Article(id=1241322669824594604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241322661654098823, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308489, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1693324800000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773883987145, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1706112000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773883987145, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773883987145, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773883987145, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241322661654098823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='2', pageStart='193', pageEnd='384', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773883985198, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773890256678, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241348966214849502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241322661654098823, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241348966214849503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241322661654098823, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=226, endPage=232, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241322670269190860, articleId=1241322669824594604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Element characteristics and health risk assessment of atmospheric PM2.5 in Zhuhai, 2020-2023, columnId=1228016570660745413, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Environmental and Occupational Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To understand the characteristics of atmospheric PM2.5 pollution elements and their health risk assessment in Zhuhai in recent years, in order to provide relevant basis for pollution control in Zhuhai.

Methods

From April 2020 to March 2023, PM2.5 samples were collected on a monthly basis in three administrative regions of Zhuhai City, with a total of 756 samples obtained. The elemental contents in PM2.5 were analysed by ICP-MS.The health risks were calculated using the US EPA inhalation exposure model.

Results

Monthly analysis of PM2.5 samples in Zhuhai within the range of 34 elements.The mass concentrations of most elements were low in summer and high in winter.The annual average concentration of heavy metal elements in the three years of monitoring, from highest to lowest, was Zn(64.1 ng/m3) >Mn(14.22 ng/m3) >Pb(10.9 ng/m3) >Cu(6.57 ng/m3) >As(2.41 ng/m3) >Ni(1.91 ng/m3) >V(1.83 ng/m3) >Cr(1.62 ng/m3) >Sb(1.21 ng/m3) >Cd(0.54 ng/m3) >Tl(0.13 ng/m3)>Co(0.12 ng/m3)>Hg(4.88×10-3ng/m3).Compared with previous studies in Zhuhai, the mass concentration of each element has decreased, but Sb, Al, As, Cr, Ni and Se had a trend of rising again.A health assessment was conducted on 6 carcinogenic elements Cr, Co, Ni, As, Mo and Cd, as well as 10 non carcinogenic elements Al, V, Mn, Cu, Zn, Se, Sb, Ba, Hg, and Pb. The results showed that the risk of non carcinogenic elements was at an acceptable level for the population(HQ≤1). Cr and As had a carcinogenic risk(R>10-6).

Conclusion

The health risks of non carcinogenic elements PM2.5 in the atmosphere of Zhuhai City are all at an acceptable level for the population. Cr and As pose a cancer risk and require special attention. From the perspective of element mass concentration, fuel and transportation pollution are still the key points of governance.

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目的

了解珠海市近年来大气PM2.5的元素特征及其健康风险,为珠海市污染治理提供相关依据。

方法

于2020年4月—2023年3月在珠海市3个行政区每月定期采集PM2.5样本,共取得756份样品,通过ICP-MS法对PM2.5中元素含量进行测量,并采用美国EPA吸入暴露模型计算健康风险。

结果

每月在34种元素范围内对珠海市PM2.5样本进行分析,大部分元素质量浓度表现为夏季低,冬季高的特点,其中重金属元素3年间年均浓度由大到小依次为锌(64.1 ng/m3)>锰(14.2 ng/m3)>铅(10.9 ng/m3)>铜(6.57 ng/m3)>砷(2.41 ng/m3)>镍(1.91 ng/m3)>钒(1.83 ng/m3)>铬(1.62 ng/m3)>锑(1.21 ng/m3)>镉(0.54 ng/m3)>铊(0.13 ng/m3)>钴(0.12 ng/m3)>汞(4.88×10-3 ng/m3)。与之前珠海市的相关研究比较,各元素质量浓度均有所下降,但锑、铝、砷、铬、镍、硒有再次上涨的趋势。对6种致癌元素铬、钴、镍、砷、钼和镉,10种非致癌元素铝、钒、锰、铜、锌、硒、锑、钡、汞和铅进行健康评价,结果显示非致癌元素风险均在人群可接受水平(HQ≤1),致癌元素铬和砷存在致癌风险(R>10-6)。

结论

珠海市大气PM2.5非致癌元素健康风险均在人群可接受水平,致癌元素铬和砷存在致癌风险,需重点关注。从元素质量浓度来看,燃料和交通污染仍是治理重点。

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黄利群,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=nNWNyR8bCf+cn996/lCc7Q==, magXml=t3N1/ounsGyNrUqQVunIRA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=RARlJX5SzzO18ayKmIU4ug==, pdfFileSize=626212, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Q0vwqVVY1GrRIyPX7MFhvQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张瑰(1973—),女,本科,主任技师,研究方向:理化检验金属元素检测方向

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Environment International, 2023, 174: 107918., articleTitle=Prenatal Arsenic exposure, Arsenic metabolism and neurocognitive development of 2-year-old children in low-arsenic areas, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241322686870245961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322669824594604, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=260, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=45, authorNames=Zeng QB, Zhang AH, journalName=Environmental Pollution, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zeng QB, Zhang AH. Assessing potential mechanisms of arsenic-induced skin lesions and cancers: Human and in vitro evidence[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2020, 260: 113919., articleTitle=Assessing potential mechanisms of arsenic-induced skin lesions and cancers: Human and in vitro evidence, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241322678674575576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322669824594604, awardId=ZH22036201210166PWC, language=CN, fundingSource=珠海市社会发展领域科技计划项目(ZH22036201210166PWC), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241322671242269478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322669824594604, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241322671246463785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322669824594604, companyId=1241322671242269478, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241322671263241002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322669824594604, companyId=1241322671242269478, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.珠海市疾病预防控制中心,广东 珠海 519000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241322672785773366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322669824594604, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241322672794161976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322669824594604, companyId=1241322672785773366, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校统计学院)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241322672932574018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322669824594604, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241322672940962628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322669824594604, companyId=1241322672932574018, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.新乡医学院公共卫生学院)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241322677672136834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322669824594604, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Exposure parameters for respiratory pathway into the human body

