Article(id=1241342458307596465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241342451043061769, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308140, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1691510400000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773888705087, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1708790400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773888705087, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773888705087, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773888705087, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241342451043061769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='4', pageStart='577', pageEnd='768', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773888703356, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773893026321, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241360582939562716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241342451043061769, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241360582939562717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241342451043061769, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=602, endPage=606, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241342458953519305, articleId=1241342458307596465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Using Mendelian randomization to explore the causal association and mechanisms between obesity and bone mineral density, columnId=1228016567443718970, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods Advances, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the causal relationship and mechanisms between obesity and bone mineral density using Mendelian randomization (MR).

Methods

Using genome-wide association study (GWAS) datasets of body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, and total body bone mineral density, univariate two-sample MR analysis was conducted to explore the causal relationship between obesity and bone mineral density. A multivariate MR method was also employed to adjust for variables such as lean mass and body weight to investigate the underlying mechanisms.

Results

Univariate MR analysis showed a significant protective effect of BMI on total body bone mineral density (β=0.06, 95% CI:0.03-0.09) with consistent results across sex-specific studies, while no significant causal effect was found between body fat percentage and total body bone mineral density (β=-0.01, P=0.13). After adjusting for lean mass (β=0.04, P=0.06) and weight (β=0.03, P=0.48) using multivariate MR, the protective effect of BMI on total body bone mineral density disappeared. In contrast, a significant negative causal effect was observed between body fat percentage and total body bone mineral density after adjusting for lean mass (β=-0.02, 95% CI:-0.03-0.00) and weight (β=-0.05, 95% CI:-0.07--0.02).

Conclusion

Obesity primarily exerts a protective effect on bone mineral density through mechanically-related indicators such as weight and lean mass, while body fat itself has a detrimental effect on bone mineral density.

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目的

采用孟德尔随机化(Mendelian randomization, MR)研究肥胖与骨密度的因果关系和作用机制。

方法

利用身体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)、体脂百分比和全身骨密度的全基因组关联研究(genome-wide association study, GWAS)数据库进行单变量两样本MR分析,探究肥胖与骨密度之间的因果关系,并应用多变量MR方法校正瘦体质和体重等变量,探究肥胖与骨密度之间的作用机制。

结果

单变量MR结果显示,BMI对全身骨密度呈现显著的保护作用(β=0.06,95% CI:0.03~0.09)且不存在性别特异性,而体脂百分比与全身骨密度之间没有显著因果效应(β =-0.01,P=0.13)。经多变量MR校正瘦体质(β=0.04,P=0.06)和体重(β =0.03,P=0.48)后,BMI对全身骨密度的保护作用消失。而体脂百分比在校正瘦体质(β=-0.02,95% CI:-0.03~0.00)和体重(β=-0.05,95% CI:-0.07~-0.02)后,均观察到了显著的负向因果效应。

结论

肥胖主要通过体重和瘦体质等机械负荷相关指标发挥保护作用,而脂肪本身对骨密度呈现破坏作用。

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张本,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=i86Mz4rVsgmfFJMJfbqoiw==, magXml=6EtQuwVDNua3gcnwELZN9Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Sc7dBk5NhVKMzEMUr93nrQ==, pdfFileSize=1167704, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=CcvxWt+QewDUP/VfZec2Nw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=XaBtaeH6OP0w4YTAr1D5iw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

贺麟(1997—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

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articleId=1241342458307596465, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Description of the genome-wide association study datasets and instrumental variables used in our study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
表型工具变量数量样本量人群数据来源R2F
暴露
BMI1 464806 834欧洲GIANT & UKB0.12073.57
男性BMI449374 756欧洲GIANT & UKB0.07065.87
女性BMI601434 794欧洲GIANT & UKB0.08062.44
瘦体质538 292欧洲GEFOS0.00341.20
体脂百分比76155 961欧洲UKB0.02045.94
体重576525 523混合人群(欧洲和亚洲)BBJ & UKB & FinnGen0.07069.00
结局
全身骨密度-66 628欧洲GEFOS--
), ArticleFig(id=1241342469791601462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241342458307596465, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究中全基因组关联分析数据库和工具变量的描述

