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Article(id=1241522770580927244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522764012647140, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307185, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1689350400000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773931694883, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1704816000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773931694883, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773931694883, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773931694883, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241522764012647140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773931693318, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773931808852, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241523248643494379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522764012647140, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241523248643494380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522764012647140, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=118, endPage=122, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241522771180712725, articleId=1241522770580927244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Combined effect of sleep duration and muscle strength on the depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older adults, columnId=1228016572451718132, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health and Social Behavior, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the combined effects of sleep duration and muscle strength on depressive symptoms in Chinese middle-aged and elderly adults, and to provide reference for mental health promotion.

Methods

A total of 4 225 participants from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS) who participated in both 2011 and 2018 waves. Sleep duration and depressive symptoms were assessed using a questionnaire, and muscle strength (grip strength and chair-rising time) was measured. Multivariable adjusted cox regression models were used to explore the combined effects of sleep duration and muscle strength on depressive symptoms.

Results

In total 1 465 (34.67%) participants reported depressive symptoms in 2018. After adjusting for confounding factors, participants with non-recommended sleep duration (> 9 h/d or < 7 h/d), lower grip strength, and longer chair-rising time had significantly increased risk of depressive symptoms. Compared with those with recommended sleep duration (7 to 9 h/d) and high muscle strength (high grip strength and short chair-rising time) group, individuals with non-recommended sleep duration and low muscle strength showed significantly increased risk of depressive symptoms (HR=1.99, 95%CI: 1.38-2.87).

Conclusion

Non-recommended sleep duration and low muscle strength are significant risk factors for depressive symptoms. Thus, increasing muscle strength and improving sleep duration should be recommended for mental health promotion in middle-aged and elderly people.

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目的

分析我国中老年人睡眠时长和肌力对抑郁症状的影响，为促进中老年人心理健康提供参考。

方法

本研究纳入了中国健康与养老追踪调查数据库中同时参与2011年和2018年调查的4 225名中老年人。通过问卷调查其睡眠时长和抑郁症状，并检测其肌力（握力和五次起坐时间）。采用多因素Cox回归模型探讨睡眠时长和肌力对抑郁症状的联合作用。

结果

调查对象中，1 465（34.67%）名中老年人在2018年新发抑郁症状。非适宜睡眠时长（>9 h/d或<7 h/d）、低握力和五次起坐时间长的中老年人抑郁症风险显著增加。与适宜睡眠时长（7 ~ 9 h/d）和高肌力（高握力和短五次起坐时间）组相比，非适宜睡眠时长/低肌力（低握力和五次起坐时间长）组调查对象发生抑郁症状的风险上升（HR=1.99, 95%CI：1.38～2.87）。

结论

非适宜睡眠时长和低肌力是中老年人抑郁症状的重要危险因素。因此，应积极指导老年人适度进行肌肉力量增强训练，并引导其养成良好的睡眠习惯以促进其心理健康水平。

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张敏哲，E-mail:
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汪树锋（1974—），男，本科，副主任医师，研究方向：慢性病预防与控制

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汪树锋（1974—），男，本科，副主任医师，研究方向：慢性病预防与控制

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汪树锋（1974—），男，本科，副主任医师，研究方向：慢性病预防与控制

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注：CT=五次起坐时间；GS=握力；RSD=适宜睡眠时长；NSD=非适宜睡眠时长；调整性别、年龄、教育程度、家庭类型、婚姻状况、吸烟情况、饮酒状况、BMI、高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、C反应蛋白、尿素。

, figureFileSmall=Sms+vN8dyCQNIx0xYwekeQ==, figureFileBig=iB+AVT28gQibZtICGznUIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241677621554106910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522770580927244, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic information of research subjects ［（），n（%）］

