行体育锻炼时长>1.5 h,其OR值(95%CI)分别为0.64(0.42~0.98)、0.52(0.33~0.83);危险因素有:女生(OR=1.47,95%CI: 1.20~1.81)、使用电子产品平均每日时长>5~7 h(OR=3.10,95%CI: 1.42~6.80)、平均每天写作业时长>3~4 h(OR=1.57,95%CI: 1.16~2.12)等因素。

结论

青少年近视发展的相关风险因素较多,建议实施针对性的防控手段对分析得到的风险因素进行防控。

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沈丽琴,E-mail:
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张芮(1999—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:儿少卫生与妇幼保健

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张芮(1999—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:儿少卫生与妇幼保健

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Results of univariate analysis of demographic characteristics of different degrees of myopia [n(%),MP25P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素分组近视程度F/H/χ2P
无近视<300度300~600度>600度
性别288(29.69)353(36.39)281(28.97)48(4.95)25.560<0.001
201(18.24)443(40.20)405(36.75)53(4.81)
年龄(岁)14.31(12.73,15.89)14.98(13.38,16.58)15.47(13.92,17.02)16.25(12.95,19.55)62.110<0.001
BMI(kg/m220.16(16.89,23.43)20.12(17.09,23.15)20.51(17.26,23.76)21.06(17.39,24.73)4.1000.006
年级初一179(46.13)146(37.63)61(15.98)2(0.52)192.713<0.001
初二118(27.70)177(41.55)120(28.17)11(2.58)
初三65(22.97)109(38.52)97(34.28)12(4.24)
高一71(13.47)199(37.76)212(40.23)45(8.54)
高二27(13.30)76(37.44)92(45.32)8(3.94)
高三29(11.84)89(36.33)104(42.45)23(9.39)
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近视不同程度的人口学特征单因素分析结果[n(%),MP25P75)]

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影响因素分组近视程度F/H/χ2P
无近视<300度300~600度>600度
性别288(29.69)353(36.39)281(28.97)48(4.95)25.560<0.001
201(18.24)443(40.20)405(36.75)53(4.81)
年龄(岁)14.31(12.73,15.89)14.98(13.38,16.58)15.47(13.92,17.02)16.25(12.95,19.55)62.110<0.001
BMI(kg/m220.16(16.89,23.43)20.12(17.09,23.15)20.51(17.26,23.76)21.06(17.39,24.73)4.1000.006
年级初一179(46.13)146(37.63)61(15.98)2(0.52)192.713<0.001
初二118(27.70)177(41.55)120(28.17)11(2.58)
初三65(22.97)109(38.52)97(34.28)12(4.24)
高一71(13.47)199(37.76)212(40.23)45(8.54)
高二27(13.30)76(37.44)92(45.32)8(3.94)
高三29(11.84)89(36.33)104(42.45)23(9.39)
), ArticleFig(id=1241677622665597534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522773022012220, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of univariate analysis of risk factors for myopia development [n(%)]

