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Article(id=1241322667194765901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241322661654098823, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306249, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1686585600000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773883986519, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1706112000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773883986519, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773883986519, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773883986519, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241322661654098823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='2', pageStart='193', pageEnd='384', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773883985198, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773890256678, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241348966214849502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241322661654098823, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241348966214849503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241322661654098823, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=366, endPage=373, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241322668536943195, articleId=1241322667194765901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Associations between urinary metals and kidney stones in the Miao population of Guizhou, columnId=1228016569138213037, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Clinical Medicine and Prevention, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To discuss the correlation between urinary metal elements and kidney stones in Miao population in Guizhou Province since there are few studies on the association between urine metal concentration and the risk of kidney stones in ethnic minorities.

Methods

In this study, 3 933 Miao people were sampled from the cohort database of natural populations living in ethnic minority areas in southwest China, and the concentrations of urine metals(arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, mercury, lithium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, lead, strontium, vanadium and zinc) were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The urinary metal concentration was divided into four groups: Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4, and the relationship between the exposure of a single metal to the risk of kidney stones was analyzed by binary logistic regression model, and the dose-response relationship between the concentration of monometals and the risk of kidney stones was explored by restriction cubic spline.

Results

The detection rate of kidney stones of Miao ethnic group in Guizhou Province was 20.59%, the detection rate of male was 18.27%, and the detection rate of female was 22.02%. The results of the binary logistic regression model showed that when the covariate was not adjusted. In Miao women, after adjusting the covariate, the Q1 exposure group was used as the reference, and the chromium Q4 group(OR=0.534, 95% CI: 0.337-0.846) was used. Lead Q3 group(OR=0.546, 95% CI: 0.400-0.745); Lead Q4 group(OR=0.657, 95% CI: 0.482-0.895) was negatively correlated with the risk of kidney stones. In Miao men, after adjusting for covariates, manganese Q4 group(OR=1.911, 95% CI: 1.274-2.867) was positively correlated with the risk of kidney stones. Further restriction cubic spline analysis showed that there was a dose-response relationship between urine chromium and the risk of kidney stones in Miao women(P<0.05). There was no dose-response relationship between urine lead and the risk of kidney stones(P>0.05), and in Miao men, there was a dose-response relationship between urinary manganese and the risk of kidney stones(P<0.05).

Conclusion

Heavy metals in urine affect kidney stones which supports the view that metal exposure plays a role in the development of kidney stones.

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目的

现目前针对少数民族尿中金属元素浓度与肾结石发生风险之间的关联研究甚少，因此探讨贵州省苗族人群尿中金属元素与肾结石的关联性分析。

方法

本研究从西南区域少数民族聚集地世居自然人群队列研究数据库中抽取3 933名苗族人群，采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测尿液中金属（砷、镉、钴、铬、铜、铁、汞、锂、锰、钼、镍、铅、锶、钒、锌）的浓度。将尿中金属元素浓度分为Q1、Q2、Q3、Q4四组，采用二元logistic回归模型分析单一金属暴露于肾结石患病风险之间的关系，用限制性立方样条探究单金属浓度与肾结石患病风险之间的剂量反应关系。

结果

贵州省苗族肾结石的检出率为20.59%，男性检出率为18.27%，女性检出率为22.02%。二元logistic回归模型结果显示，在苗族女性中，调整协变量后，以Q1暴露组为参考，铬Q4组（OR=0.534，95% CI：0.337~0.846）；铅Q3组（OR=0.546，95% CI：0.400~0.745）；铅Q4组（OR=0.657，95% CI：0.482~0.895）与肾结石患病风险呈负相关；在苗族男性中，调整协变量后，锰Q4组（OR=1.911，95% CI：1.274~2.867）与肾结石患病风险呈正相关。进一步进行限制性立方样条分析结果显示，在苗族女性中，尿铬与肾结石患病风险存在剂量反应关系（P<0.05）；尿铅与肾结石患病风险不存在剂量反应关系（P>0.05）；在苗族男性中，尿锰与肾结石患病风险存在剂量反应关系（P<0.05）。

结论

尿液中的重金属对肾结石造成影响，这支持了金属暴露在肾结石发生发展中发挥作用的观点。

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洪峰，E-mail：
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陈成（1998—），女，硕士在读，研究方向：环境与遗传流行病学

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陈成（1998—），女，硕士在读，研究方向：环境与遗传流行病学

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Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 2021, 68: 126852., articleTitle=Association of Lead and Cadmium exposure with kidney stone incidence: A study on the non-occupational population in Nandan of China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241322683405750759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322667194765901, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=145, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=8, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=26, authorNames=Hara A, Yang WY, Petit T, journalName=Environmental Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hara A,Yang WY, Petit T, et al. Incidence of nephrolithiasis in relation to environmental exposure to Lead and Cadmium in a population study[J]. Environmental Research, 2016, 145: 1-8., articleTitle=Incidence of nephrolithiasis in relation to environmental exposure to Lead and Cadmium in a population study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241322683502219759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322667194765901, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=68, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=27, authorNames=Huang JL, Mo ZY, Li ZY, journalName=Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Huang JL, Mo ZY, Li ZY, et al. Association of lead and cadmium exposure with kidney stone incidence: A study on the non-occupational population in Nandan of China[J]. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 2021, 68: 126852., articleTitle=Association of lead and cadmium exposure with kidney stone incidence: A study on the non-occupational population in Nandan of China, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241322678578106581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322667194765901, awardId=2017YFC0907301, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划课题(2017YFC0907301), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241322670697009906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322667194765901, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241322670705398515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322667194765901, companyId=1241322670697009906, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Public Health, the key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 561113, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241322670713787125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322667194765901, companyId=1241322670697009906, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=贵州医科大学公共卫生与健康学院，环境污染与疾病监控教育部重点实验室，贵州 贵阳 561113)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241322675579179086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322667194765901, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Correlation between urinary metal elements and kidney stones in Miao men, figureFileSmall=RyqGQezrbVmplrbjJ/qy3Q==, figureFileBig=pmcc1axOQDi2HM+B8Yam8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241322675679842391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322667194765901, language=CN, label=图1, caption=苗族男性尿中金属元素元素与肾结石的关联性分析

