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Article(id=1241522767393247990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522764012647140, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202309419, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1695312000000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773931694123, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1704816000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773931694123, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773931694123, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773931694123, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241522764012647140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773931693318, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773931808852, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241523248643494379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522764012647140, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241523248643494380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241522764012647140, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=71, endPage=75, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241522767674266364, articleId=1241522767393247990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Analysis of self-rated health status of the elderly and influencing factors of in rural areas of China, columnId=1228016572892119056, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Primary Health Services, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the self-rated health status and influencing factors of the elderly in rural areas of China, and to provide decision-making reference for relevant departments to formulate healthy aging strategies for the elderly in rural areas.

Methods

Using the data of China family panel studies (CFPS) in 2020, descriptive analysis, univariate analysis, and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze the self-rated health status and its influencing factors of the elderly in rural areas of China.

Results

In total 72.6% of the 2 717 elderly in rural areas of China rated themselves as healthy. The age group of 60 to 74 years old (OR=0.694, 95%CI: 0.501-0.961), lower income (OR=0.503, 95%CI: 0.372-0.681), no smoking or no current smoking (OR=0.682, 95%CI: 0.538-0.865), and no alcohol or less alcohol now (OR=0.672, 95%CI: 0.491-0.920) were associated with poor self-rated health status. Normal BMI index (OR=1.868, 95%CI: 1.298-2.687), no hospitalization within one year (OR=2.537, 95%CI: 2.015-3.194), no physical discomfort within two weeks (OR=4.205, 95%CI: 3.422-5.167), and no chronic diseases (OR=2.530, 95%CI: 2.051-3.121) were associated with better health status.

Conclusion

The self-rated health status of the elderly in rural areas of China is good, but it is still necessary to strengthen the economic support, improve the construction of medical and health service system, improve the family support and social support system, and actively carry out specialized health education for the elderly in rural areas to promote their health management and quality of life.

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目的

探究我国农村地区老年人的自评健康状况及影响因素，为相关部门制定农村地区老年人的健康老龄化策略提供决策参考。

方法

使用2020年中国家庭追踪调查数据（CFPS），采用描述性分析、单因素分析、多因素logistic回归分析我国农村地区老年人自评健康状况及其影响因素。

结果

2 717名我国农村地区老年人中自评健康占72.6%。年龄在60～74岁（OR=0.694，95%CI：0.501～0.961）、较低收入水平（OR=0.503，95%CI：0.372～0.681）、不吸烟或现在不吸烟（OR=0.682，95%CI：0.538～0.865）、不喝酒或现在少喝酒（OR=0.672，95%CI：0.491～0.920）的我国农村地区老年人自评健康状况较差；正常BMI指数（OR=1.868，95%CI：1.298～2.687）、一年内未因病住院（OR=2.537，95%CI：2.015～3.194）、两周内无身体不适（OR=4.205，95%CI：3.422～5.167）、无慢性病（OR=2.530，95%CI：2.051～3.121）的我国农村地区老年人自评健康状况更好。

结论

我国农村地区老年人自评健康状况较好，但仍需加强对农村老年人的经济状况扶持，完善农村老年人医疗卫生服务体系建设，健全农村老年人的家庭支持和社会支持体系，积极开展农村老年人专项健康教育行动，促进农村老年人的健康管理和生命质量。

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马勇，E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点，除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=BdgvrVZ7vNuSHvLkifvpSQ==, magXml=OiMl3Ihz/F0OSRJZAze9Yg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=lU1P89b4ABa3uQVh/JjVvA==, pdfFileSize=534196, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=aZ+M4CIC9088sFYPgEkbjw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

鲜国炜（1999—），男，硕士在读，研究方向：卫生政策与卫生管理

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鲜国炜（1999—），男，硕士在读，研究方向：卫生政策与卫生管理

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鲜国炜（1999—），男，硕士在读，研究方向：卫生政策与卫生管理

