Article(id=1241522769997910848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522764012647140, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308084, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1691424000000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773931694745, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1704816000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773931694745, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773931694745, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773931694745, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241522764012647140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773931693318, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773931808852, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241523248643494379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522764012647140, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241523248643494380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522764012647140, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=105, endPage=110, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241522771767907250, articleId=1241522769997910848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=The chain mediating role of self-efficacy and anxiety in the relationship between social support and well-being of elderly patients with chronic diseases, columnId=1228016572451718132, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health and Social Behavior, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the chain mediating effect of self-efficacy and anxiety on social support and well-being in elderly patients with chronic diseases.

Methods

In total 2 177 elderly patients with chronic diseases ≥ 60 years old in the 2022 psychological and behavioral survey of Chinese residents were investigated using perceived social support scale (PSSS), World Health Organization Five item Well-being Index (WHO-5), New General self-efficacy scale (NGSES), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7). The Process plug-in of SPSS was used, and the chain mediating effect test was carried out by Bootstrap method.

Results

Self-efficacy and anxiety played a chain mediating role in the relationship between social support and well-being. Among them, the direct effect of social support on well-being was significant (β=0.345, 95%CI: 0.330-0.432), the individual mediating effect of self-efficacy was significant (β=0.201, 95%CI: 0.164-0.240), the single mediating effect of anxiety was significant (β=0.029, 95%CI: 0.006-0.016), and the chain mediating effect of self-efficacy-anxiety was significant (β=0.006, 95%CI: 0.002-0.013).

Conclusion

Social support can affect the well-being of elderly patients with chronic diseases through the individual or chain mediation of self-efficacy and anxiety, which provides a theoretical basis for improving the well-being of this population.

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目的

探讨自我效能感和焦虑在老年慢性病患者社会支持和幸福感之间的链式中介作用。

方法

选取2022年中国居民心理与行为调查中2 177例≥60岁的老年慢性病患者作为研究对象,采用领悟社会支持量表(PSSS)、世界卫生组织幸福指数(WHO-5)、新的一般自我效能感量表(NGSES)、焦虑量表(GAD-7)进行调查;使用SPSS的Process插件,并用Bootstrap法进行链式中介效应检验。

结果

自我效能感和焦虑在社会支持对幸福感的作用中发挥链式中介作用。其中,社会支持对幸福感的直接效应显著(β=0.345,95%CI:0.330~0.432),自我效能感的单独中介效应显著(β=0.201,95%CI:0.164~0.240),焦虑的单独中介效应显著(β=0.029,95%CI:0.006~0.016),自我效能感-焦虑链式中介效应显著(β=0.006,95%CI:0.002~0.013)。

结论

社会支持可以通过自我效能感和焦虑的单独或链式中介作用影响老年慢性病患者的幸福感,为提升该人群幸福感提供了理论依据。

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罗桢妮,E-mal:
吴一波,E-mal:
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郑思榆(2001-),女,本科在读,研究方向:卫生管理

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Chinese Journal of Hospital Statistics, 2021, 28(2): 131-135., articleTitle=Analysis of the mediating role of state-trait anxiety between sleep quality and happiness in elderly patients with insomnia, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241677628088832802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522769997910848, awardId=71503057, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(71503057), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241677628193690404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522769997910848, awardId=2021WTSCX072, language=CN, fundingSource=广东省普通高校认定类科研项目(2021WTSCX072), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241677618366435749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522769997910848, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241677618370630053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522769997910848, companyId=1241677618366435749, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Health Management, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241677618379018663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522769997910848, companyId=1241677618366435749, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.广州医科大学卫生管理学院,广东 广州 511436)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241677618492264879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522769997910848, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241677618500653488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522769997910848, companyId=1241677618492264879, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.南方医科大学卫生管理学院)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241677618605511098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522769997910848, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241677618630676924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522769997910848, companyId=1241677618605511098, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.北京大学公共卫生学院,北京 100191)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241677626549523160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522769997910848, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Chain mediation model, figureFileSmall=uAxGArjQROtsWSef6ou+1A==, figureFileBig=GmNvDWS4DRZMrpfe96Bvvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241677626679546594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522769997910848, language=CN, label=图1, caption=链式中介模型