注：A：苗族男性人群尿中金属元素浓度与肾结石的关联性分析（未调整协变量）；B：苗族男性人群尿中金属元素浓度与肾结石的关联性分析（调整婚姻状态、职业状态、喝饮料、高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、糯米、腌制鱼肉类、红酸汤、油茶）。

, figureFileSmall=RyqGQezrbVmplrbjJ/qy3Q==, figureFileBig=pmcc1axOQDi2HM+B8Yam8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241322677315620972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322667194765901, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Correlation between urinary metal elements and kidney stones in Miao women, figureFileSmall=SH0BNBsG0iGQLCWsXL/l5w==, figureFileBig=IzXEJXvEsbY0e0nX6aFMEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241322677487587444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322667194765901, language=CN, label=图2, caption=苗族女性尿中金属元素元素与肾结石的关联性分析

注：A：苗族女性人群尿中金属元素浓度与肾结石的关联性分析（未调整协变量）；B：苗族女性人群尿中金属元素浓度与肾结石的关联性分析（调整婚姻状态、职业状态、喝饮料、高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、糯米、腌制鱼肉类、红酸汤、油茶）。

, figureFileSmall=SH0BNBsG0iGQLCWsXL/l5w==, figureFileBig=IzXEJXvEsbY0e0nX6aFMEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241322677634388092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322667194765901, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Dose-response relationship between urinary manganese and risk of kidney stones in Miao men, figureFileSmall=WJBsaJhGLwQmalWj3XIk5A==, figureFileBig=FJcRW/It5fZ91EgNK1g0nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241322677781188739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322667194765901, language=CN, label=图3, caption=苗族男性尿锰与肾结石患病风险的剂量反应关系图

注：对数转换后的尿锰浓度和肾结石患病风险的剂量反应关系图，模型调整了婚姻状态、职业状态、喝饮料、高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、糯米、腌制鱼肉类、红酸汤、油茶。

, figureFileSmall=WJBsaJhGLwQmalWj3XIk5A==, figureFileBig=FJcRW/It5fZ91EgNK1g0nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241322677881852047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322667194765901, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Dose-response relationship between urinary lead and urinary chromium and risk of kidney stones in Miao women, figureFileSmall=XyWCHHQHj/4P2TahSc1cmg==, figureFileBig=ZLkgeinRW8AHiKeWgFrXIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241322677990903960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322667194765901, language=CN, label=图4, caption=苗族女性尿铅、尿铬与肾结石患病风险的剂量反应关系图

注：A：对数转换后的尿铅浓度和肾结石患病风险的剂量反应关系图；B：对数转换后的尿铬浓度和肾结石患病风险的剂量反应关系图。两个模型都调整了婚姻状态、职业状态、喝饮料、高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、糯米、腌制鱼肉类、红酸汤、油茶。

, figureFileSmall=XyWCHHQHj/4P2TahSc1cmg==, figureFileBig=ZLkgeinRW8AHiKeWgFrXIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241322678066401446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322667194765901, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Description of basic characteristics of Miao people