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影响因素分组近视程度F/H/χ2P
无近视<300度300~600度>600度
父母参与指导用眼健康392(23.36)645(38.44)558(33.25)83(4.95)0.3410.560
97(24.62)151(38.32)128(32.49)18(4.57)
平均一周做眼保健操的天数(d)025(17.12)56(38.36)58(39.73)7(4.79)37.923<0.001
1~256(15.73)146(41.01)127(35.67)27(7.58)
3~466(17.79)140(37.74)140(37.74)25(6.74)
5~6127(27.19)183(39.19)135(28.91)22(4.71)
7215(29.37)271(37.02)226(30.87)20(2.73)
闭眼休息163(30.75)178(33.58)172(32.45)17(3.21)12.194<0.001
326(21.14)618(40.08)514(33.33)84(5.45)
看绿色植物322(27.38)519(44.13)272(23.13)63(5.35)61.371<0.001
167(18.64)277(30.91)414(46.20)38(4.24)
看远处休息281(30.88)312(34.29)286(31.43)31(3.41)31.649<0.001
208(17.90)484(41.65)400(34.42)70(6.02)
摄入油炸膨化食品259(20.33)505(39.64)447(35.09)63(4.94)13.251<0.001
230(28.82)291(36.47)239(29.95)38(4.76)
摄入甜品215(22.95)378(40.34)310(33.08)34(3.63)0.8220.366
274(24.14)418(36.83)376(33.13)67(5.90)
摄入含糖饮料181(22.18)312(38.23)293(35.91)30(3.68)8.3130.040
308(24.52)484(38.53)393(31.29)71(5.65)
挑食181(21.37)340(40.14)279(32.94)47(5.55)2.3000.130
308(25.14)456(37.22)407(33.22)54(4.41)
使用电子产品平均每日时长(h)0~3429(25.21)652(38.31)544(31.96)77(4.52)24.364<0.001
>3~549(16.67)116(39.46)113(38.43)16(5.44)
>5~76(12.24)16(32.65)21(42.86)6(12.24)
>75(18.52)12(44.44)8(29.63)2(7.41)
平均每天写作业时长(h)0~2176(33.46)210(39.92)128(24.33)12(2.28)62.978<0.001
>2~3185(23.66)295(37.72)270(34.53)32(4.09)
>3~484(17.83)172(36.52)181(38.43)34(7.22)
>444(15.02)119(40.61)107(36.52)23(7.85)
每晚平均睡眠时长(h)0~638(19.29)73(37.06)70(35.53)16(8.12)68.283<0.001
>6~7196(18.86)403(38.79)389(37.44)51(4.91)
>7~8168(27.72)238(39.27)172(28.38)28(4.62)
>8~969(35.75)75(38.86)45(23.32)4(2.07)
>9~1014(46.67)7(23.33)7(23.33)2(6.67)
>104(57.14)03(42.86)0
每周进行体育锻炼的次数(次)013(22.81)17(29.82)23(40.35)4(7.02)9.9890.002
1~3212(21.92)363(37.54)341(35.26)51(5.27)
4~7141(22.49)261(41.63)198(31.58)27(4.31)
>7123(29.22)155(36.82)124(29.45)19(4.51)
每次进行体育锻炼时长(h)0~0.577(19.30)151(37.84)144(36.09)27(6.77)11.982<0.001
>0.5~1279(23.35)465(38.91)400(33.47)51(4.27)
>1~1.585(25.60)126(37.95)107(32.23)14(4.22)
>1.548(32.88)54(36.99)35(23.97)9(6.16)
), ArticleFig(id=1241677622778843751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522773022012220, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

近视发展风险因素单因素分析结果[n(%)]

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影响因素分组近视程度F/H/χ2P
无近视<300度300~600度>600度
父母参与指导用眼健康392(23.36)645(38.44)558(33.25)83(4.95)0.3410.560
97(24.62)151(38.32)128(32.49)18(4.57)
平均一周做眼保健操的天数(d)025(17.12)56(38.36)58(39.73)7(4.79)37.923<0.001
1~256(15.73)146(41.01)127(35.67)27(7.58)
3~466(17.79)140(37.74)140(37.74)25(6.74)
5~6127(27.19)183(39.19)135(28.91)22(4.71)
7215(29.37)271(37.02)226(30.87)20(2.73)
闭眼休息163(30.75)178(33.58)172(32.45)17(3.21)12.194<0.001
326(21.14)618(40.08)514(33.33)84(5.45)
看绿色植物322(27.38)519(44.13)272(23.13)63(5.35)61.371<0.001
167(18.64)277(30.91)414(46.20)38(4.24)
看远处休息281(30.88)312(34.29)286(31.43)31(3.41)31.649<0.001
208(17.90)484(41.65)400(34.42)70(6.02)
摄入油炸膨化食品259(20.33)505(39.64)447(35.09)63(4.94)13.251<0.001
230(28.82)291(36.47)239(29.95)38(4.76)
摄入甜品215(22.95)378(40.34)310(33.08)34(3.63)0.8220.366
274(24.14)418(36.83)376(33.13)67(5.90)
摄入含糖饮料181(22.18)312(38.23)293(35.91)30(3.68)8.3130.040
308(24.52)484(38.53)393(31.29)71(5.65)
挑食181(21.37)340(40.14)279(32.94)47(5.55)2.3000.130
308(25.14)456(37.22)407(33.22)54(4.41)
使用电子产品平均每日时长(h)0~3429(25.21)652(38.31)544(31.96)77(4.52)24.364<0.001
>3~549(16.67)116(39.46)113(38.43)16(5.44)
>5~76(12.24)16(32.65)21(42.86)6(12.24)
>75(18.52)12(44.44)8(29.63)2(7.41)
平均每天写作业时长(h)0~2176(33.46)210(39.92)128(24.33)12(2.28)62.978<0.001
>2~3185(23.66)295(37.72)270(34.53)32(4.09)
>3~484(17.83)172(36.52)181(38.43)34(7.22)
>444(15.02)119(40.61)107(36.52)23(7.85)
每晚平均睡眠时长(h)0~638(19.29)73(37.06)70(35.53)16(8.12)68.283<0.001
>6~7196(18.86)403(38.79)389(37.44)51(4.91)
>7~8168(27.72)238(39.27)172(28.38)28(4.62)
>8~969(35.75)75(38.86)45(23.32)4(2.07)
>9~1014(46.67)7(23.33)7(23.33)2(6.67)
>104(57.14)03(42.86)0
每周进行体育锻炼的次数(次)013(22.81)17(29.82)23(40.35)4(7.02)9.9890.002
1~3212(21.92)363(37.54)341(35.26)51(5.27)
4~7141(22.49)261(41.63)198(31.58)27(4.31)
>7123(29.22)155(36.82)124(29.45)19(4.51)
每次进行体育锻炼时长(h)0~0.577(19.30)151(37.84)144(36.09)27(6.77)11.982<0.001
>0.5~1279(23.35)465(38.91)400(33.47)51(4.27)
>1~1.585(25.60)126(37.95)107(32.23)14(4.22)
>1.548(32.88)54(36.99)35(23.97)9(6.16)
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Multiple logistic regression analysis of influencing factors of myopia development in adolescents

