Article(id=1241342452691432365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241342451043061769, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202303362, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1679241600000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773888703748, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1708790400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773888703748, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773888703748, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773888703748, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241342451043061769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='4', pageStart='577', pageEnd='768', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773888703356, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773893026321, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241360582939562716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241342451043061769, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241360582939562717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241342451043061769, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=722, endPage=727, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241342454335599535, articleId=1241342452691432365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Simultaneous determination of eleven organophosphorus and ten neonicotinoid pesticide in vegetables by UPLC-MS/MS, columnId=1228016572065837304, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Experimental Technology and Applications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To develop an ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the determination of eleven organophosphorus and ten neonicotinoid pesticides in vegetables.

Methods

Pesticides in sample were extracted with acetonitrile, cleaned up using a sorbent mixture of magnesium sulfate anhydrous, PSA and C18. The separation was performed on a HSS T3 column. Detection was operated on multiple reaction monitoring scan under positive electrospray ionization. Matrix-matched external standard calibration curves were used for quantification.

Results

The linear rang of calibration curves ranged from 0.50-100 ng/ml. Good linearities (r>0.999) were obtained for all 21 pesticides. The average recoveries were 76.0%-119.3% with RSD<10% for all the analytes. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.02-1.7 μg/kg and 0.06-5.7 μg/kg, respectively. This method was applied to analyze 76 vegetable samples from market. Nine target pesticides were detected in 26 samples, with a contents of 0.012-3.16 mg/kg.

Conclusion

This method is simple, sensitive, and accurate, and it is suitable for the determination of organophosphorus and neonicotinoid pesticide residues in vegetables.

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目的

建立同时测定蔬菜中11种有机磷和10种新烟碱类杀虫剂的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)。

方法

样品用乙腈提取,经无水硫酸镁、PSA和C18净化,采用HSS T3色谱柱分离。在正离子多反应监测模式下检测,基质匹配标准曲线外标法定量。

结果

21种杀虫剂在0.50~100 ng/ml范围内相关系数大于0.999。21种杀虫剂的平均回收率为76.0%~119.3%,相对标准偏差小于10%,方法检出限为0.02~1.7 μg/kg,定量限为0.06~5.7 μg/kg。对从市场采集的76份蔬菜进行检测,在26份蔬菜中检出了9种目标组分,浓度在0.012~3.16 mg/kg之间。

结论

该方法简便、灵敏、准确,适用于蔬菜中有机磷和新烟碱类杀虫剂的检测。

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张彩虹,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=b8WJrRZrKVFykkCcChBlJA==, magXml=GgzbHRw6hhkhpqZrDQ1a2Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=CGyEgg0+axhYj0P56yb4ag==, pdfFileSize=1009853, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=VadxCS/MeE5jbXEoIRFMQA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=KQfNL39bZ6uk3oWFEyWzew==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张艳(1982—),女,博士,主任技师,研究方向:食品与环境理化检验

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UPLC-MS/MS parameters for 21 pesticides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分析物保留时间(min)母离子(m/z子离子(m/z锥孔电压(V)碰撞能量(eV)
甲胺磷1.66142.094.1a,125.11513,13
乙酰甲胺磷1.86184.0125.1,143.1a514,6
氧化乐果2.02214.0109.1,183.1a1026,10
乐果3.67229.9125.1a,199.01020,9
水胺硫磷5.70230.9109.1,121.1a2027,18
灭线磷6.20243.097.0,131.0a2130,21
甲拌磷7.13261.147.0,75.1a2028,12
甲拌磷亚砜5.00277.0153.1,199.1a1214,9
甲拌磷砜5.70292.9143.1,171.1a1017,10
三唑磷6.37314.0119.1,162.1a1033,18
毒死蜱7.73349.897.1a,198.01028,19
呋虫胺2.27203.1129.1a,157.21112,8
烯啶虫胺2.66271.1126.1,225.2a1129,11
噻虫嗪3.05292.0181.1,211.1a1123,12
环氧虫啶3.04323.0126.0a,277.11136,14
噻虫胺3.40250.0132.0,169.1a2516,13
吡虫啉3.55256.1175.1,209.1a2519,15
氯噻啉3.69262.0122.1,181.1a2528,14
啶虫脒3.72223.156.2a,126.01115,19
噻虫啉4.16253.090.1,126.1a1137,21
哌虫啶b4.18,4.39367.0263.1a,321.21116,13
), ArticleFig(id=1241342460274733212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241342452691432365, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