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征女性男性
肾结石(n/%)非肾结石(n/%)P肾结石(n/%)非肾结石(n/%)P
年龄（岁）0.4470.397
30~3980(21.33)295(78.67)37(17.79)171(82.21)
40~49150(19.87）605(80.13)64(16.04)335(83.96)
50~59168(23.46)548(76.54)78(20.00)312(80.00)
>60139(25.79)454(74.21)94(18.91)403(81.09)
户口类型0.0520.088
农业户口391(22.88)1 318(77.12)177(17.44)838(82.56)
非农业户口65(23.72)209(76.28)41(25.47)120(74.53)
统一居民户口81(17.80)374(82.20)54(17.00)261(83.00)
婚姻状态0.0420.191
已婚/同居447(21.71)1612(78.29)248(18.75)1 075(81.25)
分居/离异15(14.56)88(85.44)5(9.62)47(90.48)
丧偶74(26.90)201(73.10)15(21.00)58(79.00)
从未结婚1(50.00)1(50.00)5(11.00)41(89.00)
教育程度0.2690.926
初中及以下431(21.66)1559(78.34)182(18.27)814(81.73)
高中或中专48(20.96)181(79.04)33(16.10)172(83.90)
大专及以上58(26.36)162(73.64)58(19.80)235(80.20)
职业类型0.0330.100
农林牧渔劳动者201(25.93)574(74.07)107(19.17)451(80.83)
离/退休36(19.46)149(80.54)23(16.31)118(83.68)
工人33(21.29)122(78.71)27(17.76)125(82.24)
家务111(18.59)486(81.41)18(20.69)69(79.31)
行政及管理人员13(24.53)40(75.47)22(26.50)61(73.50)
私营业主25(15.24)139(84.76)9(12.86)61(87.14)
专业技术人员39(25.00)117(75.00)44(21.00)170(79.00)
待业/下岗22(26.51)61(73.49)10(15.15)56(84.85)
销售及服务工作人员31(20.95)117(79.05)8(18.60)35(81.40)
其它26(22.00)93(78.00)5(6.00)73(94.00)
吸烟0.500.32
是4(16.00)21(84.00)123(18.00)556(82.00)
否533(22.08)1 881(77.92)150(18.40)665(81.60)
饮酒0.9320.859
是275(22.09)978(77.91)84(18.16)369(81.84)
否262(21.50)924(78.50)189(19.00)852(81.00)
喝饮料0.0480.691
是29(30.21)67(69.79)19(19.79)77(80.21)
否508(21.68)1 835(78.32)254(18.17)1 144(81.83)
高血压0.0110.413
是100(27.10)269(72.90)65(20.00)263(80.00)
否437(21.11)1 633(78.89)208(17.84)958(82.16)
糖尿病0.0340.341
是28(31.11)62(68.89)16(22.54)55(77.46)
否509(22.00)1 840(78.00)257(18.00)1 166(82.00)
高脂血症0.0010.648
是26(39.39)40(60.61)15(20.27)59(79.73)
否511(21.53)1 862(78.47)258(18.17)1 162(81.83)
BMI0.8260.508
偏瘦11(25.58)32(74.42)5(21.74)18(78.26)
正常184(22.49)634(77.51)94(16.76)467(83.24)
超重220(21.87)786(78.13)116(18.18)522(81.82)
肥胖111(20.79)423(79.21)51(21.07)191(78.93)
腌制蔬菜(次/月)0.1060.899
086(23.56)279(6.44)42(17.65)196(82.35)
<1315(20.89)1 193(79.11)157(18.89）674(81.11)
1~4118(25.48)345(74.52)58(17.11)281(82.89)
>418(17.48)85(82.52)16(18.60)70(81.40)
糯米(次/月)0.0450.005
057(20.80)217(79.20)48(21.00)178(79.00)
<1289(24.04)913(75.96)100(14.51)589(85.49)
1~4145(21.11)542(78.89)73(20.62)281(79.38)
>446(16.67)230(83.33)52(23.11)173(76.89)
腌制鱼、肉类(次/月)<0.001<0.001
0372(24.28)1 160(75.72)117(14.64)682(85.36)
<1100(18.15)451(81.85)84(20.44)327(79.56)
1~457(21.43)209(78.57)52(26.67)143(73.33)
>48(8.89)82(91.11)20(22.47)69(77.53)
腊、熏肉(次/月)0.4440.315
094(22.60)322(77.40)55(17.00)273(83.00)
<1244(23.33)802(76.67)110(17.11)533(82.89)
1~4161(20.41)628(79.59)85(21.30)314(78.70)
>438(20.21)150(79.79)23(18.55)101(81.45)
白酸汤(次/月)0.1940.448
0288(23.70)927(76.30)141(18.00)651(82.00)
<152(18.57)228(81.43)37(22.70)126(77.30)
1~486(20.57)332(79.43)45(16.79)223(83.21)
>4111(21.10)415(78.90)50(18.00)221(82.00)
红酸汤(次/月)<0.0010.002
0154(21.27)570(78.73)108(22.50)372(77.50)
<174(17.33)353(82.67)48(19.35)200(80.65)
1~4121(19.58)497(80.42)70(18.09)317(81.91)
>4188(28.06)482(71.94)47(12.40)332(87.60)
鱼腥草(次/月)0.1960.969
086(22.75)292(77.25)63(18.31)281(81.69)
<1193(21.09)722(78.91)83(18.99)354(81.01)
1~4147(20.62)566(79.38)75(17.81)346(82.19)
>4111(25.64)322(74.36)52(17.81)240(82.19)
油茶(次/月)0.0010.003
0491(23.35)1 612(76.65)218(17.12)1 055(82.88)
<128(12.07)204(87.93)28(20.00)112(80.00)
1~410(17.24)48(82.76)17(34.00)33(66.00)
>48(17.39)38(82.61)10(32.26)21(67.74)
), ArticleFig(id=1241322678162870445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322667194765901, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

