Article(id=1241322666938921977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241322661654098823, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202309014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1693497600000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773883986458, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1706112000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773883986458, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773883986458, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773883986458, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241322661654098823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='2', pageStart='193', pageEnd='384', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773883985198, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773890256678, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241348966214849502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241322661654098823, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241348966214849503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241322661654098823, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=343, endPage=347, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241322668532756494, articleId=1241322666938921977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Formaldehyde exposure and health risk assessment of indoor air in four types of public places, in Shijiazhuang city, columnId=1228016571713520579, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health Supervison, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To understand the concentration of formaldehyde pollution in indoor air of four types of public places in Shijiazhuang City, and to assess the chronic non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of employees in various types of places.

Methods

Using the monitoring data of health hazards in public places, we analyzed the concentration levels of formaldehyde in the indoor air of swimming pools, barber stores, beauty stores, and hotels in Shijiazhuang City in 2021-2022, and evaluated the chronic non-cancer and cancer risks of formaldehyde for employees in the above four types of public places by adopting the classic "four-step" health risk assessment model of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(US EPA).

Results

From 2021 to 2022, a total of 169 swimming pools, barber stores, beauty stores and hotels were randomly selected, with a total sample size of 485 formaldehyde tests, and the overall pass rate was 91.34%. The pass rate of formaldehyde concentration in the indoor air of swimming pools in the above four types of public places was 100%(161/161), 93.10%(27/29) for barber stores, 90.09%(20/22) for beauty stores and 86.08%(235/273) for guesthouses(hotels), with statistically significant differences(χ2=24.931, P<0.001); the mean value of the HQ of the chronic non-carcinogenic effect of formaldehyde for practitioners in swimming pools was less than 1, and that for practitioners in the other three types of public places was greater than 1, and swimming pools, Hairdressers, beauty stores, and hotels, the cancer risk values of formaldehyde for employees were 1.90×10-5, 8.19×10-5, 1.13×10-4, and 5.63×10-5, respectively, which were higher than the limit value(1×10-6) set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(US EPA).

Conclusion

Exposure to formaldehyde in the indoor air of swimming pools in Shijiazhuang City doesn’t exceed the threshold for adverse reactions, and the chronic non-carcinogenic risk of formaldehyde for practitioners in this type of venue is low.There was a certain amount of chronic non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk for practitioners in barber stores, beauty stores, and guesthouses, and the risk value of formaldehyde for practitioners in the beauty category of venues is the highest, and it should be analyzed in further studies.

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目的

了解石家庄市四类公共场所室内空气中甲醛污染浓度,评估各类场所从业人员慢性非致癌与致癌风险。

方法

利用公共场所健康危害因素监测数据,分析2021—2022年石家庄市游泳馆、理发店、美容店、宾馆(酒店)室内空气甲醛的浓度水平,并采用美国环境保护署(US EPA)经典“四步法”健康风险评估模型,对上述四类公共场所从业人员甲醛的慢性非致癌与致癌风险进行评价。

结果

2021—2022年随机抽取石家庄市游泳馆、理发店、美容店和宾馆(酒店)共169家,甲醛检测样本量共485份,总合格率为91.34%,以上四类公共场所游泳馆室内空气中甲醛浓度合格率为100%(161/161),理发店为93.10%(27/29),美容店为90.09%(20/22)和宾馆(酒店)为86.08%(235/273),差异具有统计学意义(χ2=24.931,P<0.001);游泳馆从业人员甲醛的慢性非致癌效应HQ均值小于1,其他3类公共场所从业人员甲醛的慢性非致癌效应HQ均值大于1,游泳馆、理发店、美容店、宾馆(酒店)从业人员甲醛的致癌风险值分别为1.90×10-5、8.19×10-5、1.13×10-4、5.63×10-5,均高于美国环保局规定的限值(1×10-6)。

结论

石家庄市游泳馆室内空气中甲醛暴露量未超过不良反应阈值,该类场所从业人员甲醛的慢性非致癌风险较低;理发店、美容店、宾馆(酒店)从业人员存在一定的慢性非致癌和致癌风险,以美容类场所从业人员甲醛的风险值最高,应进一步研究分析。

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陈凤格,E-mail:
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曾芳婷(1995—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:环境卫生学

