Article(id=1241522771285562264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522764012647140, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202309311, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1694880000000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773931695051, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1704816000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773931695051, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773931695051, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773931695051, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241522764012647140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773931693318, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773931808852, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241523248643494379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522764012647140, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241523248643494380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522764012647140, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=127, endPage=132, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241522772627738632, articleId=1241522771285562264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Relationship between body mass index, household fuel type, and peak expiratory flow in middle-aged and elderly people in China, columnId=1228016572451718132, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health and Social Behavior, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the relationship between body mass index (BMI), household fuel type, and peak expiratory flow(PEF) in middle-aged and elderly Chinese people aged 45 and above.

Methods

Based on the data of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study in 2013 and 2015, the BMI and PEF of the participants were measured and evaluated. According to the self-reported household fuel types, cooking and heating fuels were divided into solid fuel and clean fuel. Linear mixed model was used to analyze the relationships of BMI and household solid fuels using with PEF changes, and residential location was included as a random term. Subgroup analysis and interaction analysis were conducted by gender, urban-rural setting, smoking status, and fuels types.

Results

There was a significant correlation between the reduction of BMI and PEF (β=-1.33,95%CI: -2.31 to -0.33). Compared with the group using clean fuel, the PEF of the group using solid fuel decreased faster than that of the group using clean fuel (cooking: β=-10.16, 95%CI: -16.78 to -3.55; heating: β=-10.13, 95%CI: -18.70 to -1.46). Solid fuels use for heating increased the magnitude of BMI-related PEF decline (interaction P=0.030).

Conclusion

High BMI and solid fuel use are the risk factors for the reduction of PEF in the middle-aged and elderly in China, and there is an interaction between BMI and solid fuel for heating on the reduction of PEF.

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目的

探讨45岁及以上的中国中老年人体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)和家用燃料类型与呼气峰流速(peak expiratory flow, PEF)变化的关联。

方法

基于中国健康与养老追踪调查2013和2015年数据,通过现场测量评估参与者的BMI及PEF,并根据自我报告的家庭燃料类型,将烹饪和取暖燃料分别分为固体燃料和清洁燃料。采用线性混合模型,以居住区域为随机效应,对BMI及烹饪或取暖时使用的固体燃料与PEF变化之间的关联进行分析,并按性别、城乡、吸烟状况和燃料类型进行亚组分析及交互作用分析。

结果

BMI和PEF降低显著相关(β=-1.33,95%CI:-2.31~-0.33),与使用清洁燃料组相比,烹饪或取暖时使用固体燃料组PEF降低更快(烹饪:β=-10.16,95%CI:-16.78~-3.55;取暖:β=-10.13,95%CI:-18.70~-1.46)。在取暖时使用固体燃料会增加BMI造成的PEF降低程度(交互P=0.030)。

结论

高BMI和固体燃料使用是中国中老年人PEF降低的危险因素,BMI与取暖用固体燃料使用对PEF降低存在交互作用。

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吴修龙,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=ZiTZYTv7mcTekI+CODK9Eg==, magXml=1TvjJOXWgQlAysgUfG8/Sw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=TedBGOWQXRHtbYUx7cHTww==, pdfFileSize=1229940, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=bkq1dDmOcFo4JDyv4xFt1g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=KxhcHtral9t+BNoWUslsPQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

钟玉梅(1998—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:呼吸系统疾病流行病学和环境流行病学

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钟玉梅(1998—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:呼吸系统疾病流行病学和环境流行病学

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钟玉梅(1998—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:呼吸系统疾病流行病学和环境流行病学

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注:模型调整了年龄、性别、婚姻状况、受教育水平、吸烟状况、饮酒状况、城乡。

, figureFileSmall=Bki99Jer/Z5X1JU0+WIhKA==, figureFileBig=muNZq4uPfWvmsakWni+hsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241677621671547432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522771285562264, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Baseline characteristics of study population