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人群IR(m3/d)BW(Kg)ED(d)AT(d)
成年男性18.0065.030×36570×365
成年女性14.5056.830×36570×365
儿童8.7036.018×36570×365
), ArticleFig(id=1241322677797965958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322669824594604, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

经呼吸途径进入人体的暴露参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人群IR(m3/d)BW(Kg)ED(d)AT(d)
成年男性18.0065.030×36570×365
成年女性14.5056.830×36570×365
儿童8.7036.018×36570×365
), ArticleFig(id=1241322677936378005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322669824594604, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Dose-response parameters of respiratory pathway into the human

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素SF(kg·d/mg)元素RfD[mg/(kg·d)]
As20.07Hg1.00×10-4
Cd8.40Pb4.30×10-4
Cr56.00Mn3.00×10-4
Ni1.19Cu2.00×10-3
Mo4.95×10-3Zn1.00×10-2
Co9.80V7.00×10-3
Ba2.00×10-1
Se5.00×10-3
Al4.00×10-4
Sb4.00×10-4
), ArticleFig(id=1241322678058012837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322669824594604, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

经呼吸途径进入人体的剂量-反应参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素SF(kg·d/mg)元素RfD[mg/(kg·d)]
As20.07Hg1.00×10-4
Cd8.40Pb4.30×10-4
Cr56.00Mn3.00×10-4
Ni1.19Cu2.00×10-3
Mo4.95×10-3Zn1.00×10-2
Co9.80V7.00×10-3
Ba2.00×10-1
Se5.00×10-3
Al4.00×10-4
Sb4.00×10-4
), ArticleFig(id=1241322678167064748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322669824594604, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Monthly mean concentrations of atmospheric PM2.5 in Zhuhai from April 2020 to March 2023(ng/m3)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份月份铍(Be)铝(Al)钙(Ca)钒(V)铬(Cr)锰(Mn)钴(Co)镍(Ni)铜(Cu)锌(Zn)砷(As)硒(Se)
202045.53×10-359.112.931.2915.680.122.546.85139.242.921.67
54.88×10-333.171.550.9113.210.111.704.8158.042.311.59
61.24×10-312.510.960.353.800.040.911.6720.570.330.43
71.20×10-324.001.050.362.950.040.491.509.300.230.39
81.67×10-314.571.020.373.810.030.831.5715.010.280.32
92.15×10-310.101.470.609.490.071.313.6745.200.670.62
105.16×10-340.601.332.5115.840.141.779.9089.734.201.94
118.09×10-368.391.464.0725.430.221.7713.97119.534.032.48
129.08×10-354.921.673.4832.510.202.6315.73131.727.223.14
2021114.73×10-393.762.262.4431.060.222.7114.11152.536.662.53
26.64×10-361.342.720.859.900.152.826.8356.852.341.55
34.67×10-327.803.390.8810.030.143.154.3760.451.341.21
年均值5.42×10-341.691.821.5114.470.121.897.0874.852.711.49
41.68×10-324.8081.202.910.689.790.112.643.7241.961.090.97
51.14×10-311.13127.301.430.435.560.050.962.0917.210.260.51
62.14×10-313.1476.801.140.304.980.030.731.2720.180.300.49
73.40×10-342.1783.851.400.946.390.071.342.0235.400.560.51
81.40×10-320.52240.901.140.218.370.051.003.4646.960.510.48
93.93×10-341.48238.921.141.4213.130.071.274.6864.822.121.20
103.41×10-334.63109.390.881.5610.130.081.266.5460.992.721.36
119.34×10-375.20327.021.182.2926.740.171.6915.34116.783.112.49
129.09×10-354.40237.131.882.8831.520.182.5814.89160.385.713.12
202217.70×10-377.80263.561.532.9428.220.172.1812.20103.934.012.50
22.65×10-365.94108.771.501.8412.750.151.7410.6553.102.061.07
33.85×10-391.54146.213.191.7111.800.153.622.9344.451.221.03
年均值4.14×10-346.06170.091.611.4314.120.111.756.6563.851.971.31
44.88×10-349.74175.282.412.1111.920.162.823.9543.902.170.78
52.07×10-324.9991.670.832.109.260.081.394.0534.510.730.72
60.96×10-317.9999.551.041.646.550.041.192.5027.020.420.71
73.03×10-327.12110.361.451.524.930.081.460.9029.190.180.42
82.28×10-331.3090.321.290.995.200.051.551.6532.090.450.53
918.07×10-3140.54282.182.433.2325.530.172.5111.27113.528.524.81
1010.79×10-396.34516.211.022.9426.430.201.8314.1388.634.472.67
114.46×10-355.59243.394.102.0314.830.143.285.9770.401.681.65
126.57×10-354.48343.430.612.8022.360.111.449.6071.704.322.47
