Article(id=1241342461646270741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241342451043061769, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202302320, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1678550400000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773888705884, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1708790400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773888705884, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773888705884, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773888705884, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241342451043061769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='4', pageStart='577', pageEnd='768', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773888703356, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773893026321, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241360582939562716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241342451043061769, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241360582939562717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241342451043061769, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=630, endPage=639, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241342463286243645, articleId=1241342461646270741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Analyses and discussion of age ranges for cervical cancer screening in countries worldwide, columnId=1228016568949474136, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Child and Adolescent health, Maternal and Child Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To systematically collate and comparatively analyze the requirements and justifications for the age range of cervical cancer screening as outlined in the guidelines of major countries globally. This study is intended to provide a scientific reference for determining the appropriate age range and methods for cervical cancer screening in China. Our research has found that during the period from 2005 to 2016, the onset age of cervical cancer in China consistently remained between 25 to 30 years, with the peak age of incidence rising from 45 years in 2006 to approximately 50 years by 2016. According to data from 2020, the age distribution of the incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer in China is similar to that in middle and high-income countries internationally and in other Asian countries. In response to the age characteristics of cervical cancer incidence, the screening guidelines of major countries generally recommend initiating cervical cancer screening for women between the ages of 25 to 30. The World Health Organization’s 2020 “Global Strategy to Accelerate the Elimination of Cervical Cancer” also suggests starting screening at the age of 30. However, the starting age for the “Rural Women's Cervical and Breast Cancer Screening Project” implemented in China since 2009 has been 35 years. In recent years, consensus among domestic gynecological experts and health economic evaluations of cervical cancer screening have suggested adjusting the starting age to 25 or 30 years when resources are sufficient. In light of this, this paper recommends that the Chinese government should conduct a systematic scientific assessment, taking into consideration factors such as the regional incidence of cervical cancer, screening coverage, financial capacity, Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination rates, and screening capabilities. It is suggested to consider advancing the starting age for the national free cervical cancer screening program from the current 35 years to 30 years, and to determine appropriate screening methods and intervals based on age characteristics, in order to more effectively achieve early detection, diagnosis, and treatment, and thereby reduce the incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer.

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本文旨在对全球主要国家宫颈癌筛查指南中关于筛查年龄范围的要求和依据进行系统梳理和对比分析,为我国确定宫颈癌筛查年龄范围及相应筛查方法提供科学参考。本研究发现,我国在2005年至2016年这11年间,宫颈癌发病的起始年龄一直维持在25~30岁,发病高峰年龄从2006年的45岁上升到2016年的50岁左右。根据2020年的数据,我国宫颈癌发病率和死亡率的年龄分布与国际上中高收入国家及亚洲国家相似。针对宫颈癌发病的年龄特点,国际上主要国家的筛查指南普遍推荐女性宫颈癌筛查的起始年龄在25~30岁之间。世界卫生组织2020年提出的《加速消除宫颈癌全球战略》中也建议宫颈癌筛查起始年龄为30岁。然而,自2009年起,我国实施的"农村妇女宫颈癌和乳腺癌检查项目"的起始年龄为35岁。近年来,国内妇科临床专家共识和宫颈癌筛查卫生经济评价研究均建议在资源充足的情况下,将筛查起始年龄调整至25岁或30岁。鉴于此,本文建议我国政府可综合各地区宫颈癌发病率、筛查覆盖率、财政能力、人乳头病毒(Human Papillomavirus, HPV)疫苗接种率以及筛查能力等因素进行系统科学评估,适当考虑将国家免费宫颈癌筛查项目的筛查起始年龄从目前的35岁提前至30岁,并根据年龄特征确定适宜的筛查方法和间隔时间,以期更有效地实现早发现、早诊断、早治疗,进而降低宫颈癌的发病率和死亡率。

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马晶,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=l5/XnkoDqIVbASTXSs927A==, magXml=17S1ExLQaM+b5U5RJF3k5w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=7OrXUShaiZDxRlbD9JkXNg==, pdfFileSize=2788676, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=NiR0fE+QlJVZH/ZyRiNk7w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=9DavV/KnqY138/twmhrCOQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

何婵婵(1998—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:妇女健康、慢性病流行病学研究

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何婵婵(1998—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:妇女健康、慢性病流行病学研究

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何婵婵(1998—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:妇女健康、慢性病流行病学研究

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Status and analysis of knowledge, attitude and practice related to cervical cancer screening among married women in Yantai[J]. 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journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241342461646270741, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Cervical cancer screening guidelines designated by professional institutions in Asia