21种杀虫剂的UPLC-MS/MS参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分析物保留时间(min)母离子(m/z子离子(m/z锥孔电压(V)碰撞能量(eV)
甲胺磷1.66142.094.1a,125.11513,13
乙酰甲胺磷1.86184.0125.1,143.1a514,6
氧化乐果2.02214.0109.1,183.1a1026,10
乐果3.67229.9125.1a,199.01020,9
水胺硫磷5.70230.9109.1,121.1a2027,18
灭线磷6.20243.097.0,131.0a2130,21
甲拌磷7.13261.147.0,75.1a2028,12
甲拌磷亚砜5.00277.0153.1,199.1a1214,9
甲拌磷砜5.70292.9143.1,171.1a1017,10
三唑磷6.37314.0119.1,162.1a1033,18
毒死蜱7.73349.897.1a,198.01028,19
呋虫胺2.27203.1129.1a,157.21112,8
烯啶虫胺2.66271.1126.1,225.2a1129,11
噻虫嗪3.05292.0181.1,211.1a1123,12
环氧虫啶3.04323.0126.0a,277.11136,14
噻虫胺3.40250.0132.0,169.1a2516,13
吡虫啉3.55256.1175.1,209.1a2519,15
氯噻啉3.69262.0122.1,181.1a2528,14
啶虫脒3.72223.156.2a,126.01115,19
噻虫啉4.16253.090.1,126.1a1137,21
哌虫啶b4.18,4.39367.0263.1a,321.21116,13
), ArticleFig(id=1241342460471865515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241342452691432365, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Mean recoveries and RSDs in different matries (n=6)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分析物回收率a(%)RSDa(%)回收率b(%)RSDb(%)回收率c(%)RSDc(%)
甲胺磷94.5~97.11.1~3.4100.3~107.72.4~3.890.5~95.53.0~3.5
乙酰甲胺磷79.0~86.64.3~5.793.1~97.83.4~7.382.3~83.04.4~7.2
氧化乐果105.9~115.50.9~4.3101.6~104.12.2~4.4105.1~117.04.4~5.8
乐果105.2~110.01.1~3.699.9~104.23.0~4.3103.1~113.00.5~1.8
水胺硫磷111.7~114.02.0~5.4102.6~109.04.1~5.8107.0~113.03.4~9.2
灭线磷102.0~116.01.7~4.9100.8~110.72.2~3.795.2~114.01.6~4.5
甲拌磷80.5~96.05.9~8.3100.3~104.85.7~8.685.0~87.24.5~5.4
甲拌磷砜103.1~115.00.8~5.997.5~104.52.0~2.6107.4~119.32.8~4.2
甲拌磷亚砜94.0~110.23.4~7.480.1~105.14.2~6.592.0~106.53.1~7.1
三唑磷113.5~115.05.9~8.185.5~101.22.0~9.4106.3~112.82.7~8.0
毒死蜱84.5~103.04.8~5.094.5~111.83.6~7.986.0~103.05.1~8.9
呋虫胺98.0~114.00.8~4.588.9~104.73.0~8.5106.4~111.01.0~3.5
啶虫脒90.5~99.01.9~9.7101.8~105.12.3~4.7103.5~106.02.2~4.9
噻虫胺101.3~111.02.8~6.898.1~104.31.4~4.8109.6~115.02.2~8.2
噻虫啉77.5~100.01.6~5.7101.9~103.43.3~6.588.1~112.04.7~6.6