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
表型工具变量数量样本量人群数据来源R2F
暴露
BMI1 464806 834欧洲GIANT & UKB0.12073.57
男性BMI449374 756欧洲GIANT & UKB0.07065.87
女性BMI601434 794欧洲GIANT & UKB0.08062.44
瘦体质538 292欧洲GEFOS0.00341.20
体脂百分比76155 961欧洲UKB0.02045.94
体重576525 523混合人群(欧洲和亚洲)BBJ & UKB & FinnGen0.07069.00
结局
全身骨密度-66 628欧洲GEFOS--
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利用孟德尔随机化探讨肥胖与骨密度的因果关系及作用机制
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贺麟 , 黄德琴 , 申鹏悦 , 瞿阳 , 朱经纬 , 张本
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2024,51(4): 602-606
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现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2024, 51(4): 602-606
利用孟德尔随机化探讨肥胖与骨密度的因果关系及作用机制
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贺麟, 黄德琴, 申鹏悦, 瞿阳, 朱经纬, 张本
作者信息
  • 四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041
  • 贺麟(1997—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

通讯作者:

张本,E-mail:
Using Mendelian randomization to explore the causal association and mechanisms between obesity and bone mineral density
Lin HE, De-qin HUANG, Peng-yue SHEN, Yang QU, Jing-wei ZHU, Ben ZHANG
Affiliations
  • West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
出版时间: 2024-02-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308140
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目的

采用孟德尔随机化(Mendelian randomization, MR)研究肥胖与骨密度的因果关系和作用机制。

方法

利用身体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)、体脂百分比和全身骨密度的全基因组关联研究(genome-wide association study, GWAS)数据库进行单变量两样本MR分析,探究肥胖与骨密度之间的因果关系,并应用多变量MR方法校正瘦体质和体重等变量,探究肥胖与骨密度之间的作用机制。

结果

单变量MR结果显示,BMI对全身骨密度呈现显著的保护作用(β=0.06,95% CI:0.03~0.09)且不存在性别特异性,而体脂百分比与全身骨密度之间没有显著因果效应(β =-0.01,P=0.13)。经多变量MR校正瘦体质(β=0.04,P=0.06)和体重(β =0.03,P=0.48)后,BMI对全身骨密度的保护作用消失。而体脂百分比在校正瘦体质(β=-0.02,95% CI:-0.03~0.00)和体重(β=-0.05,95% CI:-0.07~-0.02)后,均观察到了显著的负向因果效应。

结论

肥胖主要通过体重和瘦体质等机械负荷相关指标发挥保护作用,而脂肪本身对骨密度呈现破坏作用。

孟德尔随机化  /  身体质量指数  /  体脂百分比  /  全身骨密度
Objective

To investigate the causal relationship and mechanisms between obesity and bone mineral density using Mendelian randomization (MR).

Methods

Using genome-wide association study (GWAS) datasets of body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, and total body bone mineral density, univariate two-sample MR analysis was conducted to explore the causal relationship between obesity and bone mineral density. A multivariate MR method was also employed to adjust for variables such as lean mass and body weight to investigate the underlying mechanisms.

Results

Univariate MR analysis showed a significant protective effect of BMI on total body bone mineral density (β=0.06, 95% CI:0.03-0.09) with consistent results across sex-specific studies, while no significant causal effect was found between body fat percentage and total body bone mineral density (β=-0.01, P=0.13). After adjusting for lean mass (β=0.04, P=0.06) and weight (β=0.03, P=0.48) using multivariate MR, the protective effect of BMI on total body bone mineral density disappeared. In contrast, a significant negative causal effect was observed between body fat percentage and total body bone mineral density after adjusting for lean mass (β=-0.02, 95% CI:-0.03-0.00) and weight (β=-0.05, 95% CI:-0.07--0.02).