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Chinese Journal of Health Laboratory Technology, 2022, 32(1): 95-97, 101., articleTitle=Pollution status of formaldehyde and its risk assessment in public places in a county of Henan Province, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241341058639000405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322666938921977, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=22, issue=5, pageStart=587, pageEnd=589, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=28, authorNames=张毅, 吴华, 安玉, journalName=中国卫生工程学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张毅,吴华,安玉.空气中甲醛水平对从业人员的健康风险评价[J].中国卫生工程学202322(5):587-589., articleTitle=空气中甲醛水平对从业人员的健康风险评价, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241341058739663703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322666938921977, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=22, issue=5, pageStart=587, pageEnd=589, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=29, authorNames=Zhang Y, Wu H, An Y, journalName=Chinese Journal of Public Health Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang Y, Wu H, An Y. Health risk assessment of practitioners exposed to airborne formaldehyde in some public places inDalian[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health Engineering, 2023, 22(5): 587-589., articleTitle=Health risk assessment of practitioners exposed to airborne formaldehyde in some public places inDalian, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241341058827744089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322666938921977, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=47, issue=1, pageStart=67, pageEnd=69, 73, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=30, authorNames=陈栋, 杨洋, 罗慧敏, journalName=华南预防医学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈栋,杨洋,罗慧敏,等.基于健康风险评价模型对六安市公共场所室内甲醛暴露的研究[J].华南预防医学202147(1):67-69, 73., articleTitle=基于健康风险评价模型对六安市公共场所室内甲醛暴露的研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241341060320916317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322666938921977, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=47, issue=1, pageStart=67, pageEnd=69, 73, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=31, authorNames=Chen D, Yang Y, Luo HM, journalName=South China Journal of Preventive Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen D, Yang Y, Luo HM, et al. Study on indoor formaldehyde exposure in public places in Lu’an City based on health risk assessment modeling[J].South China Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2021, 47(1): 67-69, 73., articleTitle=Study on indoor formaldehyde exposure in public places in Lu’an City based on health risk assessment modeling, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241341056147583764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322666938921977, awardId=20191492, language=CN, fundingSource=河北省医学科学研究重点课题(20191492), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241341051366077061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322666938921977, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241341051374465669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322666938921977, companyId=1241341051366077061, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Institute of Environmental Health, Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241341051378659974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322666938921977, companyId=1241341051366077061, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.石家庄市疾病预防控制中心公卫所,河北 石家庄 050011)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241341051449963144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322666938921977, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241341051458351753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322666938921977, companyId=1241341051449963144, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.华北理工大学公共卫生学院)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241341051529654924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322666938921977, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241341051533849228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322666938921977, companyId=1241341051529654924, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康研究基地(石家庄))]), AuthorCompany(id=1241341051596763789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322666938921977, xref=4., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241341051600958094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322666938921977, companyId=1241341051596763789, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.河北医科大学公共卫生学院)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241341053878465272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322666938921977, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Cumulative working hours of employees in different types of establishments in Shijiazhuang City

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测场所每日工作时间
(h)
每月工作时间
(d)
节假日休息时间
(d)
每年工作时间
(d)
工作年限
(年)
游泳馆10261429830
理发店10281432230
美容店12261429830
宾馆(酒店)8261429825
), ArticleFig(id=1241341053953962748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322666938921977, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

石家庄市不同类型场所从业人员累计工作时间

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测场所每日工作时间
(h)
每月工作时间
(d)
节假日休息时间
(d)
每年工作时间
(d)
工作年限
(年)
游泳馆10261429830
理发店10281432230
美容店12261429830
宾馆(酒店)8261429825
), ArticleFig(id=1241341054029460223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322666938921977, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Detection of formaldehyde in indoor air of all kinds of places in Shijiazhuang City

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测场所甲醛污染物浓度(mg/m3
中位数上四分位数下四分位数最小值最大值检测数(合格率%)/份
游泳馆0.0100.0100.0250.0100.075161(100.00)
理发店0.0400.0200.0610.0150.12029(93.10)
美容店0.0480.0410.0630.0180.12222(90.90)
宾馆(酒店)0.0430.0240.0870.0050.600273(86.08)
), ArticleFig(id=1241341054104957697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322666938921977, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

石家庄市各类场所室内空气中甲醛检测情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测场所甲醛污染物浓度(mg/m3
中位数上四分位数下四分位数最小值最大值检测数(合格率%)/份
游泳馆0.0100.0100.0250.0100.075161(100.00)
理发店0.0400.0200.0610.0150.12029(93.10)
美容店0.0480.0410.0630.0180.12222(90.90)
宾馆(酒店)0.0430.0240.0870.0050.600273(86.08)
), ArticleFig(id=1241341054214009607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322666938921977, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Chronic non-carcinogenic health risks of formaldehyde concentration in indoor air of various types of establishments in Shijiazhuang City for employees