202317.54×10-331.39242.902.250.806.670.091.715.2830.642.231.03
22.94×10-353.29132.573.121.2911.120.122.534.9744.231.621.10
39.42×10-396.06252.424.221.5523.950.173.377.3457.183.662.10
年均值6.08×10-356.57215.022.061.9214.060.122.095.9753.592.541.58
年份钼(Mo)镉(Cd)锑(Sb)钡(Ba)汞(Hg)铊(Tl)铅(Pb)钍(Th)铀(U)
20200.531.951.383.315.61×10-30.1713.84
0.351.570.833.506.17×10-30.179.27
0.060.280.201.423.85×10-30.021.78
0.040.100.120.662.04×10-30.011.45
0.060.020.131.510.97×10-30.011.14
0.130.180.451.691.78×10-30.063.74
0.620.771.554.288.98×10-30.2118.25
0.651.141.967.2014.22×10-30.3724.09
0.741.102.837.2030.08×10-30.3126.89
20210.651.583.6311.7117.20×10-30.3233.83
0.520.421.406.628.66×10-30.0811.99
0.350.300.862.813.87×10-30.077.14
0.390.781.284.338.62×10-30.1512.78
0.360.180.454.791.49×10-30.064.7812.96×10-34.68×10-3
0.100.050.250.920.76×10-30.032.978.10×10-33.36×10-3
0.110.040.200.981.24×10-30.012.645.31×10-31.93×10-3
0.320.110.233.111.00×10-30.063.289.65×10-38.03×10-3
0.100.050.181.231.03×10-30.013.394.58×10-32.82×10-3
0.330.230.792.942.17×10-30.096.7021.28×10-326.21×10-3
0.400.511.213.688.25×10-30.1711.6111.43×10-38.99×10-3
0.631.012.569.93147.28×10-30.4224.9943.28×10-320.58×10-3
0.931.383.068.7424.53×10-30.3428.2737.45×10-320.03×10-3
20221.050.952.3212.2114.12×10-30.2220.7125.49×10-316.91×10-3
0.480.371.2227.365.03×10-30.098.507.42×10-37.30×10-3
0.590.191.003.443.15×10-30.045.6110.62×10-3
0.450.421.126.6117.50×10-30.1310.2916.99×10-310.95×10-3
0.690.271.113.343.12×10-30.067.6223.53×10-312.47×10-3
0.550.150.932.601.49×10-30.064.144.65×10-35.73×10-3
0.220.100.302.101.49×10-30.013.524.66×10-34.48×10-3
0.250.030.251.921.88×10-30.011.1410.85×10-38.17×10-3
0.270.060.773.331.49×10-30.012.663.78×10-35.48×10-3
1.121.252.8613.315.69×10-30.3726.1045.57×10-327.95×10-3
1.030.932.249.1121.40×10-30.2615.3444.59×10-322.86×10-3
0.750.331.405.321.76×10-30.096.3915.92×10-310.79×10-3
1.010.872.126.378.41×10-30.2819.4014.70×10-318.79×10-3
20230.280.200.7712.068.88×10-30.055.6524.91×10-35.28×10-3
0.370.340.734.701.49×10-30.098.2114.89×10-37.16×10-3
0.650.651.275.921.49×10-30.1714.5941.95×10-314.48×10-3
0.600.431.235.844.88×10-30.129.5620.83×10-311.97×10-3
年份月份钇(Y)镧(La)铈(Ce)镨(Pr)钕(Nd)钐(Sm)
202240.067 40.094 50.147 00.016 80.067 40.014 2
50.035 70.040 20.051 80.004 80.034 50.001 9
60.024 00.022 00.030 70.002 60.013 40.002 3
70.044 10.035 70.054 90.006 80.026 60.006 3
80.033 30.028 60.039 60.003 10.017 90.002 9
90.131 00.217 00.304 00.039 20.147 00.024 9
100.139 00.264 00.343 00.056 50.207 00.029 7
110.069 50.070 80.089 50.009 80.045 50.007 0
120.060 50.135 00.154 00.026 20.091 70.010 5
202310.053 60.141 00.155 00.026 60.093 00.010 3
20.044 30.073 50.094 60.014 80.054 20.008 7
30.098 40.185 00.313 00.037 20.139 00.026 9
年均值0.066 70.109 00.148 00.020 40.078 10.012 1
年份铕(Eu)钆(Gd)镝(Dy)钬(Ho)铒(Er)铥(Tm)镱(Yb)
20220.002 340.013 00.010 80.001 790.005 070.000 2930.003 90
0.000 160.002 50.001 60.000 090.000 130.000 0200.000 24
0.000 340.002 60.002 10.000 290.000 970.000 0780.000 60
0.001 280.006 20.005 40.001 390.003 420.000 4070.002 14
0.000 160.002 90.002 00.000 090.000 460.000 0200.000 23
0.003 810.024 00.018 80.002 940.009 030.000 5050.007 48
0.004 280.030 90.029 60.004 100.010 200.000 5590.008 40
0.000 470.007 00.005 70.000 080.001 780.000 0200.001 33
0.001 920.011 90.008 40.002 180.003 830.000 5450.003 41
20230.002 000.011 30.007 80.002 170.003 730.000 5730.003 59
0.001 840.009 00.006 10.001 330.003 040.000 3970.002 42
0.005 220.025 50.017 70.003 550.008 550.001 0700.006 71
0.001 980.012 20.009 70.001 660.004 180.000 3740.003 37
), ArticleFig(id=1241322678284505267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322669824594604, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2020年4月—2023年3月珠海市大气PM2.5中各元素月均值浓度(ng/m3

