Article(id=1241342457883971760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241342451043061769, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311272, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1699891200000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773888704986, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1708790400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773888704986, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773888704986, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773888704986, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241342451043061769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='4', pageStart='577', pageEnd='768', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773888703356, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773893026321, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241360582939562716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241342451043061769, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241360582939562717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241342451043061769, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=595, endPage=601, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241342459788185865, articleId=1241342457883971760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Spatio-temporal epidemiological characterisation of viral hepatitis incidence in China, 2009-2019, columnId=1228016567443718970, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods Advances, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyse the epidemiological characteristics and spatial-temporal distribution features of viral hepatitis in China from 2009 to 2019, explore the dynamic distribution of its spatial-temporal aggregation, and provide scientific basis for optimizing the prevention and control strategies of viral hepatitis.

Methods

Case data on viral hepatitis from 2009 to 2019 were extracted from the Public Health Data Centre, and spatiotemporal epidemiological analysis of surveillance data on viral hepatitis in China from 2009 to 2019 was performed using descriptive epidemiology and spatial autocorrelation analysis methods.

Results

From 2009 to 2019, a cumulative total of 13 915 842 cases of viral hepatitis were reported nationwide, with an average annual incidence rate of 93.08/105, showing an overall decreasing trend. Spring (March—May) was the peak of the incidence of hepatitis C and hepatitis B. The incidence curve of hepatitis E over the years showed a single-peak pattern, and the incidence of hepatitis A had no obvious seasonal pattern. The high incidence of hepatitis C, hepatitis B and hepatitis E was concentrated in the age group of 30-70 years old, and the high incidence of hepatitis A changed from the age group of 2-10 years old to the age group of 65 years old and above. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR), Qinghai Province and Gansu Province in the western region were the high prevalence areas of hepatitis C, B and A, while the high prevalence areas of hepatitis E were mainly concentrated in the eastern region. The results of global spatial autocorrelation showed that the incidence of hepatitis C (except for 2009 and 2019) and hepatitis A showed a positive spatial correlation (Moran I value of 0.13-0.66, P<0.05), and the incidence of hepatitis B and hepatitis E mainly showed a random distribution (Moran I value of 0.01-0.31, P>0.05).

Conclusion

From 2009 to 2019, viral hepatitis incidence in China has obvious spatial and temporal aggregation. In the future, different provinces should tailor their interventions to the spatio-temporal epidemiological characteristics of viral hepatitis and develop scientific prevention and control measures.

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目的

分析2009—2019年中国病毒型肝炎发病的流行病学特点和时空分布特征,探索其时空聚集性的动态分布,为优化病毒性肝炎的防控策略提供科学依据。

方法

从公共卫生数据中心提取2009—2019年病毒型肝炎的病例资料,利用描述性流行病学、空间自相关分析方法对中国2009—2019年病毒型肝炎的监测数据进行时空流行病学分析。

结果

2009—2019年,全国累计报告病毒型肝炎发病13 915 842例,年均发病率为93.08 /105,整体呈下降趋势。春季(3—5月)为丙肝和乙肝的发病高峰,戊肝历年发病曲线呈单峰型,甲肝发病无明显的季节性规律。丙肝、乙肝和戊肝高发人群集中在30~70岁之间,甲肝高发人群从2~10岁转变为80岁以上人群。新疆维吾尔自治区、青海省、甘肃省为丙肝、乙肝和甲肝的高发区域,戊肝高发区域主要集中在东部地区。全局空间自相关结果显示,丙肝(除2009年和2019年)和甲肝发病呈现空间正相关性(Moran I值为0.13~0.66,P<0.05),乙肝和戊肝发病主要呈现随机分布特征(Moran I值为0.01~0.31,P>0.05)。

结论

2009—2019年,中国病毒性肝炎发病具有明显的时空聚集性。未来不同省份应当针对病毒性肝炎的时空流行病学特点因地制宜,精准干预,制定科学的防控措施。

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邹圣强,E-mail:
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董邓波(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病学与统计学