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量总体抑郁症状F/χ2值P值
有 ( n=1 465)无( n=2 760)
年龄（岁）56.9±8.056.7±8.057.0±8.01.40.244
性别70.3<0.001
男2 319(54.9)675(29.1)1 644(70.9)
女1 906(45.1)790(41.4)1 116(58.6)
婚姻状况1.90.379
已婚并生活在一起3 762(89.0)1 291(34.3)2 471(65.7)
已婚未生活在一起160(3.8)60(37.5)100(62.5)
离婚或其他303(7.2)114(37.6)189(62.4)
教育程度32.3<0.001
文盲1 483(35.1)591(39.9)892(60.1)
小学1 025(24.3)348(34.0)677(66.0)
初中1 054(24.9)337(32.0)717(68.0)
高中及以上6 63(15.7)189(28.5)474(71.5)
家庭类型15.8<0.001
农村家庭3 337(79.2)1 207(36.2)2 130(63.8)
非农村家庭876(20.8)254(29.0)622(71.0)
饮酒情况 (次/月)11.90.003
>11 231(29.1)379(30.8)852(69.2）
≤1360(8.5)126(35.0)234(65.0）
从不2 634(62.3)960(36.4)1 674(63.6）
吸烟情况18.9<0.001
有1 836(43.5)570(31.0)1 266(69.0)
无2 389(56.5)895(37.5)1 494(62.5)
糖尿病1.50.816
有189(4.5)67(35.4)122(64.6)
无3 997(95.5)1 384(34.6)2 613(65.4)
血脂异常0.10.965
有363(8.8)125(34.4)238(65.6)
无3 777(91.2)1 305(34.6)2 472(65.4)
高血压1.20.792
有865(20.6)303(35.0)562(65.0)
无3 340(79.4)1 154(34.6)2 186(65.4)
BMI(kg/m2)23.9±3.924.0±3.823.9±3.90.10.788
C反应蛋白(mg/L)2.4±6.52.6±6.72.3±6.41.10.291
尿素 (mg/dl)4.5±1.24.4±1.24.6±1.210.20.001
睡眠时长（h/d）6.8±1.66.8±1.56.7±1.713.7<0.001
五次起坐时间（s）9.8±3.210.1±3.39.6±3.222.6<0.001
握力指数1.5±0.51.5±0.51.6±0.548.9<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241677621671547434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522770580927244, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同调查对象的基本特征［（），n（%）］

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变量总体抑郁症状F/χ2值P值
有 ( n=1 465)无( n=2 760)
年龄（岁）56.9±8.056.7±8.057.0±8.01.40.244
性别70.3<0.001
男2 319(54.9)675(29.1)1 644(70.9)
女1 906(45.1)790(41.4)1 116(58.6)
婚姻状况1.90.379
已婚并生活在一起3 762(89.0)1 291(34.3)2 471(65.7)
已婚未生活在一起160(3.8)60(37.5)100(62.5)
离婚或其他303(7.2)114(37.6)189(62.4)
教育程度32.3<0.001
文盲1 483(35.1)591(39.9)892(60.1)
小学1 025(24.3)348(34.0)677(66.0)
初中1 054(24.9)337(32.0)717(68.0)
高中及以上6 63(15.7)189(28.5)474(71.5)
家庭类型15.8<0.001
农村家庭3 337(79.2)1 207(36.2)2 130(63.8)
非农村家庭876(20.8)254(29.0)622(71.0)
饮酒情况 (次/月)11.90.003
>11 231(29.1)379(30.8)852(69.2）
≤1360(8.5)126(35.0)234(65.0）
从不2 634(62.3)960(36.4)1 674(63.6）
吸烟情况18.9<0.001
有1 836(43.5)570(31.0)1 266(69.0)
无2 389(56.5)895(37.5)1 494(62.5)
糖尿病1.50.816
有189(4.5)67(35.4)122(64.6)
无3 997(95.5)1 384(34.6)2 613(65.4)
血脂异常0.10.965
有363(8.8)125(34.4)238(65.6)
无3 777(91.2)1 305(34.6)2 472(65.4)
高血压1.20.792
有865(20.6)303(35.0)562(65.0)
无3 340(79.4)1 154(34.6)2 186(65.4)
BMI(kg/m2)23.9±3.924.0±3.823.9±3.90.10.788
C反应蛋白(mg/L)2.4±6.52.6±6.72.3±6.41.10.291
尿素 (mg/dl)4.5±1.24.4±1.24.6±1.210.20.001
睡眠时长（h/d）6.8±1.66.8±1.56.7±1.713.7<0.001
五次起坐时间（s）9.8±3.210.1±3.39.6±3.222.6<0.001
握力指数1.5±0.51.5±0.51.6±0.548.9<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241677621776405042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522770580927244, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The relationship of sleep duration, grip strength, and chair-rising time with depression