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份月份铍(Be)铝(Al)钙(Ca)钒(V)铬(Cr)锰(Mn)钴(Co)镍(Ni)铜(Cu)锌(Zn)砷(As)硒(Se)
202045.53×10-359.112.931.2915.680.122.546.85139.242.921.67
54.88×10-333.171.550.9113.210.111.704.8158.042.311.59
61.24×10-312.510.960.353.800.040.911.6720.570.330.43
71.20×10-324.001.050.362.950.040.491.509.300.230.39
81.67×10-314.571.020.373.810.030.831.5715.010.280.32
92.15×10-310.101.470.609.490.071.313.6745.200.670.62
105.16×10-340.601.332.5115.840.141.779.9089.734.201.94
118.09×10-368.391.464.0725.430.221.7713.97119.534.032.48
129.08×10-354.921.673.4832.510.202.6315.73131.727.223.14
2021114.73×10-393.762.262.4431.060.222.7114.11152.536.662.53
26.64×10-361.342.720.859.900.152.826.8356.852.341.55
34.67×10-327.803.390.8810.030.143.154.3760.451.341.21
年均值5.42×10-341.691.821.5114.470.121.897.0874.852.711.49
41.68×10-324.8081.202.910.689.790.112.643.7241.961.090.97
51.14×10-311.13127.301.430.435.560.050.962.0917.210.260.51
62.14×10-313.1476.801.140.304.980.030.731.2720.180.300.49
73.40×10-342.1783.851.400.946.390.071.342.0235.400.560.51
81.40×10-320.52240.901.140.218.370.051.003.4646.960.510.48
93.93×10-341.48238.921.141.4213.130.071.274.6864.822.121.20
103.41×10-334.63109.390.881.5610.130.081.266.5460.992.721.36
119.34×10-375.20327.021.182.2926.740.171.6915.34116.783.112.49
129.09×10-354.40237.131.882.8831.520.182.5814.89160.385.713.12
202217.70×10-377.80263.561.532.9428.220.172.1812.20103.934.012.50
22.65×10-365.94108.771.501.8412.750.151.7410.6553.102.061.07
33.85×10-391.54146.213.191.7111.800.153.622.9344.451.221.03
年均值4.14×10-346.06170.091.611.4314.120.111.756.6563.851.971.31
44.88×10-349.74175.282.412.1111.920.162.823.9543.902.170.78
52.07×10-324.9991.670.832.109.260.081.394.0534.510.730.72
60.96×10-317.9999.551.041.646.550.041.192.5027.020.420.71
73.03×10-327.12110.361.451.524.930.081.460.9029.190.180.42
82.28×10-331.3090.321.290.995.200.051.551.6532.090.450.53
918.07×10-3140.54282.182.433.2325.530.172.5111.27113.528.524.81
1010.79×10-396.34516.211.022.9426.430.201.8314.1388.634.472.67
114.46×10-355.59243.394.102.0314.830.143.285.9770.401.681.65
126.57×10-354.48343.430.612.8022.360.111.449.6071.704.322.47
202317.54×10-331.39242.902.250.806.670.091.715.2830.642.231.03
22.94×10-353.29132.573.121.2911.120.122.534.9744.231.621.10
39.42×10-396.06252.424.221.5523.950.173.377.3457.183.662.10
年均值6.08×10-356.57215.022.061.9214.060.122.095.9753.592.541.58
年份钼(Mo)镉(Cd)锑(Sb)钡(Ba)汞(Hg)铊(Tl)铅(Pb)钍(Th)铀(U)
20200.531.951.383.315.61×10-30.1713.84
0.351.570.833.506.17×10-30.179.27
0.060.280.201.423.85×10-30.021.78
0.040.100.120.662.04×10-30.011.45
0.060.020.131.510.97×10-30.011.14
0.130.180.451.691.78×10-30.063.74
0.620.771.554.288.98×10-30.2118.25
0.651.141.967.2014.22×10-30.3724.09
0.741.102.837.2030.08×10-30.3126.89
20210.651.583.6311.7117.20×10-30.3233.83
0.520.421.406.628.66×10-30.0811.99
0.350.300.862.813.87×10-30.077.14
0.390.781.284.338.62×10-30.1512.78
0.360.180.454.791.49×10-30.064.7812.96×10-34.68×10-3
0.100.050.250.920.76×10-30.032.978.10×10-33.36×10-3
0.110.040.200.981.24×10-30.012.645.31×10-31.93×10-3
0.320.110.233.111.00×10-30.063.289.65×10-38.03×10-3
0.100.050.181.231.03×10-30.013.394.58×10-32.82×10-3
0.330.230.792.942.17×10-30.096.7021.28×10-326.21×10-3
0.400.511.213.688.25×10-30.1711.6111.43×10-38.99×10-3
0.631.012.569.93147.28×10-30.4224.9943.28×10-320.58×10-3
0.931.383.068.7424.53×10-30.3428.2737.45×10-320.03×10-3
20221.050.952.3212.2114.12×10-30.2220.7125.49×10-316.91×10-3
0.480.371.2227.365.03×10-30.098.507.42×10-37.30×10-3
0.590.191.003.443.15×10-30.045.6110.62×10-3
0.450.421.126.6117.50×10-30.1310.2916.99×10-310.95×10-3
0.690.271.113.343.12×10-30.067.6223.53×10-312.47×10-3
0.550.150.932.601.49×10-30.064.144.65×10-35.73×10-3
0.220.100.302.101.49×10-30.013.524.66×10-34.48×10-3
0.250.030.251.921.88×10-30.011.1410.85×10-38.17×10-3
0.270.060.773.331.49×10-30.012.663.78×10-35.48×10-3
