Article(id=1241322673440092392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241322661654098823, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308098, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1691251200000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773883988007, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1706112000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773883988007, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773883988007, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773883988007, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241322661654098823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='2', pageStart='193', pageEnd='384', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773883985198, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773890256678, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241348966214849502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241322661654098823, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241348966214849503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241322661654098823, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=193, endPage=199, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241322673888882947, articleId=1241322673440092392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Causal relationship between frailty and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a two-sample mendelian randomized study, columnId=1228016567443718970, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods Advances, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

Observational studies have proposed a link between frailty and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, the causal relationship between the two diseases needs further investigation.

Methods

The study data were drawn from the GWAS dataset, in which the frailty data contained 175 226 samples, by selecting SNPs closely related to frailty as instrumental variables. Two-sample MR was applied to assess causality between diseases. Inverse variance weighting (IVW) methods were used as the main analyses. MR-Egger intercepts, MR-PRESSO and funnel plots were also used to detect horizontal multi-effects, and sensitivity analyses were performed using the “leave-one-out” and Cochran’s Q tests simultaneously.

Results

IVW analysis showed that frailty genetic susceptibility increased the risk of COPD, with odds ratios (OR) of 1.935 (95% CI:1.178-13.179; P=0.009). No horizontal pleiotropism was observed in MR-Egger intercept (P=0.757), MR-PRESSO and funnel plots detection. In the test of heterogeneity (P=0.952), no heterogeneity was observed in the funnel plot. The “leave-one-out” did not reveal a single SNP with a biased effect on the instrumental variable.

Conclusion

The study findings suggest a possible positive causal relationship between frailty and increased risk of developing COPD.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao MA, Fen WANG, Lu ZHANG, Jing-hui XIE, Meng-yao SHI, Ze-geng LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241322675600159084, articleId=1241322673440092392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=CN, title=虚弱与慢性阻塞性肺疾病发生风险的因果关系:一项两样本孟德尔随机化研究, columnId=1228016567632462653, journalTitle=现代预防医学, columnName=流行病与统计方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

观察性研究提出了虚弱与慢性阻塞性肺疾病之间的联系。然而,它们之间的因果关系需要进一步研究。

方法

研究数据来自GWAS,其中虚弱数据包含175 226例样本,通过选取虚弱的SNP作为工具变量。两样本孟德尔随机化(Mendelian randomisation, MR)来评估疾病的因果关系。逆方差加权(Inverse variance weighting, IVW)方法作为主要分析方法。采用MR-Egger截距、Mr-PRESSO以及漏斗图检测水平多效性,并使用“leave-one-out”、Cochran Q检验进行敏感性分析。

结果

IVW法分析显示虚弱遗传易感性会增加患COPD的风险,OR=1.935,95% CI:1.178~13.179;P=0.009;MR-Egger截距(P=0.757)、Mr-PRESSO以及漏斗图没有观察到水平多效性。异质性检验中,P=0.952,无异质性。“leave-one-out”没有观察到对工具变量有偏倚影响的单个SNP。

结论

研究表明虚弱对增加COPD发生风险之间可能存在正向因果关系。

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李泽庚,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=K7CIL/pYIE7iQbWL2GsjsQ==, magXml=bMvtg1Yi8GNJwM0gT+WO5g==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=G7cC78fBmi33RgqzMXnqXg==, pdfFileSize=1569426, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=mlXR0sjM1f3DdZ1xOA22kA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=RRBK+8t9n4JEKUhADLYCaQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

马啸(1988—),男,博士在读,主治中医师,研究方向:中医药防治呼吸系统疾病

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马啸(1988—),男,博士在读,主治中医师,研究方向:中医药防治呼吸系统疾病

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马啸(1988—),男,博士在读,主治中医师,研究方向:中医药防治呼吸系统疾病

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4.安徽省中医院
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The relevant data information was extracted from the GWAS database

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疾病数据集样本量(人)SNP数量性别人种年份
虚弱ebi-a-GCST90020053175 2267 589 717男性和女性欧洲人2021
COPDfinn-b-COPD_HOSPITAL218 79216 380 466男性和女性欧洲人2021
), ArticleFig(id=1241322684051682059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322673440092392, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