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Nankai Economic Studies, 2022, (2): 157-176., articleTitle=How does becoming widowed affect the RuraI Elderly's HeaIth?based on the data of CHARLS, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241677621633798693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522767393247990, awardId=20CFX017, language=CN, fundingSource=国家社会科学基金项目(20CFX017), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241677621721879085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522767393247990, awardId=21YJC820050, language=CN, fundingSource=教育部人文社会科学基金项目(21YJC820050), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241677621805765173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522767393247990, awardId=YF23-Y07, language=CN, fundingSource=四川医事卫生法治研究中心-中国卫生法学会联合项目(YF23-Y07), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241677612196614196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522767393247990, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241677612205002805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522767393247990, companyId=1241677612196614196, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Management, Weifang Medical College, Weifang, Shandong 261053, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241677612213391414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522767393247990, companyId=1241677612196614196, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.潍坊医学院管理学院，山东 潍坊 261053)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241677612372774971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522767393247990, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241677612393746493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522767393247990, companyId=1241677612372774971, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.四川省广元市朝天区曾家镇第一小学)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241677612490215490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522767393247990, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241677612498604099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522767393247990, companyId=1241677612490215490, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.重庆医科大学公共卫生学院)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241677621021430269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522767393247990, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Single factor analysis of self-rated health influencing factors of the elderly in rural areas of China ［n（%）］

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素人数自评健康状况χ2值P值
不健康健康
性别女1 292（47.6）424（57.0）868（44.0）36.584<0.001
男1 425（52.4）320（43.0）1 105（56.0）
年龄（岁）60～742 205（81.2）681（91.5）1 524（77.2）72.135<0.001
≥75512（18.8）63（8.5）449（22.8）
婚姻状况未婚4（0.1）1（0.1）3（0.2）0.0110.915
已婚2 713（99.9）743（99.9）1 970（99.8）
文化水平初等及以下1 989（73.2）593（79.7）1 396（70.8）
中等712（26.2）148（19.9）564（28.6）22.950<0.001
高等16（0.6）3（0.4）13（0.7）
亲子关系不大亲近44（1.6）17（2.3）27（1.4）
一般亲近1 287（47.4）374（50.3）913（46.3）12.6950.005
比较亲近1 368（50.3）344（46.2）1 024（51.9）
无子女18（0.7）9（1.2）9（0.5）
收入水平较低686（25.2）255（34.3）431（21.8）
一般1 518（55.9）373（50.1）1 145（58.0）44.964<0.001
较高513（18.9）116（15.6）397（20.2）
是否使用互联网否2 369（87.2）659（88.6）1 710（86.7）1.7560.185
是348（12.8）85（11.4）263（13.3）
吸烟情况不吸烟或现在不吸烟1 939（71.4）582（78.2）1 357（68.8）23.596<0.001
现在吸烟778（28.6）162（21.8）616（31.2）
喝酒情况不喝酒或现在少喝酒2 289（84.2）676（90.9）1 613（81.8）33.760<0.001
经常喝酒428（15.8）68（9.1）360（18.2）
体力活动不经常2 138（78.7）601（80.8）1 537（77.9）2.6680.102
经常579（21.3）143（19.2）436（22.1）
蔬果摄入频次不经常69（2.5）24（3.2）45（2.3）1.9490.163
经常2 648（97.5）720（96.8）1 928（97.7）
睡眠时间短睡眠298（11.0）112（15.1）186（9.4）
健康睡眠1 012（37.2）243（32.7）769（39.0）21.428<0.001
长睡眠1 407（51.8）389（52.3）1 018（51.6）
BMI指数过轻259（9.5）104（14.0）155（7.9）
正常1 500（55.2）365（49.1）1 135（57.5）31.822<0.001
过重747（27.5）205（27.6）542（27.5）
肥胖211（7.8）70（9.4）141（7.1）
是否有医疗保险无239（8.8）68（9.1）171（8.7）0.1510.698
有2 478（91.2）676（90.9）1 802（91.3）
一年内因病住院否2 209（81.3）473（63.6）1 736（88.0）211.815<0.001
是508（18.7）271（36.4）237（12.0）
两周内身体不适否1 692（62.3）236（31.7）1 456（73.8）407.128<0.001
是1 025（37.7）508（68.3）517（26.2）
是否有慢性病否1 958（72.1）364（48.9）1 594（80.8）272.514<0.001
是759（27.9）380（51.1）379（19.2）
), ArticleFig(id=1241677621164036613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522767393247990, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