1.121.252.8613.315.69×10-30.3726.1045.57×10-327.95×10-3
1.030.932.249.1121.40×10-30.2615.3444.59×10-322.86×10-3
0.750.331.405.321.76×10-30.096.3915.92×10-310.79×10-3
1.010.872.126.378.41×10-30.2819.4014.70×10-318.79×10-3
20230.280.200.7712.068.88×10-30.055.6524.91×10-35.28×10-3
0.370.340.734.701.49×10-30.098.2114.89×10-37.16×10-3
0.650.651.275.921.49×10-30.1714.5941.95×10-314.48×10-3
0.600.431.235.844.88×10-30.129.5620.83×10-311.97×10-3
年份月份钇(Y)镧(La)铈(Ce)镨(Pr)钕(Nd)钐(Sm)
202240.067 40.094 50.147 00.016 80.067 40.014 2
50.035 70.040 20.051 80.004 80.034 50.001 9
60.024 00.022 00.030 70.002 60.013 40.002 3
70.044 10.035 70.054 90.006 80.026 60.006 3
80.033 30.028 60.039 60.003 10.017 90.002 9
90.131 00.217 00.304 00.039 20.147 00.024 9
100.139 00.264 00.343 00.056 50.207 00.029 7
110.069 50.070 80.089 50.009 80.045 50.007 0
120.060 50.135 00.154 00.026 20.091 70.010 5
202310.053 60.141 00.155 00.026 60.093 00.010 3
20.044 30.073 50.094 60.014 80.054 20.008 7
30.098 40.185 00.313 00.037 20.139 00.026 9
年均值0.066 70.109 00.148 00.020 40.078 10.012 1
年份铕(Eu)钆(Gd)镝(Dy)钬(Ho)铒(Er)铥(Tm)镱(Yb)
20220.002 340.013 00.010 80.001 790.005 070.000 2930.003 90
0.000 160.002 50.001 60.000 090.000 130.000 0200.000 24
0.000 340.002 60.002 10.000 290.000 970.000 0780.000 60
0.001 280.006 20.005 40.001 390.003 420.000 4070.002 14
0.000 160.002 90.002 00.000 090.000 460.000 0200.000 23
0.003 810.024 00.018 80.002 940.009 030.000 5050.007 48
0.004 280.030 90.029 60.004 100.010 200.000 5590.008 40
0.000 470.007 00.005 70.000 080.001 780.000 0200.001 33
0.001 920.011 90.008 40.002 180.003 830.000 5450.003 41
20230.002 000.011 30.007 80.002 170.003 730.000 5730.003 59
0.001 840.009 00.006 10.001 330.003 040.000 3970.002 42
0.005 220.025 50.017 70.003 550.008 550.001 0700.006 71
0.001 980.012 20.009 70.001 660.004 180.000 3740.003 37
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The risk assessment of atmospheric PM2.5 elements in Zhuhai from April 2020 to March 2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素致癌元素R[×10-6]元素非致癌元素HQ
成年男性成年女性儿童成年男性成年女性儿童
铬(Cr)10.769.925.63铝(Al)1.43×10-21.32×10-20.75×10-2
钴(Co)0.130.120.07钒(V)3.10×10-52.86×10-51.63×10-5
镍(Ni)0.270.250.14锰(Mn)5.62×10-35.19×10-32.95×10-3
砷(As)5.735.293.00铜(Cu)3.90×10-43.59×10-42.04×10-4
钼(Mo)2.82×10-42.60×10-41.48×10-4锌(Zn)7.61×10-47.01×10-43.98×10-4
镉(Cd)0.540.500.28硒(Se)3.47×10-53.20×10-51.82×10-5
锑(Sb)3.60×10-43.31×10-41.88×10-4
钡(Ba)3.32×10-63.06×10-61.74×10-6
汞(Hg)1.21×10-51.12×10-50.63×10-5
铅(Pb)3.00×10-32.77×10-31.57×10-3
), ArticleFig(id=1241322678531969228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322669824594604, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2020年4月—2023年3月珠海市大气PM2.5元素风险评价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素致癌元素R[×10-6]元素非致癌元素HQ
成年男性成年女性儿童成年男性成年女性儿童
铬(Cr)10.769.925.63铝(Al)1.43×10-21.32×10-20.75×10-2
钴(Co)0.130.120.07钒(V)3.10×10-52.86×10-51.63×10-5
镍(Ni)0.270.250.14锰(Mn)5.62×10-35.19×10-32.95×10-3
砷(As)5.735.293.00铜(Cu)3.90×10-43.59×10-42.04×10-4
钼(Mo)2.82×10-42.60×10-41.48×10-4锌(Zn)7.61×10-47.01×10-43.98×10-4
镉(Cd)0.540.500.28硒(Se)3.47×10-53.20×10-51.82×10-5
锑(Sb)3.60×10-43.31×10-41.88×10-4
钡(Ba)3.32×10-63.06×10-61.74×10-6
汞(Hg)1.21×10-51.12×10-50.63×10-5
铅(Pb)3.00×10-32.77×10-31.57×10-3
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珠海市2020—2023年大气PM2.5的元素特征及健康风险评价
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张瑰 1 , 吴雨蔓 2 , 职佳音 3 , 林丽玲 1 , 江倩文 1 , 黄利群 1
现代预防医学 | 环境与职业卫生 2024,51(2): 226-232
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现代预防医学 | 环境与职业卫生 2024, 51(2): 226-232
珠海市2020—2023年大气PM2.5的元素特征及健康风险评价
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张瑰1, 吴雨蔓2, 职佳音3, 林丽玲1, 江倩文1, 黄利群1
作者信息
  • 1.珠海市疾病预防控制中心,广东 珠海 519000
  • 2.威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校统计学院
  • 3.新乡医学院公共卫生学院
  • 张瑰(1973—),女,本科,主任技师,研究方向:理化检验金属元素检测方向