苗族人群基本特征描述

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征女性男性
肾结石(n/%)非肾结石(n/%)P肾结石(n/%)非肾结石(n/%)P
年龄（岁）0.4470.397
30~3980(21.33)295(78.67)37(17.79)171(82.21)
40~49150(19.87）605(80.13)64(16.04)335(83.96)
50~59168(23.46)548(76.54)78(20.00)312(80.00)
>60139(25.79)454(74.21)94(18.91)403(81.09)
户口类型0.0520.088
农业户口391(22.88)1 318(77.12)177(17.44)838(82.56)
非农业户口65(23.72)209(76.28)41(25.47)120(74.53)
统一居民户口81(17.80)374(82.20)54(17.00)261(83.00)
婚姻状态0.0420.191
已婚/同居447(21.71)1612(78.29)248(18.75)1 075(81.25)
分居/离异15(14.56)88(85.44)5(9.62)47(90.48)
丧偶74(26.90)201(73.10)15(21.00)58(79.00)
从未结婚1(50.00)1(50.00)5(11.00)41(89.00)
教育程度0.2690.926
初中及以下431(21.66)1559(78.34)182(18.27)814(81.73)
高中或中专48(20.96)181(79.04)33(16.10)172(83.90)
大专及以上58(26.36)162(73.64)58(19.80)235(80.20)
职业类型0.0330.100
农林牧渔劳动者201(25.93)574(74.07)107(19.17)451(80.83)
离/退休36(19.46)149(80.54)23(16.31)118(83.68)
工人33(21.29)122(78.71)27(17.76)125(82.24)
家务111(18.59)486(81.41)18(20.69)69(79.31)
行政及管理人员13(24.53)40(75.47)22(26.50)61(73.50)
私营业主25(15.24)139(84.76)9(12.86)61(87.14)
专业技术人员39(25.00)117(75.00)44(21.00)170(79.00)
待业/下岗22(26.51)61(73.49)10(15.15)56(84.85)
销售及服务工作人员31(20.95)117(79.05)8(18.60)35(81.40)
其它26(22.00)93(78.00)5(6.00)73(94.00)
吸烟0.500.32
是4(16.00)21(84.00)123(18.00)556(82.00)
否533(22.08)1 881(77.92)150(18.40)665(81.60)
饮酒0.9320.859
是275(22.09)978(77.91)84(18.16)369(81.84)
否262(21.50)924(78.50)189(19.00)852(81.00)
喝饮料0.0480.691
是29(30.21)67(69.79)19(19.79)77(80.21)
否508(21.68)1 835(78.32)254(18.17)1 144(81.83)
高血压0.0110.413
是100(27.10)269(72.90)65(20.00)263(80.00)
否437(21.11)1 633(78.89)208(17.84)958(82.16)
糖尿病0.0340.341
是28(31.11)62(68.89)16(22.54)55(77.46)
否509(22.00)1 840(78.00)257(18.00)1 166(82.00)
高脂血症0.0010.648
是26(39.39)40(60.61)15(20.27)59(79.73)
否511(21.53)1 862(78.47)258(18.17)1 162(81.83)
BMI0.8260.508
偏瘦11(25.58)32(74.42)5(21.74)18(78.26)
正常184(22.49)634(77.51)94(16.76)467(83.24)
超重220(21.87)786(78.13)116(18.18)522(81.82)
肥胖111(20.79)423(79.21)51(21.07)191(78.93)
腌制蔬菜(次/月)0.1060.899
086(23.56)279(6.44)42(17.65)196(82.35)
<1315(20.89)1 193(79.11)157(18.89）674(81.11)
1~4118(25.48)345(74.52)58(17.11)281(82.89)
>418(17.48)85(82.52)16(18.60)70(81.40)
糯米(次/月)0.0450.005
057(20.80)217(79.20)48(21.00)178(79.00)
<1289(24.04)913(75.96)100(14.51)589(85.49)
1~4145(21.11)542(78.89)73(20.62)281(79.38)
>446(16.67)230(83.33)52(23.11)173(76.89)
腌制鱼、肉类(次/月)<0.001<0.001
0372(24.28)1 160(75.72)117(14.64)682(85.36)
<1100(18.15)451(81.85)84(20.44)327(79.56)
1~457(21.43)209(78.57)52(26.67)143(73.33)
>48(8.89)82(91.11)20(22.47)69(77.53)
腊、熏肉(次/月)0.4440.315
094(22.60)322(77.40)55(17.00)273(83.00)
<1244(23.33)802(76.67)110(17.11)533(82.89)
1~4161(20.41)628(79.59)85(21.30)314(78.70)
>438(20.21)150(79.79)23(18.55)101(81.45)
白酸汤(次/月)0.1940.448
0288(23.70)927(76.30)141(18.00)651(82.00)
<152(18.57)228(81.43)37(22.70)126(77.30)
1~486(20.57)332(79.43)45(16.79)223(83.21)
>4111(21.10)415(78.90)50(18.00)221(82.00)
红酸汤(次/月)<0.0010.002
0154(21.27)570(78.73)108(22.50)372(77.50)
<174(17.33)353(82.67)48(19.35)200(80.65)
1~4121(19.58)497(80.42)70(18.09)317(81.91)
>4188(28.06)482(71.94)47(12.40)332(87.60)
鱼腥草(次/月)0.1960.969
086(22.75)292(77.25)63(18.31)281(81.69)
<1193(21.09)722(78.91)83(18.99)354(81.01)
1~4147(20.62)566(79.38)75(17.81)346(82.19)
>4111(25.64)322(74.36)52(17.81)240(82.19)
油茶(次/月)0.0010.003
0491(23.35)1 612(76.65)218(17.12)1 055(82.88)
<128(12.07)204(87.93)28(20.00)112(80.00)
1~410(17.24)48(82.76)17(34.00)33(66.00)
>48(17.39)38(82.61)10(32.26)21(67.74)
), ArticleFig(id=1241322678288699572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322667194765901, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Urine metal distribution of Miao nationality

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
金属
（μg/L）		男性女性
非肾结石肾结石P非肾结石肾结石P
As85.05(57.08,124.29)92.81(63.19,123.28)0.18281.19(53.34,116.46)72.54(48.04,104.80)<0.001
Cd2.08(1.33,3.27)2.06(1.27,3.39)0.7492.39(1.48,4.00)2.16(1.30,3.38)<0.001
Co0.49(0.29,0.77)0.48(0.31,0.76)0.9420.66(0.38,1.29)0.55(0.33,0.96)<0.001
Cr50.65(33.08,80.47)56.72(35.82,81.37)0.10553.61(33.87,85.57)41.99(25.88,65.13)<0.001
Cu123.84(47.19,266.54)77.76(36.27,202.59)0.00186.60(29.61,214.50)95.48(33.50,221.56)0.202
Fe464.10(213.17,837.74)409.48(231.80,841.66)0.608581.66(299.67,1 027.89)537.86(292.69,895.21)0.016
Hg0.45(0.13,1.13)0.53(0.19,1.16)0.2030.43(0.06,1.35)0.33(0.04,1.11)0.017
Li11.30(6.38,19.40)11.99(6.83,21.20)0.11612.23(6.72,22.33)10.02(5.43,16.81)<0.001
Mn3.49(0.04,10.52)6.10(1.47,15.52)<0.0017.84(1.66,23.24)3.94(0.000 4,3.94)<0.001
Mo82.62(52.83,129.20)95.23(61.34,137.14)0.02072.17(45.94,115.60)68.40(39.20,110.25)0.027
Ni1.87(0.000 3,7.82)1.94(0.000 3,8.36)0.7023.64(0.000 3,11.16)1.87(0.000 3,7.98)<0.001
Pb3.98(1.85,8.19)4.13(2.07,.90)0.9694.48(2.02,9.30)3.05(1.26,7.03)<0.001
Sr106.95(63.55,177.92)113.64(3.52,167.13)0.875113.33(69.91,178.14)103.26(65.96,167.91)0.016
V46.49(29.32,72.67)45.39(27.58,70.93)0.51544.88(29.26,73.41)44.07(26.40,62.49)0.007
Zn739.97(477.03,1 142.02)839.57(516.77,1 320.38)0.006564.08(346.57,927.77)495.58(309.80,815.15)0.002
), ArticleFig(id=1241322678427111618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322667194765901, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