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
亚洲专业机构指南,发布年份(年)筛查年龄(岁)筛查方法停止筛查年龄(岁)
新加坡子宫颈筛查咨询委员会(STRC),201925~29巴氏涂片筛查>69
30~69HPV检测
韩国国家宫颈癌筛查指南制定委员会(NCCSC),201520~74巴氏涂片或液体细胞学检查;优先推荐联合筛查>74
日本国家癌症控制中心(NCCICC),2010>20巴氏检测
香港妇产科学院(HKCDG),201625~29细胞学检查>65
30~64联合筛查
香港癌症预防及筛查专家工作小组(CEWG),201825~64细胞学检查>65
台湾癌症研究临床合作组织(NHRI),2004开始性行为三年后的女性子宫颈膜片检查及盆骨内诊未说明
中国预防医学会妇女保健分会(MCWCH),201725~30细胞学检查、醋酸染色肉眼观察法、HPV检测>65
中国优生科学协会阴道镜和子宫颈病理学分会等七个学(协)会,202325~64优先推荐HPV检测细胞学检查联合筛查65
), ArticleFig(id=1241342473428071248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241342461646270741, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

亚洲各专业机构宫颈癌筛查指南

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
亚洲专业机构指南,发布年份(年)筛查年龄(岁)筛查方法停止筛查年龄(岁)
新加坡子宫颈筛查咨询委员会(STRC),201925~29巴氏涂片筛查>69
30~69HPV检测
韩国国家宫颈癌筛查指南制定委员会(NCCSC),201520~74巴氏涂片或液体细胞学检查;优先推荐联合筛查>74
日本国家癌症控制中心(NCCICC),2010>20巴氏检测
香港妇产科学院(HKCDG),201625~29细胞学检查>65
30~64联合筛查
香港癌症预防及筛查专家工作小组(CEWG),201825~64细胞学检查>65
台湾癌症研究临床合作组织(NHRI),2004开始性行为三年后的女性子宫颈膜片检查及盆骨内诊未说明
中国预防医学会妇女保健分会(MCWCH),201725~30细胞学检查、醋酸染色肉眼观察法、HPV检测>65
中国优生科学协会阴道镜和子宫颈病理学分会等七个学(协)会,202325~64优先推荐HPV检测细胞学检查联合筛查65
), ArticleFig(id=1241342473516151637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241342461646270741, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Cervical cancer screening guidelines designated by professional institutions in WHO and European

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
欧洲专业机构指南,发布年份(年)筛查年龄(岁)筛查方法停止筛查年龄(岁)
世界卫生组织(WHO),202130HPV DNA检测>50
30~49HPV DNA检测尚未实施,仍使用VIA或细胞学
50~65
澳大利亚卫生与老龄化部门(AGDHA),202125~74HPV检测;自行采集样本(≥30岁)≥75
法国高级卫生局(HCSP),202125~29细胞学筛查未说明
30~65HPV筛查,3. 对筛查不足的≥30岁女性提供自我采样
荷兰国家公共卫生与环境研究所卫生?福利和体育部(RIVM),202130~60初筛HPV检查,阳性结果进行细胞学检查>60
爱尔兰卫生部(HSE),202125~29HPV检测>65
30~65HPV检测全子宫切除术
新西兰国家筛查部门(NCMS),202125~69细胞学检查≥70
英国公共卫生部(PHE),202025~64细胞学检查或HPV自主检查≥65
意大利卫生部(MoH),202025~64细胞学筛查>64
30~64HPV检测
德国联邦联合委员会(G-BA),201820~34细胞学检查未说明
>35联合筛查
欧洲妇科肿瘤学会(ESGO)、欧洲放射肿瘤学学会(ESTRO)联合欧洲病理学(ESP),201820~34细胞学检查60~65
35~65HPV检测
加拿大预防保健工作组(CPHA P),201325~29细胞学检查≥70
30~69
西班牙巴塞罗那大学医院诊所妇科肿瘤科(UB),200825~34细胞学检查>65
35~65细胞学和HPV联合检查
), ArticleFig(id=1241342473595843417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241342461646270741, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

WHO及欧洲各专业机构宫颈癌筛查指南

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
欧洲专业机构指南,发布年份(年)筛查年龄(岁)筛查方法停止筛查年龄(岁)
世界卫生组织(WHO),202130HPV DNA检测>50
30~49HPV DNA检测尚未实施,仍使用VIA或细胞学
50~65
澳大利亚卫生与老龄化部门(AGDHA),202125~74HPV检测;自行采集样本(≥30岁)≥75
法国高级卫生局(HCSP),202125~29细胞学筛查未说明
30~65HPV筛查,3. 对筛查不足的≥30岁女性提供自我采样
荷兰国家公共卫生与环境研究所卫生?福利和体育部(RIVM),202130~60初筛HPV检查,阳性结果进行细胞学检查>60
爱尔兰卫生部(HSE),202125~29HPV检测>65
30~65HPV检测全子宫切除术
新西兰国家筛查部门(NCMS),202125~69细胞学检查≥70
英国公共卫生部(PHE),202025~64细胞学检查或HPV自主检查≥65
意大利卫生部(MoH),202025~64细胞学筛查>64
30~64HPV检测
德国联邦联合委员会(G-BA),201820~34细胞学检查未说明
>35联合筛查
欧洲妇科肿瘤学会(ESGO)、欧洲放射肿瘤学学会(ESTRO)联合欧洲病理学(ESP),201820~34细胞学检查60~65
35~65HPV检测
加拿大预防保健工作组(CPHA P),201325~29细胞学检查≥70
30~69
西班牙巴塞罗那大学医院诊所妇科肿瘤科(UB),200825~34细胞学检查>65
35~65细胞学和HPV联合检查
), ArticleFig(id=1241342473679729502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241342461646270741, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Cervical cancer screening guidelines designated by professional institutions in the United States