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测场所ADD(mg/m3RfC(mg/m3HQ
中位数上四分位数下四分位数中位数上四分位数下四分位数
游泳馆0.0030.0030.0090.310.350.87
理发店0.0150.0070.0221.530.752.28
美容店0.0200.0170.0269.83×10-32.031.702.61
宾馆(酒店)0.0120.0070.0241.220.752.41
), ArticleFig(id=1241341054310478602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322666938921977, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

石家庄市各类场所室内空气中甲醛浓度对从业人员慢性非致癌性健康风险

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测场所ADD(mg/m3RfC(mg/m3HQ
中位数上四分位数下四分位数中位数上四分位数下四分位数
游泳馆0.0030.0030.0090.310.350.87
理发店0.0150.0070.0221.530.752.28
美容店0.0200.0170.0269.83×10-32.031.702.61
宾馆(酒店)0.0120.0070.0241.220.752.41
), ArticleFig(id=1241341055837205260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322666938921977, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Carcinogenic risk of formaldehyde concentration in indoor air of various types of establishments in Shijiazhuang City for practitioners

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测场所LADD(mg/m3IUR(m3/μg)CR
中位数上四分位数下四分位数中位数上四分位数下四分位数
游泳馆1.46×10-30.0010.0041.3×10-51.90×10-51.90×10-54.73×10-5
理发店6.30×10-30.0030.0108.19×10-54.10×10-51.25×10-4
美容店8.40×10-30.0070.0111.13×10-49.32×10-51.43×10-4
宾馆(酒店)4.17×10-30.0020.0085.63×10-53.03×10-51.10×10-4
), ArticleFig(id=1241341055979811600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322666938921977, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

石家庄市各类场所室内空气中甲醛浓度对从业人员的致癌风险

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测场所LADD(mg/m3IUR(m3/μg)CR
中位数上四分位数下四分位数中位数上四分位数下四分位数
游泳馆1.46×10-30.0010.0041.3×10-51.90×10-51.90×10-54.73×10-5
理发店6.30×10-30.0030.0108.19×10-54.10×10-51.25×10-4
美容店8.40×10-30.0070.0111.13×10-49.32×10-51.43×10-4
宾馆(酒店)4.17×10-30.0020.0085.63×10-53.03×10-51.10×10-4
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石家庄市四类公共场所室内空气甲醛暴露及健康风险评估
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曾芳婷 1, 2 , 曲玥 1, 2 , 杜茜茜 1, 2 , 陈凤格 1, 2, 3 , 张雪梅 4
现代预防医学 | 卫生监督 2024,51(2): 343-347
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现代预防医学 | 卫生监督 2024, 51(2): 343-347
石家庄市四类公共场所室内空气甲醛暴露及健康风险评估
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曾芳婷1, 2, 曲玥1, 2, 杜茜茜1, 2, 陈凤格1, 2, 3 , 张雪梅4
作者信息
  • 1.石家庄市疾病预防控制中心公卫所,河北 石家庄 050011
  • 2.华北理工大学公共卫生学院
  • 3.中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康研究基地(石家庄)
  • 4.河北医科大学公共卫生学院
  • 曾芳婷(1995—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:环境卫生学

通讯作者:

陈凤格,E-mail:
Formaldehyde exposure and health risk assessment of indoor air in four types of public places, in Shijiazhuang city
Fang-ting ZENG1, 2, Yue QU1, 2, Xi-xi DU1, 2, Feng-ge CHEN1, 2, 3 , Xue-mei ZHANG4
Affiliations
  • Institute of Environmental Health, Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, China
出版时间: 2024-01-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202309014
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目的

了解石家庄市四类公共场所室内空气中甲醛污染浓度,评估各类场所从业人员慢性非致癌与致癌风险。

方法

利用公共场所健康危害因素监测数据,分析2021—2022年石家庄市游泳馆、理发店、美容店、宾馆(酒店)室内空气甲醛的浓度水平,并采用美国环境保护署(US EPA)经典“四步法”健康风险评估模型,对上述四类公共场所从业人员甲醛的慢性非致癌与致癌风险进行评价。