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Front Public Health, 2021, 9: 720953., articleTitle=Hepatitis E in 24 Chinese cities, 2008-2018: A new analysis method for the disease’s occupational characteristics, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241342468411675351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241342457883971760, awardId=SH2021030, language=CN, fundingSource=镇江市社会发展重点研发项目(SH2021030), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241342468550087394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241342457883971760, awardId=FZ2021068, language=CN, fundingSource=镇江市社会发展指导性科技计划项目(FZ2021068), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241342461621096847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241342457883971760, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241342461629485456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241342457883971760, companyId=1241342461621096847, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241342461633679761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241342457883971760, companyId=1241342461621096847, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.华北理工大学公共卫生学院,河北 唐山 063210)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241342463005217177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241342457883971760, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241342463013605787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241342457883971760, companyId=1241342463005217177, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.镇江市第三人民医院)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241342465379193469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241342457883971760, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Monthly incidence of viral hepatitis in China from 2009 to 2019, figureFileSmall=WQ5jvJHf8mfdwo9JWIsaJw==, figureFileBig=rUnjzRr/Ygx+99tA1+vnLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241342465509216901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241342457883971760, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2009—2019年中国病毒型肝炎月发病率变化趋势

注:图A为丙肝月发病率;图B为乙肝月发病率;图C为戊肝月发病率;图D为甲肝月发病率。

, figureFileSmall=WQ5jvJHf8mfdwo9JWIsaJw==, figureFileBig=rUnjzRr/Ygx+99tA1+vnLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241342465827984024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241342457883971760, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Population distribution of viral hepatitis incidence in China, 2009, 2019, figureFileSmall=bo1i473rt9WA1bTE1F/HWA==, figureFileBig=S/PqiW5NKSVcVVDzAlqlsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241342465937035937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241342457883971760, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2009、2019年中国病毒性肝炎发病率人群分布

注:图A为2009年、2019年丙肝年龄分布;图B为2009年、2019年乙肝年龄分布;图C为2009年、2019年戊肝年龄分布;图D为2009年、2019年甲肝年龄分布。

, figureFileSmall=bo1i473rt9WA1bTE1F/HWA==, figureFileBig=S/PqiW5NKSVcVVDzAlqlsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241342466029310630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241342457883971760, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Regional distribution of viral hepatitis incidence in China in 2009 and 2019(Review No.: GS (2016) 2923), figureFileSmall=9AwW3RituNAyI7veIYTPnw==, figureFileBig=IU0e7PJgoNoUg+AcWih3Gw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241342467581203116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241342457883971760, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2009、2019年中国病毒型肝炎发病率的地区分布(审图号:GS(2016)2923号)

注:图A为2009年丙肝发病地区分布;图B为2019年丙肝发病地区分布;图C为2009年乙肝发病地区分布;图D为2019年乙肝发病地区分布;图E为2009年戊肝发病地区分布;图F为2019年戊肝发病地区分布;图G为2009年甲肝发病地区分布;图H为2019年甲肝发病地区分布。

, figureFileSmall=9AwW3RituNAyI7veIYTPnw==, figureFileBig=IU0e7PJgoNoUg+AcWih3Gw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241342467698643635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241342457883971760, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Annual incidence of viral hepatitis in China, 2009—2019