Conclusion

Obesity primarily exerts a protective effect on bone mineral density through mechanically-related indicators such as weight and lean mass, while body fat itself has a detrimental effect on bone mineral density.

Mendelian randomization  /  Body mass index  /  Body fat percentage  /  Total body bone mineral density
贺麟, 黄德琴, 申鹏悦, 瞿阳, 朱经纬, 张本. 利用孟德尔随机化探讨肥胖与骨密度的因果关系及作用机制. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (4) : 602 -606 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308140
Lin HE, De-qin HUANG, Peng-yue SHEN, Yang QU, Jing-wei ZHU, Ben ZHANG. Using Mendelian randomization to explore the causal association and mechanisms between obesity and bone mineral density[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (4) : 602 -606 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308140
骨质疏松是一种常见的代谢性骨病,骨密度减少是其主要特征。骨质疏松症的发病率随着人口老龄化的加剧而不断上升,产生了极大的疾病负担和社会经济学负担,越来越成为影响人们健康的重大问题[1]。肥胖是一种常见且高发的慢性代谢性疾病,也是许多慢性病的可改变危险因素之一。然而,现有大部分观察性研究证据都支持肥胖对骨密度呈现保护作用,从而产生了肥胖悖论。例如,一项最新meta分析[2]指出,肥胖患者比普通成年人拥有更高的腰椎和股骨头骨密度。
现有研究提示肥胖与骨代谢之间具有复杂的作用机制。一方面,肥胖导致骨骼产生更大的机械负荷,从而刺激成骨细胞的活性,进而导致骨密度的增加[3]。肥胖患者在脂肪增加的同时,瘦体质也会有所增加,而瘦体质通常会对骨密度产生积极影响[4]。此外,肥胖患者脂肪含量的增加导致更多雌激素的生成,较高的雌激素水平也能起到对骨代谢的保护作用。另一方面,肥胖也能通过多种代谢途径对骨骼产生有害作用。例如,肥胖导致活性氧的增加以及IL-6、C反应蛋白等炎症细胞因子的增加,促使破骨细胞的分化,导致骨骼吸收的增加和骨质的流失加剧[5];此外,脂肪细胞和成骨细胞都由间充质干细胞分化而来,肥胖患者脂肪细胞增多,成骨细胞竞争性减少,从而导致骨结构的破坏[6]
观察性研究不能有效控制混杂,也无法避免反向因果,因此不能准确地进行因果推断,肥胖是否是骨密度的保护因素,以及其背后的作用机制仍需进一步的研究。孟德尔随机化(Mendelian randomization, MR)利用遗传变异做工具变量,能够避免反向因果的发生,通过谨慎的设计也可以更好地控制混杂,能为验证这一肥胖悖论提供更好的研究思路。通过对66 628名受试者进行全身骨密度测量,Medina-Gomez等[7]发表了当前最大的经DXA测量的骨密度全基因组关联研究(Genome-wide association study, GWAS)数据库,而目前暂无利用该数据与肥胖指标进行的MR分析。身体质量指数(Body mass index, BMI)是衡量一般性肥胖的主要指标,同时它也是一个复合指标,主要反映了瘦体质和脂肪量两部分的情况。体脂百分比评估人体的相对脂肪含量,从而提供更准确的脂肪量评估。两者可以互为补充,能够更全面地评价个体体重和体脂状况。本研究利用当前最大的总人群BMI及分性别BMI、体脂百分比和经DXA测量的全身骨密度GWAS数据库,通过单变量MR方法验证肥胖是否是骨密度的保护因素以及是否存在性别特异性,并通过多变量MR调整体重等机械负荷相关指标,探究这一作用的产生机制,总体研究设计如图1所示。