苗族尿液中金属分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
金属
（μg/L）		男性女性
非肾结石肾结石P非肾结石肾结石P
As85.05(57.08,124.29)92.81(63.19,123.28)0.18281.19(53.34,116.46)72.54(48.04,104.80)<0.001
Cd2.08(1.33,3.27)2.06(1.27,3.39)0.7492.39(1.48,4.00)2.16(1.30,3.38)<0.001
Co0.49(0.29,0.77)0.48(0.31,0.76)0.9420.66(0.38,1.29)0.55(0.33,0.96)<0.001
Cr50.65(33.08,80.47)56.72(35.82,81.37)0.10553.61(33.87,85.57)41.99(25.88,65.13)<0.001
Cu123.84(47.19,266.54)77.76(36.27,202.59)0.00186.60(29.61,214.50)95.48(33.50,221.56)0.202
Fe464.10(213.17,837.74)409.48(231.80,841.66)0.608581.66(299.67,1 027.89)537.86(292.69,895.21)0.016
Hg0.45(0.13,1.13)0.53(0.19,1.16)0.2030.43(0.06,1.35)0.33(0.04,1.11)0.017
Li11.30(6.38,19.40)11.99(6.83,21.20)0.11612.23(6.72,22.33)10.02(5.43,16.81)<0.001
Mn3.49(0.04,10.52)6.10(1.47,15.52)<0.0017.84(1.66,23.24)3.94(0.000 4,3.94)<0.001
Mo82.62(52.83,129.20)95.23(61.34,137.14)0.02072.17(45.94,115.60)68.40(39.20,110.25)0.027
Ni1.87(0.000 3,7.82)1.94(0.000 3,8.36)0.7023.64(0.000 3,11.16)1.87(0.000 3,7.98)<0.001
Pb3.98(1.85,8.19)4.13(2.07,.90)0.9694.48(2.02,9.30)3.05(1.26,7.03)<0.001
Sr106.95(63.55,177.92)113.64(3.52,167.13)0.875113.33(69.91,178.14)103.26(65.96,167.91)0.016
V46.49(29.32,72.67)45.39(27.58,70.93)0.51544.88(29.26,73.41)44.07(26.40,62.49)0.007
Zn739.97(477.03,1 142.02)839.57(516.77,1 320.38)0.006564.08(346.57,927.77)495.58(309.80,815.15)0.002
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贵州省苗族人群尿中金属元素与肾结石的关联性分析
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陈成 , 张宇馨 , 吴申燕 , 申毅力 , 胡宇欣 , 洪峰
现代预防医学 | 临床与预防 2024,51(2): 366-373
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现代预防医学 | 临床与预防 2024, 51(2): 366-373
贵州省苗族人群尿中金属元素与肾结石的关联性分析
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陈成, 张宇馨, 吴申燕, 申毅力, 胡宇欣, 洪峰
作者信息
  • 贵州医科大学公共卫生与健康学院，环境污染与疾病监控教育部重点实验室，贵州 贵阳 561113

    • 陈成（1998—），女，硕士在读，研究方向：环境与遗传流行病学

通讯作者:

洪峰，E-mail：
Associations between urinary metals and kidney stones in the Miao population of Guizhou
Cheng CHEN, Yu-xin ZHANG, Shen-yan WU, Yi-li SHEN, Yu-xin HU, Feng HONG
Affiliations
  • School of Public Health, the key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 561113, China
出版时间: 2024-01-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306249
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摘要
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目的

现目前针对少数民族尿中金属元素浓度与肾结石发生风险之间的关联研究甚少，因此探讨贵州省苗族人群尿中金属元素与肾结石的关联性分析。

方法

本研究从西南区域少数民族聚集地世居自然人群队列研究数据库中抽取3 933名苗族人群，采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测尿液中金属（砷、镉、钴、铬、铜、铁、汞、锂、锰、钼、镍、铅、锶、钒、锌）的浓度。将尿中金属元素浓度分为Q1、Q2、Q3、Q4四组，采用二元logistic回归模型分析单一金属暴露于肾结石患病风险之间的关系，用限制性立方样条探究单金属浓度与肾结石患病风险之间的剂量反应关系。