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特征[(),n
(%)]
2013年PEF(L/min,P
年龄(岁)59.45±8.90<0.001
<603 651(52.11)335.21±125.37
≥603 355(47.89)275.80±119.66
性别0.045
男性3 261(46.55)359.60±139.55
女性3 745(53.45)260.74±91.05
受教育程度0.172
初中及以下4 912(70.11)282.38±116.08
高中及以上2 094(29.89)363.94±130.47
城乡<0.001
农村4 816(68.74)296.63±122.78
城市2 190(31.26)329.03±130.70
婚姻状态0.738
在婚/同居6 181(88.22)314.14±125.83
分居/离异/丧偶/从未结婚825(11.78)251.43±114.78
吸烟状况0.133
非吸烟者4 523(64.56)286.24±114.39
吸烟者2 483(35.44)344.14±137.63
饮酒状况
每月超过一次1 887(26.93)353.13±137.750.711
每月少于一次532(7.59)338.82±125.44
不饮酒4 587(65.47)283.96±114.78
居住区域<0.001
东部2 582(36.85)317.75±124.29
中部2 530(36.11)313.98±122.93
西部1 894(27.03)282.12±129.73
BMI(kg/m223.81±3.67
供暖燃料类型0.184
清洁燃料848(12.10)320.08±132.10
固体燃料2 337(33.36)298.57±122.86
其他或缺失3 821(54.54)308.81±126.56
烹饪燃料类型0.179
清洁燃料2 076(29.63)317.58±129.66
固体燃料2 155(30.76)298.19±122.94
其他或缺失2 775(39.61)305.31±125.52
), ArticleFig(id=1241677621776405040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522771285562264, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究人群的基线特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征[(),n
(%)]
2013年PEF(L/min,P
年龄(岁)59.45±8.90<0.001
<603 651(52.11)335.21±125.37
≥603 355(47.89)275.80±119.66
性别0.045
男性3 261(46.55)359.60±139.55
女性3 745(53.45)260.74±91.05
受教育程度0.172
初中及以下4 912(70.11)282.38±116.08
高中及以上2 094(29.89)363.94±130.47
城乡<0.001
农村4 816(68.74)296.63±122.78
城市2 190(31.26)329.03±130.70
婚姻状态0.738
在婚/同居6 181(88.22)314.14±125.83
分居/离异/丧偶/从未结婚825(11.78)251.43±114.78
吸烟状况0.133
非吸烟者4 523(64.56)286.24±114.39
吸烟者2 483(35.44)344.14±137.63
饮酒状况
每月超过一次1 887(26.93)353.13±137.750.711
每月少于一次532(7.59)338.82±125.44
不饮酒4 587(65.47)283.96±114.78
居住区域<0.001
东部2 582(36.85)317.75±124.29
中部2 530(36.11)313.98±122.93
西部1 894(27.03)282.12±129.73
BMI(kg/m223.81±3.67
供暖燃料类型0.184
清洁燃料848(12.10)320.08±132.10
固体燃料2 337(33.36)298.57±122.86
其他或缺失3 821(54.54)308.81±126.56
烹饪燃料类型0.179
清洁燃料2 076(29.63)317.58±129.66
固体燃料2 155(30.76)298.19±122.94
其他或缺失2 775(39.61)305.31±125.52
), ArticleFig(id=1241677621906428476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522771285562264, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Associations of BMI and solid fuel types with PEF change

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组β(95%CIP
BMI(n=3 004)
模型1-1.04(-1.97~-0.07)0.033
模型2-1.37(-2.34~-0.37)0.006
模型3a-1.33(-2.31~-0.33)0.009
烹饪燃料(n=3 711)
模型1-4.90(-11.16~1.37)0.126
模型2-4.22(-10.51~2.07)0.189
模型3b-10.16(-16.78~-3.55)0.003
取暖燃料(n=2 811)
模型1-6.32(-14.57~1.99)0.135
模型2-5.72(-14.00~2.58)0.177
模型3b-10.13(-18.70~-1.46)0.022
), ArticleFig(id=1241677622057423423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522771285562264, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

