Article(id=1241322668889264752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241322661654098823, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1690819200000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773883986923, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1706112000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773883986923, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773883986923, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773883986923, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241322661654098823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='2', pageStart='193', pageEnd='384', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773883985198, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773890256678, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241348966214849502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241322661654098823, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241348966214849503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241322661654098823, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=238, endPage=244, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241322669333861006, articleId=1241322668889264752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Analyses of anemia status and influencing factors among students in areas of nutrition improvement program for rural compulsory education students, Fujian, columnId=1240375107953161116, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Nutrition and Foold Hygiene, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the hemoglobin (Hb) levels and anemia status of students in the Fujian Province Nutrition Improvement Plan area from 2021 to 2022, and to analyze their influencing factors.

Methods

A total of 8 895 students were selected for the study using multi-stage stratified random cluster sampling method. According to the WHO anemia diagnostic criteria, the Hb levels and anemia rates of students of different ages and genders were analyzed, and the logistic regression models was used to analyze possible influencing factors of anemia.

Results

From 2021 to 2022, the average Hb of students in rural nutrition improvement plan areas in Fujian Province was 134.44g/L, and the anemia rate was 7.21%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that female students (OR=1.51, 95% CI: 1.28-1.78), schools located in townships or villages (OR=1.50, 95% CI: 1.71-1.91), schools with unified recipes provided by the education bureau (OR=3.80, 95%CI: 1.62-8.92), schools that have not conducted health education (OR=1.54, 95% CI: 0.09-0.62) and students who do not know how to prevent iron deficiency anemia (OR=1.29, 95% CI: 1.03-1.63) were risk factors for anemia among students; School canteens that provide meat at least 3 times a week for lunch (OR=0.74, 95% CI: 0.56-0.99), students who consume more than 14 table tennis balls per week (OR=0.78, 95% CI: 0.62-0.98), and students who consume ≥ 3 types of vegetables per day (OR=0.53, 95% CI: 0.32-0.89) were protective factors for anemia in students.

Conclusions

The anemia rate of students in rural compulsory education student nutrition improvement plan areas in Fujian Province is lower than the average level of implementing the national student nutrition improvement plan, but significantly higher than the anemia rate of children aged 6-17 nationwide. There is still great room for improvement in the anemia status of students, and targeted interventions are needed in future work to improve their anemia status.

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目的

了解2021—2022年福建省营养改善计划地区学生贫血状况,分析其影响因素。

方法

采用多阶段分层随机整群抽样的方法,共抽取8 895名学生纳入研究。依据WHO贫血诊断标准,分析不同特征学生的Hb水平和贫血率,采用logistic回归模型分析贫血的可能影响因素。

结果

2021—2022年福建省农村营养改善计划地区学生Hb均值为134.44 g/L,贫血率为7.21%。多因素logistic回归分析显示,女生(OR=1.51,95% CI:1.28~1.78)、位于乡镇或者村里的学校(OR=1.50,95% CI:1.71~1.91)、教育局统一提供食谱的学校(OR=3.80,95% CI:1.62~8.92)、没有开展过健康宣传教育的学校(OR=1.54,95% CI:0.09~0.62)和不知道如何预防缺铁性贫血的学生(OR=1.29,95% CI:1.03~1.63)是学生贫血的危险因素;每周午餐提供肉类次数≥3次的学校食堂(OR=0.74,95% CI:0.56~0.99)、每周摄入肉类量>14个乒乓球的学生(OR=0.78,95% CI:0.62~0.98)、每天摄入蔬菜种类≥3种(OR=0.53,95% CI:0.32~0.89)是学生贫血的保护因素。

结论

福建省农村义务教育学生营养改善计划地区学生贫血率低于全国实施学生营养改善计划的平均水平,但是显著高于全国6~17岁儿童的贫血率,学生贫血状况还有很大的改善空间,需要在今后的工作中开展有针对性的干预来改善学生的贫血状况。

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吴慧丹,E-mail:
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黄峥(1987—),女,硕士,主管医师,研究方向:食品与营养研究