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
美国专业机构指南,发布年份(年)筛查年龄(岁)筛查方法停止筛查年龄(岁)
美国癌症协会(ACS),202026~65HPV检测(首要)?联合筛查或细胞学检查>65
全子宫切除术
美国阴道镜及宫颈病理学会(ASCCP),201925~65细胞学检查或HPV检查或联合筛查>65
美国预防服务工作组(USPSTF),201821~29巴氏试验检查>65
30~65巴氏试验检查或HPV检测或联合检测
美国妇产科医师(ACOG),201621~29细胞学检查>65
30~65细胞学检查和HPV联合检测(推荐)或细胞学检查(可选)全子宫切除术
美国临床肿瘤协会(ASCO),201625~65HPV检测>65
30~65HPV检测
30~49HPV检测
), ArticleFig(id=1241342473772004192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241342461646270741, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

美国各专业机构宫颈癌筛查指南

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
美国专业机构指南,发布年份(年)筛查年龄(岁)筛查方法停止筛查年龄(岁)
美国癌症协会(ACS),202026~65HPV检测(首要)?联合筛查或细胞学检查>65
全子宫切除术
美国阴道镜及宫颈病理学会(ASCCP),201925~65细胞学检查或HPV检查或联合筛查>65
美国预防服务工作组(USPSTF),201821~29巴氏试验检查>65
30~65巴氏试验检查或HPV检测或联合检测
美国妇产科医师(ACOG),201621~29细胞学检查>65
30~65细胞学检查和HPV联合检测(推荐)或细胞学检查(可选)全子宫切除术
美国临床肿瘤协会(ASCO),201625~65HPV检测>65
30~65HPV检测
30~49HPV检测
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全球各国宫颈癌筛查年龄范围的分析与讨论
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何婵婵 1 , 曾典 2 , 张玥 1 , 裴晨阳 3 , 马晶 1
现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2024,51(4): 630-639
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现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2024, 51(4): 630-639
全球各国宫颈癌筛查年龄范围的分析与讨论
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何婵婵1, 曾典2, 张玥1, 裴晨阳3, 马晶1
作者信息
  • 1.清华大学医院管理研究院,广东 深圳 518055
  • 2.中国中医科学院广安门医院
  • 3.北京协和医学院卫生健康管理政策学院
  • 何婵婵(1998—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:妇女健康、慢性病流行病学研究

通讯作者:

马晶,E-mail:
Analyses and discussion of age ranges for cervical cancer screening in countries worldwide
Chan-chan HE1, Dian ZENG2, Yue ZHANG1, Chen-yang PEI3, Jing MA1
Affiliations
  • Institute for Hospital Management, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
出版时间: 2024-02-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202302320
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本文旨在对全球主要国家宫颈癌筛查指南中关于筛查年龄范围的要求和依据进行系统梳理和对比分析,为我国确定宫颈癌筛查年龄范围及相应筛查方法提供科学参考。本研究发现,我国在2005年至2016年这11年间,宫颈癌发病的起始年龄一直维持在25~30岁,发病高峰年龄从2006年的45岁上升到2016年的50岁左右。根据2020年的数据,我国宫颈癌发病率和死亡率的年龄分布与国际上中高收入国家及亚洲国家相似。针对宫颈癌发病的年龄特点,国际上主要国家的筛查指南普遍推荐女性宫颈癌筛查的起始年龄在25~30岁之间。世界卫生组织2020年提出的《加速消除宫颈癌全球战略》中也建议宫颈癌筛查起始年龄为30岁。然而,自2009年起,我国实施的"农村妇女宫颈癌和乳腺癌检查项目"的起始年龄为35岁。近年来,国内妇科临床专家共识和宫颈癌筛查卫生经济评价研究均建议在资源充足的情况下,将筛查起始年龄调整至25岁或30岁。鉴于此,本文建议我国政府可综合各地区宫颈癌发病率、筛查覆盖率、财政能力、人乳头病毒(Human Papillomavirus, HPV)疫苗接种率以及筛查能力等因素进行系统科学评估,适当考虑将国家免费宫颈癌筛查项目的筛查起始年龄从目前的35岁提前至30岁,并根据年龄特征确定适宜的筛查方法和间隔时间,以期更有效地实现早发现、早诊断、早治疗,进而降低宫颈癌的发病率和死亡率。