BMI和室内固体燃料类型与PEF变化的关联

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组β(95%CIP
BMI(n=3 004)
模型1-1.04(-1.97~-0.07)0.033
模型2-1.37(-2.34~-0.37)0.006
模型3a-1.33(-2.31~-0.33)0.009
烹饪燃料(n=3 711)
模型1-4.90(-11.16~1.37)0.126
模型2-4.22(-10.51~2.07)0.189
模型3b-10.16(-16.78~-3.55)0.003
取暖燃料(n=2 811)
模型1-6.32(-14.57~1.99)0.135
模型2-5.72(-14.00~2.58)0.177
模型3b-10.13(-18.70~-1.46)0.022
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中国中老年人体质量指数及家用燃料类型与呼气峰流速变化的关联
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钟玉梅 1, 2 , 吴丽宏 1 , 张偲莹 1 , 邵美柔 1 , 魏之依 1 , 董文凤 1 , 朱爱萍 1 , 吴修龙 1, 2
现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2024,51(1): 127-132
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现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2024, 51(1): 127-132
中国中老年人体质量指数及家用燃料类型与呼气峰流速变化的关联
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钟玉梅1, 2, 吴丽宏1, 张偲莹1, 邵美柔1, 魏之依1, 董文凤1, 朱爱萍1, 吴修龙1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.安徽医科大学公共卫生学院儿少卫生与妇幼保健学系,安徽 合肥 230032
  • 2.出生人口健康教育部重点实验室,安徽 合肥 230032
  • 钟玉梅(1998—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:呼吸系统疾病流行病学和环境流行病学

通讯作者:

吴修龙,E-mail:
Relationship between body mass index, household fuel type, and peak expiratory flow in middle-aged and elderly people in China
Yu-mei ZHONG1, 2, Li-hong WU1, Si-ying ZHANG1, Mei-rou SHAO1, Zhi-yi WEI1, Wen-feng DONG1, Ai-ping ZHU1, Xiu-long WU1, 2
Affiliations
  • Department of Child Health and Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
出版时间: 2024-01-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202309311
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目的

探讨45岁及以上的中国中老年人体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)和家用燃料类型与呼气峰流速(peak expiratory flow, PEF)变化的关联。

方法

基于中国健康与养老追踪调查2013和2015年数据,通过现场测量评估参与者的BMI及PEF,并根据自我报告的家庭燃料类型,将烹饪和取暖燃料分别分为固体燃料和清洁燃料。采用线性混合模型,以居住区域为随机效应,对BMI及烹饪或取暖时使用的固体燃料与PEF变化之间的关联进行分析,并按性别、城乡、吸烟状况和燃料类型进行亚组分析及交互作用分析。

结果

BMI和PEF降低显著相关(β=-1.33,95%CI:-2.31~-0.33),与使用清洁燃料组相比,烹饪或取暖时使用固体燃料组PEF降低更快(烹饪:β=-10.16,95%CI:-16.78~-3.55;取暖:β=-10.13,95%CI:-18.70~-1.46)。在取暖时使用固体燃料会增加BMI造成的PEF降低程度(交互P=0.030)。

结论

高BMI和固体燃料使用是中国中老年人PEF降低的危险因素,BMI与取暖用固体燃料使用对PEF降低存在交互作用。

中老年人  /  呼气峰流速  /  体质量指数  /  固体燃料
Objective

To explore the relationship between body mass index (BMI), household fuel type, and peak expiratory flow(PEF) in middle-aged and elderly Chinese people aged 45 and above.

Methods

Based on the data of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study in 2013 and 2015, the BMI and PEF of the participants were measured and evaluated. According to the self-reported household fuel types, cooking and heating fuels were divided into solid fuel and clean fuel. Linear mixed model was used to analyze the relationships of BMI and household solid fuels using with PEF changes, and residential location was included as a random term. Subgroup analysis and interaction analysis were conducted by gender, urban-rural setting, smoking status, and fuels types.