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Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House, 2021., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241322677516947577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322668889264752, awardId=2021QNA034, language=CN, fundingSource=福建省卫生健康科技计划项目(2021QNA034), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241322670868976395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322668889264752, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241322670881559308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322668889264752, companyId=1241322670868976395, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Sanitary Inspection and Testing Institute, Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, Fujian 350012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241322670889947918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322668889264752, companyId=1241322670868976395, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=福建省疾病预防控制中心卫生检验检测所,福建 福州 350012)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241322675000365080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322668889264752, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic Characteristics of Students in the Nutrition Improvement Program for Rural Compulsory Education Students in Fujian Province

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别合计(n=8 895)男生(n=4 563)女生(n=4 332)
人数构成比(%)人数构成比(%)人数构成比(%)
学段
小学5 88466.153 00265.792 88266.53
初中3 01133.851 56134.211 45033.47
地理划分
闽东2 83831.911 46532.111 37331.69
闽南1 51717.0575516.5576217.59
闽西1 52317.1276916.8575417.41
闽北1 51317.0177216.9274117.11
闽中1 50416.9180217.5870216.2
学校所在地
县城2 38326.791 24827.351 13526.20
乡镇/村6 51273.213 31572.653 19773.80
年龄组(岁)
6~104 06045.642 05745.082 00346.24
11~133 11335.001 61535.391 49834.58
14~171 72219.3689119.5383119.18
营养状况
生长迟缓400.45200.44200.46
消瘦6727.554038.832696.21
正常6 06268.152 82361.873 23974.77
超重1 16413.0970515.4545910.60
肥胖95710.7661213.413457.96
), ArticleFig(id=1241322675155554342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322668889264752, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

福建省农村义务教育学生营养改善计划地区学生基本特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别合计(n=8 895)男生(n=4 563)女生(n=4 332)
人数构成比(%)人数构成比(%)人数构成比(%)
学段
小学5 88466.153 00265.792 88266.53
初中3 01133.851 56134.211 45033.47
地理划分
闽东2 83831.911 46532.111 37331.69
闽南1 51717.0575516.5576217.59
闽西1 52317.1276916.8575417.41
闽北1 51317.0177216.9274117.11
闽中1 50416.9180217.5870216.2
学校所在地
县城2 38326.791 24827.351 13526.20
乡镇/村6 51273.213 31572.653 19773.80
年龄组(岁)
6~104 06045.642 05745.082 00346.24
11~133 11335.001 61535.391 49834.58
14~171 72219.3689119.5383119.18
营养状况
生长迟缓400.45200.44200.46
消瘦6727.554038.832696.21
正常6 06268.152 82361.873 23974.77
超重1 16413.0970515.4545910.60
肥胖95710.7661213.413457.96
), ArticleFig(id=1241322675277189167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322668889264752, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Distribution of Hb levels () and anemia rates among students in rural compulsory education student nutrition improvement plan areas in Fujian Province

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别合计男生女生血红蛋白均值检验贫血率检验
Hb(g/L)贫血率
(%)
Hb(g/L)贫血率
(%)
Hb(g/L)贫血率
(%)
FPχ2P
学段
小学132.11±11.296.48132.32±11.406.36131.89±11.166.592.140.1440.130.720
初中138.99±14.618.64144.55±13.774.93133.01±13.0412.62555.12<0.00156.32<0.001
F值/χ2603.0413.89908.133.808.6644.55
P<0.001<0.001<0.0010.0510.003<0.001
地理划分
闽东131.10±14.1312.47133.53±14.669.83128.51±13.0615.2992.44<0.00119.39<0.001
闽南135.96±11.744.22138.36±12.493.44133.58±10.434.9965.37<0.0012.240.135
闽西136.90±11.214.14138.66±11.152.47135.10±11.005.8439.18<0.00110.870.001
闽北135.73±12.385.42137.69±13.555.57133.68±10.655.2640.65<0.0010.070.792
闽中135.43±12.605.19136.99±13.654.49133.65±11.025.9826.79<0.0011.700.192
F值/χ274.78175.8628.3968.5555.54114.77
P<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
学校所在地
县城136.19±12.165.50138.31±12.634.25133.87±11.176.8781.94<0.0017.890.005
乡镇/村133.80±13.147.83135.82±13.846.49131.70±12.029.23164.77<0.00116.95<0.001
F值/χ260.3714.2230.618.2228.425.90
P<0.001<0.001<0.0010.004<0.0010.015
营养状况
生长迟缓133.68±14.467.50131.95±18.0115.00135.40±9.930.000.560.4583.240.072
消瘦133.64±11.668.18134.36±11.778.19132.55±11.438.183.920.0480.000.996
正常134.09±12.797.26136.33±13.485.67132.14±11.828.64166.39<0.00119.86<0.001
超重135.90±13.747.04138.26±14.335.39132.28±11.909.5955.21<0.0017.470.006
肥胖135.49±13.366.37136.86±13.745.56133.07±12.337.8318.03<0.0011.900.167
F值/χ27.152.036.297.550.892.78
P<0.0010.731<0.0010.1100.4700.596
合计134.44±12.927.21136.5±13.565.87132.27±11.848.61245.54<0.00124.90<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241322675398823997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322668889264752, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