宫颈癌  /  筛查  /  年龄范围  /  指南

To systematically collate and comparatively analyze the requirements and justifications for the age range of cervical cancer screening as outlined in the guidelines of major countries globally. This study is intended to provide a scientific reference for determining the appropriate age range and methods for cervical cancer screening in China. Our research has found that during the period from 2005 to 2016, the onset age of cervical cancer in China consistently remained between 25 to 30 years, with the peak age of incidence rising from 45 years in 2006 to approximately 50 years by 2016. According to data from 2020, the age distribution of the incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer in China is similar to that in middle and high-income countries internationally and in other Asian countries. In response to the age characteristics of cervical cancer incidence, the screening guidelines of major countries generally recommend initiating cervical cancer screening for women between the ages of 25 to 30. The World Health Organization’s 2020 “Global Strategy to Accelerate the Elimination of Cervical Cancer” also suggests starting screening at the age of 30. However, the starting age for the “Rural Women's Cervical and Breast Cancer Screening Project” implemented in China since 2009 has been 35 years. In recent years, consensus among domestic gynecological experts and health economic evaluations of cervical cancer screening have suggested adjusting the starting age to 25 or 30 years when resources are sufficient. In light of this, this paper recommends that the Chinese government should conduct a systematic scientific assessment, taking into consideration factors such as the regional incidence of cervical cancer, screening coverage, financial capacity, Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination rates, and screening capabilities. It is suggested to consider advancing the starting age for the national free cervical cancer screening program from the current 35 years to 30 years, and to determine appropriate screening methods and intervals based on age characteristics, in order to more effectively achieve early detection, diagnosis, and treatment, and thereby reduce the incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer.