Results

There was a significant correlation between the reduction of BMI and PEF (β=-1.33,95%CI: -2.31 to -0.33). Compared with the group using clean fuel, the PEF of the group using solid fuel decreased faster than that of the group using clean fuel (cooking: β=-10.16, 95%CI: -16.78 to -3.55; heating: β=-10.13, 95%CI: -18.70 to -1.46). Solid fuels use for heating increased the magnitude of BMI-related PEF decline (interaction P=0.030).

Conclusion

High BMI and solid fuel use are the risk factors for the reduction of PEF in the middle-aged and elderly in China, and there is an interaction between BMI and solid fuel for heating on the reduction of PEF.

Middle-aged and elderly  /  Peak expiratory flow rate  /  Body mass index  /  Solid fuel
钟玉梅, 吴丽宏, 张偲莹, 邵美柔, 魏之依, 董文凤, 朱爱萍, 吴修龙. 中国中老年人体质量指数及家用燃料类型与呼气峰流速变化的关联. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (1) : 127 -132 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202309311
Yu-mei ZHONG, Li-hong WU, Si-ying ZHANG, Mei-rou SHAO, Zhi-yi WEI, Wen-feng DONG, Ai-ping ZHU, Xiu-long WU. Relationship between body mass index, household fuel type, and peak expiratory flow in middle-aged and elderly people in China[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (1) : 127 -132 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202309311
呼气峰流速(peak expiratory flow, PEF)是用力呼气过程中,流量最快时的瞬间流速。PEF监测易于执行,价格低廉且具有良好的依从性和可重复性,广泛应用于人群呼吸系统健康评估及疾病初筛[1-2]。研究中老年人的PEF影响因素,可为健康老龄化相关政策的制定提供证据支持。
体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)和固体燃料使用是PEF的重要危险因素。BMI常用于评估超重或肥胖。2015—2019年间,中国成年人中超重者占34.3%,肥胖者占16.4%[3]。肥胖导致肺和胸壁力学改变,引起哮喘或哮喘样症状,出现炎症细胞因子水平升高[4]。目前关于BMI和肺功能关系的研究多基于儿童青少年[5-8],在中老年人群中与PEF的关系尚未明确。固体燃料使用对PEF的影响受到越来越多的关注。固体燃料使用造成的室内空气污染已成为重要公共卫生问题。中国仍有约1.57亿人高度依赖固体燃料烹饪和取暖[9]。固体燃料的低效和不完全燃烧导致室内空气污染物浓度高出室外2~3倍,进而导致氧化应激、DNA甲基化和基因活化等[10]。大多数研究均表明室内空气污染物与PEF降低有关[11-12]。目前,中国有关室内固体燃料和PEF的研究未评估其与其他危险因素的交互作用。