我国农村地区老年人自评健康影响因素单因素分析［n（%）］

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素人数自评健康状况χ2值P值
不健康健康
性别女1 292（47.6）424（57.0）868（44.0）36.584<0.001
男1 425（52.4）320（43.0）1 105（56.0）
年龄（岁）60～742 205（81.2）681（91.5）1 524（77.2）72.135<0.001
≥75512（18.8）63（8.5）449（22.8）
婚姻状况未婚4（0.1）1（0.1）3（0.2）0.0110.915
已婚2 713（99.9）743（99.9）1 970（99.8）
文化水平初等及以下1 989（73.2）593（79.7）1 396（70.8）
中等712（26.2）148（19.9）564（28.6）22.950<0.001
高等16（0.6）3（0.4）13（0.7）
亲子关系不大亲近44（1.6）17（2.3）27（1.4）
一般亲近1 287（47.4）374（50.3）913（46.3）12.6950.005
比较亲近1 368（50.3）344（46.2）1 024（51.9）
无子女18（0.7）9（1.2）9（0.5）
收入水平较低686（25.2）255（34.3）431（21.8）
一般1 518（55.9）373（50.1）1 145（58.0）44.964<0.001
较高513（18.9）116（15.6）397（20.2）
是否使用互联网否2 369（87.2）659（88.6）1 710（86.7）1.7560.185
是348（12.8）85（11.4）263（13.3）
吸烟情况不吸烟或现在不吸烟1 939（71.4）582（78.2）1 357（68.8）23.596<0.001
现在吸烟778（28.6）162（21.8）616（31.2）
喝酒情况不喝酒或现在少喝酒2 289（84.2）676（90.9）1 613（81.8）33.760<0.001
经常喝酒428（15.8）68（9.1）360（18.2）
体力活动不经常2 138（78.7）601（80.8）1 537（77.9）2.6680.102
经常579（21.3）143（19.2）436（22.1）
蔬果摄入频次不经常69（2.5）24（3.2）45（2.3）1.9490.163
经常2 648（97.5）720（96.8）1 928（97.7）
睡眠时间短睡眠298（11.0）112（15.1）186（9.4）
健康睡眠1 012（37.2）243（32.7）769（39.0）21.428<0.001
长睡眠1 407（51.8）389（52.3）1 018（51.6）
BMI指数过轻259（9.5）104（14.0）155（7.9）
正常1 500（55.2）365（49.1）1 135（57.5）31.822<0.001
过重747（27.5）205（27.6）542（27.5）
肥胖211（7.8）70（9.4）141（7.1）
是否有医疗保险无239（8.8）68（9.1）171（8.7）0.1510.698
有2 478（91.2）676（90.9）1 802（91.3）
一年内因病住院否2 209（81.3）473（63.6）1 736（88.0）211.815<0.001
是508（18.7）271（36.4）237（12.0）
两周内身体不适否1 692（62.3）236（31.7）1 456（73.8）407.128<0.001
是1 025（37.7）508（68.3）517（26.2）
是否有慢性病否1 958（72.1）364（48.9）1 594（80.8）272.514<0.001
是759（27.9）380（51.1）379（19.2）
), ArticleFig(id=1241677621277282829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522767393247990, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Multivariate logistic regression analysis of self-rated health influencing factors of the elderly in rural areas of China

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量参照组β Waldχ2值P值OR值（95%CI）
年龄（岁）60～74≥75-0.3660.1664.8490.0280.694（0.501～0.961）
收入水平较低较高-0.6870.15419.8120.0010.503（0.372～0.681）
一般-0.0830.1410.3490.5550.920（0.698～1.213）
BMI指数过轻肥胖-0.0500.2260.0490.8240.951（0.610～1.482）
正常0.6250.18611.3390.0011.868（1.298～2.687）
过重0.4880.1966.2190.0131.629（1.110～2.392）
吸烟情况不吸烟或现在不吸烟现在吸烟-0.3830.1219.9820.0020.682（0.538～0.865）
喝酒情况不喝酒或现在少喝酒经常喝酒-0.3970.1606.1530.0130.672（0.491～0.920）
一年内因病住院否是0.9310.11762.7920.0012.537（2.015～3.194）
两周内身体不适否是1.4360.105186.6060.0014.205（3.422～5.167）
是否有慢性病否是0.9280.10775.0980.0012.530（2.051～3.121）
), ArticleFig(id=1241677621386334736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241522767393247990, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