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间丙肝乙肝戊肝甲肝总发病数总发病率(1/105
发病数发病率(1/105发病数发病率(1/105发病数发病率(1/105发病数发病率(1/105
2009131 8499.931 179 60788.8220 2751.5343 8413.301 375 572103.58
2010153 03911.471 060 58279.4623 6821.7735 2772.641 272 58095.34
2011173 87212.971 093 33581.5429 2022.1831 4562.351 327 86599.03
2012201 62214.961 087 08680.6827 2712.0224 4531.811 340 43299.49
2013203 15515.00962 97471.1227 9022.0622 2441.641 216 27589.83
2014202 80314.97935 70269.0526 9881.9925 9691.921 191 46287.92
2015207 89715.26934 21568.5727 1691.9922 6671.661 191 94887.48
2016206 83215.09942 26868.7427 9222.0421 2851.551 198 30787.42
2017214 02315.511 001 95272.6129 0142.1018 8751.371 263 86491.60
2018219 37515.79999 98571.9928 6032.0616 1961.171 264 15991.01
2019223 66016.021 002 29271.7728 1552.0219 2711.381 273 37891.18
), ArticleFig(id=1241342467832861372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241342457883971760, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中国2009—2019年病毒性肝炎年发病率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间丙肝乙肝戊肝甲肝总发病数总发病率(1/105
发病数发病率(1/105发病数发病率(1/105发病数发病率(1/105发病数发病率(1/105
2009131 8499.931 179 60788.8220 2751.5343 8413.301 375 572103.58
2010153 03911.471 060 58279.4623 6821.7735 2772.641 272 58095.34
2011173 87212.971 093 33581.5429 2022.1831 4562.351 327 86599.03
2012201 62214.961 087 08680.6827 2712.0224 4531.811 340 43299.49
2013203 15515.00962 97471.1227 9022.0622 2441.641 216 27589.83
2014202 80314.97935 70269.0526 9881.9925 9691.921 191 46287.92
2015207 89715.26934 21568.5727 1691.9922 6671.661 191 94887.48
2016206 83215.09942 26868.7427 9222.0421 2851.551 198 30787.42
2017214 02315.511 001 95272.6129 0142.1018 8751.371 263 86491.60
2018219 37515.79999 98571.9928 6032.0616 1961.171 264 15991.01
2019223 66016.021 002 29271.7728 1552.0219 2711.381 273 37891.18
), ArticleFig(id=1241342467971273414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241342457883971760, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Global spatial autocorrelation analysis of viral hepatitis incidence in China from 2009 to 2019

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份丙肝乙肝戊肝甲肝
Moran IZPMoran IZPMoran IZPMoran IZP
20090.252.3730.1600.191.9950.0370.312.9550.0050.504.5490.001
20100.222.1070.0280.181.7420.0480.302.7960.0070.454.7300.002
20110.212.0540.0330.222.0360.0280.292.6700.0070.565.2110.002
20120.181.8290.0470.121.2780.1060.141.4240.0840.666.1320.001
20130.181.8590.0400.030.5170.2850.181.8190.0420.625.8840.002
20140.171.7740.0470.010.2980.3570.151.4300.0820.254.3590.004
20150.181.8090.0450.040.5670.2660.221.9950.0320.404.6740.004
20160.181.8110.0380.010.3340.3470.101.0160.1600.202.5960.019
20170.191.8210.0440.020.3490.3440.161.5300.0740.403.9960.003
20180.191.7990.0420.070.8260.1980.141.4720.0750.504.5070.002
20190.131.2820.1150.070.7910.2130.171.6120.0520.252.4070.025
), ArticleFig(id=1241342468172600012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241342457883971760, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2009—2019年中国病毒型肝炎发病率全局空间自相关分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份丙肝乙肝戊肝甲肝
Moran IZPMoran IZPMoran IZPMoran IZP
20090.252.3730.1600.191.9950.0370.312.9550.0050.504.5490.001
20100.222.1070.0280.181.7420.0480.302.7960.0070.454.7300.002
20110.212.0540.0330.222.0360.0280.292.6700.0070.565.2110.002
20120.181.8290.0470.121.2780.1060.141.4240.0840.666.1320.001
20130.181.8590.0400.030.5170.2850.181.8190.0420.625.8840.002
20140.171.7740.0470.010.2980.3570.151.4300.0820.254.3590.004
20150.181.8090.0450.040.5670.2660.221.9950.0320.404.6740.004
20160.181.8110.0380.010.3340.3470.101.0160.1600.202.5960.019
20170.191.8210.0440.020.3490.3440.161.5300.0740.403.9960.003
20180.191.7990.0420.070.8260.1980.141.4720.0750.504.5070.002
20190.131.2820.1150.070.7910.2130.171.6120.0520.252.4070.025
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2009—2019年中国病毒型肝炎发病的时空流行病学特征分析
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董邓波 1 , 邹圣强 2 , 唐舒 1
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2024,51(4): 595-601
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现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2024, 51(4): 595-601
2009—2019年中国病毒型肝炎发病的时空流行病学特征分析
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董邓波1, 邹圣强2 , 唐舒1
作者信息
  • 1.华北理工大学公共卫生学院,河北 唐山 063210
  • 2.镇江市第三人民医院
  • 董邓波(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病学与统计学