本研究基于中国健康与养老追踪调查(China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, CHARLS)2013和2015年数据,评估BMI和家庭固体燃料使用与中老年人PEF变化的关联及其交互作用。
CHARLS是中国的一项全国性前瞻性队列研究,参与者主要为年龄45岁及以上的中老年人。CHARLS使用了按概率比例抽样和多阶段抽样的方法构建样本。在全国范围内随机抽取的150个县区,450个村庄,18 000多名45岁及以上的个体,对中国中老年群体有很好的代表性。CHARLS队列于2011年开展,随后每两至三年进行一次随访。在每项调查中,训练有素的访问者通过计算机辅助面访系统,依照计算机屏幕上的问题进行提问,从而有效的记录受访者的回答。在每天的实地调查结束后,访问者将问卷数据直接上传至北京办公室的数据服务器上。随后,通过四种方法(地理定位系统检查、数据检查、录音检查和电话检查)进行质量控制,最后构建数据集。标准化问卷由八个模块组成,相关信息均可在CHARLS网站内(http://CHARLS.pku.edu.cn/en)查询。
本研究的身高、体重均来自2013年的现场测量,由此计算BMI。家用燃料类型是从2013年(第二波)和2015年(第三波)的两次调查中收集的。以2013年数据为基线,18 605名参与者随访至2015年,排除年龄小于45岁(n=447);其他基本信息(教育水平、婚姻状况、吸烟状况、饮酒状况)缺失(n=187);PEF测量数据缺失、非站姿或未用全力的参与者(n=10 965)。最终,共有7 006名参与者纳入本研究。此外,在BMI和PEF变化的关联分析中,排除BMI缺失者(n=4 002);在烹饪燃料使用和PEF变化的关联分析中,排除身高及烹饪燃料类型缺失的参与者(n=3 295);在取暖燃料使用和PEF变化的关联分析中,排除身高及取暖燃料缺失的参与者(n=4 195),最终分别有3 004、3 711及2 811名参与者纳入分析。本研究方案经北京大学伦理复审委员会批准(批准号:IRB 00001052-11015),参与者提供书面签署的知情同意书。流程见图1
在CHARLS 2013和2015年中,PEF由训练有素的技术人员使用峰值流速仪进行测量,单位为L/min。受试者采用站姿,测量开始时,尽全力深吸气后,屏住气并用嘴完全含住吹嘴,避免漏气,在测试过程中尽最大努力并以最快速度吹气,重复3次完成测量。记录员在记录时,若测量结果小于60则记录为“30”,若测量结果超过最大刻度时则记录“890”。受试者未能完成测试和选择不做本项测试分别记录为“993”和“999”,在本研究中予以剔除。本研究以3次PEF测量值中的最大值作为最终结果,2013和2015年的最大值之差作为PEF变化值。
使用标准化问卷的I模块,通过计算机辅助面访系统收集参与者有关家庭燃料类型的信息,包括以下问题:“是否有管道煤气或天然气?”“是否带供暖设施(不包括土暖气和可制暖的空调)?”“供暖所用的主要能源是什么?”“做饭用的主要燃料是什么?”。回答“其他”作为取暖或烹饪的主要燃料类型的参与者由于燃料使用类型的不确定性而被排除在外。在本研究中,根据标准化问题将烹饪燃料类型分为清洁燃料(管道天然气或煤气、沼气、液化石油气、电)和固体燃料(煤炭、蜂窝煤、秸秆、柴火);将取暖燃料类型分为清洁燃料(太阳能、管道天然气或煤气、液化石油气、电)和固体燃料(煤炭、蜂窝煤、秸秆、柴火)。
以2013年的数据为基线,连续型协变量包括年龄、身高;离散型协变量包括性别(男性、女性)、城乡(农村、城镇)、婚姻状况(在婚/同居、分居/离异/丧偶/从未结婚)、教育水平(初中及以下、高中及以上)、吸烟状况(是、否)、饮酒状况(每月超过一次、每月少于一次、不饮酒)、居住区域(东部、中部、西部)。分别从标准化问卷的不同模块中获得各协变量的数据。其中,根据参与者的Community ID变量对应的PSU编码确定其所在省份,并根据结合了经济技术发展水平和地理位置的经济分区将参与者划分为东部、中部和西部三个居住区域。