福建省农村义务教育学生营养改善计划地区学生Hb水平()和贫血率分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别合计男生女生血红蛋白均值检验贫血率检验
Hb(g/L)贫血率
(%)
Hb(g/L)贫血率
(%)
Hb(g/L)贫血率
(%)
FPχ2P
学段
小学132.11±11.296.48132.32±11.406.36131.89±11.166.592.140.1440.130.720
初中138.99±14.618.64144.55±13.774.93133.01±13.0412.62555.12<0.00156.32<0.001
F值/χ2603.0413.89908.133.808.6644.55
P<0.001<0.001<0.0010.0510.003<0.001
地理划分
闽东131.10±14.1312.47133.53±14.669.83128.51±13.0615.2992.44<0.00119.39<0.001
闽南135.96±11.744.22138.36±12.493.44133.58±10.434.9965.37<0.0012.240.135
闽西136.90±11.214.14138.66±11.152.47135.10±11.005.8439.18<0.00110.870.001
闽北135.73±12.385.42137.69±13.555.57133.68±10.655.2640.65<0.0010.070.792
闽中135.43±12.605.19136.99±13.654.49133.65±11.025.9826.79<0.0011.700.192
F值/χ274.78175.8628.3968.5555.54114.77
P<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
学校所在地
县城136.19±12.165.50138.31±12.634.25133.87±11.176.8781.94<0.0017.890.005
乡镇/村133.80±13.147.83135.82±13.846.49131.70±12.029.23164.77<0.00116.95<0.001
F值/χ260.3714.2230.618.2228.425.90
P<0.001<0.001<0.0010.004<0.0010.015
营养状况
生长迟缓133.68±14.467.50131.95±18.0115.00135.40±9.930.000.560.4583.240.072
消瘦133.64±11.668.18134.36±11.778.19132.55±11.438.183.920.0480.000.996
正常134.09±12.797.26136.33±13.485.67132.14±11.828.64166.39<0.00119.86<0.001
超重135.90±13.747.04138.26±14.335.39132.28±11.909.5955.21<0.0017.470.006
肥胖135.49±13.366.37136.86±13.745.56133.07±12.337.8318.03<0.0011.900.167
F值/χ27.152.036.297.550.892.78
P<0.0010.731<0.0010.1100.4700.596
合计134.44±12.927.21136.5±13.565.87132.27±11.848.61245.54<0.00124.90<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241322675537236039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322668889264752, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Single factor analysis of anemia status among students

