Article(id=1241522772166366167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522764012647140, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307397, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1690041600000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773931695262, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1704816000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773931695262, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773931695262, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773931695262, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241522764012647140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773931693318, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773931808852, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241523248643494379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522764012647140, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241523248643494380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522764012647140, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=133, endPage=137, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241522772619350022, articleId=1241522772166366167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Study on the relationship between leisure life style and health of the elderly, columnId=1228016572451718132, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health and Social Behavior, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the correlation model between 8 kinds of leisure activities and 8 physical and mental health indexes of the elderly.

Methods

Outcome-wide analysis was performed based on 15 771 samples aged over 65 years old from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) data in 2018.

Results

Lack of housework increased the risk of cognitive impairment (RR=1.892, 95%CI: 1.666-2.148), physical function (RR=1.323, 95%CI: 1.228-1.425), and activity of daily living (ADL) disability (RR=5.004, 95%CI: 4.159-6.019) in the elderly. Feeding activity was associated with mental health, but lack of feeding activity increased the risk of instrumental activity of daily living (IADL) disability (RR=1.279, 95%CI: 1.180-1.387), while the association with disease risk was not robust (E=1.322, CI=1.185). In terms of cognitive activities, less friends talk was associated with higher risk of cognitive impairment (RR=1.214, 95%CI: 1.061-1.390); reading activities were only related to cognitive function (RR=1.413, 95%CI: 1.123-1.778); playing cards/mahjong was related to depression (β=-0.043,-0.868 to -0.237) and cognitive function (RR=1.752, 95%CI: 1.387-2.212). Watching TV was significantly correlated with emotional health, depression, anxiety, cognitive function, ADL, and physical function.

Conclusion

Leisure activities are beneficial to maintain and promote the physical and mental health and physical function of the elderly, and cognitive activities are beneficial to maintain and improve the cognitive function and mental health of the elderly. Physical activity is more effective in improving living ability and physical function.

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目的

考察八类休闲活动与老年人八个身心健康指标的关联模式。

方法

根据2018年CLHLS数据的65岁以上15 771个样本数据进行outcome-wide分析。

结果

缺少家务活动增加老人认知功能受损(RR=1.892,95%CI: 1.666 ~2.148)、身体功能(RR=1.323,95%CI: 1.228 ~ 1.425)、ADL失能(RR=5.004,95%CI: 4.159 ~ 6.019)风险;饲养活动与心理健康相关,但缺少会增加IADL失能风险(RR=1.279,95%CI: 1.180 ~ 1.387),而与患病风险关联并不稳健(E=1.322,CI=1.185)。认知活动上,朋友交谈少,认知功能受损风险更高(RR=1.214,95%CI: 1.061 ~ 1.390);阅读活动仅与认知功能相关(RR=1.413,95%CI: 1.123 ~ 1.778 );打牌/麻将与抑郁(β=-0.043,95%CI: -0.868 ~ -0.237)、认知功能(RR=1.752,95%CI:1.387 ~ 2.212)相关;看电视活动则与情绪健康、抑郁、焦虑、认知功能、ADL、身体功能六项健康指标显著关联。

结论

休闲活动有利于维护和促进老人身心健康和身体功能,认知活动有利于维持和改善老年人认知功能和心理健康,但在提高生活能力和身体功能方面,身体活动的效果更为显著。

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王茜,E-mail:
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何福逵(1998—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生政策与管理

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Journal of Affective Disorders, 2023, 324: 46-52., articleTitle=The impact of spouse health on social participation of older adults in China: Evidence from the CLHLS, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241677618882343774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522772166366167, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241677618924286816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522772166366167, companyId=1241677618882343774, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Health Management and Health Development Research Center, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241677618936869730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522772166366167, companyId=1241677618882343774, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.湖北医药学院卫生管理与卫生事业发展研究中心,湖北 十堰 442000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241677619050115945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522772166366167, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241677619066893163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522772166366167, companyId=1241677619050115945, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.湖北医药学院公共卫生与健康学院,湖北 十堰 442000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241677619175945077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522772166366167, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241677619184333688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522772166366167, companyId=1241677619175945077, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.湖北医药学院护理学院)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241677623877759052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522772166366167, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic descriptive statistics of the research subjects