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变量分组偏回归系数OR值(95%CIP
性别-1<0.001
0.391.47(1.20~1.81)
年级初一-1<0.001
初二0.932.54(1.76~3.68)
初三1.022.78(1.70~4.55)
高一1.544.69(2.59~8.55)
高二1.745.74(2.59~12.78)
高三1.836.25(2.48~15.83)
经常闭眼休息-10.044
0.241.79(1.62~1.99)
平均一周做眼保健操的天数(d)0-10.012
1~2-0.0660.94(0.60~1.45)
3~4-0.0010.99(0.64~1.56)
5~6-0.280.75(0.49~1.17)
7-0.440.64(0.42~0.98)
使用电子产品平均每日时长(h)0~3-10.042
>3~50.071.07(0.80~1.45)
>5~71.133.10(1.42~6.80)
>70.111.12(0.36~3.55)
平均每天写作业时长(h)0~2-10.034
>2~30.231.26(0.97~1.64)
>3~40.441.57(1.16~2.12)
>40.221.25(0.87~1.80)
每次进行体育锻炼时长(h)0~0.5-10.026
>0.5~1-0.020.98(0.75~1.27)
>1~1.5-0.120.89(0.63~1.25)
>1.5-0.650.52(0.33~0.83)
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青少年近视发展影响因素多元logistic回归分析结果

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变量分组偏回归系数OR值(95%CIP
性别-1<0.001
0.391.47(1.20~1.81)
年级初一-1<0.001
初二0.932.54(1.76~3.68)
初三1.022.78(1.70~4.55)
高一1.544.69(2.59~8.55)
高二1.745.74(2.59~12.78)
高三1.836.25(2.48~15.83)
经常闭眼休息-10.044
0.241.79(1.62~1.99)
平均一周做眼保健操的天数(d)0-10.012
1~2-0.0660.94(0.60~1.45)
3~4-0.0010.99(0.64~1.56)
5~6-0.280.75(0.49~1.17)
7-0.440.64(0.42~0.98)
使用电子产品平均每日时长(h)0~3-10.042
>3~50.071.07(0.80~1.45)
>5~71.133.10(1.42~6.80)
>70.111.12(0.36~3.55)
平均每天写作业时长(h)0~2-10.034
>2~30.231.26(0.97~1.64)
>3~40.441.57(1.16~2.12)
>40.221.25(0.87~1.80)
每次进行体育锻炼时长(h)0~0.5-10.026
>0.5~1-0.020.98(0.75~1.27)
>1~1.5-0.120.89(0.63~1.25)
>1.5-0.650.52(0.33~0.83)
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青少年近视发展的相关风险因素分析
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张芮 , 沈丽琴 , 李鸣 , 赵乙璇
现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2024,51(1): 65-70
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现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2024, 51(1): 65-70
青少年近视发展的相关风险因素分析
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张芮, 沈丽琴 , 李鸣, 赵乙璇
作者信息
  • 四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041
  • 张芮(1999—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:儿少卫生与妇幼保健

通讯作者:

沈丽琴,E-mail:
Analysis of risk factors related to the development of myopia in adolescents
Rui ZHANG, Li-qin SHEN , Ming LI, Yi-xuan ZHAO
Affiliations
  • West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University/West China Fourth Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
出版时间: 2024-01-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306358
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目的

