Article(id=1241342454973124662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241342451043061769, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311102, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1699200000000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773888704293, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1708790400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773888704293, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773888704293, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773888704293, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241342451043061769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='4', pageStart='577', pageEnd='768', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773888703356, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773893026321, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241360582939562716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241342451043061769, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241360582939562717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241342451043061769, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=577, endPage=582, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241342455321251907, articleId=1241342454973124662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Bidirectional mendelian randomization to explore the causal relationship between ketone bodies and cognitive performance, columnId=1228016567443718970, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods Advances, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore whether there is any causal association between ketone bodies and cognitive performance employing the bidirectional and two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) method.

Methods

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the genome-wide association studies summary data from Europe were used as instrumental variables. The inverse-variance weighted method was used as the primary method to estimate the causal effect of ketone bodies instrumental variables with cognitive performance, and pathway and functional enrichment analyses were performed to predict potential mechanisms. Significance was ascertained with the use of Bonferroni-corrected significance thresholds (P=0.017).

Results

Two-sample MR analysis showed that acetoacetate (β=0.075, 95% CI: 0.002-0.148, P=0.045) and β-hydroxybutyrate (β=0.082, 95% CI: 0.039-0.126, P=2.36×10-4) were causally associated with cognitive performance. However, the association of acetoacetate was no longer significant after Bonferroni-corrected. In addition, no link between acetone (β=0.041, 95% CI: -0.018-0.099, P=0.175) and cognitive performance was discovered. Pathway and functional enrichment analyses suggest that the mechanism of β-hydroxybutyrate effect on cognitive performance may be through a variety of ways, such as cholesterol metabolism and insulin resistance. In reverse MR Analysis, we found no causal effects of cognitive performance on ketone bodies.

Conclusion

Our findings support a causal relationship between β-hydroxybutyrate levels and better cognitive performance.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jie-song ZHANG, Xue-yan WANG, Chen CHEN, Zhong-hai LU, Yu-chi MENG, Mu-rong CHENG, Dong-feng ZHANG, Su-yun LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241342457032528044, articleId=1241342454973124662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=双向孟德尔随机化法探究酮体与认知表现的因果关系, columnId=1228016567632462653, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=流行病与统计方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

采用双向两样本孟德尔随机化(MR)方法来探究酮体与认知表现之间的因果关系。

方法

采用欧洲全基因组关联研究汇总数据中的单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)作为工具变量。将逆方差加权法作为主要方法来评估酮体工具变量与认知表现的因果关系,并进行通路和功能富集分析预测潜在的机制。使用Bonferroni法校正显著性阈值确定显著性(P=0.017)。

结果

两样本孟德尔随机化分析显示,乙酰乙酸(β=0.075, 95% CI:0.002~0.148, P=0.045)和β-羟基丁酸(β=0.082, 95% CI: 0.039~0.126, P=2.36×10-4)与认知表现有因果关系,但经Bonferroni法校正后,乙酰乙酸与认知表现的因果关系不再显著。此外,发现丙酮与认知表现之间不存在因果关系(β=0.041, 95% CI:-0.018~0.099, P=0.175)。通路和功能富集分析表明,β-羟基丁酸对认知表现的影响机制可能通过多种方式,如胆固醇代谢和胰岛素抵抗。在反向孟德尔随机化分析中,我们没有发现认知表现对酮体方向上的因果关系。

结论

β-羟基丁酸水平与更好的认知表现之间存在因果关系。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张东峰,E-mail:
李素云,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=tY2H+MN5xczp88ejElAhHQ==, magXml=juweHMy3oV6Nb835LjD73w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=REjUIoQLl15yzf6Ea046XA==, pdfFileSize=2137816, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=1P/uNorvJTfUgRIt9o4qqQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=YWmBPko/ixQa8qn4imUGlQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张杰淞(1998—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

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张杰淞(1998—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

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张杰淞(1998—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

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Mendelian randomization analysis of the effect of ketone bodies on cognitive performance