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量总人群P
年龄(岁)<0.001
≤857 981(50.6)3 976 (57.9 )4 005 (45.0 )
>857 790(49.4)2 893 (42.1 )4 897 (55.0 )
婚姻状况<0.001
未在婚9 452(59.9)2 984 (44.1 )6 468 (73.9 )
在婚6 065(38.5)3 777 (55.9 )2 288 (26.1 )
教育水平<0.001
未受过教育6 790(43.1)1 574 (27.4 )5 216 (67.7 )
受过教育6 647(42.1)4 164 (72.6 )2 483 (32.3 )
年收入(元)0.002
≤20 0005 167(32.8)2 314 (46.5 )2 853 (43.6 )
>20 0006 358(40.3)2 667 (53.5 )3 691 (56.4 )
情绪健康14.85 ± 3.3915.17 ± 3.47<0.001
抑郁评分34.82 ± 5.5433.68 ± 5.79<0.001
焦虑评分1.15 ± 2.461.67 ± 3.07<0.001
认知功能<0.001
正常10 006(63.4)5 126 (77.1 )4 880 (58.9 )
受损4 938(31.3)1 526 (22.9 )3 412 (41.1 )
ADL<0.001
正常11 030(69.9)5 256 (80.1 )5 774 (68.3 )
受损3 980(25.2)1 305 (19.9 )2 675 (31.7 )
IADL<0.001
正常5 055(32.1)2 946 (43.5 )2 109 (24.0 )
受损10 493(66.5)3 828 (56.5 )6 665 (76.0 )
身体功能<0.001
正常6 855(43.5)3 538 (56.4 )3 317 (43.1 )
受限7 106(45.1)2 734 (43.6 )4 372 (56.9 )
慢性病0.017
2 456(15.6)1 017 (18.5 )1 439 (20.2 )
10 142(64.3)4 472 (81.5 )5 670 (79.8 )
), ArticleFig(id=1241677625559674961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522772166366167, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究对象描述统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量总人群P
年龄(岁)<0.001
≤857 981(50.6)3 976 (57.9 )4 005 (45.0 )
>857 790(49.4)2 893 (42.1 )4 897 (55.0 )
婚姻状况<0.001
未在婚9 452(59.9)2 984 (44.1 )6 468 (73.9 )
在婚6 065(38.5)3 777 (55.9 )2 288 (26.1 )
教育水平<0.001
未受过教育6 790(43.1)1 574 (27.4 )5 216 (67.7 )
受过教育6 647(42.1)4 164 (72.6 )2 483 (32.3 )
年收入(元)0.002
≤20 0005 167(32.8)2 314 (46.5 )2 853 (43.6 )
>20 0006 358(40.3)2 667 (53.5 )3 691 (56.4 )
情绪健康14.85 ± 3.3915.17 ± 3.47<0.001
抑郁评分34.82 ± 5.5433.68 ± 5.79<0.001
焦虑评分1.15 ± 2.461.67 ± 3.07<0.001
认知功能<0.001
正常10 006(63.4)5 126 (77.1 )4 880 (58.9 )
受损4 938(31.3)1 526 (22.9 )3 412 (41.1 )
ADL<0.001
正常11 030(69.9)5 256 (80.1 )5 774 (68.3 )
受损3 980(25.2)1 305 (19.9 )2 675 (31.7 )
IADL<0.001
正常5 055(32.1)2 946 (43.5 )2 109 (24.0 )
受损10 493(66.5)3 828 (56.5 )6 665 (76.0 )
身体功能<0.001
正常6 855(43.5)3 538 (56.4 )3 317 (43.1 )
受限7 106(45.1)2 734 (43.6 )4 372 (56.9 )
慢性病0.017
2 456(15.6)1 017 (18.5 )1 439 (20.2 )
10 142(64.3)4 472 (81.5 )5 670 (79.8 )
), ArticleFig(id=1241677625719058523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522772166366167, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Correlation analysis of leisure activities and mental health of the elderly