吡虫啉96.0~108.03.2~6.8100.5~104.94.0~9.8101.0~116.03.9~7.4
氯噻啉103.0~114.02.5~5.493.2~102.72.0~4.5112.0~113.03.0~9.3
烯啶虫胺103.8~112.00.9~5.189.9~106.62.6~6.5107.5~110.04.7~4.9
噻虫嗪103.0~ 113.02.1~4.991.1~106.22.9~4.4109.5~111.03.1~8.0
环氧虫啶106.8~114.03.1~5.698.3~106.93.4~5.7108.0~115.02.4~3.3
哌虫啶90.3~111.01.4~3.5104.0~105.52.1~2.899.3~111.01.4~3.7
分析物回收率d(%)RSDd(%)回收率e(%)RSDe(%)
甲胺磷86.7~93.02.3~6.788.6~96.01.3~4.8
乙酰甲胺磷80.0~83.03.1~5.076.0~80.33.2~7.4
氧化乐果96.4~117.01.7~4.3100.0~106.01.9~4.9
乐果95.3~106.02.6~4.994.4~104.00.6~7.0
水胺硫磷97.9~116.00.4~6.1112.5~118.02.0~8.4
灭线磷90.7~113.03.4~6.091.8~108.02.2~3.2
甲拌磷78.8~99.02.8~8.384.0~90.13.1~7.4
甲拌磷砜98.5~118.02.0~5.194.2~110.01.2~6.3
甲拌磷亚砜93.0~102.35.7~7.497.5~99.65.6~8.3
三唑磷97.2~112.03.5~5.0113.8~117.33.7~5.3
毒死蜱83.1~109.05.5~9.279.0~93.01.8~4.8
呋虫胺103.8~110.04.2~4.7108.3~118.00.8~4.4
啶虫脒79.5~108.01.8~5.290.0~102.02.2~4.8
噻虫胺82.9~104.05.6~7.893.0~109.52.9~8.9
噻虫啉78.8~107.01.3~5.184.3~112.03.6~7.7
吡虫啉100.8~113.03.3~6.492.0~116.00.7~6.2
氯噻啉94.8~109.02.5~6.3106.3~118.03.1~4.4
烯啶虫胺97.8~114.00.8~9.3105.8~116.03.2~7.1
噻虫嗪95.4~107.52.7~6.497.5~111.02.6~5.4
环氧虫啶95.8~118.02.0~4.4105.6~111.03.0~3.5
哌虫啶93.1~110.01.4~4.784.0~99.02.0~3.8
), ArticleFig(id=1241342460564140212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241342452691432365, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同基质中的平均加标回收率及精密度(n=6)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分析物回收率a(%)RSDa(%)回收率b(%)RSDb(%)回收率c(%)RSDc(%)
甲胺磷94.5~97.11.1~3.4100.3~107.72.4~3.890.5~95.53.0~3.5
乙酰甲胺磷79.0~86.64.3~5.793.1~97.83.4~7.382.3~83.04.4~7.2
氧化乐果105.9~115.50.9~4.3101.6~104.12.2~4.4105.1~117.04.4~5.8
乐果105.2~110.01.1~3.699.9~104.23.0~4.3103.1~113.00.5~1.8
水胺硫磷111.7~114.02.0~5.4102.6~109.04.1~5.8107.0~113.03.4~9.2
灭线磷102.0~116.01.7~4.9100.8~110.72.2~3.795.2~114.01.6~4.5
甲拌磷80.5~96.05.9~8.3100.3~104.85.7~8.685.0~87.24.5~5.4
甲拌磷砜103.1~115.00.8~5.997.5~104.52.0~2.6107.4~119.32.8~4.2
甲拌磷亚砜94.0~110.23.4~7.480.1~105.14.2~6.592.0~106.53.1~7.1