结果

2021—2022年随机抽取石家庄市游泳馆、理发店、美容店和宾馆(酒店)共169家,甲醛检测样本量共485份,总合格率为91.34%,以上四类公共场所游泳馆室内空气中甲醛浓度合格率为100%(161/161),理发店为93.10%(27/29),美容店为90.09%(20/22)和宾馆(酒店)为86.08%(235/273),差异具有统计学意义(χ2=24.931,P<0.001);游泳馆从业人员甲醛的慢性非致癌效应HQ均值小于1,其他3类公共场所从业人员甲醛的慢性非致癌效应HQ均值大于1,游泳馆、理发店、美容店、宾馆(酒店)从业人员甲醛的致癌风险值分别为1.90×10-5、8.19×10-5、1.13×10-4、5.63×10-5,均高于美国环保局规定的限值(1×10-6)。

结论

石家庄市游泳馆室内空气中甲醛暴露量未超过不良反应阈值,该类场所从业人员甲醛的慢性非致癌风险较低;理发店、美容店、宾馆(酒店)从业人员存在一定的慢性非致癌和致癌风险,以美容类场所从业人员甲醛的风险值最高,应进一步研究分析。

从业人员  /  公共场所  /  甲醛  /  健康风险评估
Objective

To understand the concentration of formaldehyde pollution in indoor air of four types of public places in Shijiazhuang City, and to assess the chronic non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of employees in various types of places.

Methods

Using the monitoring data of health hazards in public places, we analyzed the concentration levels of formaldehyde in the indoor air of swimming pools, barber stores, beauty stores, and hotels in Shijiazhuang City in 2021-2022, and evaluated the chronic non-cancer and cancer risks of formaldehyde for employees in the above four types of public places by adopting the classic "four-step" health risk assessment model of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(US EPA).

Results

From 2021 to 2022, a total of 169 swimming pools, barber stores, beauty stores and hotels were randomly selected, with a total sample size of 485 formaldehyde tests, and the overall pass rate was 91.34%. The pass rate of formaldehyde concentration in the indoor air of swimming pools in the above four types of public places was 100%(161/161), 93.10%(27/29) for barber stores, 90.09%(20/22) for beauty stores and 86.08%(235/273) for guesthouses(hotels), with statistically significant differences(χ2=24.931, P<0.001); the mean value of the HQ of the chronic non-carcinogenic effect of formaldehyde for practitioners in swimming pools was less than 1, and that for practitioners in the other three types of public places was greater than 1, and swimming pools, Hairdressers, beauty stores, and hotels, the cancer risk values of formaldehyde for employees were 1.90×10-5, 8.19×10-5, 1.13×10-4, and 5.63×10-5, respectively, which were higher than the limit value(1×10-6) set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(US EPA).

Conclusion

Exposure to formaldehyde in the indoor air of swimming pools in Shijiazhuang City doesn’t exceed the threshold for adverse reactions, and the chronic non-carcinogenic risk of formaldehyde for practitioners in this type of venue is low.There was a certain amount of chronic non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk for practitioners in barber stores, beauty stores, and guesthouses, and the risk value of formaldehyde for practitioners in the beauty category of venues is the highest, and it should be analyzed in further studies.