通讯作者:

邹圣强,E-mail:
Spatio-temporal epidemiological characterisation of viral hepatitis incidence in China, 2009-2019
Deng-bo DONG1, Sheng-qiang ZOU2 , Shu TANG1
Affiliations
  • School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
出版时间: 2024-02-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311272
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目的

分析2009—2019年中国病毒型肝炎发病的流行病学特点和时空分布特征,探索其时空聚集性的动态分布,为优化病毒性肝炎的防控策略提供科学依据。

方法

从公共卫生数据中心提取2009—2019年病毒型肝炎的病例资料,利用描述性流行病学、空间自相关分析方法对中国2009—2019年病毒型肝炎的监测数据进行时空流行病学分析。

结果

2009—2019年,全国累计报告病毒型肝炎发病13 915 842例,年均发病率为93.08 /105,整体呈下降趋势。春季(3—5月)为丙肝和乙肝的发病高峰,戊肝历年发病曲线呈单峰型,甲肝发病无明显的季节性规律。丙肝、乙肝和戊肝高发人群集中在30~70岁之间,甲肝高发人群从2~10岁转变为80岁以上人群。新疆维吾尔自治区、青海省、甘肃省为丙肝、乙肝和甲肝的高发区域,戊肝高发区域主要集中在东部地区。全局空间自相关结果显示,丙肝(除2009年和2019年)和甲肝发病呈现空间正相关性(Moran I值为0.13~0.66,P<0.05),乙肝和戊肝发病主要呈现随机分布特征(Moran I值为0.01~0.31,P>0.05)。

结论

2009—2019年,中国病毒性肝炎发病具有明显的时空聚集性。未来不同省份应当针对病毒性肝炎的时空流行病学特点因地制宜,精准干预,制定科学的防控措施。

病毒性肝炎  /  时空流行病学  /  空间自相关  /  疾病负担
Objective

To analyse the epidemiological characteristics and spatial-temporal distribution features of viral hepatitis in China from 2009 to 2019, explore the dynamic distribution of its spatial-temporal aggregation, and provide scientific basis for optimizing the prevention and control strategies of viral hepatitis.

Methods

Case data on viral hepatitis from 2009 to 2019 were extracted from the Public Health Data Centre, and spatiotemporal epidemiological analysis of surveillance data on viral hepatitis in China from 2009 to 2019 was performed using descriptive epidemiology and spatial autocorrelation analysis methods.

Results

From 2009 to 2019, a cumulative total of 13 915 842 cases of viral hepatitis were reported nationwide, with an average annual incidence rate of 93.08/105, showing an overall decreasing trend. Spring (March—May) was the peak of the incidence of hepatitis C and hepatitis B. The incidence curve of hepatitis E over the years showed a single-peak pattern, and the incidence of hepatitis A had no obvious seasonal pattern. The high incidence of hepatitis C, hepatitis B and hepatitis E was concentrated in the age group of 30-70 years old, and the high incidence of hepatitis A changed from the age group of 2-10 years old to the age group of 65 years old and above. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR), Qinghai Province and Gansu Province in the western region were the high prevalence areas of hepatitis C, B and A, while the high prevalence areas of hepatitis E were mainly concentrated in the eastern region. The results of global spatial autocorrelation showed that the incidence of hepatitis C (except for 2009 and 2019) and hepatitis A showed a positive spatial correlation (Moran I value of 0.13-0.66, P<0.05), and the incidence of hepatitis B and hepatitis E mainly showed a random distribution (Moran I value of 0.01-0.31, P>0.05).

Conclusion

From 2009 to 2019, viral hepatitis incidence in China has obvious spatial and temporal aggregation. In the future, different provinces should tailor their interventions to the spatio-temporal epidemiological characteristics of viral hepatitis and develop scientific prevention and control measures.