我国农村地区老年人自评健康影响因素多因素logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量参照组β Waldχ2值P值OR值（95%CI）
年龄（岁）60～74≥75-0.3660.1664.8490.0280.694（0.501～0.961）
收入水平较低较高-0.6870.15419.8120.0010.503（0.372～0.681）
一般-0.0830.1410.3490.5550.920（0.698～1.213）
BMI指数过轻肥胖-0.0500.2260.0490.8240.951（0.610～1.482）
正常0.6250.18611.3390.0011.868（1.298～2.687）
过重0.4880.1966.2190.0131.629（1.110～2.392）
吸烟情况不吸烟或现在不吸烟现在吸烟-0.3830.1219.9820.0020.682（0.538～0.865）
喝酒情况不喝酒或现在少喝酒经常喝酒-0.3970.1606.1530.0130.672（0.491～0.920）
一年内因病住院否是0.9310.11762.7920.0012.537（2.015～3.194）
两周内身体不适否是1.4360.105186.6060.0014.205（3.422～5.167）
是否有慢性病否是0.9280.10775.0980.0012.530（2.051～3.121）
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我国农村地区老年人自评健康状况及影响因素分析
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鲜国炜 1 , 陈琳月 2 , 赵航 3 , 宫云娜 1 , 何文凤 1 , 马春晓 1 , 张晓林 1 , 张晶 1 , 马勇 1
现代预防医学 | 基层卫生服务 2024,51(1): 71-75
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现代预防医学 | 基层卫生服务 2024, 51(1): 71-75
我国农村地区老年人自评健康状况及影响因素分析
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鲜国炜1, 陈琳月2, 赵航3, 宫云娜1, 何文凤1, 马春晓1, 张晓林1, 张晶1, 马勇1
作者信息
  • 1.潍坊医学院管理学院，山东 潍坊 261053
  • 2.四川省广元市朝天区曾家镇第一小学
  • 3.重庆医科大学公共卫生学院

    • 鲜国炜（1999—），男，硕士在读，研究方向：卫生政策与卫生管理

通讯作者:

马勇，E-mail:
Analysis of self-rated health status of the elderly and influencing factors of in rural areas of China
Guo-wei XIAN1, Lin-yue CHEN2, Hang ZHAO3, Yun-na GONG1, Wen-feng HE1, Chun-xiao MA1, Xiao-lin ZHANG1, Jing ZHANG1, Yong MA1
Affiliations
  • School of Management, Weifang Medical College, Weifang, Shandong 261053, China
出版时间: 2024-01-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202309419
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摘要
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目的

探究我国农村地区老年人的自评健康状况及影响因素，为相关部门制定农村地区老年人的健康老龄化策略提供决策参考。

方法

使用2020年中国家庭追踪调查数据（CFPS），采用描述性分析、单因素分析、多因素logistic回归分析我国农村地区老年人自评健康状况及其影响因素。

结果

2 717名我国农村地区老年人中自评健康占72.6%。年龄在60～74岁（OR=0.694，95%CI：0.501～0.961）、较低收入水平（OR=0.503，95%CI：0.372～0.681）、不吸烟或现在不吸烟（OR=0.682，95%CI：0.538～0.865）、不喝酒或现在少喝酒（OR=0.672，95%CI：0.491～0.920）的我国农村地区老年人自评健康状况较差；正常BMI指数（OR=1.868，95%CI：1.298～2.687）、一年内未因病住院（OR=2.537，95%CI：2.015～3.194）、两周内无身体不适（OR=4.205，95%CI：3.422～5.167）、无慢性病（OR=2.530，95%CI：2.051～3.121）的我国农村地区老年人自评健康状况更好。

结论

我国农村地区老年人自评健康状况较好，但仍需加强对农村老年人的经济状况扶持，完善农村老年人医疗卫生服务体系建设，健全农村老年人的家庭支持和社会支持体系，积极开展农村老年人专项健康教育行动，促进农村老年人的健康管理和生命质量。

农村地区  /  老年人  /  自评健康状况  /  影响因素
Objective

To explore the self-rated health status and influencing factors of the elderly in rural areas of China, and to provide decision-making reference for relevant departments to formulate healthy aging strategies for the elderly in rural areas.