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暴露β值(95% CI)P
乙酰乙酸
MR-Egger-0.060(-0.249~0.129)0.561
IVW0.075(0.002~0.148)0.045a
Weighted median0.089(0.002~0.175)0.044a
Weighted mode0.110(-0.009~0.229)0.120
Simple mode0.146(-0.002~0.294)0.102
β-羟基丁酸
MR-Egger0.020(-0.093~0.133)0.739
IVW0.082(0.039~0.126)2.36×10-4b
Weighted median0.102(0.041~0.163)0.001b
Weighted mode0.146(0.020~0.271)0.039a
Simple mode0.005(-0.121~0.131)0.940
丙酮
MR-Egger-0.055(-0.164~0.055)0.354
IVW0.041(-0.018~0.099)0.175
Weighted median0.068(-0.005~0.141)0.067
Weighted mode0.062(-0.029~0.153)0.214
Simple mode0.066(-0.071~0.204)0.368
), ArticleFig(id=1241359975096832641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241342454973124662, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

酮体对认知表现影响的孟德尔随机化分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
暴露β值(95% CI)P
乙酰乙酸
MR-Egger-0.060(-0.249~0.129)0.561
IVW0.075(0.002~0.148)0.045a
Weighted median0.089(0.002~0.175)0.044a
Weighted mode0.110(-0.009~0.229)0.120
Simple mode0.146(-0.002~0.294)0.102
β-羟基丁酸
MR-Egger0.020(-0.093~0.133)0.739
IVW0.082(0.039~0.126)2.36×10-4b
Weighted median0.102(0.041~0.163)0.001b
Weighted mode0.146(0.020~0.271)0.039a
Simple mode0.005(-0.121~0.131)0.940
丙酮
MR-Egger-0.055(-0.164~0.055)0.354
IVW0.041(-0.018~0.099)0.175
Weighted median0.068(-0.005~0.141)0.067
Weighted mode0.062(-0.029~0.153)0.214
Simple mode0.066(-0.071~0.204)0.368
), ArticleFig(id=1241359975189107330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241342454973124662, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Mendelian randomization analysis of the effect of cognitive performance on ketone bodies

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结局β值(95% CI)P
乙酰乙酸
MR-Egger0.097(-0.185~0.379)0.501
IVW-0.042(-0.105~0.021)0.187
Weighted median-0.017(-0.091~0.057)0.652
Weighted mode0.019(-0.140~0.178)0.819
Simple mode0.025(-0.161~0.211)0.792
β-羟基丁酸
MR-Egger-0.157(-0.412~0.098)0.234
IVW-0.050(-0.105~0.005)0.079
Weighted median-0.067(-0.140~0.006)0.068
Weighted mode0.051(-0.167~0.269)0.648
Simple mode0.004(-0.208~0.216)0.968
丙酮
MR-Egger0.159(-0.121~0.439)0.270
IVW-0.006(-0.067~0.055)0.845
Weighted median-0.008(-0.084~0.068)0.842
Weighted mode-0.020(-0.191~0.151)0.823
Simple mode-0.037(-0.229~0.155)0.711
), ArticleFig(id=1241359975272993413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241342454973124662, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

认知表现对酮体影响的孟德尔随机化分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结局β值(95% CI)P
乙酰乙酸
MR-Egger0.097(-0.185~0.379)0.501
IVW-0.042(-0.105~0.021)0.187
Weighted median-0.017(-0.091~0.057)0.652
Weighted mode0.019(-0.140~0.178)0.819
Simple mode0.025(-0.161~0.211)0.792
β-羟基丁酸
MR-Egger-0.157(-0.412~0.098)0.234
IVW-0.050(-0.105~0.005)0.079
Weighted median-0.067(-0.140~0.006)0.068
Weighted mode0.051(-0.167~0.269)0.648
Simple mode0.004(-0.208~0.216)0.968
丙酮
MR-Egger0.159(-0.121~0.439)0.270
IVW-0.006(-0.067~0.055)0.845
Weighted median-0.008(-0.084~0.068)0.842
Weighted mode-0.020(-0.191~0.151)0.823
Simple mode-0.037(-0.229~0.155)0.711
), ArticleFig(id=1241359975407211142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241342454973124662, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Sensitivity analysis of the effect of ketone bodies on cognitive performance