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因素调查人数贫血人数贫血检出率(%)χ2P
性别24.90<0.001
男生4 5632685.87
女生4 3323738.61
学段13.89<0.001
小学5 8843816.48
初中3 0112608.64
地理划分175.86<0.001
闽东2 83835412.47
闽南1 517644.22
闽西1 523634.14
闽北1 513825.42
闽中1 504785.19
学校所在地14.22<0.001
县城2 3831315.50
乡镇/村6 5125107.83
年龄组(岁)12.080.002
6~104 0602546.26
11~133 1132377.61
14~171 7221508.71
营养状况2.030.731
生长迟缓4037.50
消瘦672558.18
正常6 0624407.26
超重1 164827.04
肥胖957616.37
学生餐食谱制定者a31.66<0.001
学校食堂管理员3 3592547.56
疾控中心协助240156.25
教育局统一提供4365612.84
其他部门896394.35
学校是否使用配餐软件a3.400.065
379379.76
4 5523277.18
学校是否开展过健康宣传教育a7.570.006
7 9305567.01
4724910.38
知道如何正确预防缺铁性贫血a5.020.025
4 7513387.11
1 8461035.58
父母是否在外地打工a3.170.205
父母都没外出打工4 2192916.90
父亲或母亲在外地打工1 6271277.81
父母均在外地打工920555.98
食堂每周午餐提供肉类次数(次)a9.370.002
≥3624274.33
<34 7783697.72
每周吃肉量(乒乓球)ac9.720.002
≤144 3953237.35
>142 0841105.28
每周吃蛋数量(个)a4.650.199
<1504377.34
1~43 6902617.07
5~72 2021336.04
≥7228104.39
每周喝奶量(包)ab0.460.928
<1750526.93
1~43 0012046.80
5~72 5681686.54
>7301185.98
每天吃新鲜蔬菜种类(种)a9.770.021
<1266238.65
11 8341387.52
23 0972106.78
≥31 304654.98
), ArticleFig(id=1241322675654676561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322668889264752, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

学生贫血状况的单因素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素调查人数贫血人数贫血检出率(%)χ2P
性别24.90<0.001
男生4 5632685.87
女生4 3323738.61
学段13.89<0.001
小学5 8843816.48
初中3 0112608.64
地理划分175.86<0.001
闽东2 83835412.47
闽南1 517644.22
闽西1 523634.14
闽北1 513825.42
闽中1 504785.19
学校所在地14.22<0.001
县城2 3831315.50
乡镇/村6 5125107.83
年龄组(岁)12.080.002
6~104 0602546.26
11~133 1132377.61
14~171 7221508.71
营养状况2.030.731
生长迟缓4037.50
消瘦672558.18
正常6 0624407.26
超重1 164827.04
肥胖957616.37
学生餐食谱制定者a31.66<0.001
学校食堂管理员3 3592547.56
疾控中心协助240156.25
教育局统一提供4365612.84
其他部门896394.35
学校是否使用配餐软件a3.400.065
379379.76
4 5523277.18
学校是否开展过健康宣传教育a7.570.006
7 9305567.01
4724910.38
知道如何正确预防缺铁性贫血a5.020.025
4 7513387.11
1 8461035.58
父母是否在外地打工a3.170.205
父母都没外出打工4 2192916.90
父亲或母亲在外地打工1 6271277.81
父母均在外地打工920555.98
食堂每周午餐提供肉类次数(次)a9.370.002
≥3624274.33
<34 7783697.72
每周吃肉量(乒乓球)ac9.720.002
≤144 3953237.35
>142 0841105.28
每周吃蛋数量(个)a4.650.199
<1504377.34
1~43 6902617.07
5~72 2021336.04
≥7228104.39
每周喝奶量(包)ab0.460.928
<1750526.93
1~43 0012046.80
5~72 5681686.54
>7301185.98
每天吃新鲜蔬菜种类(种)a9.770.021
<1266238.65
11 8341387.52
23 0972106.78
≥31 304654.98
), ArticleFig(id=1241322677156237403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322668889264752, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Logistic regression analysis of factors affecting anemia in students