提取GWAS数据库中相关数据信息

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疾病数据集样本量(人)SNP数量性别人种年份
虚弱ebi-a-GCST90020053175 2267 589 717男性和女性欧洲人2021
COPDfinn-b-COPD_HOSPITAL218 79216 380 466男性和女性欧洲人2021
), ArticleFig(id=1241322684198482702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322673440092392, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The SNPs and F-values of frailty gene instrumental variables were extracted from GWAS database

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SNP效应等位频率P效应值标准误差样本量R2F统计量
rs127392430.2211.28×10-9-0.0240.004175 2262.09×10-436.602
rs49526930.3731.47×10-8-0.0190.003175 2261.86×10-432.557
rs20712070.4781.47×10-8-0.0190.003175 2261.83×10-432.111
rs5835140.5111.65×10-90.0200.003175 2262.07×10-436.364
rs823340.3183.13×10-10-0.0220.004175 2262.32×10-440.595
rs13631030.3802.23×10-8-0.0190.003175 2261.80×10-431.558
rs92751600.3407.18×10-280.0380.004175 2266.79×10-4119.120
rs23967660.4731.22×10-90.0200.003175 2262.12×10-437.099
rs562994740.1733.94×10-80.0240.004175 2261.71×10-430.000
rs41461400.3816.83×10-9-0.0200.003175 2261.94×10-433.913
rs39595540.4181.74×10-80.0190.003175 2261.76×10-430.900
rs176121020.5932.85×10-80.0190.003175 2261.73×10-430.250
rs80898070.1876.50×10-9-0.0250.004175 2261.90×10-433.263
), ArticleFig(id=1241322684286563091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322673440092392, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

提取GWAS数据库中虚弱基因工具变量的SNPs以及F

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SNP效应等位频率P效应值标准误差样本量R2F统计量
rs127392430.2211.28×10-9-0.0240.004175 2262.09×10-436.602
rs49526930.3731.47×10-8-0.0190.003175 2261.86×10-432.557
rs20712070.4781.47×10-8-0.0190.003175 2261.83×10-432.111
rs5835140.5111.65×10-90.0200.003175 2262.07×10-436.364
rs823340.3183.13×10-10-0.0220.004175 2262.32×10-440.595
rs13631030.3802.23×10-8-0.0190.003175 2261.80×10-431.558
rs92751600.3407.18×10-280.0380.004175 2266.79×10-4119.120
rs23967660.4731.22×10-90.0200.003175 2262.12×10-437.099
rs562994740.1733.94×10-80.0240.004175 2261.71×10-430.000
rs41461400.3816.83×10-9-0.0200.003175 2261.94×10-433.913
rs39595540.4181.74×10-80.0190.003175 2261.76×10-430.900
rs176121020.5932.85×10-80.0190.003175 2261.73×10-430.250
rs80898070.1876.50×10-9-0.0250.004175 2261.90×10-433.263
), ArticleFig(id=1241322684370449177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322673440092392, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Overlapping information of exposure factors and outcome factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SNP效应等位基因(暴露)非效应等位基因(暴露)效应等位基因(结局)非效应等位基因(结局)效应值
(暴露)
效应值
(结局)
效应等位频率(暴露)效应等位频率(结局)
rs12739243CTCT-0.024-0.0070.2210.295
rs1363103CTCT-0.0190.0020.3800.389
rs17612102CTCT0.0190.0100.5930.581
rs2071207CTCT-0.019-0.0090.4780.543
rs2396766AGAG0.0200.0270.4730.456
rs3959554GAGA0.019-0.0060.4180.321
rs4146140TCTC-0.020-0.0130.3810.336
rs4952693TCTC-0.0190.0030.3730.408
rs56299474ACAC0.0240.0270.1730.169
rs583514CTCT0.0200.0400.5110.554
rs8089807TCTC-0.025-0.0290.1870.144
rs82334CACA-0.022-0.0160.3180.436
rs9275160AGAG0.0380.0260.3400.297
SNPid(结局)标准误差
(结局)
P(结局)标准误差
(暴露)
P(暴露)id(暴露)
rs12739243finn-b-COPD_HOSPITAL0.0210.7500.0041.28×10-9ebi-a-GCST90020053
rs1363103finn-b-COPD_HOSPITAL0.0200.9050.0032.23×10-8ebi-a-GCST90020053
rs17612102finn-b-COPD_HOSPITAL0.0190.6020.0032.85×10-8ebi-a-GCST90020053
rs2071207finn-b-COPD_HOSPITAL0.0190.6480.0031.47×10-8ebi-a-GCST90020053
rs2396766finn-b-COPD_HOSPITAL0.0190.1600.0031.22×10-9ebi-a-GCST90020053
rs3959554finn-b-COPD_HOSPITAL0.0200.7610.0031.74×10-8ebi-a-GCST90020053
rs4146140finn-b-COPD_HOSPITAL0.0200.5210.0036.83×10-9ebi-a-GCST90020053
rs4952693finn-b-COPD_HOSPITAL0.0190.8810.0031.47×10-8ebi-a-GCST90020053
rs56299474finn-b-COPD_HOSPITAL0.0260.2930.0043.94×10-8ebi-a-GCST90020053
rs583514finn-b-COPD_HOSPITAL0.0190.0390.0031.65×10-9ebi-a-GCST90020053
rs8089807finn-b-COPD_HOSPITAL0.0270.2800.0046.50×10-9ebi-a-GCST90020053
rs82334finn-b-COPD_HOSPITAL0.0190.3950.0043.13×10-10ebi-a-GCST90020053
rs9275160finn-b-COPD_HOSPITAL0.0210.2070.0047.18×10-28ebi-a-GCST90020053
), ArticleFig(id=1241322684479501088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322673440092392, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