Uterine cervical neoplasms  /  Screening  /  Age range  /  Guidelines
何婵婵, 曾典, 张玥, 裴晨阳, 马晶. 全球各国宫颈癌筛查年龄范围的分析与讨论. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (4) : 630 -639 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202302320
Chan-chan HE, Dian ZENG, Yue ZHANG, Chen-yang PEI, Jing MA. Analyses and discussion of age ranges for cervical cancer screening in countries worldwide[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (4) : 630 -639 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202302320
宫颈癌(Cervical cancer)是全球女性第四大常见癌症,2020年全球宫颈癌新发60.4万例,死亡34.2万例 [1],约90%的新发病例和死亡发生在低收入和中等收入国家[2]。根据2020年数据显示,中国女性宫颈癌新发10.9万例,死亡5.9万例,且在过去的20年间发病率与死亡率皆呈现上升趋势 [3]。宫颈癌是唯一一种病因明确的恶性肿瘤,约70~80%的宫颈癌病例是由人乳头病毒(Human Papillomavirus, HPV)长期感染引起。因此,接种HPV疫苗、实施筛查计划和采取早期干预措施成为预防宫颈癌的有效策略。世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)于2020年底提出《加速消除宫颈癌全球战略》,即在本世纪末将其发病率降低至4/10万,并为此提出在2030年达到三大阶段性目标,包括:(1)90%的女孩在13~15岁时接种HPV疫苗;(2)对30岁以上的女性实施宫颈癌筛查,力争确保至少70%的女性在35岁时和45岁时至少接受两次高效的宫颈癌筛查;(3)确保90%的癌前病变和癌症患者得到有效治疗 [2]
许多发达国家的经验证明,长期有效的宫颈癌筛查可以大幅降低宫颈癌的发病率和死亡率。目前,全球很多国家已经或正在推广宫颈癌人群筛查,并根据相应的研究证据制定了筛查指南,包括所推荐的宫颈癌筛查方法、年龄范围以及筛查间隔时间。然而,由于各国女性HPV疫苗接种情况、宫颈癌高发年龄特点、筛查方法和筛查能力、政府推广防治项目经费能力等存在一定的差异,关于宫颈癌的最佳筛查年龄范围的评估仍然是宫颈癌研究工作的重要方向。特别是随着各国HPV疫苗接种率的不断提高,宫颈癌筛查方法从细胞学检查向HPV检测过渡,以及新的筛查技术的引入,对最佳筛查年龄范围和筛查时间间隔进行重新评估变得至关重要。本文通过系统回顾全球各国的研究机构和学/协会等权威机构发布的最新版宫颈癌筛查指南,比较不同国家、地区的发病人群特征,总结分析国内外宫颈癌筛查起始及终止年龄的差异与共同点,为我国宫颈癌筛查年龄范围的制定提供参考依据。
我国政府于2009年启动了《农村妇女乳腺癌和宫颈癌检查项目》(简称“两癌”检查项目)。当时为了方便项目的执行和管理,政府将两类癌症筛查的对象统一为35~59岁的农村妇女 [4],在2015年,政府又将"两癌"筛查的终止年龄延长到64岁 [5]。自此,政府提出的针对35~64岁适龄女性每三年进行一次"两癌"筛查的政策延续至今。相比之下,中国预防医学会妇女保健分会妇科专家在2017年发布的《子宫颈癌综合防控指南》中推荐一般风险女性从25~30岁开始筛查 [6](见表1)。同年,中国优生科学协会阴道镜和宫颈病理学分在其筛查建议中也提到可参考欧美国家指南推荐的年龄范围,但该文并未明确筛查起始年龄 [7, 8]。世界卫生组织(WHO)于2021年7月发布的《筛查与治疗宫颈癌癌前病变指南(第二版)》中,强烈推荐一般人群从30岁开始定期筛查,而感染艾滋病毒妇女则从25岁开始筛查 [9](见表2)。为响应世界卫生组织(WHO)在2020年发布的《加速消除宫颈癌全球战略》,我国国家卫生健康委员会妇幼健康司于2021年发布了最新版的《宫颈癌筛查工作方案》以及2023版的《加速消除宫颈癌行动计划(2022-2030年)》。这两份文件继续推荐将宫颈癌筛查的年龄范围定为35至64岁,并建议宫颈细胞学筛查或高危型人乳头病毒(HPV)筛查作为有效的初筛方法 [10, 11]。然而,2023年,中国优生科学协会阴道镜和子宫颈病理学分会、中华医学会妇科肿瘤学分会、中国抗癌协会妇科肿瘤专业委员会联合修订的《中国子宫颈癌筛查指南》(2023版)在宫颈癌筛查方面提出了新的建议。该指南对宫颈癌筛查的起始年龄进行了调整,建议从2017版指南的25至30岁下调至25岁,并将高危型HPV检测作为首选的初筛手段 [12]