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目a情绪健康抑郁得分焦虑得分
β(95%CI)Pβ(95%CI)Pβ(95%CI)P
家务活动0.043 (0.154~0.559)0.001-0.041 (-0.867~-0.243)0.0010.015 (-0.055~0.260)0.200
朋友交谈-0.003 (-0.235~0.194)0.8540.001 (-0.316~0.336)0.9510.032 (0.041~0.367)0.014b
户外活动-0.036 (-0.441~-0.069)0.007b0.016 (-0.112~0.484)0.221-0.014 (-0.220~0.067)0.296
园艺活动0.086 (0.457~0.899)<0.001-0.093 (-1.539~-0.847)<0.0010.017 (-0.041~0.259)0.154
阅读书报0.028 (-0.011~0.440)0.063-0.025 (-0.645~0.038)0.0810.008 (-0.104~0.205)0.522
饲养家畜-0.053 (-0.597~-0.168)0.0010.038 (0.134~0.770)0.005-0.047 (-0.434~-0.109)0.001
打牌麻将0.013 (-0.117~0.320)0.364-0.043 (-0.868~-0.237)0.0010.022 (0.003~0.283)0.045b
看电视0.054 (0.287~0.807)<0.001-0.064 (-1.465~-0.641)<0.0010.076 (0.354~0.869)<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241677625882636384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522772166366167, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

休闲活动与心理健康的关联分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目a情绪健康抑郁得分焦虑得分
β(95%CI)Pβ(95%CI)Pβ(95%CI)P
家务活动0.043 (0.154~0.559)0.001-0.041 (-0.867~-0.243)0.0010.015 (-0.055~0.260)0.200
朋友交谈-0.003 (-0.235~0.194)0.8540.001 (-0.316~0.336)0.9510.032 (0.041~0.367)0.014b
户外活动-0.036 (-0.441~-0.069)0.007b0.016 (-0.112~0.484)0.221-0.014 (-0.220~0.067)0.296
园艺活动0.086 (0.457~0.899)<0.001-0.093 (-1.539~-0.847)<0.0010.017 (-0.041~0.259)0.154
阅读书报0.028 (-0.011~0.440)0.063-0.025 (-0.645~0.038)0.0810.008 (-0.104~0.205)0.522
饲养家畜-0.053 (-0.597~-0.168)0.0010.038 (0.134~0.770)0.005-0.047 (-0.434~-0.109)0.001
打牌麻将0.013 (-0.117~0.320)0.364-0.043 (-0.868~-0.237)0.0010.022 (0.003~0.283)0.045b
看电视0.054 (0.287~0.807)<0.001-0.064 (-1.465~-0.641)<0.0010.076 (0.354~0.869)<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241677626016854115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522772166366167, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Correlation analysis of leisure activities and physical health of the elderly