暴露因素与结局因素重叠信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SNP效应等位基因(暴露)非效应等位基因(暴露)效应等位基因(结局)非效应等位基因(结局)效应值
(暴露)
效应值
(结局)
效应等位频率(暴露)效应等位频率(结局)
rs12739243CTCT-0.024-0.0070.2210.295
rs1363103CTCT-0.0190.0020.3800.389
rs17612102CTCT0.0190.0100.5930.581
rs2071207CTCT-0.019-0.0090.4780.543
rs2396766AGAG0.0200.0270.4730.456
rs3959554GAGA0.019-0.0060.4180.321
rs4146140TCTC-0.020-0.0130.3810.336
rs4952693TCTC-0.0190.0030.3730.408
rs56299474ACAC0.0240.0270.1730.169
rs583514CTCT0.0200.0400.5110.554
rs8089807TCTC-0.025-0.0290.1870.144
rs82334CACA-0.022-0.0160.3180.436
rs9275160AGAG0.0380.0260.3400.297
SNPid(结局)标准误差
(结局)
P(结局)标准误差
(暴露)
P(暴露)id(暴露)
rs12739243finn-b-COPD_HOSPITAL0.0210.7500.0041.28×10-9ebi-a-GCST90020053
rs1363103finn-b-COPD_HOSPITAL0.0200.9050.0032.23×10-8ebi-a-GCST90020053
rs17612102finn-b-COPD_HOSPITAL0.0190.6020.0032.85×10-8ebi-a-GCST90020053
rs2071207finn-b-COPD_HOSPITAL0.0190.6480.0031.47×10-8ebi-a-GCST90020053
rs2396766finn-b-COPD_HOSPITAL0.0190.1600.0031.22×10-9ebi-a-GCST90020053
rs3959554finn-b-COPD_HOSPITAL0.0200.7610.0031.74×10-8ebi-a-GCST90020053
rs4146140finn-b-COPD_HOSPITAL0.0200.5210.0036.83×10-9ebi-a-GCST90020053
rs4952693finn-b-COPD_HOSPITAL0.0190.8810.0031.47×10-8ebi-a-GCST90020053
rs56299474finn-b-COPD_HOSPITAL0.0260.2930.0043.94×10-8ebi-a-GCST90020053
rs583514finn-b-COPD_HOSPITAL0.0190.0390.0031.65×10-9ebi-a-GCST90020053
rs8089807finn-b-COPD_HOSPITAL0.0270.2800.0046.50×10-9ebi-a-GCST90020053
rs82334finn-b-COPD_HOSPITAL0.0190.3950.0043.13×10-10ebi-a-GCST90020053
rs9275160finn-b-COPD_HOSPITAL0.0210.2070.0047.18×10-28ebi-a-GCST90020053
), ArticleFig(id=1241322684571775782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322673440092392, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The MR analysis offrailty affecting COPD