宫颈癌筛查起始年龄很大程度上与女性开始性行为年龄、宫颈癌的发病上升年龄、筛查方法以及HPV疫苗接种率相关。从表1-3可见,世界各国宫颈癌的筛查指南推荐的筛查起始年龄从20岁到30岁不等;德国 [13]、日本 [14]、韩国 [15]推荐从20岁开始;美国 [16-18]、澳大利亚 [19]、法国 [20]、爱尔兰 [21]、新西兰 [22]、意大利 [23]、加拿大 [24]、西班牙 [25]、英国 [26]、中国香港 [27]、新加坡 [28]推荐从25岁开始筛查;而荷兰 [29]同WHO [9]一样推荐从30岁开始筛查;中国台湾地区并没有明确规定起始年龄,只是推荐在女性开始性行为3年后进行筛查 [30]
据全球癌症中心数据显示(图12),全球20岁以下女性的宫颈癌平均发病率较低,发病率整体从25岁开始上升 [31],因此国际上大多数国家推荐女性25岁开始进行宫颈癌筛查。相比大多数欧洲国家,亚洲地区女性各年龄段的宫颈癌发病率均偏高(图2)。韩国推荐20岁女性每2~3年进行1次宫颈细胞学筛查,其依据主要是相比其他欧洲国家,韩国各年龄段女性的宫颈癌发病率更高。同时,多年来韩国宫颈癌的筛查数据也显示,通过筛查可有效降低20岁及以上女性宫颈癌的发病率 [15]。日本的指南推荐女性在20岁以后每2年进行1次细胞学检查,其依据在于2018年日本国家癌症中心数据显示,在20~29岁女性人群中,宫颈癌居女性癌症发病第4位 [32]。如前所述,《中国子宫颈癌筛查指南》(2023版)一般风险女性从25岁开始筛查,这是因为我国宫颈癌发病率在25岁之前整体较低,大部分女性宫颈癌的首发年龄大多在25岁之后,30岁以后发病率超过8.0/10万人,并且远高于20~24岁(0.69/10万人)和25~29岁女性的发病率(2.8/10万人)(图3)。
关于宫颈细胞学筛查或高危型人乳头病毒(HPV)筛查的最佳起始年龄,目前学术界仍存在一定的争议。考虑到年轻女性性生活较为活跃,容易出现HPV的反复感染。另外,有研究发现多数HPV感染在一段时间后能够自行消退 [33]。因此,过早开展高危HPV筛查可能会引起过度诊断,增加不必要的医疗干预,从而降低筛查的整体经济效益。美国预防服务工作组在制定宫颈癌筛查指南的依据中提到,一项分别针对25岁和30岁女性,将单纯细胞学检查切换至高危HPV检测的研究发现,与25岁时相比,在30岁时转换筛查策略,每1 000名筛查女性所获得的生命年差异很小,但从25岁开始进行HPV检测的每1 000名的女性中,阴道镜检查的数量增加了近400次 [16, 34]。因此,尽管从25岁开始进行HPV检测或者在30岁时将细胞学筛查转换为HPV筛查策略在降低宫颈癌发病率和提高生存率方面具有相似的益处,但从25岁开始使用HPV进行筛查可能会增加过度诊断和治疗的风险。其他国家肿瘤登记数据研究也显示,30岁以下的女性进行HPV检测有更高的过度诊断、治疗风险以及更高的经济成本 [35]。尽管HPV检测具备高准确性、客观性、快速检测、设备便携性和易培训等优势,但其在区分持续性与一过性感染方面的能力较弱,可能导致年轻女性出现过度诊断和治疗问题,甚至可能引起筛查对象的不必要焦虑和心理负担。
另外,尽管高危型人乳头病毒(HPV)检测在效能上优于其他宫颈癌筛查方法,但在经济资源有限的国家和地区,其推广使用面临诸多限制。例如,在我国湖北地区进行的一项研究发现,由于湖北农村地区基因扩增实验室资源的限制,HPV检测并不适宜作为大规模初筛的首选方法 [36]。因此,在包括我国在内的大多数发展中国家和地区,宫颈细胞学筛查仍是首选的筛查方法。在资源充足的国家和地区,为了实现最佳的成本效益,可以推荐21至25岁的女性每1至3年进行一次宫颈细胞学检查,而对于30岁以上的女性,则推荐每隔5年进行一次HPV检测。随着各国筛查方法从单纯依赖细胞学检查向HPV检测方法过渡,未来将需要更多的科学证据来评估各种筛查方法的成本效益比,以及确定最适宜的筛查起始年龄。这不仅涉及技术层面的创新与优化,也包括对筛查策略在不同地区、不同人群适应性的综合评估,以期实现宫颈癌预防与控制工作的最大化效益。
宫颈癌筛查起始年龄的评估也受到HPV疫苗接种率、覆盖率以及接种年龄的影响。随着欧美等发达国家HPV疫苗接种率的不断提升、宫颈癌筛查覆盖率的持续增加以及宫颈癌发病率和死亡率的显著下降,多个国家开始对现行的宫颈癌筛查指南进行持续的审查和调整。澳大利亚等国家已经开始重新评估HPV疫苗接种与宫颈癌筛查年龄之间的最佳成本效益,从而更新指南中宫颈癌筛查的年龄范围为25-74岁[37, 38]。美国癌症中心的最新宫颈癌指南建议将筛查年龄从21岁延迟到25岁,主要是基于疫苗接种覆盖率的提高,以及第一批接种疫苗的女性刚达到筛查年龄,此后该年龄组女性的HPV感染率和宫颈癌发病率预计将继续下降。在HPV疫苗接种后时代,为减少女性一生中需要筛查的次数,同时降低筛查策略中可能导致的过度诊断、治疗等风险,各国的筛查起始年龄也都有延后的趋势。