三唑磷113.5~115.05.9~8.185.5~101.22.0~9.4106.3~112.82.7~8.0
毒死蜱84.5~103.04.8~5.094.5~111.83.6~7.986.0~103.05.1~8.9
呋虫胺98.0~114.00.8~4.588.9~104.73.0~8.5106.4~111.01.0~3.5
啶虫脒90.5~99.01.9~9.7101.8~105.12.3~4.7103.5~106.02.2~4.9
噻虫胺101.3~111.02.8~6.898.1~104.31.4~4.8109.6~115.02.2~8.2
噻虫啉77.5~100.01.6~5.7101.9~103.43.3~6.588.1~112.04.7~6.6
吡虫啉96.0~108.03.2~6.8100.5~104.94.0~9.8101.0~116.03.9~7.4
氯噻啉103.0~114.02.5~5.493.2~102.72.0~4.5112.0~113.03.0~9.3
烯啶虫胺103.8~112.00.9~5.189.9~106.62.6~6.5107.5~110.04.7~4.9
噻虫嗪103.0~ 113.02.1~4.991.1~106.22.9~4.4109.5~111.03.1~8.0
环氧虫啶106.8~114.03.1~5.698.3~106.93.4~5.7108.0~115.02.4~3.3
哌虫啶90.3~111.01.4~3.5104.0~105.52.1~2.899.3~111.01.4~3.7
分析物回收率d(%)RSDd(%)回收率e(%)RSDe(%)
甲胺磷86.7~93.02.3~6.788.6~96.01.3~4.8
乙酰甲胺磷80.0~83.03.1~5.076.0~80.33.2~7.4
氧化乐果96.4~117.01.7~4.3100.0~106.01.9~4.9
乐果95.3~106.02.6~4.994.4~104.00.6~7.0
水胺硫磷97.9~116.00.4~6.1112.5~118.02.0~8.4
灭线磷90.7~113.03.4~6.091.8~108.02.2~3.2
甲拌磷78.8~99.02.8~8.384.0~90.13.1~7.4
甲拌磷砜98.5~118.02.0~5.194.2~110.01.2~6.3
甲拌磷亚砜93.0~102.35.7~7.497.5~99.65.6~8.3
三唑磷97.2~112.03.5~5.0113.8~117.33.7~5.3
毒死蜱83.1~109.05.5~9.279.0~93.01.8~4.8
呋虫胺103.8~110.04.2~4.7108.3~118.00.8~4.4
啶虫脒79.5~108.01.8~5.290.0~102.02.2~4.8
噻虫胺82.9~104.05.6~7.893.0~109.52.9~8.9
噻虫啉78.8~107.01.3~5.184.3~112.03.6~7.7
吡虫啉100.8~113.03.3~6.492.0~116.00.7~6.2
氯噻啉94.8~109.02.5~6.3106.3~118.03.1~4.4
烯啶虫胺97.8~114.00.8~9.3105.8~116.03.2~7.1
噻虫嗪95.4~107.52.7~6.497.5~111.02.6~5.4
环氧虫啶95.8~118.02.0~4.4105.6~111.03.0~3.5
哌虫啶93.1~110.01.4~4.784.0~99.02.0~3.8
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UPLC-MS/MS法同时测定蔬菜中11种有机磷和10种新烟碱类杀虫剂
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张艳 , 曲良娇 , 凌莉 , 张彩虹
现代预防医学 | 实验技术及其应用 2024,51(4): 722-727
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现代预防医学 | 实验技术及其应用 2024, 51(4): 722-727
UPLC-MS/MS法同时测定蔬菜中11种有机磷和10种新烟碱类杀虫剂
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张艳, 曲良娇, 凌莉, 张彩虹
作者信息
  • 珠海市疾病预防控制中心理化检验所,广东 珠海 519060
  • 张艳(1982—),女,博士,主任技师,研究方向:食品与环境理化检验