关于参与者基本特征的描述性统计,对连续型变量使用(平均值±标准差)来描述,对分类变量使用n(%)来描述,并使用t检验或ANOVA检验分析各组间的差异。采用线性混合模型评估BMI及室内固体燃料对PEF变化量的影响,并设置居住区域作为随机效应,BMI及室内固体燃料分别作为固定效应。其中,在BMI和PEF变化的关联分析中,将烹饪及取暖时固体及清洁燃料纳入混杂变量进行调整。设置三个模型,其中模型1为校正协变量的模型;模型2调整了年龄和性别;模型3对年龄、性别、婚姻状况、受教育水平、吸烟状况、饮酒状况和城乡进行了调整。其中,在BMI和PEF变化的关联分析中,将烹饪及取暖时燃料类型纳入模型3作为混杂变量进行调整;在室内固体燃料(烹饪燃料及取暖燃料)和PEF变化的关联分析中,额外纳入身高作为协变量进行调整。此外,本研究根据性别、城乡及吸烟状况做亚组分析,并进行交互分析以评估其对PEF变化是否存在效应修饰作用。使用R软件(版本4.3.0)进行统计学分析,检验水准α=0.05。
表1列出了纳入研究人群的基本特征。在7 006名参与者中,男性有3 261(46.55%)人,女性有3 745(53.45%)人;平均年龄为(59.45±8.90)岁;平均BMI为(23.81±3.67)kg/m2。分别有33.36%及30.76%的研究对象报告使用固体燃料进行烹饪和取暖。大多数参与者是初中及以下,占70.11%;居住在农村,占68.74%;在婚/同居,占88.22%;非吸烟者,占64.56%;不饮酒,占65.47%。此外,不同年龄、性别、城乡和居住区域的参与者2013年的基线PEF水平存在显著差异。
表2分析了BMI及烹饪和取暖固体燃料使用和PEF变化之间的关联。不同模型中BMI和PEF变化之间均具有显著的统计学关联。在完全调整模型中,BMI和PEF之间呈现显著的负向关联(β=-1.33,95%CI:-2.31~-0.33)。在完全调整模型中,烹饪或取暖过程时使用固体燃料均与PEF降低显著相:-16.78~-3.55;取暖:β=-10.13,95%CI:-18.70~-1.46)。
图2分析了不同亚组的BMI和PEF变化之间的关联及其交互作用。亚组分析结果显示,男性中BMI与PEF显著降低有统计学关联(β=-2.33,95%CI:-4.13~-0.53),但在女性参与者中没有发现两者有统计学关联(β=-0.43,95%CI:-1.56~0.71)。居住在农村参与者中BMI与PEF降低有统计学关联(β=-1.61,95%CI:-2.76~-0.45),居住在城市的参与者中BMI与PEF降低无统计学关联(β=-0.07,95%CI:-2.17~2.04)。吸烟者中BMI和PEF降低有统计学关联(β= -2.06,95%CI:-4.02~-0.11),而非吸烟者中BMI与PEF变化未发现有统计学关联(β=-0.79,95%CI:-1.95~0.37)。烹饪燃料及取暖燃料为固体燃料时,BMI均与PEF变化之间均存在显著的负向关联(烹饪:β=-1.31,95%CI:-2.58~-0.04;取暖:β=-1.58,95%CI:-2.76~-0.40)。在使用清洁燃料取暖的参与者中,BMI与PEF变化量之间无统计学关联(β=-0.01,95% CI~-2.18~2.18),但在使用清洁燃料作为烹饪燃料的参与者中,BMI升高会引起PEF降低(β=-1.63,95%CI:-2.92~-0.35)。
交互分析显示,BMI与性别、城乡和吸烟状况之间的交互作用对PEF变化无统计学意义,交互作用的P值分别为0.081、0.089及0.090。取暖燃料类型和BMI的交互作用对PEF降低有统计学意义(交互P=0.030),烹饪燃料和BMI的交互作用与PEF变化未发现有统计学关联。
本研究使用具有全国代表性的CHARLS研究,首次对中国中老年群体BMI和家用固体燃料的使用与PEF变化的关联进行综合分析。本研究发现,BMI、烹饪和取暖时使用固体燃料与PEF降低之间存在显著的负向关联,其中取暖燃料类型和BMI存在交互作用。本研究表明,保持合适的体重并使用清洁燃料进行烹饪和取暖对提高中老年人肺功能水平具有重要意义。
BMI和PEF之间呈负向关联。在印度一项包含80名成年女性的研究中,肥胖参与者和非肥胖参与者的PEF存在差异,肥胖参与者的PEF水平显著低于非肥胖参与者[13]。对684名哮喘患者的回顾性研究发现,与正常体重的哮喘患者相比,肥胖哮喘患者的PEF明显降低[7]。而在中国西安开展的一项包含770名研究对象的横断面研究中,正常体重者的PEF显著高于低体重者,但并未发现肥胖受试者的PEF与非肥胖者之间存在差异[14]。对282 135名韩国中年人BMI和PEF关联的研究也显示,体重不足者与正常体重者相比,PEF显著降低[15]。在本研究中,研究对象BMI基本在24.0 kg/m2以上,低体重个体数很少;我们发现随着基线BMI水平的升高,两年间PEF降低幅度加大。不同的肥胖界定标准、种族差异、参与者的年龄分布以及研究设计可能是造成研究结果差异的主要原因。因此,BMI对PEF降低的作用需要更多的队列研究来互相验证结果。研究表明,脂肪堆积于纵隔及胸腹腔中会改变肺部和胸壁的机械性能,从而导致胸膜压力的增加及功能残余能力的降低[13]。此外,肥胖造成的胰岛素抵抗[16]、慢性炎症[17]、肠道微生物作用、细胞代谢等因素[18]均可能导致PEF降低。