BMI总人群以及分性别人群的GWAS数据都来自GIANT (Genetic Investigation of Anthropometric Traits) 联盟,共纳入了806 834个样本,分别包含374 756个男性和434 794个女性[8]。体脂百分比的GWAS数据来自UKB (UK Biobank),样本量为155 961[9]。全身骨密度[7]和瘦体质[10]的GWAS数据来自GEFOS(the GEnetic Factors for OSteoporosis Consortium),样本量分别为66 628和38 292,以上所有GWAS数据均在欧洲人群中获得。而体重的数据则来自一项总样本量为525 523的meta-GWAS,由BBJ(BioBank Japan)、UKB和FinnGen三个数据库共同构成,其中欧洲人群占比为69%[11]
体脂百分比和瘦体质直接使用原文献所报道的工具变量,分别得到76个体脂百分比相关SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) 和5个瘦体质相关SNPs(P<5×10-8)。由于BMI原文对工具变量的选取条件过于严苛(P<5×10-9),在保证代表性的前提下,为了获得更多可用的工具变量,本研究使用PLINK[12] “clump”功能,通过将标准调整为P值<5×10-8,而其他参数保持和原文一致,重新筛选了BMI的工具变量,具体参数如下:-clump-p1 5×10-8 -clump-p2 1×10-5 -clump-r2 0.05 -clump-kb 5 000,并最终分别得到1 464、449、601个总人群、男性、女性人群BMI相关SNPs。此外,由于体重的GWAS原文献中并未报道工具变量,因此我们使用PLINK,通过常规参数设置得到576个体重相关SNPs,具体参数如下:-clump-p1 5×10-8 -clump-p2 1×10-5 -clump-r2 0.001 -clump-kb 5 000。为了避免弱工具变量偏倚,本研究计算了每套工具变量的R2F值,F值大于10则可以将其认定为强工具变量。
本研究首先使用单变量MR方法探究BMI和体脂百分比等肥胖指标与全身骨密度之间的因果关联。分析原理见图2(A)。主要分析方法采用随机效应模型逆方差加权法(inverse-variance weighted, IVW),并将MR-Egger回归法和加权中位数法作为补充,以检查结果的稳健性和一致性。如果IVW方法P值<0.05,且与MR-Egger回归法和加权中位数法结果的方向一致,则认为因果估计是显著的。
敏感性分析主要采取了3种方法。首先,计算去除回文结构后的效应值,以此规避效应等位基因识别错误导致的结果不准确;其次,根据 GWAS Catalog,计算排除与潜在混杂相关的多效性SNPs之后的效应值;最后,采用“leave-one-out”法,依次去除每个SNP,并根据剩余的SNP进行IVW分析,以确定可能使MR估计值产生偏差的异常值[13]
在此基础上,本研究进一步利用多变量MR的方法,通过调整体重、瘦体质等机械负荷相关指标,探究BMI、体脂百分比等肥胖指标对全身骨密度的效应是否来自于机械负荷以及去除机械负荷后的代谢作用效果。分析原理见图2(B)
本研究所用GWAS数据和工具变量的基本情况见表1。每套工具变量的F值都大于10,证明都是强工具变量。
单变量MR结果显示,总人群BMI对全身骨密度呈现显著的保护作用(β=0.06, 95% CI: 0.03~0.09)。分性别分析中,在男性(β=0.07, 95% CI: 0.03~0.12)和女性(β=0.04, 95% CI: 0.00~0.08)都观察到一致的显著保护效应(图3)。敏感性分析中,在去除回文SNPs或多效性SNPs后,在全人群和分性别人群中BMI对全身骨密度的保护性因果效应仍然显著,证明了结果的稳健性(图3)。“leave-one-out”结果显示,因果关系不受任何异常变量的影响(图4)。
多变量MR结果显示,在校正瘦体质(β=0.04, P=0.06)和体重(β =0.03, P=0.48)后,BMI对全身骨密度的保护作用消失,提示BMI对全身骨密度的保护作用是由于体重和肌肉的机械负荷导致的(图5)。