关于宫颈癌筛查的终止年龄,自2015年以来我国推荐的筛查终止年龄为64岁;我国妇科专家2017年制定的《子宫颈癌综合预防指南》也建议既往10年内接受充分宫颈癌筛查、无宫颈癌前病变(Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia, CIN)病史且大于65岁的女性可停止筛查 [6]。2021年WHO建议对于50岁以上的女性,如果按照5~10年的筛查时间间隔且连续两次HPV检测为阴性后可停止筛查 [9]。欧美国家的终止年龄则大多是在60或65岁左右。例如,美国癌症防治协会、预防工作组等最新版筛查指南都提出,如果在65岁之前充分接受筛查为阴性并且没有宫颈癌相关危险因素的女性可在65岁停止筛查 [16-18];欧洲国家除了荷兰的筛查终止年龄为60岁以外 [29],绝大部分国家的指南都推荐在65岁停止筛查;新西兰和加拿大推荐的筛查终止年龄则为70岁 [22, 24];澳大利亚推荐的筛查终止年龄甚至为75岁 [19]。可见,我国与国际上大多数国家推荐的宫颈癌筛查终止年龄差别不大。美国预防工作组构建的预测模型表明,将筛查时间延长至65岁以上不会有显著的益处 [18]。英国一项人群的病例对照研究表明,对于50~64岁之间进行充分筛查为阴性的女性,在65岁或以上被诊断患有宫颈癌的风险比未筛查的女性低84% [39]。丹麦的一项全国队列研究表明,对于60岁以上的女性,80%的宫颈癌病例发生在筛查不足或未筛查的女性中 [40]。但芬兰1991—2014年的一项队列研究表明,65岁继续进行筛查的女性与不进行筛查的女性相比,其死亡风险降低了40.6% [41]。芬兰的研究与美国、英国等存在差异的主要原因可能是在65岁以上的研究对象中,芬兰女性的平均年龄更高。
随着全球人口老龄化的进程加剧,关于宫颈癌筛查终止年龄仍然存在争议,各国也在持续监测和评估最佳的筛查终止年龄。近年来多项研究表明在许多高收入国家宫颈癌发病率的年龄分布呈现双峰模式,峰值在分别45岁和65岁,并且宫颈癌在老年女性中的检出率更高 [42]。尽管我国国家癌症中心2005—2016年的发病率和死亡率数据并未显示出第二个年龄高峰,但在这十年间,我国女性宫颈癌发病率和死亡率均增高了一倍以上(见图4),特别65~69岁女性宫颈癌发病率增加了近三倍,从10.78/10万人上升到27.34/10万人,同时发病和死亡的高峰年龄也向较高年龄群体转变(见图3图5),与欧美国家相比,我国女性宫颈癌的发病年龄高峰从2005年的40~45岁推迟到2016年的50~55岁,晚于欧美国家大约10年左右,此外,总体上各年龄段的发病率都较欧美国家高 [42]。美国的宫颈癌筛查卫生经济学研究模型表明,如果在每1 000名女性中持续进行筛查直到90岁,虽然可以多预防0.5例宫颈癌死亡,但相应的代价是要额外进行127例的阴道镜检查 [34]
总体而言,在关于宫颈癌筛查的终止年龄问题上,多数国家的指南建议,对于65岁及以上女性,若过去10年内的检测结果均为阴性,则可以不再进行宫颈癌筛查。这一建议的主要依据是宫颈癌发生的病理学特点。65岁以上女性的宫颈移行带区域相对较小,且其癌变的可能性较低,从而降低了HPV感染进一步恶化为癌症的风险 [43]。此外,考虑到大多数女性在45至55岁之间进入绝经期,绝经后常伴有生理性的宫颈萎缩,这不仅使得标本的采集变得更加困难,也影响了标本的质量。同时,老年女性由于传统观念的影响,往往对宫颈癌筛查的认识和接受度较低,这在一定程度上限制了筛查工作的有效推进。基于这些生理和社会因素,对于65岁及以上女性的宫颈癌筛查工作,需要综合考量筛查的必要性、可行性及成本效益。
在宫颈癌筛查年龄的经济效益评估的研究中,筛查开始的年龄一般设定在21、25、30、35、40和45岁,而结束筛查的年龄多在55、59和64岁。大量研究聚焦于分析特定年龄段内不同筛查技术和频率的成本效益,而部分研究探讨了筛查年龄调整对经济效益的影响。在我国进行的一项宫颈癌筛查卫生经济学评价研究中,提出对35至59岁年龄组的女性每五年进行一次宫颈癌筛查策略被认为是最具成本效益的策略 [44]。该研究还建议,在资源较充足时,将筛查起始年龄降至30岁。另一项涉及农村和城市地区的研究也表明,对30至59岁的女性进行宫颈癌筛查能带来更明显的成本效益,强调筛查的起始年龄越早、涵盖的年龄范围越广,经济效益也随之增加 [45]
在湖北的一项研究发现,对25至64岁的女性每五年进行一次细胞学检查是最具成本效益的宫颈癌筛查策略。该研究还指出,未来扩大筛查覆盖范围和增加频率将带来更大的效益 [36]。另外,一项美国研究评价了12种宫颈癌筛查策略,发现对21至29岁女性每三年进行一次细胞学检测,或者从30岁开始每五年进行一次低成本的HPV检测,能在益处、危害和成本之间取得合理平衡 [46]
随着人工智能技术的发展,AI辅助细胞学检测在宫颈癌筛查成本效益方面展现出优势。面对我国人口基数大、基层细胞病理学医生匮乏的现状与挑战,人工智能宫颈癌细胞筛查技术与传统的细胞病理学人工读片方法相比具有低成本、广覆盖、同质化、信息化、透明化、易推广可复制等方面的相对优势。湖北省一项涉及150万例AI宫颈癌筛查的研究显示,每名妇女的筛查成本为6.31美元,并指出AI辅助宫颈癌筛查为一种低成本、易于获得和有效的服务 [47]。另一项评估18种宫颈癌筛查策略的研究发现,AI细胞学与HPV筛查在成本效益上具有相似优势。该研究还强调在大规模筛查项目中,从成本角度考虑,AI细胞学每五年一次的筛查比HPV筛查更具成本效益 [48]