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暴露水平多效性异质性
MR-Egger截距检验PMR-PRESSO global检验PCochran Q异质性检验P
乙酰乙酸0.0070.19611.4180.4198.3850.211
β-羟基丁酸0.0030.25715.2290.52712.9030.534
丙酮0.0050.08713.8720.30111.1890.263
), ArticleFig(id=1241359975486902920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241342454973124662, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

酮体对认知表现影响的敏感性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
暴露水平多效性异质性
MR-Egger截距检验PMR-PRESSO global检验PCochran Q异质性检验P
乙酰乙酸0.0070.19611.4180.4198.3850.211
β-羟基丁酸0.0030.25715.2290.52712.9030.534
丙酮0.0050.08713.8720.30111.1890.263
), ArticleFig(id=1241359975554011786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241342454973124662, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Sensitivity analysis of the effect of cognitive performance on ketone bodies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结局水平多效性异质性
MR-Egger 截距检验PMR-PRESSO global检验PCochran Q异质性检验P
乙酰乙酸-0.0030.326102.7190.00299.5290.001
β-羟基丁酸0.0020.40481.5750.05978.7810.051
丙酮-0.0040.241101.5970.00398.3930.002
), ArticleFig(id=1241359975633703565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241342454973124662, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

认知表现对酮体影响的敏感性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结局水平多效性异质性
MR-Egger 截距检验PMR-PRESSO global检验PCochran Q异质性检验P
乙酰乙酸-0.0030.326102.7190.00299.5290.001
β-羟基丁酸0.0020.40481.5750.05978.7810.051
丙酮-0.0040.241101.5970.00398.3930.002
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双向孟德尔随机化法探究酮体与认知表现的因果关系
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张杰淞 1 , 王雪岩 1 , 陈晨 2 , 卢忠海 3 , 孟禹池 1 , 程木容 1 , 张东峰 1 , 李素云 1
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2024,51(4): 577-582
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现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2024, 51(4): 577-582
双向孟德尔随机化法探究酮体与认知表现的因果关系
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张杰淞1, 王雪岩1, 陈晨2, 卢忠海3, 孟禹池1, 程木容1, 张东峰1 , 李素云1
作者信息
  • 1.青岛大学公共卫生学院,山东 青岛 266021
  • 2.北京大学公共卫生学院
  • 3.滨州市疾病预防控制中心
  • 张杰淞(1998—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

通讯作者:

张东峰,E-mail:
李素云,E-mail:
Bidirectional mendelian randomization to explore the causal relationship between ketone bodies and cognitive performance
Jie-song ZHANG1, Xue-yan WANG1, Chen CHEN2, Zhong-hai LU3, Yu-chi MENG1, Mu-rong CHENG1, Dong-feng ZHANG1 , Su-yun LI1
Affiliations
  • Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266021, China
出版时间: 2024-02-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311102
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目的

采用双向两样本孟德尔随机化(MR)方法来探究酮体与认知表现之间的因果关系。

方法

采用欧洲全基因组关联研究汇总数据中的单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)作为工具变量。将逆方差加权法作为主要方法来评估酮体工具变量与认知表现的因果关系,并进行通路和功能富集分析预测潜在的机制。使用Bonferroni法校正显著性阈值确定显著性(P=0.017)。

结果

两样本孟德尔随机化分析显示,乙酰乙酸(β=0.075, 95% CI:0.002~0.148, P=0.045)和β-羟基丁酸(β=0.082, 95% CI: 0.039~0.126, P=2.36×10-4)与认知表现有因果关系,但经Bonferroni法校正后,乙酰乙酸与认知表现的因果关系不再显著。此外,发现丙酮与认知表现之间不存在因果关系(β=0.041, 95% CI:-0.018~0.099, P=0.175)。通路和功能富集分析表明,β-羟基丁酸对认知表现的影响机制可能通过多种方式,如胆固醇代谢和胰岛素抵抗。在反向孟德尔随机化分析中,我们没有发现认知表现对酮体方向上的因果关系。

结论

β-羟基丁酸水平与更好的认知表现之间存在因果关系。

酮体  /  认知表现  /  孟德尔随机化  /  因果效应
Objective

To explore whether there is any causal association between ketone bodies and cognitive performance employing the bidirectional and two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) method.