Viral hepatitis  /  Spatio-temporal epidemiology  /  Spatial autocorrelation  /  Disease burden
董邓波, 邹圣强, 唐舒. 2009—2019年中国病毒型肝炎发病的时空流行病学特征分析. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (4) : 595 -601 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311272
Deng-bo DONG, Sheng-qiang ZOU, Shu TANG. Spatio-temporal epidemiological characterisation of viral hepatitis incidence in China, 2009-2019[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (4) : 595 -601 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311272
病毒性肝炎是由多种肝炎病毒引起的以肝脏病变为主的传染性疾病,已成为世界范围内重大的公共卫生问题[1]。据统计,病毒性肝炎每年导致150万人死亡,严重影响了数亿人的生活质量[2]。2016年,世界卫生组织制定了到2030年消除病毒性肝炎这一公共卫生问题的宏伟目标,包括将新发感染减少90%,将病毒性肝炎死亡减少65%[3]。中国是世界上病毒性肝炎感染负担最大的国家,将成为到2030年全球消除病毒性肝炎的主要贡献者[4]。近年来,中国在控制病毒性肝炎方面投入了大量的人力、经费和保障措施。自2008年起,国家将甲肝疫苗纳入国家免疫规划,2015年对所有孕妇进行HBsAg免费筛查,2017年国家食品药品监督管理局陆续批准了丙肝直接抗病毒药物在中国上市,这些防控措施使病毒性肝炎发病的时空流行病学有所变化。
空间流行病学是地理学和流行病学等多学科融合发展起来的一门学科,能从宏观空间角度中直观准确地显示空间区域的疾病负担[5]。然而,中国病毒性肝炎相关研究以长时间序列的分析研究较少。因此,本研究旨在分析2009—2019年中国病毒型肝炎的流行病学特点和时空分布特征,探索其时空聚集性的动态分布,以期为公共卫生专业人员和政策制定者制定有效的消除病毒性肝炎策略提供科学支持。
我国病毒性肝炎包括甲型、乙型、丙型、丁型、戊型肝炎,鉴于丁型肝炎发病率极低,本研究仅对甲、乙、丙、戊型肝炎发病数据进行分析。2009—2019年中国大陆31个省(自治区、直辖市)的病毒型肝炎病例资料来源于公共卫生科学数据中心[6]。同期人口数据来源于《中国统计年鉴》(2009—2019年)[7]。全国行政区矢量地图及经纬度坐标通过国家基础地理信息中心获取[8]
采用Excel对2009—2019年病毒型肝炎发病资料进行整理。将中国大陆31个省份(自治区、直辖市)的病毒型肝炎发病率,以行政区划代码为连接字段,在ArcGIS 软件中与全国行政区矢量地图连接,建立2009—2019年中国病毒性肝炎发病率地理信息数据库。
以发病例数、发病率等为主要指标对病毒型肝炎的三间分布特征进行描述性分析。绘制中国病毒型肝炎发病率地图,发病率分级采用 ArcGIS 自然间断点分级法。检验水准α=0.05。
空间自相关分析是度量空间单元属性值聚集离散程度的方法,包括全局空间自相关分析和局部空间自相关分析。其中全局空间自相关主要反映属性值在整个区域的空间分布特征,用全局Moran I值表示,取值范围为[-1,1]。全局Moran I值>0表示存在空间正相关性,越接近于1表明空间集聚程度越高;全局Moran I值<0表示存在空间负相关,越接近于-1表明空间分散程度越高;全局Moran I值=0表示不存在空间相关性[9]。局部空间自相关可反映属性值在局部区域的空间分布特征,主要包括 4 种聚集模式:高-高聚集、低-低聚集、高-低聚集、低-高聚集[10]
采用 Excel 2019 软件进行描述性统计分析。采用ChiPlot软件绘制年龄分布哑铃图。使用 ArcGIS 10.8 软件绘制发病率地图。使用Geoda 1.22软件进行空间自相关分析。