注:*P<0.001。

, figureFileSmall=uAxGArjQROtsWSef6ou+1A==, figureFileBig=GmNvDWS4DRZMrpfe96Bvvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241677626943787757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522769997910848, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Differences in variable scores among different demographic characteristics of elderly patients with chronic disease

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别人数(%)变量得分(分,
幸福感社会支持自我效能感焦虑
总样本2 17712.39±3.9714.75±3.5910.38±2.4511.47±4.10
性别
1 064(48.87)12.47±3.9214.87±3.6110.50±2.4411.38±4.12
1 113(51.13)12.31±4.0114.64±3.5610.26±2.4511.55±4.09
F/Welch0.8752.1765.4970.925
P0.3500.1400.0190.336
户籍
农业1 346(63.58)12.00±3.9914.42±3.6610.09±2.4811.55±4.06
非农业831(36.42)13.01±3.8415.29±3.4110.84±2.3211.34±4.18
F/Welch34.57031.69950.3761.378
P<0.001<0.001<0.0010.241
家庭人均月收入(元)
≤3 000995(45.71)12.29±3.6814.79±3.1310.25±2.1911.34±4.16
3 001~6 000891(40.93)12.56±4.2314.73±3.9910.52±2.6511.45±3.98
6 001~9 000175(8.04)12.18±3.7214.6±3.6510.13±2.6912.35±4.46
≥9 001116(5.33)12.39±3.9714.78±3.9310.73±2.6411.34±3.89
F/Welch0.9570.1573.2213.044
P0.4130.9220.0230.028
学历
未接受正规教育494(22.69)11.95±3.7814.28±3.569.90±2.3111.70±4.25
小学635(29.17)11.72±3.7714.13±3.419.92±2.3211.63±3.84
初中449(20.62)12.50±4.1715.10±3.6510.6±2.610.90±3.87
高中、中专、大专455(20.90)13.17±3.9515.46±3.4810.96±2.3311.38±4.17
大学及以上144(6.61)13.99±3.9615.76±3.8711.47±2.5312.01±4.97
F/Welch17.01715.57226.1313.466
P<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
婚姻状况
未婚36(1.65)10.28±4.1711.08±4.128.08±2.8812.19±3.87
离异48(2.20)11.67±4.0812.63±3.949.23±2.7211.92±3.60
丧偶302(13.87)12.31±3.6314.93±3.0210.23±2.3211.58±4.18
已婚1 791(82.27)12.46±4.0014.85±3.6010.48±2.4211.42±4.11
F/Welch4.18814.71411.6610.724
P0.006<0.001<0.0010.489
是否独居
276(12.45)11.83±3.8214.00±3.629.91±2.5112.55±4.64
1 901(87.32)12.47±3.9814.86±3.5710.44±2.4311.31±3.80
F/Welch6.35613.78210.82817.815
P0.012<0.0010.001<0.001
慢性病数量(种)
11 140(52.37)12.91±3.9315.09±3.4610.62±2.3711.05±3.97
2~3861(39.55)11.87±3.8814.29±3.6810.07±2.5111.74±3.98
≥4176(8.08)11.56±4.1414.81±3.6810.27±2.4812.86±5.05
F/Welch21.40712.14512.62814.759
P<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241677627094782709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522769997910848, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同人口学特征的老年慢性病患者在各变量得分上的差异