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MR方法N(SNPs)betaSE比值比OR(95% CIP-value异质性检测多效性检测
P截距
Cochran QP
Inverse variance weighted130.6600.2531.935(1.178~3.179)0.0095.1610.952
Weighted median130.6720.3231.959(1.040~3.689)0.0370.757
MR-Egger131.0091.1292.742(0.299~25.083)0.3915.0600.928
), ArticleFig(id=1241322684668244777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322673440092392, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

虚弱对COPD影响的MR分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MR方法N(SNPs)betaSE比值比OR(95% CIP-value异质性检测多效性检测
P截距
Cochran QP
Inverse variance weighted130.6600.2531.935(1.178~3.179)0.0095.1610.952
Weighted median130.6720.3231.959(1.040~3.689)0.0370.757
MR-Egger131.0091.1292.742(0.299~25.083)0.3915.0600.928
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虚弱与慢性阻塞性肺疾病发生风险的因果关系:一项两样本孟德尔随机化研究
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马啸 1, 2 , 王芬 3 , 张璐 1 , 谢京辉 1 , 石孟瑶 1 , 李泽庚 1, 4, 5
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2024,51(2): 193-199
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现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2024, 51(2): 193-199
虚弱与慢性阻塞性肺疾病发生风险的因果关系:一项两样本孟德尔随机化研究
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马啸1, 2, 王芬3, 张璐1, 谢京辉1, 石孟瑶1, 李泽庚1, 4, 5
作者信息
  • 1.安徽中医药大学,安徽 合肥 230038
  • 2.芜湖市中医医院呼吸与危重症医学科
  • 3.安徽医科大学第一附属医院老年病内分泌科
  • 4.安徽省中医院
  • 5.安徽省中医药科学院中医呼吸病防治研究所
  • 马啸(1988—),男,博士在读,主治中医师,研究方向:中医药防治呼吸系统疾病

通讯作者:

李泽庚,E-mail:
Causal relationship between frailty and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a two-sample mendelian randomized study
Xiao MA1, 2, Fen WANG3, Lu ZHANG1, Jing-hui XIE1, Meng-yao SHI1, Ze-geng LI1, 4, 5
Affiliations
  • Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230038, China
出版时间: 2024-01-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308098
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目的

观察性研究提出了虚弱与慢性阻塞性肺疾病之间的联系。然而,它们之间的因果关系需要进一步研究。

方法

研究数据来自GWAS,其中虚弱数据包含175 226例样本,通过选取虚弱的SNP作为工具变量。两样本孟德尔随机化(Mendelian randomisation, MR)来评估疾病的因果关系。逆方差加权(Inverse variance weighting, IVW)方法作为主要分析方法。采用MR-Egger截距、Mr-PRESSO以及漏斗图检测水平多效性,并使用“leave-one-out”、Cochran Q检验进行敏感性分析。

结果

IVW法分析显示虚弱遗传易感性会增加患COPD的风险,OR=1.935,95% CI:1.178~13.179;P=0.009;MR-Egger截距(P=0.757)、Mr-PRESSO以及漏斗图没有观察到水平多效性。异质性检验中,P=0.952,无异质性。“leave-one-out”没有观察到对工具变量有偏倚影响的单个SNP。

结论

研究表明虚弱对增加COPD发生风险之间可能存在正向因果关系。

虚弱  /  慢性阻塞性肺疾病  /  孟德尔随机化分析  /  因果关系
Objective

Observational studies have proposed a link between frailty and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, the causal relationship between the two diseases needs further investigation.