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变量抑郁人数/总数模型1模型2模型3
HR值 (95%CI)P值HR值 (95%CI)P 值HR值 (95%CI)P值
睡眠时长
推荐 (7～9h/d)737/2 3111.0 (ref)1.0 (ref)1.0 (ref)
不推荐(<7h/d或>9h/d)728/1 9141.19(1.08～1.32)0.0011.19(1.07～1.32)0.0011.19(1.06～1.35)0.004
握力指数
高401/1 4091.0 (ref)1.0 (ref)1.0 (ref)
中490/1 4081.22(1.07-1.40)<0.0011.21(1.05～1.39)0.0011.16(0.98～1.37)0.084
低574/1 4081.43(1.26～1.63)<0.0011.38(1.17～1.63)<0.0011.30(1.07～1.59)0.008
五次起坐时间 (s)
短435/1 4151.0 (ref)1.0 (ref)1.0 (ref)
中469/1 4021.09(0.96～1.24)0.2041.07(0.94～1.22)0.2961.11(0.95～1.29)0.209
长561/1 4081.30(1.14～1.47)<0.0011.25(1.10～1.42)<0.0011.27(1.09～1.48)<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241677621898039864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522770580927244, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

睡眠时长、握力和五次起坐时间与抑郁症状的关联

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量抑郁人数/总数模型1模型2模型3
HR值 (95%CI)P值HR值 (95%CI)P 值HR值 (95%CI)P值
睡眠时长
推荐 (7～9h/d)737/2 3111.0 (ref)1.0 (ref)1.0 (ref)
不推荐(<7h/d或>9h/d)728/1 9141.19(1.08～1.32)0.0011.19(1.07～1.32)0.0011.19(1.06～1.35)0.004
握力指数
高401/1 4091.0 (ref)1.0 (ref)1.0 (ref)
中490/1 4081.22(1.07-1.40)<0.0011.21(1.05～1.39)0.0011.16(0.98～1.37)0.084
低574/1 4081.43(1.26～1.63)<0.0011.38(1.17～1.63)<0.0011.30(1.07～1.59)0.008
五次起坐时间 (s)
短435/1 4151.0 (ref)1.0 (ref)1.0 (ref)
中469/1 4021.09(0.96～1.24)0.2041.07(0.94～1.22)0.2961.11(0.95～1.29)0.209
长561/1 4081.30(1.14～1.47)<0.0011.25(1.10～1.42)<0.0011.27(1.09～1.48)<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241677622044840510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522770580927244, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Combined effects of sleep duration with grip strength or chair-rising time on depression

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量抑郁人数/总数模型1模型2模型3
HR值 (95%CI)P值HR值 (95%CI)P值HR值 (95%CI)P值
握力/睡眠时长
高GS/RSD203/7751.0 (ref)1.0 (ref)1.0 (ref)
中GS/RSD236/7681.17(0.97～1.42)0.0951.15(0.95～1.40)0.1541.07(0.85～1.35)0.553
低GS/RSD298/7681.48(1.24～1.77)<0.0011.43(1.16～1.75)0.0011.36(1.07～1.74)0.013
高GS/NSD198/6341.19(0.98～1.45)0.0781.19(0.97～1.44)0.0901.17(0.93～1.49)0.171
中GS/NSD254/6401.52(1.26～1.82)<0.0011.49(1.23～1.80)<0.0011.47(1.17～1.85)0.001
低NSD276/6401.65(1.37～1.97)<0.0011.58(1.28～1.95)<0.0011.46(1.14～1.86)0.003
五次起坐时间/睡眠时长
短CT/RSD214/7871.0 (ref)1.0 (ref)1.0 (ref)
中 CT/RSD250/7761.19(0.99～1.42)0.0691.17(0.97～1.41)0.0961.23(0.99～1.53)0.068
长CT/RSD273/7481.34(1.12～1.61)0.0011.28(1.07～1.54)0.0081.33(1.07～1.65)0.011
短CT/NSD221/6281.29(1.07～1.56)0.0071.28(1.06～1.55)0.0101.33(1.06～1.66)0.015
中CT/NSD219/6261.29(1.07～1.55)0.0091.26(1.04～1.53)0.0171.31(1.05～1.65)0.018
长CT/NSD288/6601.61(1.35～1.92)<0.0011.56(1.30～1.87)<0.0011.60(1.29～1.98)<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241677622166475331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522770580927244, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