Methods

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the genome-wide association studies summary data from Europe were used as instrumental variables. The inverse-variance weighted method was used as the primary method to estimate the causal effect of ketone bodies instrumental variables with cognitive performance, and pathway and functional enrichment analyses were performed to predict potential mechanisms. Significance was ascertained with the use of Bonferroni-corrected significance thresholds (P=0.017).

Results

Two-sample MR analysis showed that acetoacetate (β=0.075, 95% CI: 0.002-0.148, P=0.045) and β-hydroxybutyrate (β=0.082, 95% CI: 0.039-0.126, P=2.36×10-4) were causally associated with cognitive performance. However, the association of acetoacetate was no longer significant after Bonferroni-corrected. In addition, no link between acetone (β=0.041, 95% CI: -0.018-0.099, P=0.175) and cognitive performance was discovered. Pathway and functional enrichment analyses suggest that the mechanism of β-hydroxybutyrate effect on cognitive performance may be through a variety of ways, such as cholesterol metabolism and insulin resistance. In reverse MR Analysis, we found no causal effects of cognitive performance on ketone bodies.

Conclusion

Our findings support a causal relationship between β-hydroxybutyrate levels and better cognitive performance.

Ketone bodies  /  Cognitive performance  /  Mendelian randomization  /  Causal effect
张杰淞, 王雪岩, 陈晨, 卢忠海, 孟禹池, 程木容, 张东峰, 李素云. 双向孟德尔随机化法探究酮体与认知表现的因果关系. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (4) : 577 -582 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311102
Jie-song ZHANG, Xue-yan WANG, Chen CHEN, Zhong-hai LU, Yu-chi MENG, Mu-rong CHENG, Dong-feng ZHANG, Su-yun LI. Bidirectional mendelian randomization to explore the causal relationship between ketone bodies and cognitive performance[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (4) : 577 -582 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311102