结果

贵州省苗族肾结石的检出率为20.59%，男性检出率为18.27%，女性检出率为22.02%。二元logistic回归模型结果显示，在苗族女性中，调整协变量后，以Q1暴露组为参考，铬Q4组（OR=0.534，95% CI：0.337~0.846）；铅Q3组（OR=0.546，95% CI：0.400~0.745）；铅Q4组（OR=0.657，95% CI：0.482~0.895）与肾结石患病风险呈负相关；在苗族男性中，调整协变量后，锰Q4组（OR=1.911，95% CI：1.274~2.867）与肾结石患病风险呈正相关。进一步进行限制性立方样条分析结果显示，在苗族女性中，尿铬与肾结石患病风险存在剂量反应关系（P<0.05）；尿铅与肾结石患病风险不存在剂量反应关系（P>0.05）；在苗族男性中，尿锰与肾结石患病风险存在剂量反应关系（P<0.05）。

结论

尿液中的重金属对肾结石造成影响，这支持了金属暴露在肾结石发生发展中发挥作用的观点。

尿中金属元素  /  肾结石  /  苗族
Objective

To discuss the correlation between urinary metal elements and kidney stones in Miao population in Guizhou Province since there are few studies on the association between urine metal concentration and the risk of kidney stones in ethnic minorities.

Methods

In this study, 3 933 Miao people were sampled from the cohort database of natural populations living in ethnic minority areas in southwest China, and the concentrations of urine metals(arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, mercury, lithium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, lead, strontium, vanadium and zinc) were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The urinary metal concentration was divided into four groups: Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4, and the relationship between the exposure of a single metal to the risk of kidney stones was analyzed by binary logistic regression model, and the dose-response relationship between the concentration of monometals and the risk of kidney stones was explored by restriction cubic spline.

Results

The detection rate of kidney stones of Miao ethnic group in Guizhou Province was 20.59%, the detection rate of male was 18.27%, and the detection rate of female was 22.02%. The results of the binary logistic regression model showed that when the covariate was not adjusted. In Miao women, after adjusting the covariate, the Q1 exposure group was used as the reference, and the chromium Q4 group(OR=0.534, 95% CI: 0.337-0.846) was used. Lead Q3 group(OR=0.546, 95% CI: 0.400-0.745); Lead Q4 group(OR=0.657, 95% CI: 0.482-0.895) was negatively correlated with the risk of kidney stones. In Miao men, after adjusting for covariates, manganese Q4 group(OR=1.911, 95% CI: 1.274-2.867) was positively correlated with the risk of kidney stones. Further restriction cubic spline analysis showed that there was a dose-response relationship between urine chromium and the risk of kidney stones in Miao women(P<0.05). There was no dose-response relationship between urine lead and the risk of kidney stones(P>0.05), and in Miao men, there was a dose-response relationship between urinary manganese and the risk of kidney stones(P<0.05).

Conclusion

Heavy metals in urine affect kidney stones which supports the view that metal exposure plays a role in the development of kidney stones.