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目a认知功能ADLIADL身体功能NCDs
RR(95%CI)PRR(95%CI)PRR(95%CI)PRR(95%CI)PRR(95%CI)P
家务活动1.892 (1.666~2.148)<0.0015.004 (4.159~6.019)<0.0011.572 (1.478~1.671)<0.0011.323 (1.228~1.425)<0.0011.027 (0.992~1.064)0.134
朋友交谈1.214 (1.061~1.390)0.0051.835 (1.554~2.167)<0.0011.083 (1.014~1.156)0.017b1.064 (0.986~1.149)0.1121.006 (0.976~1.038)0.683
户外活动1.226 (1.042~1.443)0.014b0.996 (0.813~1.220)0.9691.077 (1.002~1.159)0.0450.983 (0.906~1.066)0.6781.007 (0.979~1.035)0.651
园艺活动1.085 (0.888~1.324)0.4251.285 (0.988~1.672)0.0621.039 (0.953~1.134)0.3840.978 (0.892~1.073)0.6440.966 (0.939~0.994)0.019b
阅读书报1.413 (1.123~1.778)0.0031.113 (0.886~1.399)0.3561.114 (1.015~1.223)0.023b1.102 (0.997~1.217)0.0570.980 (0.947~1.013)0.233
饲养家畜1.052 (0.891~1.241)0.5501.661 (1.265~2.180)<0.0011.279 (1.180~1.387)<0.0011.015 (0.935~1.102)0.7241.063 (1.025~1.101)0.001
打牌麻将1.752 (1.387~2.212)<0.0011.612 (1.194~2.178)0.0021.284 (1.171~1.409)<0.0011.035 (0.943~1.136)0.4660.997 (0.965~1.031)0.871
看电视1.529 (1.341~1.744)<0.0011.254 (1.081~1.455)0.0031.048 (0.979~1.121)0.1751.142 (1.055~1.237)0.0010.955 (0.918~0.994)0.023b
), ArticleFig(id=1241677626146877545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522772166366167, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

休闲活动与身体健康的关联分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目a认知功能ADLIADL身体功能NCDs
RR(95%CI)PRR(95%CI)PRR(95%CI)PRR(95%CI)PRR(95%CI)P
家务活动1.892 (1.666~2.148)<0.0015.004 (4.159~6.019)<0.0011.572 (1.478~1.671)<0.0011.323 (1.228~1.425)<0.0011.027 (0.992~1.064)0.134
朋友交谈1.214 (1.061~1.390)0.0051.835 (1.554~2.167)<0.0011.083 (1.014~1.156)0.017b1.064 (0.986~1.149)0.1121.006 (0.976~1.038)0.683
户外活动1.226 (1.042~1.443)0.014b0.996 (0.813~1.220)0.9691.077 (1.002~1.159)0.0450.983 (0.906~1.066)0.6781.007 (0.979~1.035)0.651
园艺活动1.085 (0.888~1.324)0.4251.285 (0.988~1.672)0.0621.039 (0.953~1.134)0.3840.978 (0.892~1.073)0.6440.966 (0.939~0.994)0.019b
阅读书报1.413 (1.123~1.778)0.0031.113 (0.886~1.399)0.3561.114 (1.015~1.223)0.023b1.102 (0.997~1.217)0.0570.980 (0.947~1.013)0.233
饲养家畜1.052 (0.891~1.241)0.5501.661 (1.265~2.180)<0.0011.279 (1.180~1.387)<0.0011.015 (0.935~1.102)0.7241.063 (1.025~1.101)0.001
打牌麻将1.752 (1.387~2.212)<0.0011.612 (1.194~2.178)0.0021.284 (1.171~1.409)<0.0011.035 (0.943~1.136)0.4660.997 (0.965~1.031)0.871
看电视1.529 (1.341~1.744)<0.0011.254 (1.081~1.455)0.0031.048 (0.979~1.121)0.1751.142 (1.055~1.237)0.0010.955 (0.918~0.994)0.023b
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休闲生活方式与老年人健康关联研究
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何福逵 1, 2 , 周钰山 1, 2 , 谢松洪 1, 3 , 王茜 1, 2
现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2024,51(1): 133-137
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现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2024, 51(1): 133-137
休闲生活方式与老年人健康关联研究
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何福逵1, 2, 周钰山1, 2, 谢松洪1, 3, 王茜1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.湖北医药学院卫生管理与卫生事业发展研究中心,湖北 十堰 442000
  • 2.湖北医药学院公共卫生与健康学院,湖北 十堰 442000
  • 3.湖北医药学院护理学院
  • 何福逵(1998—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生政策与管理

通讯作者:

王茜,E-mail:
Study on the relationship between leisure life style and health of the elderly
Fu-kui HE1, 2, Yu-shan ZHOU1, 2, Song-hong XIE1, 3, Qian WANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • Health Management and Health Development Research Center, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
出版时间: 2024-01-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307397
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目的