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别人数(%)变量得分(分,
幸福感社会支持自我效能感焦虑
总样本2 17712.39±3.9714.75±3.5910.38±2.4511.47±4.10
性别
1 064(48.87)12.47±3.9214.87±3.6110.50±2.4411.38±4.12
1 113(51.13)12.31±4.0114.64±3.5610.26±2.4511.55±4.09
F/Welch0.8752.1765.4970.925
P0.3500.1400.0190.336
户籍
农业1 346(63.58)12.00±3.9914.42±3.6610.09±2.4811.55±4.06
非农业831(36.42)13.01±3.8415.29±3.4110.84±2.3211.34±4.18
F/Welch34.57031.69950.3761.378
P<0.001<0.001<0.0010.241
家庭人均月收入(元)
≤3 000995(45.71)12.29±3.6814.79±3.1310.25±2.1911.34±4.16
3 001~6 000891(40.93)12.56±4.2314.73±3.9910.52±2.6511.45±3.98
6 001~9 000175(8.04)12.18±3.7214.6±3.6510.13±2.6912.35±4.46
≥9 001116(5.33)12.39±3.9714.78±3.9310.73±2.6411.34±3.89
F/Welch0.9570.1573.2213.044
P0.4130.9220.0230.028
学历
未接受正规教育494(22.69)11.95±3.7814.28±3.569.90±2.3111.70±4.25
小学635(29.17)11.72±3.7714.13±3.419.92±2.3211.63±3.84
初中449(20.62)12.50±4.1715.10±3.6510.6±2.610.90±3.87
高中、中专、大专455(20.90)13.17±3.9515.46±3.4810.96±2.3311.38±4.17
大学及以上144(6.61)13.99±3.9615.76±3.8711.47±2.5312.01±4.97
F/Welch17.01715.57226.1313.466
P<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
婚姻状况
未婚36(1.65)10.28±4.1711.08±4.128.08±2.8812.19±3.87
离异48(2.20)11.67±4.0812.63±3.949.23±2.7211.92±3.60
丧偶302(13.87)12.31±3.6314.93±3.0210.23±2.3211.58±4.18
已婚1 791(82.27)12.46±4.0014.85±3.6010.48±2.4211.42±4.11
F/Welch4.18814.71411.6610.724
P0.006<0.001<0.0010.489
是否独居
276(12.45)11.83±3.8214.00±3.629.91±2.5112.55±4.64
1 901(87.32)12.47±3.9814.86±3.5710.44±2.4311.31±3.80
F/Welch6.35613.78210.82817.815
P0.012<0.0010.001<0.001
慢性病数量(种)
11 140(52.37)12.91±3.9315.09±3.4610.62±2.3711.05±3.97
2~3861(39.55)11.87±3.8814.29±3.6810.07±2.5111.74±3.98
≥4176(8.08)11.56±4.1414.81±3.6810.27±2.4812.86±5.05
F/Welch21.40712.14512.62814.759
P<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
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The results of descriptive statistics and correlation analysis of the main variables (r

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量社会支持幸福感自我效能感焦虑
社会支持1.000
幸福感0.582*1.000
自我效能感0.683*0.560*1.000
焦虑-0.355*-0.308*-0.294*1.000
), ArticleFig(id=1241677627379995395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522769997910848, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

主要变量的描述性统计结果与相关性分析结果(r

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量社会支持幸福感自我效能感焦虑
社会支持1.000
幸福感0.582*1.000
自我效能感0.683*0.560*1.000
焦虑-0.355*-0.308*-0.294*1.000
), ArticleFig(id=1241677627526796038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522769997910848, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Analysis of chain mediation model

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回归方程整体拟合指数回归系数显著性
结果变量预测变量RR2Fβ值(95%CItP
幸福感社会支持0.6140.376163.5540.581(0.604~0.680)33.350<0.001
自我效能感社会支持0.7080.501271.5310.678(-0.210~0.088)43.499<0.001
焦虑社会支持0.3950.15644.614-0.293(-0.398~-0.273)-10.572<0.001
自我效能感-0.098(-0.256~-0.072)-3.499<0.001
幸福感社会支持0.6570.431164.1640.345(0.330,0.432)14.764<0.001
自我效能感0.297(0.408~0.554)12.901<0.001
焦虑-0.097(-0.127~-0.060)-5.504<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241677627619070730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522769997910848, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

链式中介模型分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
回归方程整体拟合指数回归系数显著性
结果变量预测变量RR2Fβ值(95%CItP
幸福感社会支持0.6140.376163.5540.581(0.604~0.680)33.350<0.001
自我效能感社会支持0.7080.501271.5310.678(-0.210~0.088)43.499<0.001
焦虑社会支持0.3950.15644.614-0.293(-0.398~-0.273)-10.572<0.001
自我效能感-0.098(-0.256~-0.072)-3.499<0.001
幸福感社会支持0.6570.431164.1640.345(0.330,0.432)14.764<0.001
自我效能感0.297(0.408~0.554)12.901<0.001
焦虑-0.097(-0.127~-0.060)-5.504<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241677627744899857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522769997910848, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Test of chain mediating effect