睡眠时长与上肢或下肢肌力对抑郁症的联合作用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量抑郁人数/总数模型1模型2模型3
HR值 (95%CI)P值HR值 (95%CI)P值HR值 (95%CI)P值
握力/睡眠时长
高GS/RSD203/7751.0 (ref)1.0 (ref)1.0 (ref)
中GS/RSD236/7681.17(0.97～1.42)0.0951.15(0.95～1.40)0.1541.07(0.85～1.35)0.553
低GS/RSD298/7681.48(1.24～1.77)<0.0011.43(1.16～1.75)0.0011.36(1.07～1.74)0.013
高GS/NSD198/6341.19(0.98～1.45)0.0781.19(0.97～1.44)0.0901.17(0.93～1.49)0.171
中GS/NSD254/6401.52(1.26～1.82)<0.0011.49(1.23～1.80)<0.0011.47(1.17～1.85)0.001
低NSD276/6401.65(1.37～1.97)<0.0011.58(1.28～1.95)<0.0011.46(1.14～1.86)0.003
五次起坐时间/睡眠时长
短CT/RSD214/7871.0 (ref)1.0 (ref)1.0 (ref)
中 CT/RSD250/7761.19(0.99～1.42)0.0691.17(0.97～1.41)0.0961.23(0.99～1.53)0.068
长CT/RSD273/7481.34(1.12～1.61)0.0011.28(1.07～1.54)0.0081.33(1.07～1.65)0.011
短CT/NSD221/6281.29(1.07～1.56)0.0071.28(1.06～1.55)0.0101.33(1.06～1.66)0.015
中CT/NSD219/6261.29(1.07～1.55)0.0091.26(1.04～1.53)0.0171.31(1.05～1.65)0.018
长CT/NSD288/6601.61(1.35～1.92)<0.0011.56(1.30～1.87)<0.0011.60(1.29～1.98)<0.001
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睡眠时长和肌力对中老年人抑郁症状的联合作用
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汪树锋 1 , 陈锐 2 , 卢高磊 2 , 何启强 2 , 胡永峰 1 , 张敏哲 2
现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2024,51(1): 118-122
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现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2024, 51(1): 118-122
睡眠时长和肌力对中老年人抑郁症状的联合作用
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汪树锋1, 陈锐2, 卢高磊2, 何启强2, 胡永峰1, 张敏哲2
作者信息
  • 1.武汉市新洲区疾病预防控制中心，湖北 武汉 430400
  • 2.武汉大学公共卫生学院，湖北 武汉 430071

    • 汪树锋（1974—），男，本科，副主任医师，研究方向：慢性病预防与控制

通讯作者:

张敏哲，E-mail:
Combined effect of sleep duration and muscle strength on the depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older adults
Shu-feng WANG1, Rui CHEN2, Gao-lei LU2, Qi-qiang HE2, Yong-feng HU1, Min-zhe ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • Xinzhou District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei 430400, China
出版时间: 2024-01-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307185
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摘要
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目的

分析我国中老年人睡眠时长和肌力对抑郁症状的影响，为促进中老年人心理健康提供参考。

方法

本研究纳入了中国健康与养老追踪调查数据库中同时参与2011年和2018年调查的4 225名中老年人。通过问卷调查其睡眠时长和抑郁症状，并检测其肌力（握力和五次起坐时间）。采用多因素Cox回归模型探讨睡眠时长和肌力对抑郁症状的联合作用。

结果

调查对象中，1 465（34.67%）名中老年人在2018年新发抑郁症状。非适宜睡眠时长（>9 h/d或<7 h/d）、低握力和五次起坐时间长的中老年人抑郁症风险显著增加。与适宜睡眠时长（7 ~ 9 h/d）和高肌力（高握力和短五次起坐时间）组相比，非适宜睡眠时长/低肌力（低握力和五次起坐时间长）组调查对象发生抑郁症状的风险上升（HR=1.99, 95%CI：1.38～2.87）。

结论

非适宜睡眠时长和低肌力是中老年人抑郁症状的重要危险因素。因此，应积极指导老年人适度进行肌肉力量增强训练，并引导其养成良好的睡眠习惯以促进其心理健康水平。

中老年人  /  睡眠时长  /  肌力  /  抑郁症状  /  队列研究
Objective

To investigate the combined effects of sleep duration and muscle strength on depressive symptoms in Chinese middle-aged and elderly adults, and to provide reference for mental health promotion.

Methods

A total of 4 225 participants from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS) who participated in both 2011 and 2018 waves. Sleep duration and depressive symptoms were assessed using a questionnaire, and muscle strength (grip strength and chair-rising time) was measured. Multivariable adjusted cox regression models were used to explore the combined effects of sleep duration and muscle strength on depressive symptoms.