Employee  /  Public place  /  Formaldehyde  /  Health risk assessment
曾芳婷, 曲玥, 杜茜茜, 陈凤格, 张雪梅. 石家庄市四类公共场所室内空气甲醛暴露及健康风险评估. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (2) : 343 -347 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202309014
Fang-ting ZENG, Yue QU, Xi-xi DU, Feng-ge CHEN, Xue-mei ZHANG. Formaldehyde exposure and health risk assessment of indoor air in four types of public places, in Shijiazhuang city[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (2) : 343 -347 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202309014
随着经济水平的快速发展,我国公共场所的数量和种类不断增加,各类公共场所装修越来越普遍频繁,加上公共场所空间密闭、空气流动性较差,室内空气中甲醛污染问题日益受到人们的重视[1-2]。甲醛是各行各业最广泛使用的物质之一,它已被国际癌症研究机构(IARC)列为人类致癌物[3]。国内研究多聚焦于各类公共场所污染物的超标问题,无法定量描述污染物对人群健康危害的风险[4],故不能全面评估室内空气中污染物对人群健康的影响,开展健康风险评估可以将环境污染程度与人体健康相联系,可定量评估各场所从业人员暴露于污染物所产生的健康危害[5]。《中华人民共和国公共场所管理条例》将公共场所分为7类28种,游泳馆、理发店、美容店和宾馆(酒店)场所人流量较为稳定,按照《全国公共场所健康危害因素监测》方案选取石家庄市四类重点公共场所室内空气甲醛污染物进行监测及健康风险评估,以了解该市四类公共场所室内空气甲醛污染水平对从业人员的慢性非致癌和致癌风险。
按照河北省公共场所健康危害因素监测工作方案,2021—2022年在石家庄市随机抽取正常营业的游泳馆、理发店、美容店和宾馆(酒店)四类场所共169家,其中游泳馆109家,理发店16家,美容店8家,宾馆(酒店)36家,对该四类公共场所室内空气甲醛浓度进行监测。
参照《公共场所卫生检验方法第6部分:卫生监测技术规范》(GB/T 18204.6—2013)、《公共场所卫生检验方法第2部分:化学污染物》(GB/T 18204.2—2014)进行布点、采样和检测,每个场所采样点均匀分布,采样时避开人流通道和通风口,采样高度1.2~1.5 m,距离墙壁0.5~1 m[4],每个监测点采样频率为1次。
游泳馆:场所面积<50 m2的场所布置1个监测点,场所面积50 m2~200 m2的设2个监测点,场所面积>200 m2的布置3个采样点。
理发店、美容店:座位数<10个设置1个采样点,座位数10~30个设置2个采样点,座位数>30设置3个采样点。
宾馆(酒店):客房数量≤100间的场所抽取3%的房间进行监测,客房数量>100间的场所抽取1%~3%的房间进行监测,每个场所监测房间的数量不得低于2间,房间室内面积<50 m2的设置1个采样点,50~100 m2的设置2个采样点,>100 m2的设置3~5个采样点。
采用日本理研FP-30MK2(C)甲醛检测仪器,使用光电光度检测方法检测上述四类公共场所室内空气中甲醛浓度。
采用美国国家环境保护署经典“四步法”健康风险评估模型,来评估四类场所空气中甲醛呼吸吸入途径的致癌和非致癌风险。目标人群:从业人员。
暴露途径:呼吸吸入途径。暴露量:计算公式如下:
式中:CR—癌症风险;LADD—终生日暴露剂量,mg/m3·d(吸入途径);IUR—吸入单位风险,m3/μg,参考美国EPA值为:1.3×10-5m3/μg;C—污染物浓度,mg/m3ED—暴露周期,年;EF—暴露频率,d/年;ET—暴露时间,h/d;LT—终生暴露时间,d,计算致癌风险时取人群平均寿命(70年),为25 550 d。
暴露途径:呼吸吸入途径。暴露量:计算公式如下:
式中:ADD—平均日暴露剂量,mg/m3RfC—参考浓度,mg/m3,参考美国EPA值为:9.83×10-3mg/m3,数据均来源于美国国家环保局综合风险信息查询系统(the integrated risk information systerm,IRIS)[6]和美国毒物和疾病登记署(agency for toxic substances and disease registry,ATSDR)。
暴露浓度来源于现场监测数据。
根据现场问卷调查结果进行合理判断,并参照其他公共场所从业人员不同的工作年限及工作时长获取最终信息。见表1
依据《公共场所卫生指标及限值要求》(GB 37488—2019)标准规定的甲醛评价标准限值≤0.1 mg/m3
根据美国国家环境保护署(US EPA)风险评估方法,若HQ<1,预期将不会造成显著损害,表示暴露量低于产生不良反应的阈值,若HQ≥1,表明暴露剂量超过产生不良反应的阈值;若CR值<1×10-6,则认为暴露量引起癌症风险较低,若介于10-4~10-6之间,则认为有可能存在致癌风险,若CR值>1×10-4,则认为引起癌症的风险较高。