Urine metal concentration  /  Kidney stone  /  Miao ethnic group
陈成, 张宇馨, 吴申燕, 申毅力, 胡宇欣, 洪峰. 贵州省苗族人群尿中金属元素与肾结石的关联性分析. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (2) : 366 -373 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306249
Cheng CHEN, Yu-xin ZHANG, Shen-yan WU, Yi-li SHEN, Yu-xin HU, Feng HONG. Associations between urinary metals and kidney stones in the Miao population of Guizhou[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (2) : 366 -373 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306249
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金属天然存在于地壳中，其成分因地壳而异，导致周围浓度的结构差异。近年来，大气圈、土壤圈、水圈和生物圈等不同自然系统中重金属的高浓度已成为一个全球性问题[1-2]。重金属可通过三种途径进入人体：摄入（受污染的水或食物）、吸入和皮肤接触[3]。重金属的不良反应通常与氧化应激有关，氧化应激包括活性氧过量产生、内源性抗氧化防御丧失以及线粒体功能障碍[4]。长期暴露（职业或环境）可对人体健康造成严重问题，尤其是肾脏，因为它是重金属从体内排泄的主要途径[5]。尿液中的金属含量在人体研究中经常被用作生物标志物，特别是在大群体研究中[6]。尿中重金属浓度可以反映体内重金属的排泄情况，间接反映机体内重金属的蓄积量。因此，尿中元素浓度是临床监测和评价重金属中毒的重要依据。过去十年的多项研究记录了肾结石发病率的增加。国家健康和营养检查调查（NHANES）是一项针对美国非机构化成年人的横断面调查，用于估计肾结石的患病率，研究结果发现肾结石患病率呈现逐渐上升趋势[7]。而流行病学研究已将肾结石与代谢综合征的3种医学特征（肥胖、糖尿病和高血压）联系起来，它不单单只是一种孤立的、良性的疾病，已经转向认为肾结石不是孤立的尿液成分疾病，而是代谢综合征和心血管疾病的危险因素和后果[8]，它是由脱水、尿量或液体流速减少或矿物质排泄增加引起的。大多数关于重金属横断面方向的研究都是针对职业暴露人群进行的，对非职业暴露高危人群的研究不足[9]，仅有一项针对侗族男性中发现男性尿液中重金属（镉、铬、汞、铅）与肾结石的发生存在阈值关系，联合暴露于尿液中的重金属导致肾结石的高风险效应[10]，缺乏其他少数民族的研究。因此本研究以尿液金属砷（As）、镉（Cd）、钴（Co）、铬（Cr）、铜（Cu）、铁（Fe）、汞（Hg）、锂（Li）、锰（Mn）、钼（Mo）、镍（Ni）、铅（Pb）、锶（Sr）、钒（V）、锌（Zn）为内暴露指标,探讨苗族人群尿液中金属与肾结石的关联性,为该人群肾结石防治提供理论依据。
1　资料与方法
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1.1　研究对象
基于“西南区域少数民族聚集地世居自然人群队列研究”，选择贵州省黔东南苗族侗族自治州和黔南布依族苗族自治州为研究现场，采用多阶段、分层整群抽样方法，于2018年7月至2019年8月对30~79岁苗族常住居民进行基线调查，基线调查包括电子问卷、面对面访谈、体格检查和临床实验室检测[11]。纳入排除标准如下：为30~79岁世居三代的苗族人群；自愿参加并签署了知情同意书和生物样本采集；无精神性疾患及其他相关疾病，表达和理解能力正常者。排除现患恶性肿瘤者或者有家族史或疾病史；排除缺少尿样采集者；排除缺少腹部超声检查的参与者；排除未患肾结石且有肾脏其他疾病史或现患其他肾脏疾病或有尿路感染、尿路堵塞、甲亢、甲状腺疾病、膀胱结石等。最终纳入3 933名参与者，本研究通过四川大学华西医院医学伦理委员会（K2016038）和贵州医科大学附属医院医学伦理委员会（2018[094]）批准。所有研究对象均自愿参加并签署知情同意书。
1.2　研究内容
采用中国多民族队列研究项目组开发的专用电子问卷[11]，由专业调查员与参与者进行了面对面访谈,其中包括有关人口统计、生活方式和病史的问题。肾结石的定义为通过腹部B超检查发现泌尿系强光点或强光团回声直径≥4 mm诊断为肾结石或者胸片X光检查结果[12]。在调查前所以参与的医生都进行了标准化培训。在基线调查中，使用食物频率问卷（FFQ）评估过去一年里的饮食食用频率。在本次研究中的变量定义如下：（1）年龄分为30~39岁、40~49岁、50~59岁、>60岁；（2）户口类型分为农业户口、非农业户口、统一居民户口；（3）婚姻状态分为已婚/同居、离异/分居、丧偶、从未结婚；（4）教育程度分为初中及以下、高中及中专，大专及以上；（5）职业类型分为农林牧渔劳动者、离/退休、工人、家务、行政及管理人员、私营业主、专业技术人员（医生、教师、科技人员）、待业/下岗、销售及服务工作人员、其它；（6）吸烟分为不吸烟、吸烟；（7）饮酒分为从不饮酒、饮酒；（8）喝饮料分为从不喝饮料、喝饮料、（9）体重指数（BMI）根据中国肥胖问题工作组分为偏瘦（BMI<18.5）、正常（18.5≤BMI<24）、超重（24≤BMI<28）、肥胖（BMI≥28）；（10）高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症是否患病、（11）营养素摄入频次（次/月）(腌制蔬菜、糯米、腌制鱼肉类、腊/熏肉、白酸汤、红酸汤、油茶、鱼腥草)分为0、<1、1~4、>4。所有调查参与者都接受了由医疗专业人员按照标准程序进行的全面体检。体质指数=体重(kg)/身高2(m2)。采集调查对象的晨尿，利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（Inductively coupled plasma-Mass Spectrometry，TCP-MS）检测尿中砷、镉、钴、镉、铜、铁、汞、锂、锰、钼、镍、铅、锶、钒、锌元素的浓度。
1.3　统计学分析
本研究采用SPSS 25.0和R 4.1.2分析，作图采用GraphPad Prism 9.5.0。计量资料采用中位数和四分位间距表示，组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验，计数资料采用例数（百分比）表示，组间比较采用卡方检验。将每种尿中金属元素浓度从低到高按照四分位数分成Q1、Q2、Q3、Q4四组浓度梯度、以Q1组为参考使用二元logistic回归分析检验每种尿中金属元素浓度与肾结石之间的相关性。结果通过不同模型中与参考四分位数（最低四分位数）的比值比（OR）和95%置信区间（95% CI）给出。模型1未做任何调整的粗模型。模型2中调整了婚姻状态、职业状态、喝饮料、高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、糯米、腌制鱼肉类、红酸汤、油茶。将尿液中金属进行自然对数转换，基于R（version 4.1.2）软件的rms包，采用限制性立方样条（Restricted cubic spline，RCS）分析尿液金属与苗族人群肾结石患病风险的剂量-反应关系，基于语法得出参数节点为3，参数设置为中位数。检验水准α=0.05。
2　结果
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2.1　人口学特征