综合上述卫生经济学评价和我国女性宫颈癌的发病特征,加强对年轻女性的宫颈癌筛查显然有利于提升筛查的成本效用,这不仅有助于更早发现和治疗宫颈癌,还能有效降低医疗成本和提高患者的生存质量。因此,制定和实施更加精准和高效的宫颈癌筛查策略,特别是针对年轻女性群体的筛查计划,对于提高整体公共卫生水平和优化医疗资源分配具有重要意义。
如前所述,自2009年以来,我国政府启动了农村妇女“两癌”检查项目,并在过去的10多年间取得了一定的成效。该项目已经对近1亿人次进行了宫颈癌筛查,共检出宫颈癌及癌前病变17.7万例 [49],然而,由于我国女性人口基数大,筛查覆盖率仍然偏低。最新的研究显示,2015年我国20~64岁女性接受过宫颈癌筛查的比例仅为25.7%,其中35~64岁筛查比例为31.4% [50],此外,多项研究显示我国女性对宫颈癌筛查知晓率较低 [51, 52],可见我国宫颈癌筛查工作仍面临巨大挑战,而合理制定宫颈癌筛查年龄范围是有效提高我国宫颈癌筛查覆盖率、降低宫颈癌发病率的关键举措。考虑到我国宫颈癌的发病率和死亡率的年龄分布与国际上中高收入和亚洲国家相似,而且我国女性宫颈癌发病率整体集中从25~30岁开始上升。此外,国际上大部分国家(包括亚洲国家)的筛查指南建议女性在25~65岁进行宫颈癌筛查。然而,鉴于我国各地区经济水平差异较大,宫颈癌免费筛查的覆盖率有限,多项我国开展的卫生经济学研究也建议在资源充足的情况下,将宫颈癌免费筛查的起始年龄下调至30岁。因此,我们建议将我国宫颈癌筛查起始年龄由原来的35岁提前到30岁,并根据年龄特征提供适宜的筛查方法和间隔时间。但需要指出的是,该筛查策略的经济成本效益以及对宫颈癌发病率和死亡率的长期影响还需要进一步循证评估。因此,我们建议开展更多研究,评估该策略的成本效益和对人群健康的影响。这些评估将有助于制定更全面、有效的宫颈癌筛查指南,减轻患者的经济负担,并提高筛查的准确性和效率。
根据WHO《加速消除宫颈癌全球战略》的推荐,建议30岁及以上的女性进行定期宫颈癌筛查,以提高早期发现率和治愈率。该战略的2030年目标是确保70%的女性在35岁和45岁时至少接受两次高效的宫颈癌筛查。尽管WHO建议的筛查起始年龄和战略目标的年龄范围存在差异,但这两者并不矛盾。WHO并不主张只为35岁至45岁的女性进行筛查,而是强调所有符合条件的30岁及以上妇女都应接受有效的定期筛查,并逐步提高覆盖率,同时确保在35~45岁期间至少接受过两次高效的筛查,以控制宫颈癌发病率和死亡率上升的趋势。因此,当前全球各国的紧迫任务是共同推进该战略,以实现消除宫颈癌的目标。
综上所述,我国宫颈癌筛查起始年龄为35岁,与全球其他国家的筛查起始年龄20~30岁相比存在差异,而筛查终止年龄与其他国家相比差距不大。鉴于我国女性宫颈癌发病率主要集中在25至30岁起开始增加,国际上多数国家的筛查指南也普遍推荐女性宫颈癌筛查的起始年龄在25至30岁之间,加之多项在我国开展的宫颈癌筛查卫生经济学评价研究建议在资源充足的情况下,将免费宫颈癌筛查的起始年龄下调至30岁。考虑到我国多数地区的宫颈癌筛查覆盖率、财政能力以及筛查能力差异大等因素,我们建议将宫颈癌筛查的起始年龄由原定的35岁调整至30岁。尽管我国的宫颈癌筛查终止年龄与其他国家相差不大,但对于从未接受过筛查的人群,特别是65岁及以上女性的宫颈癌发病率和死亡率仍然较高。因此,针对这一年龄段的女性,可通过老年体检或机会性筛查以及提升对宫颈癌症状的个人意识,做到早期诊断和早期治疗。但由于宫颈癌筛查的年龄范围受人群HPV疫苗接种率、筛查方法、HPV感染和宫颈癌发病年龄分布特征、以及社会经济环境等因素的影响,我们建议国家应该根据各地宫颈癌发病和死亡情况、以及宫颈癌的发病年龄分布特征和发病高峰年龄的变化趋势,综合考虑女性的人均寿命、HPV感染的自然病程、疫苗接种计划的持续时间和覆盖范围、以及筛查的成本效益等因素进行持续的监测与评估。这将为实现宫颈癌一级预防(HPV疫苗接种)、二级预防(筛查)、三级预防(早期治疗)之间的最佳效益平衡提供循证依据。
  • 国家卫生健康委妇幼健康司委托项目(2020P196WJ004)
  • 中华全国妇女联合会委托项目(0747-2161SCCZN256)
参考文献 引证文献
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202302320
  • 接收时间:2023-03-12
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-12
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国家卫生健康委妇幼健康司委托项目(2020P196WJ004)
中华全国妇女联合会委托项目(0747-2161SCCZN256)
作者信息
    1.清华大学医院管理研究院,广东 深圳 518055
    2.中国中医科学院广安门医院
    3.北京协和医学院卫生健康管理政策学院

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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