所有参与本次监测的工作人员均按要求参加集中技术培训;采样过程严格按照国家技术手册进行,甲醛检测仪器定期送计量质量检测所校准,确保检测结果的准确性,数据录入采用双人核对并录入数据库。
运用Excel 2016进行数据清理,四类监测场所甲醛监测结果均不符从正态分布,用上、下四分位数描述甲醛浓度的分布情况,采用SPSS 25.0进行卡方检验分析各类公共场所甲醛合格率是否存在差异,双侧检验水准α=0.05。
2021—2022年随机抽取游泳馆、理发店、美容店和宾馆(酒店)四类公共场所共169家,检测甲醛样本量共485份,总合格率为91.34%;其中,游泳馆室内空气中甲醛浓度合格率为100%(161/161),理发店为93.10%(27/29),美容店为90.09%(20/22)和宾馆(酒店)为86.08%(235/273),差异具有统计学意义(χ2=24.931,P<0.001)。见表2
游泳馆从业人员甲醛的慢性非致癌危害系数HQ均值<1,理发店、美容店、宾馆(酒店)从业人员甲醛的慢性非致癌危害系数HQ均值>1。见表3
美容店从业人员甲醛的致癌风险为1.13×10-4,大于美国环境保护署规定的限值(1×10-6),游泳馆从业人员甲醛的致癌风险较低,致癌风险均低于理发店、美容店、宾馆(酒店)。见表4
根据国家颁布的《公共场所卫生指标及限值要求》(GB 37488—2019)标准对公共场所室内空气甲醛的监测结果进行评价,游泳馆、理发店、美容店、宾馆(酒店)四类公共场所要求室内空气甲醛测定限值≤0.1 mg/m3,四类公共场所室内空气甲醛浓度均值均未超标,但根据美国EPA规定的甲醛癌症风险与慢性非致癌风险安全限值分别为1×10-6HQ<1,结果显示,四类公共场所从业人员甲醛的致癌风险均超出了安全限值,其中以美容类场所从业人员甲醛致癌与慢性非致癌风险最高,应引起重点关注,与六安市[7]、鹤壁市[8]等地研究结果一致。出现这一结果的原因可能为:一方面,美容店类场所环境相对密闭,美容店通常被分成若干个美容间,导致室内空气流通不畅;另一方面,由于美容店在装修过程中使用胶黏剂、墙贴等高甲醛释放的化工材料[9],从而导致美容店类场所室内空气中甲醛污染物浓度较高。为降低该市美容场所从业人员甲醛的健康风险,第一:可采取机械送、排风的方式促进室内空气的流通,也可在室内种植芦荟、绿萝、龟背竹等绿植[10];第二,该类场所的装修、装饰材料应尽量选择环保建材[11-12],装修结束后保持通风一段时间待甲醛浓度检测正常后再营业。
本次研究还发现,游泳馆室内空气甲醛浓度检测最大值为0.075 mg/m3,检测值符合国家限值要求,但该场所室内空气甲醛浓度对从业人员仍存在致癌风险,说明甲醛浓度在未超标的情况下室内空气甲醛仍对从业人员存在一定的致癌风险,其原因主要为:目前我国颁布的公共场所卫生指标及限值要求是依据普通人群在公共场所暴露水平所承受的风险进行制定[13],游泳馆从业人员暴露时间与暴露频率远大于普通人群,因此,室内空气中甲醛浓度在符合国家标准限值要求的情况下,对场所从业人员仍存在健康风险。为减少该类场所空气中甲醛浓度对从业人员的健康风险,可通过减少从业人员在场所工作的从业年限,通过轮班、减少每日工作时长[14];游泳馆应严格按照公共场所卫生管理规范要求进行空间合理布局[15];加强从业人员相关知识的培训,增强自我保护意识。
健康风险评价是将环境污染和人体健康联系起来的一种评价方法,通过估算有害因子对人体发生不良影响的概率来评价人群暴露于该因子中人群健康的情况[16]。不仅需考虑各类场所室内空气中甲醛暴露浓度对从业人员的健康影响,还引入暴露时间和不同从业人群等多种因素。本研究也存在一些不确定性,其一是暴露参数,部分暴露参数来源美国环境保护署的推荐值,由于存在地域差异,可能会增加健康风险评价结果误差;其二是本研究应用公共场所短时间的监测数据对各类场所从业人员终生暴露情况进行风险预估,可能会高估暴露导致的健康风险。有研究显示,室内空气甲醛的释放与室温、湿度呈正相关,在夏季公共场所室内甲醛浓度高于秋季、冬季和春季[17],为了更准确的评估各类公共场所从业人员甲醛的致癌与慢性非致癌风险,未来将进一步开展相关研究,在不同季节分别监测各类公共场所室内甲醛浓度,综合比较不同季节公共场所从业人员甲醛致癌与慢性非致癌风险。
  • 河北省医学科学研究重点课题(20191492)
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2024年第51卷第2期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202309014
  • 接收时间:2023-09-01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-01
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河北省医学科学研究重点课题(20191492)
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    1.石家庄市疾病预防控制中心公卫所,河北 石家庄 050011
    2.华北理工大学公共卫生学院
    3.中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康研究基地(石家庄)
    4.河北医科大学公共卫生学院

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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