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因素βsxWald值POR95% CI
性别
男生1.00
女生0.410.08324.47<0.0011.511.28~1.78
学段
小学1.00
初中0.390.1675.210.0221.381.17~1.63
地理划分
闽东1.00
闽南-0.350.3071.300.2540.710.39~1.29
闽西-0.620.19610.100.0010.540.37~0.79
闽北-0.870.23114.01<0.0010.420.27~0.66
闽中-1.470.5038.560.0030.230.09~0.62
学校所在地
县城1.00
乡镇/村0.400.12510.440.0011.501.71~1.91
学生餐食谱制定者
学校食堂管理员1.00
疾控中心协助-0.100.4700.040.8380.910.36~2.28
教育局统一提供1.340.4359.450.0023.801.62~8.92
其他部门0.510.5600.820.3651.660.55~4.98
学校是否开展过健康宣传教育
1.00
0.430.1577.460.0061.541.13~2.09
食堂每周午餐提供肉类次数(次)
≥31.00
<30.620.2049.100.0031.851.24~2.76
知道如何正确预防缺铁性贫血
1.00
0.260.1204.690.0301.291.03~1.63
每周吃肉量(乒乓球)a
≤141.00
>14-0.250.1194.410.0360.780.62~0.98
每天吃新鲜蔬菜种类(种)
<11.00
1-0.190.2480.610.4360.830.51~1.34
2-0.320.2421.700.1920.730.45~1.17
≥3-0.660.2656.130.0170.530.32~0.89
), ArticleFig(id=1241322677277872231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322668889264752, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

学生贫血影响因素的logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素βsxWald值POR95% CI
性别
男生1.00
女生0.410.08324.47<0.0011.511.28~1.78
学段
小学1.00
初中0.390.1675.210.0221.381.17~1.63
地理划分
闽东1.00
闽南-0.350.3071.300.2540.710.39~1.29
闽西-0.620.19610.100.0010.540.37~0.79
闽北-0.870.23114.01<0.0010.420.27~0.66
闽中-1.470.5038.560.0030.230.09~0.62
学校所在地
县城1.00
乡镇/村0.400.12510.440.0011.501.71~1.91
学生餐食谱制定者
学校食堂管理员1.00
疾控中心协助-0.100.4700.040.8380.910.36~2.28
教育局统一提供1.340.4359.450.0023.801.62~8.92
其他部门0.510.5600.820.3651.660.55~4.98
学校是否开展过健康宣传教育
1.00
0.430.1577.460.0061.541.13~2.09
食堂每周午餐提供肉类次数(次)
≥31.00
<30.620.2049.100.0031.851.24~2.76
知道如何正确预防缺铁性贫血
1.00
0.260.1204.690.0301.291.03~1.63
每周吃肉量(乒乓球)a
≤141.00
>14-0.250.1194.410.0360.780.62~0.98
每天吃新鲜蔬菜种类(种)
<11.00
1-0.190.2480.610.4360.830.51~1.34
2-0.320.2421.700.1920.730.45~1.17
≥3-0.660.2656.130.0170.530.32~0.89
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福建省农村义务教育学生营养改善计划地区学生贫血状况及影响因素分析
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黄峥 , 阳丽君 , 吴慧丹
现代预防医学 | 营养与食品卫生 2024,51(2): 238-244
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现代预防医学 | 营养与食品卫生 2024, 51(2): 238-244
福建省农村义务教育学生营养改善计划地区学生贫血状况及影响因素分析
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黄峥, 阳丽君, 吴慧丹
作者信息
  • 福建省疾病预防控制中心卫生检验检测所,福建 福州 350012
  • 黄峥(1987—),女,硕士,主管医师,研究方向:食品与营养研究

通讯作者:

吴慧丹,E-mail:
Analyses of anemia status and influencing factors among students in areas of nutrition improvement program for rural compulsory education students, Fujian
Zheng HUANG, Li-jun YANG, Hui-dan WU
Affiliations
  • Sanitary Inspection and Testing Institute, Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, Fujian 350012, China
出版时间: 2024-01-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308006
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目的

了解2021—2022年福建省营养改善计划地区学生贫血状况,分析其影响因素。

方法

采用多阶段分层随机整群抽样的方法,共抽取8 895名学生纳入研究。依据WHO贫血诊断标准,分析不同特征学生的Hb水平和贫血率,采用logistic回归模型分析贫血的可能影响因素。