通讯作者:

黄利群,E-mail:
Element characteristics and health risk assessment of atmospheric PM2.5 in Zhuhai, 2020-2023
Gui ZHANG1, Yu-man WU2, Jia-yin ZHI3, Li-ling LIN1, Qian-wen JIANG1, Li-qun HUANG1
Affiliations
  • Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
出版时间: 2024-01-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308489
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目的

了解珠海市近年来大气PM2.5的元素特征及其健康风险,为珠海市污染治理提供相关依据。

方法

于2020年4月—2023年3月在珠海市3个行政区每月定期采集PM2.5样本,共取得756份样品,通过ICP-MS法对PM2.5中元素含量进行测量,并采用美国EPA吸入暴露模型计算健康风险。

结果

每月在34种元素范围内对珠海市PM2.5样本进行分析,大部分元素质量浓度表现为夏季低,冬季高的特点,其中重金属元素3年间年均浓度由大到小依次为锌(64.1 ng/m3)>锰(14.2 ng/m3)>铅(10.9 ng/m3)>铜(6.57 ng/m3)>砷(2.41 ng/m3)>镍(1.91 ng/m3)>钒(1.83 ng/m3)>铬(1.62 ng/m3)>锑(1.21 ng/m3)>镉(0.54 ng/m3)>铊(0.13 ng/m3)>钴(0.12 ng/m3)>汞(4.88×10-3 ng/m3)。与之前珠海市的相关研究比较,各元素质量浓度均有所下降,但锑、铝、砷、铬、镍、硒有再次上涨的趋势。对6种致癌元素铬、钴、镍、砷、钼和镉,10种非致癌元素铝、钒、锰、铜、锌、硒、锑、钡、汞和铅进行健康评价,结果显示非致癌元素风险均在人群可接受水平(HQ≤1),致癌元素铬和砷存在致癌风险(R>10-6)。

结论

珠海市大气PM2.5非致癌元素健康风险均在人群可接受水平,致癌元素铬和砷存在致癌风险,需重点关注。从元素质量浓度来看,燃料和交通污染仍是治理重点。

大气污染  /  PM2.5  /  健康风险评价
Objective

To understand the characteristics of atmospheric PM2.5 pollution elements and their health risk assessment in Zhuhai in recent years, in order to provide relevant basis for pollution control in Zhuhai.

Methods

From April 2020 to March 2023, PM2.5 samples were collected on a monthly basis in three administrative regions of Zhuhai City, with a total of 756 samples obtained. The elemental contents in PM2.5 were analysed by ICP-MS.The health risks were calculated using the US EPA inhalation exposure model.

Results

Monthly analysis of PM2.5 samples in Zhuhai within the range of 34 elements.The mass concentrations of most elements were low in summer and high in winter.The annual average concentration of heavy metal elements in the three years of monitoring, from highest to lowest, was Zn(64.1 ng/m3) >Mn(14.22 ng/m3) >Pb(10.9 ng/m3) >Cu(6.57 ng/m3) >As(2.41 ng/m3) >Ni(1.91 ng/m3) >V(1.83 ng/m3) >Cr(1.62 ng/m3) >Sb(1.21 ng/m3) >Cd(0.54 ng/m3) >Tl(0.13 ng/m3)>Co(0.12 ng/m3)>Hg(4.88×10-3ng/m3).Compared with previous studies in Zhuhai, the mass concentration of each element has decreased, but Sb, Al, As, Cr, Ni and Se had a trend of rising again.A health assessment was conducted on 6 carcinogenic elements Cr, Co, Ni, As, Mo and Cd, as well as 10 non carcinogenic elements Al, V, Mn, Cu, Zn, Se, Sb, Ba, Hg, and Pb. The results showed that the risk of non carcinogenic elements was at an acceptable level for the population(HQ≤1). Cr and As had a carcinogenic risk(R>10-6).

Conclusion

The health risks of non carcinogenic elements PM2.5 in the atmosphere of Zhuhai City are all at an acceptable level for the population. Cr and As pose a cancer risk and require special attention. From the perspective of element mass concentration, fuel and transportation pollution are still the key points of governance.