Results

In total 1 465 (34.67%) participants reported depressive symptoms in 2018. After adjusting for confounding factors, participants with non-recommended sleep duration (> 9 h/d or < 7 h/d), lower grip strength, and longer chair-rising time had significantly increased risk of depressive symptoms. Compared with those with recommended sleep duration (7 to 9 h/d) and high muscle strength (high grip strength and short chair-rising time) group, individuals with non-recommended sleep duration and low muscle strength showed significantly increased risk of depressive symptoms (HR=1.99, 95%CI: 1.38-2.87).

Conclusion

Non-recommended sleep duration and low muscle strength are significant risk factors for depressive symptoms. Thus, increasing muscle strength and improving sleep duration should be recommended for mental health promotion in middle-aged and elderly people.

Middle-aged and older adult  /  Sleep duration  /  Muscle strength  /  Depressive symptoms  /  Cohort study
汪树锋, 陈锐, 卢高磊, 何启强, 胡永峰, 张敏哲. 睡眠时长和肌力对中老年人抑郁症状的联合作用. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (1) : 118 -122 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307185
Shu-feng WANG, Rui CHEN, Gao-lei LU, Qi-qiang HE, Yong-feng HU, Min-zhe ZHANG. Combined effect of sleep duration and muscle strength on the depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older adults[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (1) : 118 -122 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307185
正文
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抑郁症是中老年人常见的心理疾病，不仅严重损害患者生活质量，而且增加其心血管疾病和过早死亡风险，给家庭和社会带来沉重负担[1]。全世界约有3.5亿人受到抑郁症的困扰[2]，而我国中老年人中30%男性和43%女性存在抑郁症状[3]。鉴于近年来中老年抑郁症人数呈持续上升趋势，因此需要有效的措施以进行早期防控。
近年来，睡眠和肌力对抑郁症状的影响受到关注。有研究认为睡眠时长与抑郁症状风险呈U型关系[4]，但也有发现睡眠时长和抑郁症状无显著关联[5]。同时，针对肌力与抑郁风险的研究也未得出明确结论。而且现有研究多分别讨论睡眠和肌力的影响，但同时分析这两个因素对抑郁症状的联合效应尚未见报道。为此，本研究基于中国健康与养老追踪研究调查(China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, CHARLS)，分析了中老年人睡眠时长、肌力对抑郁症状发生风险的联合效应，从而为促进老年人心理健康提供依据。
1　方法与对象
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1.1　研究对象
本研究采用的数据来自于CHARLS，该项目是一项旨在探讨社会发展对中国45岁以上居民健康影响的前瞻性队列研究[6]。研究采用分层多阶段抽样，从全国28个省抽取150个县和450个社区开展入户调查。研究对象纳入标准为：（1）年龄≥ 45岁；（2）2011年基线调查无抑郁症状；（3）相关信息完整。调查内容包括人口学特征、生活方式、健康状况、人体测量和实验室分析。本研究采用2011年基线资料和2018年随访数据。CHARLS研究获得北京大学伦理委员会批准(IRB 00001052-11015)，所有研究对象均签署知情同意书。