单变量MR结果显示,体脂百分比与全身骨密度之间没有显著因果效应(β=-0.01, P=0.13),去除回文结构与多效性SNPs后结果仍然稳健(图6)。“leave-one-out”结果显示,因果关系不受任何异常变量的影响(图7)。
但是,在校正瘦体质(β=-0.02, 95% CI:-0.03~0.00)和校正体重(β=-0.05, 95% CI:-0.07~-0.02)后,观察到了显著的负向因果效应,提示体重和肌肉的机械负荷掩盖了脂肪本身的负向因果效应,脂肪本身对全身骨密度而言是危险因素。
本研究利用公开发表的GWAS数据,综合应用单变量MR和多变量MR方法探究肥胖相关指标与全身骨密度之间的因果关联和作用机制。单变量MR分析证实了BMI与全身骨密度之间显著正向因果关系的存在,且不存在性别特异性,而体脂百分比与全身骨密度之间不存在显著因果关系。多变量MR方法通过对体重和瘦体质等机械负荷相关指标进行校正,发现BMI对全身骨密度之间的保护作用主要来自机械负荷,而体脂百分比本身对全身骨密度呈现危险作用,这一效应被机械负荷所掩盖。
通过重力作用,肥胖患者的骨骼往往承受更大的机械压力。动物实验表明,当骨细胞接收到剪切应力信号时,其硬化蛋白的分泌被抑制,细胞凋亡减少,同时抑制破骨细胞的作用,刺激成骨细胞分化,从而导致骨密度增加[14]。先前研究指出,肥胖仅对承重的腰椎和股骨头骨密度呈保护作用,也能佐证这一结果[15]。肥胖患者肌肉的相应增加,既加大了肌肉收缩所导致的机械应力,也会促进内分泌和旁分泌IGF-1等成骨因子,促进骨骼的合成代谢[16]。本研究发现了在体脂背后的各种代谢途径对骨密度的综合负性效应,但具体代谢通路及每条通路所起的作用有待进一步研究与发掘。
本研究综合应用MR方法,规避了传统观察性研究的固有局限性,能够进行更加准确的因果推断。同时,本研究利用当前发表的最大GWAS数据进行分析,样本量充足,具有较高的统计效能,此外,本研究以IVW方法为主要分析,并补充MR-Egger回归法和加权中位数法等多种分析方法,保证了结果的稳健性与可靠性。但本研究仍有很多不足与有待发展的地方,首先,在本研究中,由于数据受限,我们使用了混合了欧洲人群和部分亚洲人群的体重GWAS数据库,而其他GWAS数据库均来自欧洲人群,因此经过体重调整的BMI和体脂百分比与全身骨密度之间的关系可能存在一定程度的不准确性。但欧洲人在该数据库中占比约为70%。因此,我们认为这种不准确性的影响是有限的。其次,本研究在欧洲人群开展,导致结果的外推受限;此次,目前还有许多有待完善和深度发掘的问题,除上文提到的脂肪背后代谢机制有待进一步研究外,骨健康的评价应该是多维度的,不仅包括骨密度,还包括骨面积、骨膜厚度等指标,而肥胖与脆性骨折的发生之间的关系则更加错综复杂,需要多维度多方法地进一步探索。
本研究综合应用MR方法探究肥胖相关指标与全身骨密度之间的因果关系及作用机制,发现肥胖主要通过体重和瘦体质等机械负荷相关指标发挥保护作用,而脂肪本身对骨密度呈现破坏作用。该研究结论为健康体重管理和骨质疏松的预防提供了科学的理论依据。
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2024年第51卷第4期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308140
  • 接收时间:2023-08-09
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-09
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    四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
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种数
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占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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