通讯作者:

张彩虹,E-mail:
Simultaneous determination of eleven organophosphorus and ten neonicotinoid pesticide in vegetables by UPLC-MS/MS
Yan ZHANG, Liang-jiao QU, Li LING, Cai-hong ZHANG
Affiliations
  • Department of Physical and chemical Test, Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519060, China
出版时间: 2024-02-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202303362
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目的

建立同时测定蔬菜中11种有机磷和10种新烟碱类杀虫剂的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)。

方法

样品用乙腈提取,经无水硫酸镁、PSA和C18净化,采用HSS T3色谱柱分离。在正离子多反应监测模式下检测,基质匹配标准曲线外标法定量。

结果

21种杀虫剂在0.50~100 ng/ml范围内相关系数大于0.999。21种杀虫剂的平均回收率为76.0%~119.3%,相对标准偏差小于10%,方法检出限为0.02~1.7 μg/kg,定量限为0.06~5.7 μg/kg。对从市场采集的76份蔬菜进行检测,在26份蔬菜中检出了9种目标组分,浓度在0.012~3.16 mg/kg之间。

结论

该方法简便、灵敏、准确,适用于蔬菜中有机磷和新烟碱类杀虫剂的检测。

有机磷  /  新烟碱类杀虫剂  /  蔬菜  /  QuEChERS  /  UPLC-MS/MS
Objective

To develop an ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the determination of eleven organophosphorus and ten neonicotinoid pesticides in vegetables.

Methods

Pesticides in sample were extracted with acetonitrile, cleaned up using a sorbent mixture of magnesium sulfate anhydrous, PSA and C18. The separation was performed on a HSS T3 column. Detection was operated on multiple reaction monitoring scan under positive electrospray ionization. Matrix-matched external standard calibration curves were used for quantification.

Results

The linear rang of calibration curves ranged from 0.50-100 ng/ml. Good linearities (r>0.999) were obtained for all 21 pesticides. The average recoveries were 76.0%-119.3% with RSD<10% for all the analytes. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.02-1.7 μg/kg and 0.06-5.7 μg/kg, respectively. This method was applied to analyze 76 vegetable samples from market. Nine target pesticides were detected in 26 samples, with a contents of 0.012-3.16 mg/kg.

Conclusion

This method is simple, sensitive, and accurate, and it is suitable for the determination of organophosphorus and neonicotinoid pesticide residues in vegetables.