Air pollution  /  PM2.5  /  Health risk assessment
张瑰, 吴雨蔓, 职佳音, 林丽玲, 江倩文, 黄利群. 珠海市2020—2023年大气PM2.5的元素特征及健康风险评价. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (2) : 226 -232 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308489
Gui ZHANG, Yu-man WU, Jia-yin ZHI, Li-ling LIN, Qian-wen JIANG, Li-qun HUANG. Element characteristics and health risk assessment of atmospheric PM2.5 in Zhuhai, 2020-2023[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (2) : 226 -232 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308489
PM2.5污染是全球突出问题,其作为载体携带的大量污染元素会严重危害人体健康,其中的重金属,如铅、镉等暴露于发育窗口期,容易对神经系统造成影响;砷、铅、汞、镉和铬等和癌症密切相关[1]。因气候和产业不同,各地的PM2.5元素特征多有其独特性。研究PM2.5元素污染特征有助于掌握当地PM2.5污染的整体情况,而健康风险评价可以确定PM2.5暴露对人体产生的健康效应,PM2.5元素特征分析和健康评价研究在许多城市均有开展,如广州[2]、深圳[3]、济南[4]等。珠海市属于珠三角经济区城市之一,经济发达的同时也是大气污染的重点区域,杨毅红等人[5]曾对珠海市郊区的PM2.5痕量重金属做过污染特征分析和健康风险评价,但主要关注的是郊区污染,不能代表珠海市整体的污染情况。之后吴和岩等人[6]分析了2017—2018年珠海市PM2.512种元素的污染特征和来源,且与杨毅红的结果作对比,元素质量浓度均有所下降,燃煤、船舶、交通和工业污染仍为主要污染源,但其未进行健康风险评价,从现在来看研究时间也较早。本研究在珠海市2020—2023年连续3年采样的基础上,对收集到的PM2.5样本中34种元素铍(Be)、铝(Al)、钙(Ca)、钒(V)、铬(Cr)、锰(Mn)、钴(Co)、镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、砷(As)、硒(Se)、钼(Mo)、镉(Cd)、锑(Sb)、钡(Ba)、汞(Hg)、铊(Tl)、铅(Pb)、钍(Th)、铀(U)、镧(La)、铈(Ce)、镨(Pr)、钕(Nd)、钐(Sm)、铕(Eu)、钆(Gd)、镝(Dy)、钬(Ho)、铒(Er)、铥(Tm)、镱(Yb)和钇(Y)进行浓度检测,并采用美国EPA健康暴露模型进行健康评价,为珠海市大气污染治理提供理论依据。
在珠海市3个行政区(香洲区、斗门区和金湾区)设采样监测点,采样点高度约为12 m,周边无明显固定空气污染源及障碍物,距交通干道约300 m。
从2020年4月到2023年3月,每月10—16日,连续 7 天,每日采样时间设置为 20 h(上午 9 时至次日上午 5 时) 。进行为期3年的采样,共采集756份PM2.5样品。
ZR-3920 型大气综合采样器( 青岛众瑞,中国 );石英滤膜(pall 美国)直径为90 mm。
准确截取采样后滤膜的1/8 ,用陶瓷剪刀剪碎置于15 ml刻度离心管底部,加入10.0 ml硝酸溶液(5+95)(默克超纯级 美国)浸没滤膜,拧紧离心管的螺旋盖,于70 ℃水浴超声浸提3 h,取出放至室温,充分振荡后,用0.45 μm滤头过滤待测。用7900型电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(Agilent 美国)测定,以标准系列质量浓度为横坐标,被测元素计数值(CPS)与内标物计数值的比值为纵坐标,绘制标准曲线,计算被测溶液浓度。
电感耦合等离子体质谱仪在有效检定周期内运行,并在分析前对仪器进行调谐(Agilent 美国)和质量校准,各元素标准曲线线性相关系数≥0.999 0。每批进行3个试剂空白试验,试剂空白值小于方法检出限;3个实验室空白滤膜试验,空白滤膜试验值小于方法定量限;取10%的样品进行平行双样测定,相对偏差<15%。标准物质样品进行同样处理,每种元素测定值在质控样品规定的许可范围内;取空白滤膜,加入低、中、高三个浓度混合标准使用液,回收率满足在80%~120%之间。
PM2.5经呼吸系统进入人体,参考美国EPA推荐的吸入暴露方程计算人体健康风险。参考USEPA和姜杰等人[3]的数据和研究结果,将元素分为致癌元素和非致癌元素。暴露剂量计算也分为两种情况,非致癌元素使用日均暴露剂量(average daily dose,ADD),致癌元素使用终身日暴露剂量(lifeaverage daily dose,LADD)表示,计算公式为:LADDADD)=(C×IR×ED)/(BW×AT),式中C为污染物浓度,单位mg/m3IR为呼吸速率,单位m3/d;ED为持续暴露时间,单位d;BW为体重,单位kg;AT为平均暴露时间,单位d。经呼吸途径进入人体的暴露参数参考中国环境保护部和相关文献数据[3,7-8],详见表1
致癌元素的致癌风险评价公式为[4]ILCR=LADD×SF,式中ILCRR)为人群年均超额危险度,无量纲;LADD为致癌元素终身暴露剂量,单位mg/(kg·d);SF为致癌元素的致癌斜率因子,单位kg·d/mg。根据美国EPA推荐的参考风险数值,当R<10-6时,认为其引起癌症的风险较小;R>10-6,认为存在致癌风险。
非致癌元素的非致癌风险评价公式为:HQhazard quotient)=ADD/RfD,式中RfD为参考剂量,单位mg/(kg·d)。当HQ≤1时,认为元素的非致癌风险较小;当HQ>1时,则认为存在非致癌风险。相应元素的SFRfD值见表2[3,5,9-13]