结果

2021—2022年福建省农村营养改善计划地区学生Hb均值为134.44 g/L,贫血率为7.21%。多因素logistic回归分析显示,女生(OR=1.51,95% CI:1.28~1.78)、位于乡镇或者村里的学校(OR=1.50,95% CI:1.71~1.91)、教育局统一提供食谱的学校(OR=3.80,95% CI:1.62~8.92)、没有开展过健康宣传教育的学校(OR=1.54,95% CI:0.09~0.62)和不知道如何预防缺铁性贫血的学生(OR=1.29,95% CI:1.03~1.63)是学生贫血的危险因素;每周午餐提供肉类次数≥3次的学校食堂(OR=0.74,95% CI:0.56~0.99)、每周摄入肉类量>14个乒乓球的学生(OR=0.78,95% CI:0.62~0.98)、每天摄入蔬菜种类≥3种(OR=0.53,95% CI:0.32~0.89)是学生贫血的保护因素。

结论

福建省农村义务教育学生营养改善计划地区学生贫血率低于全国实施学生营养改善计划的平均水平,但是显著高于全国6~17岁儿童的贫血率,学生贫血状况还有很大的改善空间,需要在今后的工作中开展有针对性的干预来改善学生的贫血状况。

贫血  /  血红蛋白  /  学生  /  回归分析
Objective

To analyze the hemoglobin (Hb) levels and anemia status of students in the Fujian Province Nutrition Improvement Plan area from 2021 to 2022, and to analyze their influencing factors.

Methods

A total of 8 895 students were selected for the study using multi-stage stratified random cluster sampling method. According to the WHO anemia diagnostic criteria, the Hb levels and anemia rates of students of different ages and genders were analyzed, and the logistic regression models was used to analyze possible influencing factors of anemia.

Results

From 2021 to 2022, the average Hb of students in rural nutrition improvement plan areas in Fujian Province was 134.44g/L, and the anemia rate was 7.21%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that female students (OR=1.51, 95% CI: 1.28-1.78), schools located in townships or villages (OR=1.50, 95% CI: 1.71-1.91), schools with unified recipes provided by the education bureau (OR=3.80, 95%CI: 1.62-8.92), schools that have not conducted health education (OR=1.54, 95% CI: 0.09-0.62) and students who do not know how to prevent iron deficiency anemia (OR=1.29, 95% CI: 1.03-1.63) were risk factors for anemia among students; School canteens that provide meat at least 3 times a week for lunch (OR=0.74, 95% CI: 0.56-0.99), students who consume more than 14 table tennis balls per week (OR=0.78, 95% CI: 0.62-0.98), and students who consume ≥ 3 types of vegetables per day (OR=0.53, 95% CI: 0.32-0.89) were protective factors for anemia in students.

Conclusions

The anemia rate of students in rural compulsory education student nutrition improvement plan areas in Fujian Province is lower than the average level of implementing the national student nutrition improvement plan, but significantly higher than the anemia rate of children aged 6-17 nationwide. There is still great room for improvement in the anemia status of students, and targeted interventions are needed in future work to improve their anemia status.