2009—2019年全国累计报告病毒型肝炎发病13 915 842例,其中丙肝2 138 127例(15.36%),乙肝11 199 998例(80.48%),戊肝296 183例(2.12%),甲肝281 534例(2.02%)。病毒型肝炎年均发病率为93.08 /105。见表1
乙肝发病率由2009年的88.82/105降至2019年的 71.77/105,甲肝发病率由2009年的3.30/105降至2019年的1.38/105,丙肝发病率由2009年的9.93/105升至2019年的16.02/105,戊肝发病率由2009年的1.53/105升至2019年的2.02/105
2009—2019年全国每月均有病毒型肝炎病例出现。丙肝、乙肝发病高峰为每年的春季(3—5月),其中2016年3月丙肝发病率最高(1.55/105),2009年3月乙肝发病率最高(8.51/105)。戊肝历年发病曲线呈单峰型,每年的1—6月为发病高峰,其中2011年3月戊肝发病率最高(0.31/105)。甲肝发病无明显的季节性,且流行强度逐渐呈下降趋势,最高发病率为2009年3月(0.33/105),见图1
2009—2019年病毒性肝炎各年龄组均有发病,丙肝和戊肝发病以55岁以上年龄组为主,乙肝和甲肝高发年龄变化较大。其中2009年乙肝主要集中在20~30岁人群,2019年主要集中在50~65岁人群,最高发病率为55~60岁(109.06/105); 甲肝高发年龄组从2~10岁转变为80岁以上人群。见图2
2009—2019年中国历年病毒性肝炎发病地区分布不均匀,2009年乙肝和丙肝主要集中在新疆维吾尔自治区、青海省、甘肃省等西部地区,并都逐渐向中部地区扩散,东部地区的浙江省、山东省、江苏省持续处于低流行水平;2009—2019年甲肝高发地区为新疆维吾尔自治区、宁夏回族自治区、西藏自治区,而戊肝主要集中在江苏省、上海市和浙江省等东部地区,西部地区处于低流行水平。见图3
除2009年和2019年的丙肝发病率外,2009—2019年中国历年丙肝、甲肝发病率均呈现空间正相关(Moran I值为0.13~0.66,P均<0.05),即丙肝和甲肝存在空间聚集性。丙肝Moran I值呈现逐年下降趋势,提示2009—2019年丙肝发病的空间聚集性逐渐减弱;甲肝Moran I值除2014年、2016年和2019年在0.25左右波动,总体较为平稳,表明甲肝空间聚集性较强。而乙肝和戊肝发病率主要呈随机分布(Moran I值为0.01~0.31,P>0.05)。见表2
2009—2019年中国病毒性肝炎局部热点区域多集中在我国西部地区。2019年局部空间自相关结果显示,在高-高区域中,丙肝包括甘肃省和陕西省;乙肝包括新疆维吾尔自治区和江西省;戊肝包括上海市;甲肝包括新疆维吾尔自治区、西藏自治区、青海省、甘肃省;在低-低区域中,丙肝包括江苏省、浙江省;戊肝包括内蒙古自治区;甲肝包括山东省、广东省、安徽省;在低-高区域中,丙肝包括宁夏回族自治区、西藏自治区;戊肝包括江西省和湖南省;在高-低区域中,戊肝和甲肝均为山西省。
本研究对2009—2019年中国大陆31个省的病毒型肝炎发病数据进行了分析,明确了各省份病毒型肝炎的三间分布和时空变化规律,可为全国有针对性地开展病毒性肝炎防控工作提供科学依据。
本研究发现,2009—2019年中国病毒型肝炎年均发病率为93.08 /105,整体呈下降趋势,与SuX[11]的研究结论相一致,表明我国病毒性肝炎的防控工作取得了一定的进展,但整体而言病毒性肝炎的疾病负担仍然很高,持续的公共卫生干预对病毒性肝炎的流行至关重要。
时间分布上,2009—2019年丙肝和戊肝发病率总体呈现上升趋势,乙肝和甲肝发病率呈下降趋势。丙肝和乙肝发病高峰为每年的春季(3—5月),与相关报道相一致[12]。这可能与春节期间人口流动大、温度变化和季节交替等因素相关。甲肝发病无明显的季节性,且流行强度逐渐呈下降趋势,这在其他研究中已经证明[13]。而戊肝历年发病曲线呈单峰型,每年的1—6月为发病高峰,其中3月报告发病数最多,与Ren X的研究结论相一致[14]。由于戊肝主要以粪-口传播为主,因此有必要结合戊肝的发病趋势和潜伏期,提前做好冬春季监测,在流行高峰期前加强饮用水和食品卫生等相关知识的健康宣教和严格的防控措施。