大多数研究认为,固体燃料的使用与PEF降低有关。印度一项纳入994名农村成年女性的研究表明,与使用清洁燃料的参与者相比,使用固体燃料及混合燃料的参与者PEF显著降低[19]。在马拉维农村地区评估了烹饪时使用固体燃料(木材、木炭)对PEF的影响,研究发现室内使用固体燃料烹饪参与者的PEF水平为正常身高、体重的标准PEF预测值的50%~80%[20]。此外,美国一项研究表明,短期暴露于相对较低水平的生物质烟雾引起的PEF水平波动较小[21]。室内空气污染物造成PEF下降的机制可能是由于固体燃料不完全燃烧产生的污染物通过吸入途径到达气管、支气管及肺部,穿透肺泡进入人体循环,并伴随着者炎症反应、氧化应激和DNA甲基化等一系列病理生理过程造成肺功能损伤等[10]。此外,我们还发现在使用固体燃料取暖的个体中,BMI与PEF降低的关联更强,可能是由于固体燃料使用和肥胖同时存在时,炎症和氧化应激水平更高,其导致的呼吸系统不良效应协同放大。
本研究最大的优势在于基于大样本且具有全国代表性的中国中老年人队列,将BMI与家庭燃料类型结合起来,分析两者对中老年人PEF变化的影响,可以深入了解影响中老年人PEF变化的因素。本研究也存在一些局限性。第一,使用自我报告的燃料类型作为室内空气污染物的替代,且无法了解参与者的家庭活动模式,可能会受到使用频率、通风、房屋大小、居家时长和做饭频率等因素的影响。第二,未考虑气温和室外空气污染的作用。由于室外空气污染物如颗粒物等可以悬浮于空气中并通过通风系统及门窗进入室内,从而对室内污染物造成影响。而气温对室内污染物的浓度和分布有一定的影响,一方面可以加快污染物的挥发,另一方面也会影响室内室外空气流通的速度。在未来的研究中需要将室外空气污染物与家庭空气污染物结合,分析两者的联合作用可能对人体肺功能造成的影响,同时将气温等因素纳入研究模型。第三,家具、家庭装饰和建筑材料产生的挥发性有机物及颗粒物等均可能造成室内环境污染,而本研究未收集此类相关信息。第四,本研究没有考虑季节因素,不同季节的家用燃料的使用类型和使用频率均可能会对室内空气污染物造成影响,如夏季供暖需求较低,而在冬季固体燃料使用更频繁。同时,季节的变化会导致湿度及室内外空气交换等因素,对室内污染物的浓度和分布同样产生影响。
本研究发现,中国中老年人的BMI升高和室内固体燃料使用会加速PEF降低,且两者存在交互作用。合理的控制体重,并注意防止室内固体燃料暴露造成的空气污染,如加强通风和使用清洁能源,对提高中老年人的呼吸系统健康具有重要意义。
  • 安徽省自然科学基金(2208085QH260)
  • 安徽高校自然科学研究项目(KJ2021A0229)
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2024年第51卷第1期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202309311
  • 接收时间:2023-09-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-01-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-17
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安徽省自然科学基金(2208085QH260)
安徽高校自然科学研究项目(KJ2021A0229)
作者信息
    1.安徽医科大学公共卫生学院儿少卫生与妇幼保健学系,安徽 合肥 230032
    2.出生人口健康教育部重点实验室,安徽 合肥 230032

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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