Methods

The study data were drawn from the GWAS dataset, in which the frailty data contained 175 226 samples, by selecting SNPs closely related to frailty as instrumental variables. Two-sample MR was applied to assess causality between diseases. Inverse variance weighting (IVW) methods were used as the main analyses. MR-Egger intercepts, MR-PRESSO and funnel plots were also used to detect horizontal multi-effects, and sensitivity analyses were performed using the “leave-one-out” and Cochran’s Q tests simultaneously.

Results

IVW analysis showed that frailty genetic susceptibility increased the risk of COPD, with odds ratios (OR) of 1.935 (95% CI:1.178-13.179; P=0.009). No horizontal pleiotropism was observed in MR-Egger intercept (P=0.757), MR-PRESSO and funnel plots detection. In the test of heterogeneity (P=0.952), no heterogeneity was observed in the funnel plot. The “leave-one-out” did not reveal a single SNP with a biased effect on the instrumental variable.

Conclusion

The study findings suggest a possible positive causal relationship between frailty and increased risk of developing COPD.

Frailty  /  COPD  /  Mendelian randomization analysis  /  Causality
马啸, 王芬, 张璐, 谢京辉, 石孟瑶, 李泽庚. 虚弱与慢性阻塞性肺疾病发生风险的因果关系:一项两样本孟德尔随机化研究. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (2) : 193 -199 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308098
Xiao MA, Fen WANG, Lu ZHANG, Jing-hui XIE, Meng-yao SHI, Ze-geng LI. Causal relationship between frailty and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a two-sample mendelian randomized study[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (2) : 193 -199 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308098
虚弱被认为是老年医学的基石,是一种复杂的与年龄相关的临床疾病。我们社会中日益普遍存在虚弱现象,这是由于人口老龄化造成多个器官系统的生理能力下降,其特征是个体的稳态储备减少,并导致对内源性和/或外源性压力源的脆弱性增强[1]。这种状态会导致负面健康相关事件发生的高风险,并且增加了老年人和弱势群体不良健康结果的风险。虚弱被视为重大的公共卫生问题。与虚弱一样,慢性阻塞性肺疾病(Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, COPD)是呼吸系统最常见的慢性异质性疾病,也是困扰人类健康的重大疾病之一,在全球范围内具有发病率高、致残率高、死亡率高的特点,我国总患病人数约1亿,20岁及以上成人慢阻肺病患病率为8.6%,40岁及以上人群达13.7%[2]。COPD导致持续气流阻塞和呼吸道症状,是由于暴露于吸入的颗粒物(如香烟烟雾和空气污染物)以及遗传、发育和社会因素引起的,而长期暴露于颗粒物会影响世界上大部分老龄人口。虚弱和COPD严重影响人们日常生活质量,给患者带来巨大的医疗费用,占全球疾病负担的很大一部分。