本研究共纳入3 933人，见表1，其中肾结石的检出率为20.59%，男性检出率为18.27%，女性检出率为22.02%。在女性群体，婚姻状态、职业状态、喝饮料、高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、糯米、腌制鱼肉类、红酸汤、油茶在肾结石组和非肾结石组中差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；在男性群体，糯米、腌制鱼肉类、红酸汤、油茶在肾结石组和非肾结石组中差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。
2.2　研究人群尿中金属元素浓度分布
苗族人群尿液中金属分布如表2所示。在Mann - Whitney U检验中发现，苗族男性人群中肾结石患者的尿锰、尿钼、尿锌浓度明显高于非糖尿病患者，而尿铜明显低于非肾结石患者（P<0.05）；苗族女性人群中肾结石患者的尿砷、尿镉、尿钴、尿铬、尿铁、尿汞、尿锂、尿锰、尿钼、尿镍、尿铅、尿锶、尿钒、尿锌浓度低于非肾结石患者（P<0.05）。
2.3　苗族人群尿中金属元素浓度与肾结石的相关性
由图1可知，苗族男性人群中在调整婚姻状态、职业状态、喝饮料、高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、糯米、腌制鱼肉类、红酸汤、油茶后，以锰Q1为参考，发现锰Q4组、Q3组与肾结石患病风险有关（P<0.05）；由图2可知，苗族女性人群中在调整婚姻状态、职业状态、喝饮料、高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、糯米、腌制鱼肉类、红酸汤、油茶后，以铬Q1为参考，发现铬Q2、铬Q4组与肾结石患病风险有关（P<0.05），以铅Q1为参考，发现铅Q3、铅Q4组与肾结石患病风险有关（P<0.05）。由图3可知，在苗族男性中，尿锰与肾结石患病风险存在剂量反应关系（P-overall<0.05），但不具有线性关系（P-Nonlinear<0.05）；由图4可知，在苗族女性中，尿铬与肾结石患病风险存在剂量反应关系（P-overall<0.05），且具有线性关系（P-Nonlinear>0.05）；尿铅与肾结石患病风险不存在剂量反应关系（P-overall>0.05）。
3　讨论
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本研究中，在苗族男性人群中，尿锰与肾结石患病风险呈正相关，且尿锰与肾结石患病风险呈剂量反应关系；在苗族女性人群中，尿铬与肾结石患病风险呈负相关，且尿铬与肾结石患病风险呈剂量反应关系。
近年来人们发现，锰导致的环境污染中土壤污染最为严重，其次是水体锰污染[13]。锰具有重要的生理作用，但过度接触这种金属与严重的健康问题有关。有研究表明，染锰组小鼠确因锰染毒引起肾脏的中毒性损害[14]；另有研究发现慢性锰染毒暴露可导致肾实质通透性增加、肾脏水肿、肾功能异常[15]。现目前还未有锰暴露与肾结石相关关系的研究，而本研究中发现在贵州省苗族人群中，过高暴露锰会导致肾结石患病风险的增加，对于这一结果还需后续研究进一步探讨。
铬最常见和最稳定的形式是三价（Cr（III））和六价（Cr（VI））状态[16]。三价铬通常毒性低，胃肠道吸收这些化合物很差；六价铬是一种皮肤和粘膜的刺激物，被国际癌症研究机构和美国毒理学计划认定为肺致癌物[17]。Cr（III）是人类必需的膳食元素，其毒性低于Cr（VI）[18]。吸收后，Cr（VI）被还原为Cr（III），并通过尿液和粪便排泄，尿中铬的浓度被作为体内铬暴露的生物标志物[19]。铬相关性肾毒性的机制尚不清楚，在动物肾脏中已经观察到铬诱导的细胞毒性，DNA损伤和氧化应激；因此，铬也可能诱发人类肾毒性[20-21]。关于铬与肾结石相关关系还未阐明清楚，有研究发现当尿铬中的浓度17.78 μg/L至25.12 μg/L的范围内时肾结石发生风险显著增加24%（P<0.05）[10]。本研究发现在苗族女性中尿铬浓度与肾结石患病风险呈现剂量反应关系，超过一定浓度的尿铬对肾结石起保护作用。但由于本研究采用ICP-MS进行尿铬元素浓度测定时，并不能区分三价铬和六价铬，所以可能因为三价铬和六价铬的比例不同造成研究结果的不同，可能提示三价铬对肾结石具有保护作用，此结果还需后续进一步验证。
铅是地壳中最丰富的重金属。长期接触低水平的铅仍然是一个公共卫生问题，特别是在一些少数民族和社会经济弱势群体中。铅过度积累会损伤近端肾小管细胞和肾小球，并破坏肾小管细胞的能量代谢[22]。铅是如何影响肾脏从而增加肾结石发生率还未有相关研究说明，而且关于铅暴露与肾结石发病率之间的流行病学关系研究有限，有研究发现男性肾结石的发生率都会随着血铅浓度水平的增加而增加，但在女性中没有看到这种趋势[23]。此外，一项针对1 302名人(几何平均血铅：0.29 μmol/L)的队列研究表明，血铅翻倍与肾结石风险相关的风险比为1.35（P=0.015）[24]。另一项研究中则观察男性高铅暴露以及男性和女性铅和镉共同暴露增加了肾结石的发病率[25]。所以，现目前关于尿铅水平与肾结石之间的关系还存在争议。本研究发现尿铅水平与肾结石风险无相关关系，更加证实了以前学者研究的结果，提示目前在普通人群里低铅暴露水平与肾结石患病风险无关，在女性中肾结石的发生率没有随着尿铅水平的增加而增加。
本研究首先获得西南区域少数民族聚集地世居自然人群队列研究数据，所有数据都是由训练有素的研究生、本科生收集的，进行了严格的质量控制，确保了信息的可靠性；当然在此次研究中也存在一些局限性，本研究为一项横断面研究，固很难得出尿中金属元素元素与肾结石之间的因果关系；其次本研究仅探讨了单金属暴露对肾结石发病风险的影响，未考虑多金属联合暴露的影响，但西南区域少数民族聚集地世居自然人群队列研究后续会弥补这一不足。
综上所述，贵州省苗族男性尿锰元素是肾结石的危险因素，苗族女性尿铬元素是肾结石的保护因素，这支持了金属暴露在肾结石发生发展中发挥作用的观点。在课题组后期的随访研究中可进一步深入探讨金属暴露对肾结石患病风险造成的影响。
基金
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  • 国家重点研发计划课题(2017YFC0907301)
文献
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参考文献 引证文献
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2024年第51卷第2期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306249
  • 接收时间：2023-06-13
  • 首发时间：2026-03-19
  • 出版时间：2024-01-25
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  • 收稿日期：2023-06-13
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国家重点研发计划课题(2017YFC0907301)
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    贵州医科大学公共卫生与健康学院，环境污染与疾病监控教育部重点实验室，贵州 贵阳 561113

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洪峰，E-mail：
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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