Methods

Using the data of China family panel studies (CFPS) in 2020, descriptive analysis, univariate analysis, and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze the self-rated health status and its influencing factors of the elderly in rural areas of China.

Results

In total 72.6% of the 2 717 elderly in rural areas of China rated themselves as healthy. The age group of 60 to 74 years old (OR=0.694, 95%CI: 0.501-0.961), lower income (OR=0.503, 95%CI: 0.372-0.681), no smoking or no current smoking (OR=0.682, 95%CI: 0.538-0.865), and no alcohol or less alcohol now (OR=0.672, 95%CI: 0.491-0.920) were associated with poor self-rated health status. Normal BMI index (OR=1.868, 95%CI: 1.298-2.687), no hospitalization within one year (OR=2.537, 95%CI: 2.015-3.194), no physical discomfort within two weeks (OR=4.205, 95%CI: 3.422-5.167), and no chronic diseases (OR=2.530, 95%CI: 2.051-3.121) were associated with better health status.

Conclusion

The self-rated health status of the elderly in rural areas of China is good, but it is still necessary to strengthen the economic support, improve the construction of medical and health service system, improve the family support and social support system, and actively carry out specialized health education for the elderly in rural areas to promote their health management and quality of life.

Rural areas  /  Elderly  /  Self-rated health status  /  Influencing factors
鲜国炜, 陈琳月, 赵航, 宫云娜, 何文凤, 马春晓, 张晓林, 张晶, 马勇. 我国农村地区老年人自评健康状况及影响因素分析. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (1) : 71 -75 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202309419
Guo-wei XIAN, Lin-yue CHEN, Hang ZHAO, Yun-na GONG, Wen-feng HE, Chun-xiao MA, Xiao-lin ZHANG, Jing ZHANG, Yong MA. Analysis of self-rated health status of the elderly and influencing factors of in rural areas of China[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (1) : 71 -75 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202309419
正文