2020.4—2023.3对珠海市大气PM2.5进行了为期3年的采集,并分析了34种元素,并非每月均检测了34种元素,其中钙、钍和铀 2020.4—2021.3未检测,13种稀土元素在2022.4—2023.3进行检测,各元素月均浓度值见表3。2020.4—2023.3的3年年均浓度排序前五位分别为锌(74.85 ng/m3)>铝(41.69 ng/m3)>锰(14.47 ng/m3)>铅(12.78 ng/m3)>铜(7.08 ng/m3)、钙(170.09 ng/m3)>锌(63.85 ng/m3)>铝(46.07 ng/m3)>锰(14.12 ng/m3)>铅(10.29 ng/m3)、钙(215.02 ng/m3)>铝(56.57 ng/m3)>锌(53.59 ng/m3)>锰(14.06 ng/m3)>铅(9.56 ng/m3)。检测的元素中我们主要关注对人体危害较大的13种重金属元素,包括砷、镉、铬、钴、钒、铊、锑、锰、铜、汞、镍、铅和锌,3年总年均浓度由大到小依次为锌(64.1 ng/m3)>锰(14.22 ng/m3)>铅(10.9 ng/m3)>铜(6.57 ng/m3)>砷(2.41 ng/m3)>镍(1.91 ng/m3)>钒(1.83 ng/m3)>铬(1.62 ng/m3)>锑(1.21 ng/m3)>镉(0.54 ng/m3)>铊(0.13 ng/m3)>钴(0.12 ng/m3)>汞(4.88×10-3 ng/m3)。其中大部分元素为每年的夏季浓度最低,冬季(11月—1月)最高,但第三年峰值前移,出现在9或10月份:而钒和镍为每年3月份浓度最高。
两种非金属元素砷和硒的总体变化趋势与重金属元素一致,3年间全年月均值极差第二年最小(第二年月均值极差:砷为5.45 ng/m3,硒为2.64 ng/m3)。
放射性元素钍和铀从2021.4开始检测,这两种元素的月均浓度峰值出现时间基本一致,均在9或10月份。
13种稀土元素2022.4—2023.3的年均值浓度排序为Ce>La>Nd>Y>Pr>Gd>Sm>Dy>Er>Yb>Eu>Ho>Tm,总体表现为秋季高,夏季低,峰值基本在10月份。
根据公式及表2的参数计算6种致癌元素铬、钴、镍、砷、钼、镉和10种非致癌元素铝、钒、锰、铜、锌、硒、锑、钡、汞、铅的风险评价R值和HQ值,计算结果见表4
表4可见采样期间,10种非致癌元素风险均在人群可接受水平内(HQ≤1),致癌元素风险除铬和砷外也均在人群可接受范围内(R<10-6)。从年龄和性别来看表现为成年男性>成年女性>儿童。
珠海市PM2.5元素浓度秋冬高,夏季低,与吴和岩[6]和杨毅红[5]等人的研究结果一致。但本研究PM2.5大部分元素浓度高峰在9—11月份,不同于吴和岩的研究结果(12—2月),这可能是近几年气候变化导致。吴和岩等人检测的2017—2018年珠海市PM2.5元素浓度与杨毅红等人检测的2014—2015年相比大幅度减少,而本研究中PM2.5元素浓度与2017—2018年相比进一步减少,但锑、铝、砷、铬、镍、硒在2023年有再次上涨的趋势,表明珠海市大气污染总体治理效果较好,只是还需关注出现上涨趋势的污染元素。钙元素浓度在2021.4—2023.3位于第一位,电力、钢铁及珠海市海上风电项目等多个行业均会产生大量的钙。PM2.5中的两种非金属元素砷和硒可能是燃煤发电厂燃烧时释放,在冷却时附着在颗粒物表面[14]。除这些元素外,珠海市相关研究表明,钒和镍为船舶排放的标志污染物,其浓度会较内陆城市高[5-6]
大气中的重金属不仅会通过呼吸途径损害人体,还会通过食物链危害人体健康[15]。本研究关注的重金属污染物中,锌、锰、铅、铜、砷3年采样期间均排在前五位,其中铅和砷主要来自煤炭燃烧[16-17],锌来自铜冶炼、发动机的润滑油、机动车尾气和轮胎磨损[18]。锰长期暴露会造成神经损伤,儿童期接触锰可能会导致智力低下等问题[19],其主要来自垃圾焚烧[20]和化石燃料释放[18]。铜的主要污染来源是交通,汽车尾气的排放、刹车时制动器和轮胎的摩擦等行为均会释放出大量的铜[17,21]。放射性元素钍和铀主要来自地壳[22],具体的污染来源和规律还需进一步分析。稀土元素年均值浓度高峰出现在秋季,与刘岩等[23]的研究结果一致,但总体趋势不同,可能是城市污染来源不同导致。参考厦门市[24]研究结果,珠海市稀土元素可能来自交通汽车尾气和燃煤排放。
本研究结果显示,珠海市PM2.5非致癌风险排序为Al>Mn>Pb>Zn>Cu>Sb>Se>V>Hg>Ba均在人群可接受水平内;致癌风险排序为Cr>As>Cd>Ni>Co>Mo,其中Cr和As存在致癌风险。有研究表明,Cr主要来自交通和工业污染[4],长期暴露会导致退行性疾病和癌症,还会对男性生殖系统造成损害[25-26]。As主要来自煤炭燃烧,产前暴露于As会导致儿童神经发育迟缓[27],长期As暴露还有可能诱发皮肤癌[28]。Cr和As污染需重点关注,主要加强对交通和工业的管控并减少煤炭燃烧。致癌和非致癌风险按年龄、性别分析,均为成年男性>成年女性>儿童,这可能与成年人每日换气量、室外空气暴露时间长有关,且男性体重大于女性,每日呼吸空气量更多。
综上所述,珠海市大气PM2.5污染元素除来自自然来源外,主要来自燃料燃烧和机动车相关污染排放,船舶排放也是珠海市的典型污染来源;非致癌风险均在人群可接受水平,Cr和As存在致癌风险,需重点关注;燃料和机动车污染问题仍是治理的重点。
本研究分析的元素较为全面,进行了3年的PM2.5收集和分析,从PM2.5各元素质量浓度方面进行比较,探讨珠海市污染防治的效果,为今后重点污染元素的确定提供依据。研究的不足在于研究中采用的风险评价公式只考虑了吸入途径,未综合其他暴露方式,低估了健康风险。
  • 珠海市社会发展领域科技计划项目(ZH22036201210166PWC)
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2024年第51卷第2期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308489
  • 接收时间:2023-08-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-30
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珠海市社会发展领域科技计划项目(ZH22036201210166PWC)
作者信息
    1.珠海市疾病预防控制中心,广东 珠海 519000
    2.威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校统计学院
    3.新乡医学院公共卫生学院

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Number of
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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