对青少年近视发展的相关风险因素进行分析,识别青少年近视发展的危险因素及保护因素,为实施青少年近视发展防控措施提供依据。

方法

本研究于2021年9月—2022年4月进行调查,采取分层整群抽样方法对成都市某中学集团的初中及高中学生进行问卷调查,调查内容包括个人基本情况和近视发展的相关风险因素,共纳入2 072个样本数据。应用SAS9.4软件对影响因素进行单因素分析,应用R4.2.3软件对有统计学意义的因素进行多元logistic回归分析。

结果

单因素分析结果显示有统计学意义(P<0.05)的有性别(χ2=25.56,P<0.001)、年龄(F=62.11,P<0.001)、年级(χ2=192.7,P<0.001)等15个因素。多元logistic回归结果显示15个自变量中,有统计学意义(P<0.05)的是性别、年级、做眼保健操的频率等7个因素,其中保护因素有:每天都做眼保健操、每次进行体育锻炼时长>1.5 h,其OR值(95%CI)分别为0.64(0.42~0.98)、0.52(0.33~0.83);危险因素有:女生(OR=1.47,95%CI: 1.20~1.81)、使用电子产品平均每日时长>5~7 h(OR=3.10,95%CI: 1.42~6.80)、平均每天写作业时长>3~4 h(OR=1.57,95%CI: 1.16~2.12)等因素。

结论

青少年近视发展的相关风险因素较多,建议实施针对性的防控手段对分析得到的风险因素进行防控。

青少年  /  近视  /  风险因素
Objective

To analyze the risk factors related to the development of adolescent myopia to identify the risk factors and protective factors, to provide basis for implementing prevention and control measures for adolescent myopia.

Methods

From September 2021 to April 2022, a questionnaire survey was conducted among junior and senior high school students in a middle school group in Chengdu by stratified cluster sampling, including personal basic information and risk factors related to the development of myopia. A total of 2 072 participants were included. SAS9.4 software was used for univariate analysis, and R4.2.3 software was used to analyze the statistically significant factors using multiple logistic regression.

Results

The results of univariate analysis showed that there were 15 factors including sex (χ2=25.56, P<0.001), age (F=62.11, P<0.001), and grade (χ2=192.7, P<0.001) were significantly associated with myopia. The results of multiple logistic regression showed that among the 15 independent variables, seven variables including gender, grade, and frequency of doing eye exercises were statistically significant. The protective factors included doing eye exercises every day (OR=0.64, 95%CI: 0.42-0.98) and doing physical exercise for more than 1.5 hours (OR=0.52, 95%CI: 0.33-0.83). The risk factors included female students (OR=1.47, 95%CI: 1.20-1.81), average daily time of using electronic products > 5 hours to 7 hours (OR=3.10, 95%CI: 1.42-6.80), and average time of doing homework per day > 3 hours to 4 hours (OR=1.57, 95%CI: 1.16-2.12).

Conclusion

There are multiple risk factors related to the development of adolescent myopia. It is suggested to implement targeted prevention and control measures to prevent and control the risk factors.