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效应路径β(95%CI 效应(%)
总效应0.581(0.604~0.680)0.192
直接效应0.345(0.330~0.432)0.02659.38
中介效应中介效应总量0.236(0.196~0.278)0.02140.62
路径10.201(0.164~0.240)0.02034.60
路径20.029(0.016~0.041)0.0065.00
路径30.006(0.002~0.013)0.0031.03
), ArticleFig(id=1241677627853951767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522769997910848, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

链式中介路径分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
效应路径β(95%CI 效应(%)
总效应0.581(0.604~0.680)0.192
直接效应0.345(0.330~0.432)0.02659.38
中介效应中介效应总量0.236(0.196~0.278)0.02140.62
路径10.201(0.164~0.240)0.02034.60
路径20.029(0.016~0.041)0.0065.00
路径30.006(0.002~0.013)0.0031.03
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自我效能感与焦虑在社会支持与老年慢性病患者幸福感关系中的链式中介作用
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郑思榆 1 , 钟思思 1 , 陈江芸 2 , 孙婉怡 1 , 王梓丞 1 , 吴一波 3 , 罗桢妮 1
现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2024,51(1): 105-110
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现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2024, 51(1): 105-110
自我效能感与焦虑在社会支持与老年慢性病患者幸福感关系中的链式中介作用
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郑思榆1, 钟思思1, 陈江芸2, 孙婉怡1, 王梓丞1, 吴一波3 , 罗桢妮1
作者信息
  • 1.广州医科大学卫生管理学院,广东 广州 511436
  • 2.南方医科大学卫生管理学院
  • 3.北京大学公共卫生学院,北京 100191
  • 郑思榆(2001-),女,本科在读,研究方向:卫生管理

通讯作者:

罗桢妮,E-mal:
吴一波,E-mal:
The chain mediating role of self-efficacy and anxiety in the relationship between social support and well-being of elderly patients with chronic diseases
Si-yu ZHENG1, Si-si ZHONG1, Jiang-yun CHEN2, Wan-yi SUN1, Zi-cheng WANG1, Yi-bo WU3 , Zhen-ni LUO1
Affiliations
  • School of Health Management, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
出版时间: 2024-01-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308084
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目的

探讨自我效能感和焦虑在老年慢性病患者社会支持和幸福感之间的链式中介作用。

方法

选取2022年中国居民心理与行为调查中2 177例≥60岁的老年慢性病患者作为研究对象,采用领悟社会支持量表(PSSS)、世界卫生组织幸福指数(WHO-5)、新的一般自我效能感量表(NGSES)、焦虑量表(GAD-7)进行调查;使用SPSS的Process插件,并用Bootstrap法进行链式中介效应检验。

结果

自我效能感和焦虑在社会支持对幸福感的作用中发挥链式中介作用。其中,社会支持对幸福感的直接效应显著(β=0.345,95%CI:0.330~0.432),自我效能感的单独中介效应显著(β=0.201,95%CI:0.164~0.240),焦虑的单独中介效应显著(β=0.029,95%CI:0.006~0.016),自我效能感-焦虑链式中介效应显著(β=0.006,95%CI:0.002~0.013)。

结论

社会支持可以通过自我效能感和焦虑的单独或链式中介作用影响老年慢性病患者的幸福感,为提升该人群幸福感提供了理论依据。

慢性病  /  老年人  /  社会支持  /  幸福感  /  自我效能感
Objective

To explore the chain mediating effect of self-efficacy and anxiety on social support and well-being in elderly patients with chronic diseases.

Methods

In total 2 177 elderly patients with chronic diseases ≥ 60 years old in the 2022 psychological and behavioral survey of Chinese residents were investigated using perceived social support scale (PSSS), World Health Organization Five item Well-being Index (WHO-5), New General self-efficacy scale (NGSES), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7). The Process plug-in of SPSS was used, and the chain mediating effect test was carried out by Bootstrap method.

Results

Self-efficacy and anxiety played a chain mediating role in the relationship between social support and well-being. Among them, the direct effect of social support on well-being was significant (β=0.345, 95%CI: 0.330-0.432), the individual mediating effect of self-efficacy was significant (β=0.201, 95%CI: 0.164-0.240), the single mediating effect of anxiety was significant (β=0.029, 95%CI: 0.006-0.016), and the chain mediating effect of self-efficacy-anxiety was significant (β=0.006, 95%CI: 0.002-0.013).