Anamia  /  Hemoglobin  /  Student  /  Regression analysis
黄峥, 阳丽君, 吴慧丹. 福建省农村义务教育学生营养改善计划地区学生贫血状况及影响因素分析. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (2) : 238 -244 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308006
Zheng HUANG, Li-jun YANG, Hui-dan WU. Analyses of anemia status and influencing factors among students in areas of nutrition improvement program for rural compulsory education students, Fujian[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (2) : 238 -244 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308006
儿童青少年贫血是全球共同关注的公共卫生问题,尤其在发展中国家更为普遍[1]。贫血会导致儿童生长发育迟缓、认知功能下降、记忆力和逻辑思维能力下降等,对成年后的健康也会产生潜在威胁[2-3],因此儿童的贫血问题不容忽视。为了改善学龄儿童的营养健康状况,2011年起国务院启动了农村义务教育学生营养改善计划,为学生提供营养补助。本研究利用2021—2022年福建省营养改善计划地区学生营养健康状况监测的数据,分析学生的血红蛋白水平和贫血状况,探索可能影响学生贫血的相关影响因素,为学生贫血预防工作及制定相关营养改善策略提供科学依据。
资料来源于2021—2022年学生营养改善计划地区学生营养健康状况监测的调查结果。该项目采用多阶段分层随机整群抽样的方法,在福建省6个地级市中各抽取1个实施营养改善计划的县作为重点监测县。每个重点监测县各抽取8~10所中小学。每个学校按照年级分层,每个年级抽取1个班,每班约40人左右,男女生基本各半。本次研究共纳入8 895名学生作为研究对象。所有学生均在家长签署知情同意书后参加调查。
由统一培训的调查员以面对面的方式对学生进行学生问卷调查,内容包括学生饮食行为、膳食摄入情况、营养知识等;学校问卷由学校的主管校长填写,内容包括学校基本情况、食堂供餐情况、开展健康教育情况等。
由专业人员采集学生左手中指指尖血,采用血红蛋白分析仪(Hemocue Hb201+)测定Hb含量。
学生均在清晨空腹的状态下测量身高和体重。身高采用统一的机械式身高坐高计进行测量,精确度为0.1 cm;体重采用统一的电子体重计进行测量,精确度为0.1 kg。
以WHO贫血诊断标准[4]为参考值计算贫血患病率:5~11岁儿童Hb<115 g/L、12~14岁儿童Hb<120 g/L、≥15岁男生Hb<130 g/L、≥15岁女生(非孕妇)Hb<120 g/L均可诊断为贫血。将贫血分为轻度贫血(110 g/L≤Hb<界值)、中度贫血(80 g/L≤Hb<109 g/L)、重度贫血(Hb<80 g/L)[4]。按照我国卫生行业标准《学龄儿童青少年营养不良筛查》(WS/T456—2014)[5]筛查学生营养不良,参照《学龄儿童青少年超重与肥胖筛查》(WS/T586-2018)[6]筛查学生超重和肥胖。
采用SPSS 26.0软件进行数据统计分析。对Hb含量描述以表示,分类变量以频数和百分比(%)表示。采用方差分析对不同组间Hb水平进行比较,采用Games-Howell(GH)检验进行两两事后比较,采用χ2检验对不同组间的贫血率进行比较。采用多因素logistic回归模型对贫血的影响因素进行分析。P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。
基本情况共调查8 895名学生,其中男、女生人数分别为4 563人(51.30%)和4 332人(48.70%);小学生和初中生分别为5 884人(66.15%)和3 011人(33.85%);学校在县城的学生有2 383人(26.79%),在乡镇或者村里的学生有6 512人(73.21%)。其余特征详见表1
在调查的8 895名学生中,生长迟缓、消瘦、正常、超重和肥胖人数分别为40人(0.45%)、672人(7.55%)、6 062人(68.15%)、1 164人(13.09%)和957人(10.76%)。其余特征详见表1
调查对象的Hb均值为134.44 g/L,男生Hb水平(136.5±13.56) g/L高于女生(132.27±11.84) g/L;初中生(138.99±14.61) g/L高于小学生(132.11±11.29) g/L,闽西地区Hb水平(136.90±11.21) g/L最高,闽东地区(131.10±14.13) g/L最低,县城(136.19±12.16) g/L高于乡镇或者村(133.80±13.14) g/L,体重正常和消瘦的学生Hb水平比超重和肥胖的学生低;差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表2