人群分布上,2009—2019年期间中国丙肝和乙肝高发人群以中老年为主,且随着时间的推移丙肝和乙肝年龄发病率呈现上升趋势,这可能与丙肝和乙肝病例发现的滞后有关[15]。此外,高龄人群不洁注射史、血制品管理不规范等暴露的机会较多也会增加其感染的风险[16]。因此,后续可根据丙肝和乙肝人群分布特征,完善监测系统,识别高危人群,制定精准防控措施。而戊肝高发人群为40岁以上人群,这可能与人口老龄化有关[17]。2009年期间甲肝的报告发病率最高的是1~9岁年龄组,而2019年甲肝发病年龄高峰后移,10岁以下儿童中甲肝发病率极低,这反映了2008年我国将甲肝疫苗纳入计划免疫的推动作用[18]。但同时,甲肝病例的中位年龄增加强调了继续监测甲型肝炎的重要性。
空间分布上,2009—2019年中国病毒性肝炎空间自相关结果显示,丙肝(除2009年和2019年)和甲肝发病呈现空间正相关性(Moran I值为0.13~0.66,P<0.05),乙肝和戊肝发病主要呈现随机分布(Moran I值为0.01~0.31,P>0.05)。局部空间自相关结果与中国病毒型肝炎发病率的地区分布结果基本一致,2009—2019年丙肝、乙肝的高-高区域主要集中在西部地区,表明该地区可能存在卫生环境差、居民自我保护意识不足及发生危险行为(如输血、静脉吸毒、同性恋)等问题;甲肝和戊肝都是肠道传染病,但其空间分布特征存在较大差异,甲肝的高-高区域主要集中在西部地区的新疆维吾尔自治区、西藏自治区和青海省;戊肝的高-高区域为东部沿海地区的江苏省、上海市、浙江省,这与各地经济发展状况、环境卫生状况、人群预防接种和人口流动等因素有关,因此不同省份应当针对疾病的地理特点采取不同的控制和预防方法。一方面,相邻高聚集地区实施联合防控将是关键问题。对于新疆维吾尔自治区、西藏自治区和青海省等西部地区,丙肝、乙肝和甲肝在地理分布上存在相似性,表明医疗资源提供的共同不足和监督检查机制的疏忽,因此针对多种疾病的综合反应方案对于提高疾病控制的效力至关重要[19]。另一方面,戊肝主要集中在江苏省、上海市等东部沿海地区,这与Yu S[20]的结论相一致。这可能与东部地区的戊肝诊断报告水平较高、食用海产品、人口流动大等因素有关。因此,沿海及其周边省份戊肝疫情需重点关注。此外,戊肝的低-低区域同样值得注意,西部地区戊肝报告发病率较低,可能是由于监测水平和监测试剂等因素被低估,因此未来还有待提高其监测的敏感性。
本研究存在一定的局限性。首先,病例资料来源于公共卫生科学数据中心,其公布的最新数据截止到2019年,研究结果可能存在时效性不足的问题。其次,公共数据平台尚未将丁肝发病数据作为单独分类,因此病毒性肝炎存在丁肝发病数据缺失的情况。此外,病毒性肝炎的发病率受经济、政治和检测水平等多方面水平的影响,因此部分数据发病率可能存在被低估或高估的问题,未来还需不断完善以开展进一步的分析。
  • 镇江市社会发展重点研发项目(SH2021030)
  • 镇江市社会发展指导性科技计划项目(FZ2021068)
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2024年第51卷第4期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311272
  • 接收时间:2023-11-14
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-14
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镇江市社会发展重点研发项目(SH2021030)
镇江市社会发展指导性科技计划项目(FZ2021068)
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    1.华北理工大学公共卫生学院,河北 唐山 063210
    2.镇江市第三人民医院

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Percentage of
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Number of
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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