Adolescents  /  Myopia  /  Risk factors
张芮, 沈丽琴, 李鸣, 赵乙璇. 青少年近视发展的相关风险因素分析. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (1) : 65 -70 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306358
Rui ZHANG, Li-qin SHEN, Ming LI, Yi-xuan ZHAO. Analysis of risk factors related to the development of myopia in adolescents[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (1) : 65 -70 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306358
近年来我国青少年近视率不断攀升,居高不下,近视低龄化、重度化日益严重,已经成为影响青少年生长发育的严重公共卫生问题[1]。据2020年教育部公布的在2020年6月份对9省份共14 532名中小学学生近视率调查结果显示,与2019年底的数据相比,半年来近视率增加了11.7%[2]。预计到2050年,中国儿童青少年近视患病率约为84%[3]。若不对近视的发展施加干预,近视程度持续发展将会导致严重的眼部病变,致使视力严重下降,甚至致盲[4-5]
近视的成因较为复杂,除遗传因素外,研究显示做眼保健操的频率[6]、户外活动时长[7]、睡眠时长、学业负担[8-9]、视近工作强度、饮食行为以及父母指导等均是青少年近视发展的影响因素[10-11]。本研究将对影响青少年近视发展的因素进行分析,将有意义的因素纳入多元logistic回归分析,发现青少年近视发展的相关风险因素,识别危险因素及保护因素,为青少年近视防控措施的实施提供研究依据。
本研究于2021年9月—2022年4月进行调查。以成都市某中学集团的初中及高中学生为研究对象,该中学集团下属四所中学,共设四个初中部,两个高中部,采取分层整群抽样方法对研究对象进行调查。四个初中部分别按年级分层,每个年级至少抽取2个班级,共至少抽取24个班级;两个高中部分别按年级分层,每个年级至少抽取2个班级,共至少抽取12个班级。现场采集数据时,受学生及老师配合程度的影响,个别年级抽样人数多于2个班级。本研究方案已通过四川大学华西第四医院/华西公共卫生学院伦理委员会审批(审批号:Gwll2022012)。纳入标准:年龄12~19岁,知情同意,无先天性眼部疾病或其他严重眼病(如眼球震颤、青光眼、白内障、光敏症、视网膜脱落等),阅读理解无障碍。排除标准:有先天性眼部疾病或其他严重眼病,未获得家长及本人知情同意。
通过查阅相关文献、专家咨询,编制调查问卷,在进行预调查后确定最终问卷。问卷内容包括:(1)个人基本情况:学生姓名、年龄、年级、性别、BMI(身体质量指数)、近视程度;(2)近视发展的相关风险因素:使用电子产品的平均每日时长、平均每日写作业时长等、是否看远处休息、是否看绿色植物、是否闭眼休息、做眼保健操的频率、睡眠时长、体育锻炼、父母是否指导用眼健康、是否经常摄入含糖饮料等。问卷共包括18个自变量和1个因变量。
使用电子问卷对研究对象进行问卷调查,由经过统一培训的调查员指导,现场填写并提交问卷。问卷调查结束后,对问卷结果进行检查、整理和录入。
采用Excel建立数据库对结果进行整理,应用SAS9.4软件和R4.2.3软件进行统计分析。根据国家卫生健康委员会发布的《近视防治指南》将研究对象按照近视程度分为四组:无近视、小于300度(轻度近视)、300~600度(中度近视)、大于600度(重度近视)。应用SAS9.4软件对各风险因素进行单因素分析,计量资料中对服从正态分布的资料以()来表示,组间采用方差分析进行比较;对不服从正态分布的资料用[MP25P75)]来表示,组间采用Kruskal-Wallis秩和检验进行比较;计数资料组间采用χ2检验进行比较。在单因素分析的基础上,应用R4.2.3软件对有统计学意义的因素进行多元logistic回归分析。检验水准α=0.05。
调查时共收集2 333份问卷,删除含有缺失值的数据后,纳入统计的共2 072条数据。对选择的18个青少年近视发展的相关风险因素进行单因素分析,结果显示性别、年龄、BMI、年级、做眼保健操的频率、经常闭眼休息、经常看绿色植物、使用电子产品平均每日时长、平均每天写作业时长、每晚平均睡眠时长等15个因素有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表12
单因素分析结果显示:男、女生在不同近视程度的构成比不全相等,差异有统计学意义;随着年龄的增长,学生近视程度逐渐加深;近视程度大于600度的青少年BMI较高于其他三组;不同年级在不同近视程度的构成比不全相等,差异有统计学意义。除性别、年龄、BMI和年级外,青少年做眼保健操的频率、是否经常闭眼休息、是否经常看绿色植物、使用电子产品平均每日时长、平均每天写作业时长、每晚平均睡眠时长等11个因素同样是青少年近视发展的风险因素,不同分组在不同近视程度的构成比均不全相等,差异有统计学意义。
以近视程度作为因变量(无近视=0,<300度=1,300~600度=2,>600度=3),将单因素分析有统计学意义的15个变量作为自变量进行多元logistic回归分析(多分类变量设置哑变量)。多元logistic回归结果显示15个自变量中,性别、年级、经常闭眼休息、做眼保健操的频率、使用电子产品平均每日时长、平均每天写作业时长和每次进行体育锻炼时长有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表3