调查对象的整体贫血率为7.21%,轻度、中度和重度贫血分别为402人(4.52%)、229人(2.58%)和10人(0.11%)。女生贫血率(8.61%)高于男生(5.87%);初中生贫血率(8.64%)高于小学生(6.48%),不同地区贫血率不同;乡镇或者村的学生贫血率(7.83%)高于县城(5.50%);差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。不同营养状况的学生贫血率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表2
对与贫血可能有关的16个影响因素进行单因素分析,结果显示性别、学段、地理划分等共11种因素有统计学意义(P<0.05),详见表3。将这11种因素作为自变量,将是否贫血(正常=1,贫血=2)作为因变量,进行多因素logistic回归分析。分析结果显示,女生、闽东地区、乡镇或者村里的学校、教育局统一提供食谱的学校、没有开展过健康宣传教育的学校、不知道如何预防缺铁性贫血的学生是贫血的危险因素(OR均>1,95CI均不包含1,P<0.05),每周午餐提供肉类次数≥3次、每周摄入肉类量>14个乒乓球的学生、每天摄入蔬菜种类≥3种是贫血的保护因素(OR均<1,95CI均不包含1,P<0.05),详见表4
贫血既是评价儿童营养状况的重要指标,也对儿童健康水平起到重要的影响作用[7]。本研究结果显示,福建省农村义务教育学生营养改善计划地区的中小学生的整体贫血率为7.21%,以轻度(4.52%)和中度贫血为(2.58%)主,低于全国实施学生营养改善计划地区的平均水平[7],但显著高于中国居民营养与健康状况监测报道的6~17岁儿童的贫血率[8],说明我省农村义务教育学生营养改善计划地区的学生贫血状况还有很大的改善空间。
本研究发现,女生的贫血率高于男生,尤其是初中的女生明显高于男生,这与国内的其他研究结果一致[7,9]。这可能是由于女生进入初中后,发育生长迅速、经期失血等需要大量的铁,但日常膳食不能满足身体对铁等营养素的需求,同时青春期的女生追求保持苗条身材而减少膳食的摄入,这些都会导致贫血的发生。这提示我们在开展干预和指导的时候要更加关注青春期的女生,采取更有针对性的措施来改善青春期女生的贫血现状。
本研究中,闽东地区的学生贫血率高于闽南、西、北、中地区,这可能与不同地区的饮食行为习惯有关,闽西地区相对于闽东地区摄入更多的牛肉等肉类,同时闽西地区在开展学生营养健康宣教方面的工作能力较闽东地区强。因此提示要多关注闽东地区的饮食、宣教等,在实施学生营养改善计划时要因地制宜,针对不同地区采取不同的的措施来改善其贫血状况。
本研究还发现,位于乡镇或村里的学校贫血率较县城的学校高,这与其他学者的研究结果一致[10-11],原因可能为乡镇或者村里的经济水平较县城差,滞后的家庭经济状况会影响营养健康教育、儿童的膳食结构;同时乡镇或者村里的学生的父母较多外出务工,寄宿生较多,乡镇或村里学校的办学条件较差、缺乏营养配餐指导等,都会使学生更容易发生贫血。
没有开展过营养宣教的学校贫血发生风险是有开展过营养宣教的学校的1.54倍,不知道如何正确预防缺铁性贫血的学生发生贫血的风险是知道的学生的1.29倍。国内多个研究[7,12]都表明在社会、学校、家庭等开展营养健康宣教在防治贫血中起到重要的作用,因此今后应该采取板报、广播、主题班会等形式,在学校开展营养健康宣教,鼓励更多的学校将营养健康教育课纳入学校的课程当中,提升学校、家长和学生对营养健康的关注和认知。
本研究结果显示,由食堂管理员制定食谱、食堂每周午餐有提供3次及以上肉类的学校的学生,以及每周吃肉量>14个乒乓球、每天吃3种以上新鲜蔬菜是学生贫血的保护因素,与高春海等的研究结果一致[13]。食堂管理员能够根据当地的食材和学生的饮食习惯因地制宜制定菜谱,因此食堂管理员制定食谱的学校贫血发生风险低。儿童贫血90%以上为缺铁性贫血[14],而肉类含有较高的铁元素,蔬菜含有较高的维生素C,均可以促进铁的吸收,适量摄入肉类和蔬菜可以有效的降低贫血的风险[15]。因此学校应增加科学配餐的技能培训,适当增加食堂肉类和新鲜蔬菜的供应。
综上所述,2021—2022年福建省“农村义务教育学生营养改善计划”覆盖地区的学生贫血率虽然以轻中度为主,但是仍有改善的空间,需继续加强这些地区学龄儿童的贫血监测和防治工作,关注贫血患病情况的变化趋势。在今后的工作中需更关注和重视贫血的可能影响因素,鼓励家长、学校和社会共同开展有针对性的干预措施,预防贫血的发生,保障儿童的健康成长。
  • 福建省卫生健康科技计划项目(2021QNA034)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308006
  • 接收时间:2023-08-01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-01
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福建省卫生健康科技计划项目(2021QNA034)
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    福建省疾病预防控制中心卫生检验检测所,福建 福州 350012

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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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