认知能力减退是一种与衰老相关的全球重要公共卫生问题。通常认知能力较好的个体在生命后期发生精神或躯体疾病的风险以及死亡率均显著降低[1]。而在认知能力较差的中老年人个体中,发生轻度认知障碍甚至阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)的风险更大[2-3]。从认知能力减退到轻度认知障碍(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)甚至AD的过程是一个持续的、不可逆的过程。当前能够有效改善认知表现和治疗轻度认知障碍或AD的干预措施非常有限。因此,识别可能影响认知表现的潜在生物标志物至关重要,这可以为推进预防策略和治疗提供帮助。
血液代谢物是在许多生物过程中发挥作用的小分子化合物,它也是基因与环境相互作用的最终结果[4]。由于代谢物具有可以穿过血脑屏障以及可以通过血液检查检测到的特性,它们通常在机制研究中被作为潜在的候选物[5]。在以往的研究中,血浆GlycA和高密度脂蛋白等这类脂质代谢标志物得到了广泛的研究,并被认为与正常衰老过程中的认知表现下降有关[6-7],然而在这个过程中胆固醇等脂类代谢也会反过来受到影响[8]。酮体作为肝脏脂肪酸氧化分解的中间代谢物,在运动或长时间禁食时被用作能量载体[9]。酮体与认知表现的研究比较匮乏,目前研究主要针对已诊断的AD、帕金森病等精神疾病,并表明酮体可明显改善MCI患者的记忆表现[10], 而对正常衰老过程中两者相关性的研究较少。尽管也有利用生酮饮食对个体进行干预的相关研究[11-12], 但认知表现是否会影响体内酮体含量仍不清楚,因此对于两者的关联仍有待进一步探索。
孟德尔随机化(Mendelian randomization, MR)是将单核苷酸多态性(Single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs)作为工具变量(Instrumental variable,IV)来代表环境暴露,在此基础上评估暴露与结果之间因果关系的一种流行病学方法[13]。由于遗传变异可以随机分配给后代,因此它可以被理解为一种遗传随机对照试验[14], 这克服了传统流行病学研究中无法测量的混杂因素和反向因果关联对因果推断的影响。在本研究中,我们分别在暴露对结局以及结局对暴露两个方向,使用两样本MR来研究三种酮体(乙酰乙酸、β-羟基丁酸和丙酮)与认知表现之间的潜在因果关系。
MR分析通过使用与暴露相关的遗传变异来估计其对结果的因果效应。由于SNPs是随机分配给个体的遗传变异,类似于随机对照试验中随机分配个体,因此在MR分析中SNPs通常用作IV[15]。合格的IV必须满足MR分析的三个假设。(1) IV应与暴露因素强相关。(2) IV应独立于暴露-结果关联的混杂因素。(3) IV应只通过暴露影响结果而不能通过其他途径[16]
在两样本MR中,满足以上要求的暴露和结局IV需要分别来自两个不同的独立样本,以便于探究酮体与认知表现之间的因果关系。在反向MR分析中,认知表现作为暴露,将三种酮体看作是结局,以评估反向因果关系的可能性。
在本MR分析中,我们使用来自欧洲的两个独立的全基因组关联研究(GWAS)汇总数据来探究酮体与认知表现之间的因果关系,且所有研究的个体都是欧洲血统。对于暴露数据集,我们使用南丁格尔健康2020测量的英国生物银行代谢生物标志物的汇总暴露数据(https://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/),本研究中的三个酮体数据集涵盖了115 075个个体的12 321 875个SNPs。对于结局数据,我们汇总了来自认知基因组学联盟(COGENT)的meta分析结果,包括257 841个个体的10 066 414个与认知相关SNPs[17-18]
正向分析中,分别从GWAS数据集中选择具有全基因组意义(P<5×10-8)的三种酮体代谢物的独立SNPs作为IV,并删除了存在连锁不平衡(Linkage disequilibrium, LD)的SNPs(R2>0.001)以及接近的SNPs(物理距离<10 000 kb)。在整合暴露和结局数据的过程中,去除与认知表现显著相关的SNPs,并依次去除不兼容的以及不能判断方向的回文SNPs。其次,为避免暴露的SNPs中潜在的弱工具偏倚,使用F统计量来估计暴露IV的强度;F统计量越高,发生弱工具偏倚的可能性越小,F <10表示IV强度较弱[19]。最后,由于APOE基因是目前公认的与AD相关的影响因素,因此APOE基因组区域(19号染色体,碱基对在4 500 000至4 580 000之间)的SNPs也被排除。在相反的方向上,从认知表现的GWAS中识别出独立的SNPs作为IV (P<5×10-10),其他筛选标准与正向MR一致。