考察八类休闲活动与老年人八个身心健康指标的关联模式。

方法

根据2018年CLHLS数据的65岁以上15 771个样本数据进行outcome-wide分析。

结果

缺少家务活动增加老人认知功能受损(RR=1.892,95%CI: 1.666 ~2.148)、身体功能(RR=1.323,95%CI: 1.228 ~ 1.425)、ADL失能(RR=5.004,95%CI: 4.159 ~ 6.019)风险;饲养活动与心理健康相关,但缺少会增加IADL失能风险(RR=1.279,95%CI: 1.180 ~ 1.387),而与患病风险关联并不稳健(E=1.322,CI=1.185)。认知活动上,朋友交谈少,认知功能受损风险更高(RR=1.214,95%CI: 1.061 ~ 1.390);阅读活动仅与认知功能相关(RR=1.413,95%CI: 1.123 ~ 1.778 );打牌/麻将与抑郁(β=-0.043,95%CI: -0.868 ~ -0.237)、认知功能(RR=1.752,95%CI:1.387 ~ 2.212)相关;看电视活动则与情绪健康、抑郁、焦虑、认知功能、ADL、身体功能六项健康指标显著关联。

结论

休闲活动有利于维护和促进老人身心健康和身体功能,认知活动有利于维持和改善老年人认知功能和心理健康,但在提高生活能力和身体功能方面,身体活动的效果更为显著。

老年人  /  休闲活动  /  Outcome-wide分析  /  健康关联
Objective

To investigate the correlation model between 8 kinds of leisure activities and 8 physical and mental health indexes of the elderly.

Methods

Outcome-wide analysis was performed based on 15 771 samples aged over 65 years old from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) data in 2018.

Results

Lack of housework increased the risk of cognitive impairment (RR=1.892, 95%CI: 1.666-2.148), physical function (RR=1.323, 95%CI: 1.228-1.425), and activity of daily living (ADL) disability (RR=5.004, 95%CI: 4.159-6.019) in the elderly. Feeding activity was associated with mental health, but lack of feeding activity increased the risk of instrumental activity of daily living (IADL) disability (RR=1.279, 95%CI: 1.180-1.387), while the association with disease risk was not robust (E=1.322, CI=1.185). In terms of cognitive activities, less friends talk was associated with higher risk of cognitive impairment (RR=1.214, 95%CI: 1.061-1.390); reading activities were only related to cognitive function (RR=1.413, 95%CI: 1.123-1.778); playing cards/mahjong was related to depression (β=-0.043,-0.868 to -0.237) and cognitive function (RR=1.752, 95%CI: 1.387-2.212). Watching TV was significantly correlated with emotional health, depression, anxiety, cognitive function, ADL, and physical function.

Conclusion

Leisure activities are beneficial to maintain and promote the physical and mental health and physical function of the elderly, and cognitive activities are beneficial to maintain and improve the cognitive function and mental health of the elderly. Physical activity is more effective in improving living ability and physical function.