Organophosphorus  /  Neonicotinoid pesticide  /  Vegetables  /  QuEChERS  /  UPLC-MS/MS
张艳, 曲良娇, 凌莉, 张彩虹. UPLC-MS/MS法同时测定蔬菜中11种有机磷和10种新烟碱类杀虫剂. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (4) : 722 -727 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202303362
Yan ZHANG, Liang-jiao QU, Li LING, Cai-hong ZHANG. Simultaneous determination of eleven organophosphorus and ten neonicotinoid pesticide in vegetables by UPLC-MS/MS[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (4) : 722 -727 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202303362
有机磷杀虫剂多数属高毒或中等毒类,能抑制机体内的乙酰胆碱酯酶活性,从而产生神经毒性[1],是引起急性中毒和致死的主要农药。新烟碱类杀虫剂是神经兴奋类物质,通过作用于烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体引起神经元兴奋,对昆虫具有选择毒性,是近年来发展最快的一类新型高效低毒杀虫剂,已成为高毒农药的最佳替代品之一[2]。尽管农药在促进农业增产增收中起了关键作用,但由于不合理使用导致的土壤污染、水体污染、食品安全等问题,严重影响了环境生态平衡、危害人类的身体健康[3-4]。农药残留是食品安全的重要指标,蔬菜作为居民每天餐桌上的必需品,确保其农药残留安全是关乎民生的重大问题。因此,农药多残留检测技术的开发尤为重要。
蔬菜样品基质复杂多样,农药残留痕量存在,样品前处理是农残检测的重点和难点。近年来QuEChERS[5-6]技术在食品农药分析领域备受关注。该方法具有回收率高、测定结果准确、样品通量高,试剂用量少、应用范围宽、以及操作简易的特点,使得该方法成为农药多残留分析的首选方法之一[7-8]。目前,对于食品中有机磷和烟碱类杀虫剂的检测,一般分两类进行测定,检测有机磷最常用的方法是气相色谱-火焰光度检测法[9-10]和气相色谱-质谱联用法[8,11-14],而烟碱类杀虫剂一般采用液相色谱-质谱联用法[15-18]测定。同时测定两类杀虫剂的研究较少。本文基于QuEChERS技术,通过优化前处理步骤和分析条件,建立了测定蔬菜中有机磷和新烟碱类杀虫剂残留的UPLC-MS/MS方法,并对从市场采集的76份蔬菜样品中农药残留进行了定性和定量分析。
I-Class-Xevo TQ-S超高效液相色谱三重四级杆串联质谱联用系统(Waters,美国);3-30K离心机(Sigma,德国);Vortex Genius 3涡漩混合器(IKA,德国);电子天平(梅特勒-托利多,瑞士);Milli-Q Advantage A10 超纯水机(Millipore,美国)。
11种有机磷和10种新烟碱类杀虫剂见表1,除环氧虫啶和哌虫啶的标准品为固体外,其余19种杀虫剂标准溶液浓度均为100 μg/ml,购自上海安谱实验科技有限公司。乙腈和甲酸为色谱纯、乙酸铵为分析纯,购自德国Merck公司;无水硫酸钠、无水硫酸镁、氯化钠为分析纯,购自中国广州化学试剂厂;PSA(40~63 μm)和C18(40~63 μm)购自上海安谱实验科技有限公司。
样品取可食部分,切碎并充分混匀,储于聚乙烯瓶中于-18℃及以下温度保存备用。准确称取均质样品5 g于离心管中,加入10 ml乙腈和1颗陶瓷均质子,涡旋1 min,加入1 g氯化钠、4 g无水硫酸钠,涡旋振荡1 min,10 397 g离心5 min,转移1 ml上清液至装有150 mg无水硫酸镁、50 mg PSA和50 mg C18的净化管中,旋涡1 min,10 397 g离心5 min,吸取0.50 ml上清液,加0.50 ml水,混匀后过微孔滤膜。