Conclusion

Social support can affect the well-being of elderly patients with chronic diseases through the individual or chain mediation of self-efficacy and anxiety, which provides a theoretical basis for improving the well-being of this population.

Chronic diseases  /  Elderly  /  Social support  /  Well-being  /  Self-efficacy
郑思榆, 钟思思, 陈江芸, 孙婉怡, 王梓丞, 吴一波, 罗桢妮. 自我效能感与焦虑在社会支持与老年慢性病患者幸福感关系中的链式中介作用. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (1) : 105 -110 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308084
Si-yu ZHENG, Si-si ZHONG, Jiang-yun CHEN, Wan-yi SUN, Zi-cheng WANG, Yi-bo WU, Zhen-ni LUO. The chain mediating role of self-efficacy and anxiety in the relationship between social support and well-being of elderly patients with chronic diseases[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (1) : 105 -110 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308084
老年慢性病患者数量庞大,且随着老龄化的加剧而增长。截至2018年底,近1.8亿老年人患有慢性病,患有一种及以上慢性病的老年人比例高达75%[1]。老年慢性病患者的生活受到疾病的困扰,身心健康水平并不乐观,其幸福感低于健康老年人[2]。2022年《“十四五”健康老龄化规划》提出“不断满足老年人健康需求,稳步提升老年人健康水平”的目标,致力于延长老年人的健康预期寿命,提高晚年生活的幸福水平。
领悟社会支持是指个体主观体验到的社会支持[3],它能改善老年慢性病患者的生活体验。研究表明社会支持对老年慢性病患者的幸福感有明显的正向影响[2],但聚焦于这种影响的作用机制研究较少。
已有研究表明,社会支持与老年慢性病患者的焦虑发生率呈负相关[4]。慢性病患者承受疾病的身心困扰,容易产生焦虑等负面情绪[5],而社会支持能够使老年人获得更积极的情绪体验,缓解焦虑感。社会支持与社区老年慢性病患者的自我效能感呈显著正相关,社会支持提供的鼓励性话语以及良好的反馈使患者体会到处理疾病的能力感和自信心,促进自我效能感提升[6]。自我效能感与幸福感呈正相关[7],焦虑与幸福感呈负相关[8]。也就是说,社会支持可能通过自我效能感或焦虑的作用进而影响老年慢性病患者的幸福感。同时,有生化实验表明,高自我效能可以影响儿茶酚胺等物质的分泌以更好地唤醒自主神经系统,从而调节个体的免疫功能和精神状态[9],可推论自我效能感可能负向影响老年慢性病患者的焦虑水平。综上提出本研究假设:社会支持对老年慢性病患者幸福感的影响可能通过自我效能感与焦虑的链式中介效应起作用。
现有针对慢性病患者幸福感的研究多主要聚焦于现状及其影响因素调查[2610],较少涉及老年慢性病患者社会支持对幸福感的作用机制。此外,现有关于老年慢性病患者幸福感的调查缺乏全国性数据研究。本研究旨在验证自我效能感和焦虑在社会支持对老年慢性病患者幸福感影响中的作用机制,深化人们对社会支持影响老年慢性病患者幸福感作用机制的认识,为提高老年慢性病患者的幸福感提供理论参考,推动健康老龄事业的发展。
本研究数据来源于北京大学公共卫生学院于2022年6—9月发起并进行的2022年中国居民心理与行为调查。该调查经30余次专家咨询+3轮预调研,通过多阶段随机等概率抽样,纳入中国全部省份的148个城市;采取面对面调查,调查总样本量为30 505人;根据七普的性别、年龄、城乡分布特征进行样本配比,配比后样本量为21 916人;该调查已通过伦理审查(JKWH-2022-02)。本研究选取年龄在60岁及以上的老年慢性病患者2 371例为研究对象,慢性病测量采用题项“您是否经医生诊断,目前确诊以下慢性病?”,除选“无”之外的所有样本均纳入。剔除回答逻辑前后不一致和有空缺的样本194例,最终纳入2 177例有效数据(有效率91.82%)。