Elderly  /  Leisure activities  /  Outcome-wide analysis  /  Health association
何福逵, 周钰山, 谢松洪, 王茜. 休闲生活方式与老年人健康关联研究. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (1) : 133 -137 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307397
Fu-kui HE, Yu-shan ZHOU, Song-hong XIE, Qian WANG. Study on the relationship between leisure life style and health of the elderly[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (1) : 133 -137 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307397
休闲(leisure)是一种心灵的体验,也是一种付诸实践的行动(Kelly,1990)。休闲活动(leisure activities)分为身体活动、社会活动和生产活动等。家务、朋友交往、户外活动、园艺种植、阅读书报、饲养活动、打麻将(牌)、看电视听广播等休闲活动是我国绝大多数65岁以上退休老年人的主要生活内容和生活方式。医学研究表明,对老年人非药物干预,如改变生活方式,仍然是目前预防老年痴呆或身体疾病可行的方法和低成本的选择。相关人群研究证明,休闲活动可以改善认知健康[1],提高幸福感[2],降低死亡风险和应激负荷[3],减少抑郁和焦虑症状[4]。虽然国内外学者对休闲活动参与健康效益关系进行过不同视角的研究分析,但休闲活动对于老年人潜在的健康效应还未引起足够的重视,目前针对我国老年人休闲与健康关联的研究主要集中在部分区域群体,局限于对单一健康指标的关联分析,未充分考虑到大样本和多维度的综合整体分析,限制了对老年人健康与休闲关系的深刻理解。基于此,本研究选取中国健康与养老追踪调查(CLHLS -2018)中65岁及以上老年人数据为研究对象,运用Outcome-wide分析,综合考量八类休闲活动与身体心理健康、认知生活功能、慢性非传染性疾病等健康指标的关联,以期为老年休闲健康政策制定提供依据。
使用CLHLS-2018年数据,调查总人数为15 874人,样本覆盖我国23个省市区,是目前我国最详细的老年健康调查,数据具有较强的代表性和典型性。本研究选取了65岁及以上的老年人,对于所有连续变量的异常值,进行了上下1%的Winsorize处理,最终得到15 771个样本数据。
休闲活动。根据CLHLS问卷,考量了家务活动、朋友交谈、户外活动、园艺、阅读书报、饲养活动、打牌/麻将、看电视/听广播等八种活动,出于研究简化和暴露因素考虑,对每一个活动选项重新编码赋值,将“几乎每天(1)”“不是每天,但每周至少一次(2)”“不是每周,但每月至少一次(3)”“不是每月,但有时(4)”重新编码赋值为0,表示参与此项活动;“不参与(5)”编码为1,表示不参与。
根据问卷内容及研究,定义了八项健康指标:情绪健康、抑郁、焦虑、认知功能、日常生活功能ADL和IADL、身体功能、慢性非传染性疾病。老年人情绪健康、抑郁和焦虑评分根据问卷B部分进行量化,在调整反向计分题目后,分别由B2-1至B2-7、B3-1至B3-9、B4-1至B4-7各个条目加总分得到,其中,情绪健康分值越低,其情绪越健康;抑郁分值越低,代表抑郁越严重;焦虑分值越高,代表焦虑越严重。
老年人认知功能,根据问卷C部分一般能力、反应能力、注意力、计算能力和自我协调能力等5类24个问题测量得到,除C1-6“一分钟时间说出的食物数”的分值为7分(每说出一个食物的名称计1分,说出7个及以上食物名称的计7分)外,其它题项回答正确均计1分,总分范围为0~30分,得分越高认知功能越好,得分小于18分的老年人视为认知功能障碍。
日常生活功能根据问卷E部分包括日常活动自理能力(ADL)和工具性日常活动能力(IADL)。ADL根据六个指标:吃饭、洗澡、穿衣、上厕所、室内活动和控制大小便能力;IADL根据八个指标:串门、购物、做饭、洗衣、走远路、提重物、下蹲、乘公交。对题目统一重新编码,回答“不需要帮助”或“能”重新编码赋值为0,表示日常生活功能正常,否则即为1,表示受损。