MR分析是利用R软件(4.2.1)的TwoSampleMR包和MRPRESSO包进行。所有MR分析都使用逆方差加权(Inverse-variance weighted, IVW)法作为主要因果估计方法[16]。采用MR-Egger回归、加权中位数法(Weight median estimator, WME)、加权众数法(Weighted mode)和简单众数法(Simple mode)等方法进行敏感性分析,以提高IVW因果推理的稳健性。其次,采用Bonferroni校正法(校正后P=0.05/N, N表示暴露数)对结果进行多重比较校正。对于数据之间的异质性(每个SNP获得的因果效应的可变性),通过Cochran Q检验来评估是否存在可能违反假设的IV。采用MR-Egger截距检验、MR多效性残差和异常值检验(MR-PRESSO)来判断是否存在水平多效性以及识别异常值[20-21]。计算统计量以评估是否违反“无测量误差”假设,即统计量小于90%表明因果关系可能受到潜在偏差的影响[22]。最后,采用Leave-one-out检验来判断因果效应是否受到个别强IV的影响。
本研究使用FUMA分析(https://fuma.ctglab.nl/)对所纳入的SNPs进行功能注释,从而更好地了解酮体背后的遗传机制。在SNP2GENE函数中使用三种不同的基因定位策略将功能注释的SNPs(P<5×10-8r2≥0.6)映射到基因上。
使用在线功能注释工具DAVID将筛选出的差异表达基因进行GO功能富集分析和KEGG通路富集分析。其中GO功能富集分析可以从生物过程(BP)、细胞成分(CC)和分子功能(MF)三个方面进行分析。KEGG通路富集分析包括代谢、遗传信息和细胞过程等。
在去除连锁不平衡以及弱相关SNPs后,乙酰乙酸、β-羟基丁酸和丙酮分别有7个、17个和12个SNPs被纳入。在整合数据集的过程中,去除1个不匹配的SNP (rs1984769)、1个未找到合适替代的回文SNP (rs2954029)以及1个不匹配的SNP (rs1169297)。同时,有三个回文SNPs被替换为合适的代理SNPs。MR-PRESSO异常值测试发现一个可能干扰β-羟基丁酸结果的异常值,因此将其排除在外。最终确定乙酰乙酸的7个SNPs、β-羟基丁酸的15个SNPs以及丙酮的10个SNPs作为IV进行下一步的MR分析和敏感性分析。所有SNPs的F统计量均大于10,故不存在弱工具偏倚。在反向MR分析中,在去除6个没有找到合适替代SNPs的回文SNPs后,共有62个SNPs作为IV用于接下来的MR分析。其中,在认知表现与β-羟基丁酸的因果分析中,通过MR-PRESSO离群检验发现一个离群值,并在后续分析中进行排除。
酮体和认知能力的MR分析结果见表1。IVW方法的总体因果估计表明,乙酰乙酸与认知能力之间存在正向因果关系,与加权中位数法的因果估计结果一致。IVW分析结果表明,β-羟基丁酸与认知能力之间存在因果关系,与加权中位数法和加权众数法的因果关系估计结果一致。此外,IVW方法未发现丙酮与认知表现之间存在因果关系,上述结果与其他四种方法(MR-Egger回归、加权中位数法、加权众数法和简单众数法)的结果一致(图1)。在反向MR分析中,IVW分析未发现认知表现与乙酰乙酸,β-羟基丁酸和丙酮之间存在因果关系(表2图2)。
Cochran Q检验在IVW和MR-Egger中的结果如表3所示,结果表明IV中不存在异质性,是正确的因果关系估计的结果。MR-Egger截距检验在三种酮体中未发现水平多效性,MR-PRESSO global 检验的结果也提示未发现水平多效性。对于乙酰乙酸、β-羟基丁酸和丙酮,统计量分别为0.983、0.984和0.969,结果表明因果关系受潜在偏倚影响的可能性较小。Leave-one-out法分析显示,酮体与认知能力之间的关联不受个别强SNPs所影响。在反向MR分析中,敏感性分析发现认知表现分别与乙酰乙酸和丙酮的IV之间存在异质性。此外,MR-PRESSO global 检验表明,在对乙酰乙酸和丙酮的认知表现的因果推断中,可能存在水平多效性,见表4
在FUMA中,针对上述MR结果中β-羟基丁酸与认知功能存在因果关联的SNPs进行分析。共发现15个具有意义的独立SNPs和15个先导SNPs,以及12个基因组风险位点(图3)。此外,FUMA还发现了33个可能参与β-羟基丁酸影响认知功能机制的基因。其中,有8个基因涉及MR分析,包括ABCA1、BCL7A、GALNT2、GPAM、LIPC、PPP4R4、SERPINA1和SLC2A4。