本研究的研究方法为问卷调查法,问卷内容如下:
(1)一般资料:选取性别、户籍、婚姻、学历、居住情况、家庭人均月收入、慢性病数量作为一般资料。
(2)领悟社会支持量表(perceived social support scale,PSSS)[11]。由Blumenthal等人[12]编制,后引进国内被证明有良好的信效度。PSSS包括家庭、朋友、其他支持3维度,采取Likert 7级计分法,赋分1~7分,总分21分,得分越高表明领悟社会支持水平越高。本研究中该量表的克隆巴赫系数为0.89。
(3)世界卫生组织幸福指数量表(World Health Organization Five-item Well-Being Index,WHO-5)。研究表明WHO-5的信度和效度比抑郁自我评估量表(PHQ-9)更有利于筛查慢性病患者的心理健康[13]。采取Likert 6级计分法,赋分0~5分,总分25分,得分越高表明幸福感水平越高。本研究中该量表的克隆巴赫系数为0.94。
(4)新的一般自我效能感量表(NGSES)[14]。由Chen G等人在2001年新编制,被证实具有良好的信效度。NGSES包含自我效能感的水平、强度和普遍性3个维度,采取Likert 5级计分法,赋分1~5分,总分15分,得分越高表明自我效能感越高。本研究中该量表的克隆巴赫系数为0.92。
(5)焦虑量表(Generalized Anxiety Disorder,GAD-7)[15]。是由Spitzer RL等人基于美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-IV)编制的焦虑自评量表。GAD-7共7条目,采取Likert 4级计分法,赋分1~4分,总分28分,得分越高表明焦虑水平越高。本研究中该量表的克隆巴赫系数为0.92。
数据筛选并清洗后导入SPSS26.0分析。对于描述性统计,计数资料采取频数(n)和构成比(%)描述;4个研究变量均不符合正态分布,但偏态不严重,故仍采用()反映整体情况。对于研究4个变量在不同人口学特征上的差异(单因素分析),若数据方差齐,选择单因素方差分析,若数据方差不齐则采用welch检验。将单因素分析结果有统计学意义的因素作为控制变量,纳入偏相关分析模型探索各变量的相关关系。根据文献[16-17],将单因素分析有统计学意义的因素作为控制变量,采取SPSS的Process插件,经Bootstrap法进行链式中介效应检验。检验水准α=0.05,数据均符合所采用方法的使用条件。
调查对象为2 177例老年慢性病患者。其中,男性1 064人(48.87%),女性1 113人(51.13%);农业1 346人(63.58%),非农业831人(36.42%);未婚36人(1.65%),已婚1 791人(82.27%),离异48人(2.20%),丧偶302人(13.87%);未接受正规教育494人(22.69%),小学635人(29.17%),初中449人(20.62%),高中、中专、大专共455人(20.90%),大学及以上144人(6.61%);家庭人均月收入,≤3 000元995人(45.71%),3 001~6 000元891人(40.93%),6 001~9 000元175人(8.04%),≥9 001元116人(5.33%);患1种慢病1 140人(52.37%),患2~3种慢病861人(39.55%),4种及以上176人(8.08%)。
采取Harman单因素因子分析,对社会支持、幸福感、自我效能感、焦虑4个变量进行未旋转探索性分析,结果显示特征值大于1的因子有13个,第一个因子的方差解释率为36.84%,小于临界值40%,说明该研究中没有明显的共同方法偏差。
使用单因素方差分析研究社会支持、幸福感、自我效能感、焦虑在性别、户籍、婚姻状况、学历、家庭人均月收入、是否独居、慢性病数量上的差异是否存在统计学意义。结果表明:户籍、学历、婚姻状况、是否独居、慢性病数量在幸福感得分中存在显著差异;户籍、学历、是否独居、慢性病数量、在社会支持得分中存在显著差异;性别、户籍、学历、婚姻状况、是否独居、家庭人均月收入、慢性病数量在自我效能感得分中存在显著差异;学历、家庭人均月收入、是否独居、慢性病数量在焦虑得分中存在显著差异。见表1
以单因素分析结果有统计学意义的因素为控制变量,偏相关分析结果表明,社会支持与幸福感、自我效能感呈显著正相关,与焦虑呈显著负相关;自我效能感与幸福感呈显著正相关,与焦虑呈显著负相关;焦虑与幸福感呈显著负相关。见表2
采用SPSS的PROCESS插件并选择模型6,以社会支持为自变量,以幸福感为因变量,以自我效能感和焦虑为链式中介变量,以单因素分析结果有统计学意义的因素为控制变量进行分析。