身体功能,根据问卷对视听功能是否正常、能否手触颈根、手触后腰、手臂上举进行评价,老年人不能独立完成其中一项即为身体功能受限。
慢性病非传染性疾病(noninfectious chronic diseases, NCDs),通过对老年人自报并且临床医师诊断的相关疾病进行评价,共24项慢性非传染性疾病,如诊断其中一项即为患病。
已有研究表明,人口统计学、社会经济状况、健康状况和生活方式等潜在的混杂因素与疾病、心理健康、认知能力、日常生活功能等有明显关系。本研究相关模型均控制了这些潜在的混杂因素,包括年龄、性别、受教育年限、婚姻状况、经济状况(年收入)、体重指数(BMI)、睡眠时长、饮酒、吸烟、烹饪方式[5]、饮食行为(每天食用水果、蔬菜、肉),以及慢病患病情况等。
采用outcome-wide统计分析检验多个结果或终点事件。本研究中,八项休闲活动为预测变量,研究报告了两类估计值,对于连续性结果(情绪健康、焦虑、抑郁)使用标准化回归系数;对于二元结果(认知功能、ADL、IADL、身体功能、NCDS)且事件发生率均大于10%,属于常见结局事件,使用稳健误差方差估计的poisson回归估计风险比,在所有回归分析中都同时控制了相同的协变量(居住地、年龄、性别、婚姻、教育水平、经济收入等)。此外,使用Bonferroni检验校正研究假设,对于含有缺失值的协变量、自变量和结果变量使用链式方程进行多重插补生成10组插补数据,并使用Rubin规则合并多重插补估计值,最后计算E值检验结果的稳健性,所有统计分析用STATA/MP 16完成。检验水准α=0.05。
表1可知,所调查的15 771名老年人中,女性高龄(>85岁)老人多于男性,在婚的男性老人占55.9%,且受教育状况好于女性,同时,在经济状况、生理健康、心理健康、日常生活功能等方面存在显著的性别差异(P均<0.05)。
表2可知,家务活动、朋友交谈等八项活动对老年人心理健康的作用方向和影响效应各不相同。家务活动(β=0.043,P=0.001)、户外活动(β=-0.036,P=0.007)、园艺(β=0.086,P<0.001)、饲养活动(β=-0.053,P=0.001)、看电视(β=0.054,P<0.001)与情绪健康显著相关,但作用方向和效应大小有所不同,其中户外和饲养活动与情绪健康负相关,园艺活动对情绪健康的影响效应更大;家务活动(β=-0.041,P=0.001)、园艺(β=-0.093,P<0.001)、饲养活动(β=0.038,P=0.005)、打牌/麻将(β=-0.043,P=0.001)、看电视(β=-0.064,P<0.001)与老年人抑郁显著相关,园艺活动对抑郁影响更大;饲养活动(β=-0.047,P=0.001)、看电视(β=0.076,P<0.001)与老年人焦虑相关,饲养活动与焦虑负相关,看电视活动对焦虑影响更大。
根据表3,缺少家务活动老人认知功能受损(RR=1.892,P<0.001)、日常生活功能丧失(RR=5.004,P<0.001;RR=1.572,P<0.001)和身体功能受损(RR=1.323,P<0.001)的风险更高;朋友交谈与认知功能(RR=1.214,P=0.005)、ADL(RR=1.835,P<0.001)显著关联;园艺活动与慢性病患病风险相关(RR=0.966,P=0.019);阅读书报与认知功能相关(RR=1.413,P=0.003);饲养活动与日常生活功能(RR=1.661,P<0.001;RR=1.279,P<0.001)和慢性病患病风险(RR=1.063,P<0.001)相关;打牌/麻将活动少的老人认知功能受损(RR=1.752,P<0.001)、日常生活功能失能风险更高(RR=1.612,P=0.002;RR=1.284,P<0.001);看电视活动与认知功能(RR=1.529,P<0.001)、ADL(RR=1.254,P=0.003)、身体功能(RR=1.142,P=0.001)健康指标显著相关。
本研究对每个结果进行了独立的假设检验,并考虑多重比较,以确定是否存在统计学上显著差异。为了控制整体错误率,使用Bonferroni校正。校正后,户外活动与情绪健康(E=1.341,CI=1.305)、认知功能(E=1.752,CI=1.251)、朋友交谈与焦虑(E=1.338,CI=1.305)、IADL(E=1.383,CI=1.133)、打牌麻将与焦虑(E=1.407,CI=1.364)、阅读与IADL(E=1.470,CI=1.138)、园艺活动(E=1.226,CI=1.084)、看电视(E=1.269,CI=1.084)与慢性病关联均不显著(P均>0.006)。此外,E值表明本研究所观察到的关联对未测量的混杂因素是稳健的,E值均大于1.5,而最稳健的关联(最大E值)是家务活动对ADL的影响。