1.2　方法
抑郁症状评定采用流行病学研究中心抑郁量表（The 10-item version of the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale，CESD-10）。该量表在我国人群流行病学调查中显示了良好的信效度[7]。问卷共有10个问题，每个条目有4个选项：“很少或没有”“每周1～2 d”“每周3～4 d”“每周5～7 d”。每个选项范围为0～3，总分在0～30分之间，评分≥ 10为有抑郁症状[8]。
本研究在2011年（基线）时测量了肌力，包括上肢肌力和下肢肌力。上肢肌力评估为测量握力（kg），方法为：手臂自然下垂在两侧，参与者以站立的姿势尽可能用力挤压手柄，直到指针停止上升，两只手测量两次，每只手的握力取平均值，从而得到双手握力最大值。由于体重与握力密切相关，因此将握力与体重进行标准化处理（握力指数=握力（kg）/体重（kg）），并根据其结果三分位数分为上肢肌力低、中、高三组[9]。下肢肌力评估为测量五次起坐时间，方法为：在标准高度43 cm的椅子上，调查对象双臂折叠在胸前尽可能快速重复五次起立和坐下，调查员用专业秒表记录时间，取平均值。根据其结果三分位数分为下肢肌力低、中、高三组[10]。
睡眠时长通过自我报告问卷进行评估。根据对问题“过去一个月内，您平均每天晚上真实睡眠时间为多少小时”的回答，将调查对象分为适宜睡眠时长组（7～9 h/d）和不适宜睡眠时长组（<7 h/d或者>9 h/d）[11]。
本研究的协变量包括：人口学基本特征、体格和血生化指标。其中人口学特征有性别（男、女）、年龄（45～64岁、65岁及以上）、受教育程度（文盲、小学、初中、高中及以上）、婚姻状况（已婚并生活在一起、已婚未生活在一起、离婚和其他）、家庭类型（农业家庭、非农业家庭）、吸烟（有、无）、饮酒史（从不饮酒、每月饮酒次数≤1次和每个月饮酒次数>1次）。由专业调查员测量调查对象身高、体重后计算体质指数（body mass index，BMI）。采用欧姆龙HEM-7200血压计测量血压3次，每次间隔45s，取血压测量平均值。采集研究对象空腹静脉血，检测血糖、血脂、C反应蛋白（C-reactive protein，CPR）和尿素(uric acid,UA )水平。
1.3　统计分析
采用R 4.1.0软件进行统计学分析。计量资料以（）表示，分类变量以数值（%）表示，采用单因素方差分析或χ2检验比较不同组别间变量差异。采用多因素Cox回归模型分析肌力（握力、五次起坐时间）和睡眠时长对中老年人抑郁症状发生风险的联合影响。研究分析采用了三个模型：模型1未进行调整；模型2调整性别、年龄、文化程度、家庭类型、婚姻状况、吸烟史、饮酒史和BMI；模型3在模型2基础上，加入高血压、血脂异常、CRP、UA，以评估睡眠时长和肌力对抑郁症状的联合效应。检验水准α=0.05。
2　结果
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2.1　调查对象基线资料
在11 058例符合条件的参与者中，排除数据不完整4 649例和失访调查对象2 184例后，最终纳入4 225例调查对象。调查对象平均年龄（56.9±8.0）岁，其中男性占54.9%，1 465人（34.67%）随访七年后报告抑郁症状。与无抑郁症状的调查对象相比，有抑郁症状的多为女性、文化程度低、农业家庭、饮酒、吸烟、血尿酸水平较低且握力指数较低，而五次起坐时间和睡眠时长较长。见表1。
2.2　睡眠时长和肌力与抑郁症状关联
如表2所示，3个模型的结果基本一致。当调整了混杂因素后（模型3），与适宜睡眠时长（7～9 h/d）相比，非适宜时长（<7 h/d或>9 h/d）人群抑郁症状风险显著增加（HR=1.19, 95%CI：1.06～1.35）。与高握力组相比，低握力组抑郁症状风险的HR=1.3（95%CI：1.07～1.59）；与五次起坐时间短者相比，五次起坐时间长者HR=1.27（95%CI：1.09～1.48）。
2.3　睡眠时长与上下肢肌力对抑郁症状的联合作用
本研究将调查对象根据睡眠时长和肌力（握力和五次起坐时间）分为6组评估了睡眠时长和上下肢肌力对抑郁症状的联合影响，见表3。当调整了混杂因素后（模型3），与高握力和适宜睡眠时长组相比，低握力和适宜睡眠时长组抑郁症状风险HR=1.36（95%CI：1.07～1.74）；低握力和非适宜睡眠时长组抑郁症状风险HR=1.46（95%CI：1.14～1.86）。与五次起坐时间短和适宜睡眠时长组相比，五次起坐时间长和适宜睡眠时长组抑郁症状风险HR=1.33（95%CI：1.07～1.65）；五次起坐时间短和非适宜睡眠时长组抑郁症状风险HR=1.33（95%CI：1.06～1.66）；五次起坐时间长和非适宜睡眠时长组抑郁症状风险HR=1.60（95%CI：1.29～1.98）。