虚弱和COPD发生风险之间关系被学界的广泛关注,但两者之间的确切因果关系一直存在争议,在一项虚弱与老年性疾病的横断面研究表明[3],虚弱可能会增加COPD发生的风险,虚弱被认为是导致COPD的潜在因素。据报道,在另一项临床观察性研究中[4],虚弱与较高的COPD风险相关,这表明虚弱可能是COPD的一个危险因素。同时,虚弱和骨骼肌功能障碍之间的关系,特别是以6分钟步行距离为代表的运动耐力测定,在COPD病情评估中被广泛运用,这些研究进一步说明了虚弱和COPD之间潜在的因果联系。然而,观察性流行病学研究中的虚假关联主要由社会、行为或环境因素引起的混杂导致,因此其结果难以控制,同时,由于反向因果关系,表型结果影响暴露因素,使其容易出现选择偏倚[5]。并且,目前虚弱和COPD的研究主要集中动物实验,尚未涉及到基因易感性的因果关系研究。从而限制了我们对于虚弱导致COPD发生风险的理解。
因此,本研究通过两样本MR方法探讨虚弱与COPD之间潜在的因果关系,以期为虚弱与COPD发生发展之间的关系提供相关的理论依据。
GWAS汇总数据集进行两样本MR分析,评估虚弱与COPD之间的因果关系,并进行敏感性分析检验结果的可靠性,因此不需要额外的伦理批准或知情同意。在我们的研究中,所有的MR分析都需要满足关联性、独立性和排他性三个基本假设。见图1。该研究报告符合STROBE-MR指南[6]
(1)工具变量必须与暴露因素强相关(相关性假设);(2)工具变量不能与任何与“暴露-结局”关联的混杂因素相关(独立性假设);(3)工具变量仅通过暴露程度影响结局变量(排除限制假设,也称为“无多效性”)。
(1)虚弱诊断标准:虚弱的典型表现为体重减轻、疲惫、握力、低体力活动、缓慢步行 5 项内容,满足3个及以上阳性指标,则符合虚弱诊断。如果没有满足标准,则不虚弱[7]。(2)COPD诊断标准:参考《慢性阻塞性肺疾病诊治指南(2021年修订版)》中 COPD 的诊断标准。①存在危险因素暴露史;②给予支气管舒张剂后FEV1/FVC比值低于70%;③患者气短、胸闷和喘息等症状加重。
研究主要取自IEU Open GWAS project website汇总数据样本库(https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/),通过英国生物样本库获取虚弱的数据集,包括175 226例虚弱患者。此外,COPD数据集来自于FinnGen,其中包含218 792例病例。两样本MR假设暴露和结果之间的独立性。因此,排除了与COPD有显著重叠队列的虚弱的数据。详见表1
首先,MR的第一个假设是工具变量需要与暴露因素高度相关,即SNPs(single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs)必须与虚弱强相关,因此,我们选取了达到GWAS(genome-wide association studies, GWAS)阈值的SNPs(P<5×10-8)作为初步结果[8]。然后,应用PLINK法排除了连锁不平衡中的SNPs(r2<0.001,遗传距离=10 000KB)。同时,我们计算了工具变量的F值,通过计算F值评估所选择的工具变量是否存在弱工具变量偏移,当F值>10时,工具变量可以被识别为足够克服弱工具倾向,从而进一步验证遗传变异与暴露因素的关联性假设,其计算公式为F=R2(N-2)/(1-R2[9],其中N为暴露因素的样本量,R2为工具变量解释的暴露因素变异比例。
其次,为满足第二个MR假设,即遗传变异与潜在的混杂因素无关,通过使用PhenoScanner (http://www.PhenoScanner.medschl.cam.ac.uk)[10]进行查询,这是一个基于网络的基因型-表型关联的综合数据库,用于确定所筛选的SNPs与已知的混杂因素无关,在全基因组显著性水平上(P<5×10-8),如发现了与这些潜在混杂因素相关的SNPs,则需要进行Mr-PRESSO分析来确定离群值,最后,从结果数据中提取出剩余的SNPs。
为了避免潜在的多效效应,本研究使用了三种不同的MR方法,IVW方法作为估计可能影响因果的主要分析方法,同时运用加权中位数和MR-Egger等方法对结果进行了验证,以OR值评估虚弱与COPD之间的因果关系。IVW方法相对于其他MR方法,尤其是MR-Egger方法具有更高的统计效能,这是由于其他MR方法产生结果的置信区间较大以及P值不显著[11]。此外,如不同的MR结果不一致,需改变工具变量的P阈值,再重新分析。