准确称取环氧虫啶和哌虫啶标准10 mg,乙腈溶解并定容至10 ml,得到1.0 mg/ml的单标储备液。分别吸取一定量的21种杀虫剂单标溶液,乙腈稀释后配成浓度为5.0 μg/ml的混和标准溶液,再用乙腈逐级稀释得到1.0 μg/ml和0.1 μg/ml的混合标准中间液。取空白样品按照1.2.1处理,得到溶剂为1:1(v/v)乙腈-水的空白基质溶液。于8个进样瓶中分别加入0.1 μg/ml的中间液5、10、25 μl; 1.0 μg/ml的中间液5、10、20 μl; 5.0 μg/ml的混合标准溶液10、20 μl,补加乙腈至25 μl,再分别加入空白基质溶液975 μl,得到浓度为0.50、1.00、2.50、5.00、10.0、20.0、50.0、100 ng/ml的基质匹配标准系列,待测。
色谱柱为Acquity UPLC HSS T3 柱,2.1 mm× 100 mm,1.8 μm。流动相为乙腈和5 mmol/L乙酸铵-0.1%甲酸溶液。洗脱程序:0~0.5 min,5%乙腈;0.5~3.0 min,5%~40%乙腈;3.0~7.0 min,40%~95%乙腈;保持1.0 min后回到初始比例。流速0.3 ml/min,柱温35 ℃,进样量2 μl。
电喷雾离子源;正离子模式;多反应监测模式;离子源温度150 ℃;毛细管电压2.0 kV;脱溶剂气的温度450 ℃、流速900 L/h。
配制0.1 μg/ml的杀虫剂混合溶液,采用流动注射的方式,分别对各目标组分进行母离子和子离子扫描,优化各质谱参数,使目标物的响应达到最优。21种杀虫剂的母离子、定量离子、定性离子等质谱参数见表1
比较21种杀虫剂在BEH C18和HSS T3两种常用色谱柱上的分离效果。甲胺磷、乙酰甲胺磷、氧化乐果以及呋虫胺在T3柱上的峰型明显优于在C18柱上的表现,其它17种目标组分的质谱响应和色谱峰型在两种色谱柱上无显著差异,因此本法选用HSS T3柱。
比较21种杀虫剂在不同流动相中的分离效果,包括乙腈和甲醇两种有机相,水、0.1%甲酸水溶液、5 mmol/L乙酸铵-0.1%甲酸三种水相。结果显示,大多数目标组分在乙腈作为有机相时的分离效果要明显优于在甲醇中的表现,哌虫啶表现最为明显;水相为5 mmol/L乙酸铵-0.1%甲酸时,各目标组分的质谱响应和峰型最优,乙酰甲胺磷在该流动相下的响应显著增强。因此本试验选用的流动相为乙腈和5 mmol/L乙酸铵-0.1%甲酸溶液。
图1为优化的色谱条件下,菜心中21种杀虫剂的添加水平为0.04 mg/kg的总离子流图,各组分的保留时间见表1
菜心样品采用10 ml乙腈提取,陶瓷均质子辅助均质,1 g氯化钠作为盐析剂。试验比较了无水硫酸钠和无水硫酸镁两种常用脱水盐对目标组分提取效率的影响,结果如图2所示:在4 g无水硫酸钠作用下,21种目标组分的回收率为92.4%~114.8%;而在4 g无水硫酸镁作用下,21种目标组分的回收率为65.2%~112.0%,其中甲胺磷、烯啶虫胺、环氧虫啶和哌虫啶4个组分的回收率低于75.0%。故选用无水硫酸钠作为脱水盐。同时考察了常用缓冲盐如柠檬酸钠和柠檬酸二钠盐对提取效率的影响,结果表明,加入缓冲盐对目标组分的提取效率影响不明显。
无水硫酸镁、PSA、C18和GCB是QuEChERS方法中常用的吸附剂,为达到净化效果,一般采用一种或多种吸附剂联合使用。试验比较了以下四种常用吸附剂组合的净化效果:A.150 mg无水硫酸镁和25 mg PSA;B.150 mg无水硫酸镁和50 mg PSA;C.150 mg无水硫酸镁、50 mg PSA和50 mg C18;D.150 mg无水硫酸镁、50 mg PSA、50 mg C18和5.0 mg GCB。21种目标组分A、B、C和D的回收率分别为87.2%~117.5%、79.3%~109.6%、75.2%~111.7%和55.3%~113.5%,灭线磷和烯啶虫胺的回收率相对较低。虽然A的回收率最高,但考虑到样品净化效果对色谱柱及仪器的影响,选用C组合为净化剂。
考察了21种杀虫剂在乙腈和乙腈-水(1:1,v/v)中的溶剂效应,结果表明甲胺磷、乙酰甲胺磷、氧化乐果在乙腈中的峰型较差,而所有目标组分在乙腈-水(1:1,v/v)中可获得满意的峰型和响应,因此本法选用乙腈-水(1:1,v/v)作为溶剂。
考察了目标组分在菜心、青瓜、茄子、菜豆、姜5种常见蔬菜中的基质效应。取空白基质样品按本法处理,得到的提取物作为空白基质溶液,分别配制基质匹配工作曲线。基质效应的评价方法为:基质效应=基质匹配校准曲线斜率/溶剂配制标准曲线斜率。21种杀虫剂在菜心、青瓜、茄子、菜豆、姜中的基质效应分别为:0.79~1.04、0.78~1.19、0.80~1.24、0.76~1.17、0.61~1.15,均表现为弱或者中等强度的基质效应,其中以毒死蜱(0.61)和甲拌磷(0.68)在姜中的基质效应最为明显。为降低基质效应带来的影响,采用基质溶液配制标准曲线。