由图1可见，与适宜睡眠时长和高肌力（高握力和短五次起坐时间）组相比，同时有肌力中、低和睡眠时长不适宜的中老年人抑郁症状风险显著上升。其中，同时存在非适宜睡眠时长、中握力和长五次起坐时间的中老年人抑郁症状风险HR=2.05（95%CI：1.42～2.96），而同时存在非适宜睡眠时长、低握力和长五次起坐时间的中老年人抑郁症状风险HR=1.99，（95%CI：1.38～2.87）。
3　讨论
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本研究基于一项为期七年的前瞻性队列研究分析了中国中老年人肌力、睡眠时长与抑郁症状风险的关联。结果显示睡眠时长和肌力与中老年人抑郁症状风险显著相关，且非适宜睡眠时长和低肌力对抑郁症状发生风险存在联合效应。在本研究中，34.67%调查对象新发抑郁症状，而一项同样采用CHARLS数据的研究发现基线人群的抑郁症状患病率为36.62%[12]。这些结果表明抑郁症状是中国中老年人群的一个重要公共卫生挑战，需要采取有效的干预措施以降低这一疾病负担。
研究表明，睡眠对于促进身心健康至关重要，而睡眠时长与中老年人抑郁症状也存在关联[13]。一项meta研究显示，睡眠不足或过长均可增加抑郁风险[14]。本研究也发现非适宜睡眠时长显著增加中老年人抑郁风险。睡眠影响抑郁的机制可能为：睡眠时长过短或者过长可引起机体炎症细胞如白细胞介素-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α数量上升，而慢性低度炎症是抑郁症的病理特征之一。由于促炎反应从而诱发抑郁症[15]。此外，还有研究发现睡眠时间异常会减少机体从纹状体获取多巴胺D2 / D3受体，导致多巴胺分泌减少。而多巴胺是参与抑郁症发生发展的重要神经递质，由于神经兴奋减少，也可能出现抑郁情绪[16]。
随着年龄增长，中老年人群肌肉生理性退化，肌力也逐渐下降。一项针对6 526名欧洲老年人为期四年的随访研究显示，基线低握力和抑郁症状的发生不存在显著关联[17]，但也有研究发现，肌力与抑郁症状呈现明显的负相关[18]。有报道与肌力差的人群相比，上下肢肌力均强的人群抑郁风险下降54%，握力强的人群抑郁风险下降43%，而五次起坐时间长比五次起坐时间短的人群抑郁风险高32%[19]。一项针对14个欧洲国家13 589名50岁以上中老年群体的研究发现，五次起坐时间长比时间短的研究对象发生抑郁风险高1.87倍[20]。既往相关研究通常仅分析了单一肌力指标（握力或五次起坐时间），本研究同时考虑上下肢肌力对抑郁症状的影响，进一步证实了肌力与抑郁风险存在显著负关联。其可能的原因为：首先，中老年人活动量减少，肌肉力量降低，其日常生活能力有不同程度下降，从而易产生抑郁等不良情绪[21]。其次，高水平肌力有助于提升体内抗氧化水平，并抑制促氧化因子的生成，从而改善抑郁症状[22]。最后，高水平肌力与体内脑源性神经营养因子水平呈正相关，后者可促进神经系统的发育，维护神经系统功能，并与抑郁症的发生发展存在密切关系[23]。
本研究还发现，肌力和睡眠时长对抑郁症状的发生可产生联合效应。与仅有低肌力或非适宜睡眠时长的调查对象相比，同时存在低肌力和非适宜睡眠时长的人发生抑郁症状的风险显著高于两者独立的影响。既往研究发现睡眠异常可影响体内激素水平，从而影响肌肉的合成和修复[24]。在肌力下降的同时，老年人也会出现不同程度的抑郁症状。因此，我们的结果提示，在改善中老年人睡眠时长的同时加强肌力锻炼，将更有助于促进其心理健康水平。
综上所述，本研究显示非适宜睡眠时长和低肌力均显著增加中老年人抑郁症状发生风险。当同时存在非适宜睡眠时长和低肌力时，未来出现抑郁症状的风险进一步增加。因此，在针对老年人心理健康的综合干预措施中，有必要加强对老年人肌肉力量的评估，积极指导老年人适度进行肌肉力量增强训练，并引导其养成良好的睡眠习惯。
基金
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  • 国家留学基金委“中澳营养与健康研究领域科研合作和高层次人才培养项目”(2022-No.1007)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202307185
  • 接收时间：2023-07-15
  • 首发时间：2026-03-19
  • 出版时间：2024-01-10
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  • 收稿日期：2023-07-15
基金
国家留学基金委“中澳营养与健康研究领域科研合作和高层次人才培养项目”(2022-No.1007)
作者信息
    1.武汉市新洲区疾病预防控制中心，湖北 武汉 430400
    2.武汉大学公共卫生学院，湖北 武汉 430071

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张敏哲，E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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