链式中介模型分析结果表明,社会支持对幸福感影响的总效应显著(β=0.581,P<0.001)。社会支持不仅能正向预测自我效能感(β=0.678,P<0.001),而且能够负向预测焦虑(β=-0.293,P<0.001);此外,社会支持对幸福感的直接效应存在统计学意义(β=0.345,P<0.001)。同样,自我效能感不仅能够正向预测幸福感(β=0.297,P<0.001),而且能够负向预测焦虑(β=-0.098,P<0.001);此外,焦虑能够负向预测幸福感(β=-0.097,P<0.001)。见表3
采用Bootstrap法重复抽样5 000次,链式中介效应分析结果表明,3条中介路径的95%CI均不包含0,说明中介变量的中介效应均显著。3条中介路径的效应值分别为0.201、0.029、0.006,分别占总效应的百分比为34.6%、5.00%、1.03%。此外,直接效应不等于0,说明自我效能感和焦虑在社会支持与幸福感之间起部分中介作用。见表4图1
本次调查显示,老年慢性病患者的幸福指数为(12.39±3.97)分(参考范围0~25分),幸福感处于中等水平。社会支持、自我效能感能够正向预测老年慢性病患者的幸福感,焦虑水平能够负向预测老年慢性病患者的幸福感。社会支持使老年慢性病患者相信自己被关心被爱、被尊重和有价值、属于共同的信息网络[10];其中,医护支持能够提供专业性的疾病指导意见,病友支持能够提供共同战胜疾病的信念,从而提升幸福感。自我效能感的作用在于调整个体面对应激事件发生时的内在思维,影响健康行为[5]。拥有高水平自我效能感的老年慢性病患者有更强的战胜疾病的信念,幸福感较高。焦虑是对未来不确定结局进行想象与评估而产生的一种情绪体验,老年慢性病患者对疾病和治疗相关信息的了解有限,容易产生疾病进程或结局不确定的想象,从而引发恐惧感[18],弱化对生活中其他积极事物的感知,与幸福感负相关[19]
社会支持能够通过焦虑影响老年慢性病患者的幸福感。慢性病患者常常担忧自己的健康状况,因此普遍存在健康焦虑[20],而社会支持水平越低,慢性病患者焦虑水平越高[21],焦虑可能导致个人对自身及其环境评价较为消极,进而削弱了对幸福的感知[22]。此外,社会支持也能够通过自我效能感影响老年慢性病患者的幸福感,与曹文君等人[6]的研究结果一致,究其原因可能是社会支持提供了情感和行为支持,从而增强慢性病患者自信心以抗击疾病,最终改善生活质量[23]。有研究以提供社会支持作为方法来提高养老院老年人的自我效能感,结果其积极心境状态水平与对照组相比显著提升[24]。自我效能感可能增加对疾病结局的积极猜想,降低灾难想象(如发生并发症、生存时间缩短)带来的焦虑,从而提高幸福感。研究表明,老年直肠癌患者化疗期的自我效能感越低,焦虑水平越高[25];通过干预提高自我效能感,能够缓解老年消化性溃疡患者的焦虑心理[26],而焦虑与幸福感呈负相关[27-28],印证了本研究“自我效能感-焦虑”的链式中介作用结果。
本研究证实了自我效能感和焦虑在社会支持与老年慢性病患者幸福感关系中的单独中介作用和链式中介作用。理论层面,这深化了既往人们关于社会支持对老年慢性病患者幸福感作用机制的认识,有益于为后来的学者提供新的研究思路,推动老年慢性病患者心理健康领域的研究进展。实践层面,在了解此作用机制后,社会工作者等相关组织能更重视帮助老年慢性病人提高自我效能,提供更多社会支持,以增进老年慢性病患者的福祉。
  • 国家自然科学基金(71503057)
  • 广东省普通高校认定类科研项目(2021WTSCX072)
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2024年第51卷第1期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308084
  • 接收时间:2023-08-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-01-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-08
基金
国家自然科学基金(71503057)
广东省普通高校认定类科研项目(2021WTSCX072)
作者信息
    1.广州医科大学卫生管理学院,广东 广州 511436
    2.南方医科大学卫生管理学院
    3.北京大学公共卫生学院,北京 100191

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罗桢妮,E-mal:
吴一波,E-mal:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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