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第七次人口普查结果显示，我国农村地区60岁及以上的老人所占比重为23.81%，高于城镇的15.82%，由此可见我国农村地区的人口老龄化形势严峻[1]。随着年龄增长，农村地区老年人的劳动能力逐渐减弱，并由于农村劳动人口外流和家庭结构变化，许多农村老年人面临着亲子关系疏远、照料资源有限的实际问题，因此我国农村老年人的身体健康状况会直接影响其生活质量与社会幸福感[2]。自评健康是被调查个体对于自身实际健康状况的一种主观评价方式和个体健康期望水平，并广泛应用于评价个体健康状况[3]。回顾已有研究，自评健康相关研究聚焦于各省[4]市[5]等地方性的居民自评健康状况和流动人口的健康状况[6]，鲜有研究我国农村地区老年人的自评健康状况。因此研究我国农村老年人的自评健康状况具有十分重要的现实意义与理论价值。基于此，本研究通过探究我国农村地区老年人的自评健康状况及其影响因素，以期为相关部门制定农村地区老年人的健康老龄化策略提供决策参考。
1　对象与方法
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1.1　研究对象
本研究使用2020年中国家庭追踪调查数据(China Family Panel Studies, CFPS)。该调查是一项全国性、综合性的社会追踪调查项目，采用多阶段分层的概率抽样，调查范围覆盖全国20多个省市。本研究关注我国农村老年人的自评健康状况，故样本纳入标准：（1）年龄大于等于60岁；（2）户口为农村；（3）剔除样本空缺值以及样本中拒绝回答、不知道、不清楚等无效的数据。根据世界卫生组织对老年人的定义[7]：60～74岁称作年轻老年人；75～89岁称作一般老年人；90岁及以上称作长寿老年人。由于年龄在90岁及以上的样本较少，故此将老年人的年龄分为年轻老年人和一般老年人。最终纳入样本量2 717人。
1.2　变量选择
因变量是我国农村地区老年人的自评健康状况。根据“您认为自己的健康状况如何”这一问题的回答进行变量选择，并参考杜洁等人[8]的分类方法，将自评健康状况进行变量赋值（0=不健康、1=健康）。根据已有研究、领域知识的了解程度以及数据的实际情况，选取了社会人口学特征、健康相关行为因素和客观健康状况等较为综合的自变量。其中，社会人口学变量包括：性别（0=女性、1=男性）、年龄（0=60～74岁、1=75岁及以上）、婚姻状况（0=未婚、1=已婚）、文化程度（0=初等教育及以下、1=中等教育、2=高等教育）、亲子关系（0=不太亲近、1=一般亲近、2=比较亲近、3=无子女）、收入状况（0=较低、1=一般、2=较高）、是否使用互联网（0=否、1=是）。
健康相关行为因素包括：吸烟情况（0=不吸烟或现在不吸烟、1=现在吸烟）、喝酒情况（0=不喝酒或现在少喝酒、1=经常喝酒）、体力活动（0=不经常、1=经常）、蔬果摄入频次（0=不经常、1=经常）、睡眠时间（0=短睡眠、1=健康睡眠、2=长睡眠）、是否有医疗保险（0=无、1=有）。参考既有研究[9]，短睡眠被描述为老年人每天睡眠时间低于5 h，长睡眠被描述为老年人每天睡眠时间高于8 h，较为健康的睡眠时间为57 h。因此本研究将睡眠时间设为短睡眠、健康睡眠、长睡眠三类。
客观健康状况包括：BMI指数（1=过轻、2=正常、3=过重、4=肥胖）、一年内因病住院（0=否、1=是）、两周内身体不适（0=否、1=是）、是否有慢性病（0=否、1=是）。BMI是身体质量指数，是国际上常用的衡量人体肥胖程度和是否健康的重要标准。参考相关文献[10]，中国人标准BMI指数是：BMI指数<18.5 kg/m2为体重过轻；18.5 kg/m2≤BMI指数≤23.9 kg/m2为正常体重；24.0 kg/m2 ≤BMI指数≤27.9 kg/m2为超重；BMI指数>28.0 kg/m2为肥胖。因此本研究将BMI指数划分为过轻、正常、过重、肥胖等四类。
1.3　统计分析
运用SPSS 25.0统计软件进行数据分析。首先对研究对象的基本情况进行描述性统计分析，其次对我国农村地区老年人影响因素进行χ2检验，最后对我国农村地区老年人影响因素进行多因素logistic回归分析。检验水准α=0.05。
2　结果
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2.1　调查对象基本情况
2 717名我国农村地区老年人中，男性1 425人（52.4%），女性1 292人（47.6%）；年龄在60～74岁的有2 205人（81.2%），年龄75岁及以上的有512人（18.8%）；已婚的有2 713人（99.9%）；文化程度在初等教育及以下的有1 989人（73.2%）；收入水平为一般的有1 518人（55.9%）。见表1。
2.2　我国农村地区老年人自评健康影响因素单因素分析
单因素分析结果表明，性别、年龄、文化水平、收入水平、吸烟情况、喝酒情况、睡眠时间、BMI指数、一年内因病住院、两周内身体不适、是否有慢性病对我国农村地区老年人自评健康状况的影响具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。见表1。
2.3　我国农村地区老年人自评健康影响因素多因素分析