为证明分析结果的可靠性,我们进行了敏感性分析,以检测我们分析中潜在的水平多效性(通过因果途径而不是暴露来影响结果)和异质性。本研究使用Mr-PRESSO(多效性残差和和离群值)检测以及MR-Egger截距和漏斗图检测所有结果的水平多效性(P<0.05被认为存在水平多效性)。随后,为了评估结果的稳定性,对具有统计学意义的结果,进行异质性检验,采用Cochran Q检验,当P<0.05时认为存在异质性。此外,使用“leave-one-out”分析,用来评估因果关系是否依赖于某一个SNP所驱动[12]
本研究将MR分析的结果以效应估计值(odds ratio,OR)和95%置信区间(confidence interval,CI)表示,直接体现虚弱和COPD之间的因果关系,P<0.05具有统计学意义。所有分析均使用R(4.1.2版)中的Two-Sample MR(0.5.7版)以及ggplot2(3.4.2版)软件包进行。当基因变异工具变量小于3个时,使用固定效应模型,若大于3个则使用随机效应模型进行分析;暴露、结局和相关协变量的统计效应量或测量单位没有发生转换,因此未报告。
在去除存在连锁不平衡的工具变量后,本研究从GWAS数据库中提取了15个与虚弱相关的SNPs作为工具变量(P<5×10-8r2<0.001)。经过数据协调,以及利用PhenoScanner (http://www.PhenoScanner.medschl.cam.ac.uk)进行查询排除混杂因素,检测到一个与吸烟相关的SNP(rs10891490),并进行剔除。因此,该研究所纳入的SNPs为13个,并且所有SNPs的F值>10,表明研究结果不存在微弱的偏倚,证实统计学检验效能是可靠的,见表2。同时,本研究又将暴露与结局重叠信息展示如表3
MR估计效应大小,数据以OR值和 95% CI表示。红线的意义是MR-Egger检验和IVW方法的MR结果。
使用虚弱作为暴露因素来检测对COPD的因果效应,我们发现虚弱的遗传易感性与COPD的发生关系密切,呈正相关(见表4),IVW法分析表明虚弱增加了COPD的风险,OR=1.935,95% CI:1.178~3.179,P=0.009(见图2);并且在加权中位数分析中观察到相同的估计值,OR=1.959,95% CI:1.040~3.689,P=0.037,而在MR-Egger分析中,显示了一致性的效应方向,但结果不显著(见图3),可能是由于MR-Egger的置信区间较大,效能较低。
本研究进行了一系列敏感性测试,包括MR-Egger截距、漏斗图、Mr-PRESSO检测、Cochran Q检验和“leave-one-out”分析,用以评估阳性结果的准确性。对纳入的SNPs位点进行Mr-PRESSO检测(P=0.962),MR-Egger截距的P值为0.757,且漏斗图(图4)同样显示该研究并不存在偏移,表明本研究中不存在潜在的水平多效性(P>0.05)。随后,我们采用Cochran Q检验进行进一步分析,所纳入的SNPs在结果中没有显著的异质性(Q值为5.161;P=0.952)。此外,使用“leave-one-out”分析,结果表明去除单个SNP并重复MR分析时,没有观察到对工具变量有偏倚影响的单个SNP(图5),证明用来评估因果关系的效应不依赖任何单一的遗传工具来驱动,说明了结果的可靠性。
随着虚弱和COPD的患病率迅速上升,越来越多的患者生活质量受到这些疾病的影响,阐明这两种疾病之间的因果关系,对指导疾病的预防和治疗具有重要意义。目前观察性流行病学研究常出现难以控制的混杂偏倚,且对这两种疾病之间的因果关系缺乏直接证据。相对而言,随机对照试验(Randomized control trial, RCT)在处理潜在的混杂因素是有效的[13],然而,出于实际情况不可行或受道德制约时,MR供了一种揭示因果关系有效的替代方法。利用来自英国生物样本库和FinnGen的大规模GWAS数据,这项两样本 MR分析使用了多个方法系统地来研究虚弱和COPD发生风险之间可能的因果关系。在本研究中,基因预测结果显示虚弱与发生COPD风险增加有关,并且进一步证实两者呈正向因果关系。据我们所知,这是第一项基于MR框架确定虚弱与COPD之间因果关系的研究。