对以菜心、青瓜、茄子、菜豆、姜为基质配制的标准系列溶液分别进样测定。保留时间和离子丰度比定性,外标法定量,以目标组分的定量离子峰面积对其浓度作图,得到标准曲线。结果表明,21种杀虫剂在0.50~100 ng/ml范围内线性相关系数均大于0.999。在基质空白中添加低浓度标准溶液进样测定,以定量离子信噪比3和10分别计算检出限和定量限。21种目标组分在5种基质中的检出限为0.02~1.7 μg/kg,定量限为0.06~5.7 μg/kg。
在菜心、青瓜、茄子、菜豆、姜5种基质中分别添加0.01、0.04、0.16 mg/kg的21种农药混合标准,按照本法处理,平行测定6次。目标组分的回收率在76.0%~119.3%之间,RSD在0.4%~9.8%之间,结果见表2,回收率和稳定性良好,可满足农药残留检测的要求。
对从市场采集的76份蔬菜进行测定,检出9种目标组分,检出率为1.3%~15.8%,其中噻虫胺15.8%、噻虫嗪11.8%、吡虫啉7.9%、呋虫胺6.6%、烯啶虫胺6.6%、啶虫脒6.6%、氯噻啉2.6%、毒死蜱2.6%、环氧虫啶1.3%。76份样品中,26份样品检出了目标组分,样品检出率34.2%:其中1份样品检出了毒死蜱和4种新烟碱类组分;4份样品检出了3种烟碱类组分;9份样品检出了2种烟碱类组分;11份样品检出1种新烟碱类组分;1份样品检出毒死蜱;检出目标组分的含量在0.012~3.16 mg/kg之间,其中7份样品的9种杀虫剂残留量超出了国家规定的最高残留限量标准。
实验表明,在流动相中加入甲酸可以提高有机磷和新烟碱类杀虫剂的的离子化效率,增强质谱响应,乙酸铵的加入能抑制拖尾,改善色谱峰型。
乙腈是农药多残留分析的优选提取剂,因其通用性强,对大多数农药具有很好的溶解度,且能与水互溶,易于盐析,共萃取的干扰物少,无需溶剂转换即可直接上液质联用仪检测。萃取过程中加入脱水盐可减少有机相中水的含量,促进目标组分更好地溶入乙腈。对于本文测定的21种目标组分,在无水硫酸钠脱水下的回收率结果明显优于在无水硫酸镁作用下的结果,原因在于无水硫酸镁遇水放热,导致热不稳定组分发生降解,影响了回收效率。加入陶瓷均质子可以有效破碎样品基质和盐的结块,使混匀效果更好。
吸附剂种类和用量是影响净化效果的关键因素。无水硫酸镁用于去除萃取液中残留的水分;PSA用于吸附糖类、脂肪酸、色素等极性干扰物;C18用于吸附脂类等非极性物质;GCB对色素的去除效果明显,但能吸附平面结构的分子。在本实验中,GCB对灭线磷和部分烟碱类杀虫剂表现出了较强的吸附作用,不宜作为净化剂;另外,目标组分的回收率随着净化剂种类和用量的增加呈下降趋势,净化剂在吸附杂质的同时,也造成了目标组分的损失。考虑到样品净化效果对仪器维护的影响,在回收率满足检测要求的前提下,本试验在净化步骤中选用了150 mg无水硫酸镁、50 mg PSA和50 mg C18吸附杂质。
液质分析中,样品基质易和目标组分产生电离竞争,导致目标物的质谱信号减弱或增强,进而影响到检测结果的准确度。从菜心、青瓜、茄子、菜豆、姜5种常见蔬菜的基质效应考察结果来看,各基质对目标组分均有一定程度的基质增强或基质抑制,且同一基质对不同组分的基质效应有较大差异,以姜中毒死蜱和甲拌磷的基质抑制作用最为显著。定量时一般可采用同位素内标法或基质匹配标准曲线来校正基质效应,由于内标物质难于获取且价格昂贵,本实验采用了基质匹配标准曲线定量。蔬菜品种繁多,对每种蔬菜一一配制基质曲线不切实际,可按照样品分类挑选代表性的基质空白来配制基质曲线。
本文采用QuECHERS结合UPLC-MS/MS法同时测定了蔬菜中11种有机磷和10种新烟碱类杀虫剂。该方法操作简便,准确性好,灵敏度高,适用于蔬菜中有机磷和新烟碱类杀虫剂的同时定性定量分析,为蔬菜的农药残留监测提供了技术参考。
  • 珠海市社会发展领域科技计划项目(2220004000115)
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2024年第51卷第4期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202303362
  • 接收时间:2023-03-20
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-20
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珠海市社会发展领域科技计划项目(2220004000115)
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    珠海市疾病预防控制中心理化检验所,广东 珠海 519060

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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