表2显示,家务活动对老年人情绪健康与抑郁显著相关(P<0.006)。家务活动能帮助老年人保持身体活力和日常生活技能,降低衰弱风险[6],家务活动也提供了一种有意义的日常结构,使老年人保持活跃,从而降低抑郁程度。如参与园艺活动的老年人具有较强的生活目的感、价值感和积极的情感体验[7]。饲养活动与老年人情绪健康、抑郁和焦虑呈负相关。可能是因为饲养动物带来一定的经济负担和健康问题,尤其是农村地区养殖家畜还会面临更高的生活压力,这与国内陶裕春等的研究结论一致[8]。朋友交往和打牌/麻将可降低老年人弥患焦虑症的机率。朋友交往这种积极的人际关系对老年人心理健康影响和作用更明显。打牌/麻将提供了老年人的社交互动和认知刺激,有利于降低抑郁症的患病率影响。需要关注的是,本研究中经过调整后结果并不稳健,意味着可能还存在重要且未测量的干扰因素,如数字新媒体交往等的影响。看电视听广播可以帮助老年人缓解孤独,放松情绪,是我国老年人最普遍的精神文化休闲生活方式,相关研究也表明,看电视是老年人抑郁和焦虑症检出率的保护性因素[9]
本研究将家务活动、户外活动、园艺、饲养家畜活动划分为身体活动;朋友交谈、阅读书报、打牌/麻将、看电视划分为认知活动[10]。研究发现身体活动(家务活动)似乎比认知活动(看电视)更能稳健的预测老年人认知功能水平,这可能是因为身体活动可以促进血液循环、增加大脑的氧气供应,降低患心血管病风险,并通过刺激神经系统来促进认知功能的发展和保持。朋友交谈、打牌/麻将是一种群体活动,可以提高老年人的社交互动和沟通能力,促进社会关系融合,具有认知保护作用[11]。有研究发现打牌/麻将可以在中期调节痴呆患者认知水平的下降速率[12]。身体活动和认知活动对老年人ADL、IADL和生理功能有不同层次的影响。在身体活动中,家务活动与老年人的功能独立性和身体健康状况之间正向关联,相较于饲养家畜活动,对ADL、IADL和身体功能影响效应也更大。在认知活动中,朋友交谈、打牌/麻将与ADL和IADL都显著关联。这可能是因为这些活动提供了社交支持、认知刺激,提高了老年人身体的平衡性、灵活性和协调性。
饲养活动能有效降低慢性病患病风险。如养宠物或饲养家畜能降低心血管疾病风险和死亡风险[13]。低水平看电视的老年人患病风险较低,虽然看电视能缓解了老年人的孤独感,但久坐不动,会诱发老年人心脑血管疾病的发生[14],增加痴呆和死亡的几率[15]。此外,休闲活动的参与会受到老年人自身健康状况的影响[16],直接影响老年人休闲参与,如偏瘫老人受限身体休闲活动,失眠、焦虑和孤独感间接影响其认知休闲活动[17],这表明存在休闲与老人健康的反向因果关系,这些研究也将有助于我们更全面地理解休闲活动与老年人健康间的复杂关系。
本文采用Outcome-wide方法考察了我国老人休闲内容与其身心健康的潜在关联,并评估了结果的稳健性。但本研究存在以下不足:国内外一直没有用于休闲活动内容划分的标准,可能存在活动分类的主观性和不确定性。本研究采用横断面研究,因此缺失了多个结果变量间的联系或自变量对结果变量的时间效应,这在未来研究中将继续深入分析,以全面评估休闲活动与健康结局的因果关联。
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2024年第51卷第1期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307397
  • 接收时间:2023-07-23
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-01-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-23
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    1.湖北医药学院卫生管理与卫生事业发展研究中心,湖北 十堰 442000
    2.湖北医药学院公共卫生与健康学院,湖北 十堰 442000
    3.湖北医药学院护理学院

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