GO功能富集分析结果表明,在细胞成分方面,基因主要集中在细胞膜和内质网等。在分子功能方面,这些基因主要与载脂蛋白结合、类固醇结合和丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制性活性等有关。在生物过程方面,基因主要与胆固醇代谢、二次酒精代谢和类固醇代谢等有关(图4)。KEGG通路富集分析表明,这些基因在胆固醇代谢、甘油脂类代谢和胰岛素抵抗等方面具有显著富集作用(图5)。
既往关于三种酮体与认知表现因果关系的研究大多采用传统流行病学方法中的观察性研究,也有少数采取干预试验,本研究使用欧洲的GWAS汇总数据,采用双向两样本MR方法来探究酮体与认知表现之间的因果关系。研究结果表明,β-羟基丁酸与更好的认知表现存在因果关系,没有发现乙酰乙酸和丙酮与认知表现之间存在因果关系的证据。后续一系列敏感性分析均表明本研究结果稳健。
近年来,关于乙酰乙酸与认知关联的研究结论并不一致。E.Croteau等人的一项横断面研究发现,MCI和AD患者存在乙酰乙酸水平降低和脑结构萎缩的证据[23]。然而,一项纵向随访研究发现,在健康个体正常衰老过程中,大脑中乙酰乙酸的水平与认知之间没有关联[24]。本研究在P值调整后,没有发现乙酰乙酸与认知能力之间因果证据,这与之前的流行病学观察结果一致[24]
β-羟基丁酸作为机体循环中含量最多的酮体[25],其与认知功能关系的机制已经得到广泛研究,研究表明β-羟基丁酸可通减少活性氧[23]、作为信号分子参与某些信号通路[26]、增加组蛋白乙酰化[27]、加速Aβ肽去除[26,28]、减少内质网应激和炎症[29]以及调节肠道微生物[30]等多种途径改善认知表现。我们在进一步对β-羟基丁酸相关SNPs进行FUMA分析中证实β-羟基丁酸作为信号因子改善认知表现的证据,并发现其参与其他细胞信号通路。本研究在既往流行病学研究和生物学机制研究的基础上,进一步验证β-羟基丁酸与认知功能二者之间的因果关系,提示其具有潜在的认知保护作用。MR-Egger回归和IVW方法方向的一致性以及多种MR方法的显著因果效应表明,β-羟基丁酸对认知表现存在正向因果效应。
目前几乎没有研究探讨关于内源性丙酮与认知表现之间关联。其中仅有一项有前瞻性研究表明,在12周的随访期内未发现精神分裂症患者血清丙酮水平的显著变化,这提示血清丙酮与认知表现之间可能不存在相关性[31]
本研究的优势在于暴露和结局来自两个独立GWAS数据集,足够大的样本量可以最大限度地减少确定因果效应的偏差和混杂因素。其次,所有IV经过严格筛选,不存在弱工具偏倚,也排除了水平多效性和异质性的可能。第三,多种MR方法进行敏感性分析,降低了假阳性率,增强了研究结果的稳健性。本研究也存在一些局限性。首先,所有GWAS数据集都来自欧洲人群,无法确定本研究的结论是否适用于其他种族群体。其次,水平多效性是MR分析中关注的一个重要问题,特别是在反向MR分析中认知表现与乙酰乙酸和丙酮之间关系的多效性结果表明暴露和结局可能存在共同的危险因素。
综上所述,MR分析结果表明,个体β-羟基丁酸水平与认知表现之间存在正向因果关系,而乙酰乙酸和丙酮与认知表现之间不存在因果关系。双向MR分析表明,酮体对认知表现没有显著的影响。本研究验证了传统流行病学研究的证据,同时,候选标志物的发现可以为未来认知表现的改善提供思路。
  • 国家自然科学基金(82003535)
  • 山东省自然科学基金(ZR2020QH300)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311102
  • 接收时间:2023-11-06
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-06
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国家自然科学基金(82003535)
山东省自然科学基金(ZR2020QH300)
作者信息
    1.青岛大学公共卫生学院,山东 青岛 266021
    2.北京大学公共卫生学院
    3.滨州市疾病预防控制中心

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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