本研究将我国农村地区老年人自评健康状况设置为因变量（0=不健康、1=健康），将单因素分析中有统计学意义的11个变量作为自变量纳入logistic回归方程。结果显示，影响我国农村地区老年人自评健康状况的因素有年龄、收入水平、BMI指数、吸烟情况、喝酒情况、一年内因病住院、两周内身体不适、是否有慢性病（P<0.05）。其中，年龄在60～74岁、较低收入水平、高BMI指数、不吸烟或现在不吸烟、不喝酒或现在少喝酒、一年内因病住院、两周内身体不适、有慢性病的我国农村地区老年人自评健康状况较差；年龄在75岁及以上、较高收入水平、较低BMI指数、现在抽烟、经常喝酒、一年内未因病住院、两周内无身体不适、无慢性病的我国农村地区老年人自评健康状况更好。见表2。
3　讨论
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自评健康状况是一种自我关注和管理健康的重要方式[11]。通过自我评估，我们可以更加客观、全面地了解自己的身体状况，及时采取相应的措施来保护和改善自己的健康[12]。由于年龄增长及生理功能退化等原因，老年人在自评健康时往往会选择参照对象，如亲朋好友、邻居、同年龄组的其他老人等，从而保持较为积极的健康自评。本研究结果显示，2 717名我国农村地区老年人自评健康百分比为72.6%，高于苏北农村老年人43.6%[13]和高邮农村老年人63.3%[14]。整体而言，我国农村老年人对自身健康状况更多持有一种较为积极的态度。
年龄对于自评健康的影响尚无定论[15]，本研究结果显示年龄在75岁及以上的比60 ～74岁的老年人更倾向于积极的自评健康状况，这与王玲等人[16]的研究结果相近，可能此次的研究对象自身健康状况较好或者我国农村地区老年人在适应衰老过程中不断降低自己的健康期望水平。收入水平对于个体自评健康的显著正向影响[17]，在本研究中得以验证。高收入水平较低收入水平的我国农村地区老年人自评健康更加倾向积极的状况。个体身体客观健康状况会直接或间接影响到个体自评健康状况的评价与期望[18]。正常BMI指数的农村老人的自评健康更积极；1年内未因病住院、两周内无身体不适、无慢性病的我国农村地区老年人自评健康状况更好，进一步验证了个体身体客观健康状况与自评健康状况的正向相关性。吸烟与过量饮酒是影响个体身体健康的危险因素[19]。而本研究结果显示吸烟对自评健康不明显，这与胡月等人[14]和王玲等人[16]的研究结果保持一致，或许是由于被调查者较少考虑到吸烟的危害,仅是对当时的身体健康状况予以回答，以及吸烟引发不良健康后果的滞后性和积累性所导致；饮酒者的自评健康相比不饮酒者更为积极，这与付英杰等人[20]的研究结果部分吻合，可能是调查对象认为正是由于自身状况良好才会饮酒，或适度饮酒有益健康[21]。
影响我国农村老年人自评健康的因素是多方面的，相关部门应当关注收入较低、自身健康状况较差、有不良生活方式与习惯的老年人。老年人健康状况受到社会人口特征、自身健康状况和心理健康状况的综合影响[22]。因此，建议相关部门应完善多层次养老保障体系，扩大农村地区的养老保险覆盖面，探索具体的经济帮扶支持政策，改善农村老年人的经济状况；并加强基层医疗服务体系和农村居民医保制度建设，提高农村老年人健康服务和管理水平。同时，政府部门需要落实健康教育与宣传工作，逐步落实老年人健康促进的任务，采取多种方式引导老年人的生活方式和行为习惯。此外，随着年龄的增加，使老年人保持良好的心理健康对老年人健康状况具有重要作用。为实现健康老龄化的目标，家人和社会需要对其给予更多的关心和支持。
基金
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  • 国家社会科学基金项目(20CFX017)
  • 教育部人文社会科学基金项目(21YJC820050)
  • 四川医事卫生法治研究中心-中国卫生法学会联合项目(YF23-Y07)
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2024年第51卷第1期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202309419
  • 接收时间：2023-09-22
  • 首发时间：2026-03-19
  • 出版时间：2024-01-10
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  • 收稿日期：2023-09-22
基金
国家社会科学基金项目(20CFX017)
教育部人文社会科学基金项目(21YJC820050)
四川医事卫生法治研究中心-中国卫生法学会联合项目(YF23-Y07)
作者信息
    1.潍坊医学院管理学院，山东 潍坊 261053
    2.四川省广元市朝天区曾家镇第一小学
    3.重庆医科大学公共卫生学院

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马勇，E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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