虚弱是一种生理储备减少的状态,在COPD患者中很常见,一项横断面研究筛选了英国生物样本库中40~70岁且患有的COPD的受试者数据,评估受试者的虚弱患病率以及与最大呼气第一秒呼出的气量的容积(forced expiratory volume in 1 second, FEV1)的关系,研究结论认为虚弱,无论年龄或预防措施,并且无论使用哪种虚弱表型定义,都会造成COPD患者的不良临床结果[14],目前关于虚弱和COPD发生的研究大多集中在临床横断面研究以及队列研究方面,而本研究从基因的遗传易感性角度出发,利用孟德尔随机化研究,从两样本数据库调取虚弱和COPD的数据集,进行MR分析,得出虚弱会增加COPD患者的发生风险的,我们的研究结果与上述横断面研究以及队列研究的结果相一致,由此我们可以得出加强临床对于虚弱的综合评估,有助于发现COPD早期高风险患者,对于COPD的防治策略有重要的现实意义。
随着人口老龄化,认识到老年人的虚弱变得很重要。特别是虚弱可能在某些慢性疾病的发展中发挥作用,但是虚弱导致COPD发生的确切机制目前尚不清楚,可能两者有共同的风险因素(如年龄和吸烟)和病理机制,研究认为慢性炎症、免疫系统功能障碍和神经内分泌调节受损可能引发虚弱,尤其值得注意的是白细胞介素-6与肌肉萎缩有关,在长期暴露于白细胞介素-6的情况下,肌肉发生分解代谢和萎缩,而肌肉萎缩被认为是身体虚弱的主要原因[15]。而另一项研究认为气道、肺血管的慢性炎症,以及过多的粘液分泌和支气管粘膜上皮病变是COPD的主要病理基础[16],多种炎性细胞、炎性介质均参与了COPD 的发病过程。因此,在慢性低度炎症环境的长期影响下,可能进一步增加发生肌肉萎缩的风险,这是两种疾病之间可能存在的一种潜在机制。此外,一项研究表明,具有肌肉萎缩特征的虚弱患者在四年后患呼吸障碍的可能性增加[17],开展虚弱相关特征的评估,可能预防呼吸障碍的发生发展。
MR研究的三个核心要素,可以使本研究的结果避免混杂因素和反向因果关系而导致的偏差,根据本研究预测结果显示虚弱与COPD发生风险可能呈正相关,因此,更多的了解COPD早期症状,尤其虚弱不同表型的评估,对于降低COPD的整体风险可能很重要。目前COPD患者的虚弱评估正在成为一个重点问题,不仅因为它对COPD发病率或死亡率增加的潜在预后价值,而是因为它作为晚期COPD姑息治疗中功能状态的衡量标准的潜在作用,更是由于虚弱评估可能有助于COPD的风险分层和指导针对性干预。
然而,本研究也存在一些局限性。首先,研究基于欧洲血统的人群,不能确定是否可以证明其他民族、国家和地区之间是否存在基因差异;其次,本研究仅分析了虚弱与COPD的关系,由于缺乏详细的临床信息,不能对前虚弱和虚弱以及COPD患者ABE三个等级进一步进行亚组分析,因而不能确定其具体的因果联系。第三,由于GWAS数据的局限性,需要以更多的SNPs作为变量工具来重复MR研究,以提高检验关联性的能力,进一步的探索潜在的机制,这对于提供切实可行的预防和治疗手段至关重要。第四,该研究没有进一步分析反向因果关系。也没有分析结果因素的风险因素。
总之,本研究通过MR方法证明虚弱与COPD发生风险呈正相关。因此,应加强对虚弱患者的评估管理,以降低COPD事件的发生。更重要的是,我们的研究可能为研究虚弱和COPD的预防提供新证据。为将来的研究提供可行的评估手段,做到早发现、早诊断、早治疗。
  • 国家自然科学基金联合重点项目(U20A20398)
  • 2022年安徽省临床医学研究转化专项(202204295107020045)
  • 2021年度安徽中医药大学临床科研项目(2021LCWH03)
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2024年第51卷第2期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308098
  • 接收时间:2023-08-06
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-06
基金
国家自然科学基金联合重点项目(U20A20398)
2022年安徽省临床医学研究转化专项(202204295107020045)
2021年度安徽中医药大学临床科研项目(2021LCWH03)
作者信息
    1.安徽中医药大学,安徽 合肥 230038
    2.芜湖市中医医院呼吸与危重症医学科
    3.安徽医科大学第一附属医院老年病内分泌科
    4.安徽省中医院
    5.安徽省中医药科学院中医呼吸病防治研究所

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李泽庚,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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