多元logistic回归结果显示,在上述风险因素中,青少年近视发展的保护因素有:每天都做眼保健操、每次进行体育锻炼时长>1.5 h;危险因素有:女生、年级、不经常闭眼休息、使用电子产品平均每日时长>5~7 h、平均每天写作业时长>3~4 h。
在纳入研究的18个可能影响青少年近视发展的风险因素中,经过单因素分析及多元logistic回归后,筛选出其中7个具有统计学意义的因素:性别、年级、经常闭眼休息、做眼保健操的频率、使用电子产品平均每日时长、平均每天写作业时长、每次进行体育锻炼时长。
多元logistic回归结果显示,“女生”为青少年近视发展的危险因素。性别对青少年近视程度的影响,在以往研究中也有相同的结论[12-13],青少年近视患病情况存在性别差异,女生的近视患病人数占比在轻、中、高度近视程度中均高于男生,提示女生相比于男生需要更加注重近视的防控。谢红莉等[14]学者的研究显示,女生读写时长及使用电子产品的时长均长于男生,而户外运动时长及睡眠时长则比男生要短,这种不同的行为习惯可能是导致青少年近视发展产生性别差异的原因。
本研究显示,患轻、中、高度近视的青少年平均年龄呈递增趋势,不同年级学生的近视患病人数占比和近视程度也有差异,此结论与过往研究基本一致[8]。随着年级的升高,学生的学习压力及课业负担也逐渐加重,青少年学习时间过长和户外运动时间缺乏都可能会导致近视加深[15]
本研究还发现“不经常闭眼休息”是青少年近视发展的危险因素。若眼球长期处于疲劳状态无法得到放松,就会影响眼部组织的正常代谢,导致眼轴增长,近视程度加深[16],所以经常闭眼休息来缓解眼部疲劳状态也是预防近视发展的有效手段。在进行体育锻炼时,减少了近距离用眼的时间,同样能使眼部的疲劳状态得到缓解。已发表的研究结果显示,体育锻炼的时长与青少年近视发展的风险呈负相关,体育锻炼时长的增加对近视发展有显著的保护作用[17],此结论与本研究基本一致。本研究结果提示青少年近视发展的保护因素为每次进行体育锻炼1.5 h以上,而世界卫生组织针对5~17岁的儿童青少年运动量推荐为每天中高强度体力活动至少达到1 h,为延缓青少年近视的发展,建议体育锻炼时长为1.5 h以上。眼保健操是中医理论指导下的眼部按摩法,通过按摩眼睛周围的穴位,促进眼周血液循环,缓解眼周紧张状态,从而改善视疲劳状态,缓解近视的发展[18]。本研究的结论与过往研究中的结论基本一致[6],每天坚持做眼保健操是青少年近视发展的保护因素,做眼保健操的频率越高,延缓近视发展的作用效果越好。
研究结果显示,“使用电子产品平均每日时长>5~7 h”、“平均每天写作业时长>3~4 h”同样是青少年近视发展的危险因素,使用电子产品、写作业等近距离工作时长与青少年近视风险增加有关[19-20]。使用电子产品平均每日时长、平均每天写作业时长过长,会导致青少年用眼过度,引起视疲劳和视力下降,刺激眼轴增长从而导致近视程度加深[20]。提示青少年应控制每天使用电子产品的时间,在写作业时适当放松休息,从而避免因时长过长而导致视疲劳和视力下降。
青少年已经成为我国近视发展的重点人群,影响其近视发展的因素众多,防控形势严峻[21]。通过研究已发现与青少年近视发展相关的风险因素,并已识别出其中的危险因素及保护因素,建议实施防控针对性的措施对青少年近视发展进行防控,将近视损害降到最低。针对本研究分析得到的青少年近视发展的危险因素,可为青少年近视防控提出如下建议:对于青少年近视发展存在的性别差异,可针对不同性别开展防控及干预工作;青少年学生定期安排视力检测,建立视力监测档案;对各年级进行近视防控宣传,密切关注高年级学生的课业负担,适当给学生减负;课间定时组织学生放下书本闭眼休息,缓解眼疲劳;严格控制青少年每日使用电子产品的时间,不应超过5 h。针对本研究分析得到的青少年近视发展的保护因素,可为青少年近视防控提出如下建议:每日定时监督青少年做眼保健操;增加青少年体育锻炼时间,建议时长为1.5 h以上。
本研究在过往研究的基础上,纳入了更多更广泛的因素进行分析,涵盖了青少年的学习、休息、娱乐及饮食等,从多方面探讨青少年近视发展的风险因素。在单因素分析初步得到对青少年近视发展存在影响的因素后,又进一步分析了其中的危险因素和保护因素,为指导青少年近视发展的防控提供科学依据,且针对危险因素和保护因素为青少年制定了更精细化的防控措施。
本研究对青少年近视发展的相关风险因素进行了分析,但受样本量和相关风险因素数量的限制,还存在可以进一步改进的地方,后续研究可以扩大样本量,将影响近视发展的因素全面纳入研究,就会得到更精确的结果。
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306358
  • 接收时间:2023-06-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-01-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-18
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    四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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