Article(id=1241322666083283917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241322661654098823, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308412, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1692892800000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773883986254, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1706112000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773883986254, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773883986254, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773883986254, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241322661654098823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='2', pageStart='193', pageEnd='384', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773883985198, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773890256678, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241348966214849502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241322661654098823, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241348966214849503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241322661654098823, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=374, endPage=377, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241322666452382688, articleId=1241322666083283917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Exploring the path to improve the quality of public health and preventive medicine admission under the background of candidates’ absolute autonomy, columnId=1240375111455404044, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Talent Development, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Graduate education is located at the top of national education, enrollment is the beginning of the top, which has always been the high ground for universities to compete for high-quality students. Recommended exemption students have absolute autonomy to choose, and universities may not hinder or restrict them for any reason or in any way. They can usually get the olive branch of multiple schools at the same time, and eventually choose the best, and go to the most desired school hall, but this will inevitably cause a lot of waste of the university’s indicators. In addition to the limitations of discipline strength, geographical location, economic development and other problems, the number and quality of public health and preventive medicine postgraduate enrollment in western China are even less dominant. By reviewing the development context of graduate recommendation exemption system, this paper clarifies the current situation of the public health and preventive medicine promotion and exemption enrollment in western China, and formulates a series of effective recommended enrollment measures such as expanding publicity channels, improving the ratio of reexamination, and optimizing the selection process, so as to provide references for all enrollment units to improve the quantity and quality of the promotion and exemption enrollment.

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研究生教育布局于国民教育的顶端,招生是顶端的开端,其中推免招生历来是高校争夺优质生源的高地。推免生具有绝对的自主选择权,高校不得以任何理由和方式阻碍或限制。推免生通常能同时拿到多个学校的橄榄枝,最终优中选优,去往最心仪的求学殿堂,但这也不可避免地造成高校推免指标的大量浪费。加上学科实力、地理位置、经济发展等多方面问题的局限,我国西部地区公共卫生与预防医学研究生招生数量和质量不占优势。本文通过梳理推免制度发展脉络,厘清我国西部地区公共卫生与预防医学推免招生现状,制定扩大宣传途径、提升复试比例、优化选拔流程等一系列有显著成效的推荐招生举措,为各招生单位提升推免招生数量和质量提供参考。

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王新,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=+QwIhtKPCFRvI5zP+4SKrA==, magXml=k/Ua4kj++1h26MpM/hHMHg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=zB9VAX52O2MHcTRuFLHR4Q==, pdfFileSize=529816, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=InSlMh6D/Xo65GdgU00Wrg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

夏静(1991—),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:公共卫生研究生教育

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夏静(1991—),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:公共卫生研究生教育

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夏静(1991—),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:公共卫生研究生教育

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country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1241322669178679362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322666083283917, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=Postgraduate enrollment), Keyword(id=1241322669304508487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322666083283917, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=Autonomy), Keyword(id=1241322669413560393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322666083283917, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=Graduate recommendation exemption system), Keyword(id=1241322669510029392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322666083283917, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=Public health and preventive medicine), Keyword(id=1241322669577138261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, 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Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2019., articleTitle=A study on the reform of the selection methods of graduate students in China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241322672798363844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322666083283917, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=10, authorNames=中华人民共和国教育部办公厅, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中华人民共和国教育部办公厅.关于进一步完善推荐优秀应届本科毕业生免试攻读研究生工作办法的通知[EB/OL].[2023-12-16].http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A15/moe_778/s3261/201408/t20140804_172730.html., articleTitle=关于进一步完善推荐优秀应届本科毕业生免试攻读研究生工作办法的通知, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241322672932581580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322666083283917, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=11, authorNames=General Office of the Ministry of Education, PRC, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=General Office of the Ministry of Education, PRC. Notice on further improving the recommendation of outstanding fresh undergraduate graduates to study for graduate students without examination[EB/OL]. [2023-12-16]. http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A15/moe_778/s3261/201408/t20140804_172730.html., articleTitle=Notice on further improving the recommendation of outstanding fresh undergraduate graduates to study for graduate students without examination, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241322673062605010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322666083283917, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=12, authorNames=廖雨彤, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=廖雨彤.我国研究生推荐免试制度改革研究——基于规则的视角[D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2021., articleTitle=我国研究生推荐免试制度改革研究——基于规则的视角, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241322673150685403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322666083283917, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=13, authorNames=Liao YT, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liao YT. Research on the reform of postgraduate recommendation exemption system in China[D]. 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The General Office of the Ministry of Education has recommended the new outstanding fresh graduates in 2017 Undergraduate course graduate is exempted from examination to study graduate student ordinary institutions of higher learning to give record notice[EB/OL]. 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考生绝对自主下提升公共卫生与预防医学推免招生质量的路径初探
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夏静 , 王新
现代预防医学 | 人才培养 2024,51(2): 374-377
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现代预防医学 | 人才培养 2024, 51(2): 374-377
考生绝对自主下提升公共卫生与预防医学推免招生质量的路径初探
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夏静, 王新
作者信息
  • 四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041
  • 夏静(1991—),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:公共卫生研究生教育

通讯作者:

王新,E-mail:
Exploring the path to improve the quality of public health and preventive medicine admission under the background of candidates’ absolute autonomy
Jing XIA, Xin WANG
Affiliations
  • West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
出版时间: 2024-01-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308412
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研究生教育布局于国民教育的顶端,招生是顶端的开端,其中推免招生历来是高校争夺优质生源的高地。推免生具有绝对的自主选择权,高校不得以任何理由和方式阻碍或限制。推免生通常能同时拿到多个学校的橄榄枝,最终优中选优,去往最心仪的求学殿堂,但这也不可避免地造成高校推免指标的大量浪费。加上学科实力、地理位置、经济发展等多方面问题的局限,我国西部地区公共卫生与预防医学研究生招生数量和质量不占优势。本文通过梳理推免制度发展脉络,厘清我国西部地区公共卫生与预防医学推免招生现状,制定扩大宣传途径、提升复试比例、优化选拔流程等一系列有显著成效的推荐招生举措,为各招生单位提升推免招生数量和质量提供参考。

研究生招生  /  自主权  /  推免制度  /  公共卫生与预防医学

Graduate education is located at the top of national education, enrollment is the beginning of the top, which has always been the high ground for universities to compete for high-quality students. Recommended exemption students have absolute autonomy to choose, and universities may not hinder or restrict them for any reason or in any way. They can usually get the olive branch of multiple schools at the same time, and eventually choose the best, and go to the most desired school hall, but this will inevitably cause a lot of waste of the university’s indicators. In addition to the limitations of discipline strength, geographical location, economic development and other problems, the number and quality of public health and preventive medicine postgraduate enrollment in western China are even less dominant. By reviewing the development context of graduate recommendation exemption system, this paper clarifies the current situation of the public health and preventive medicine promotion and exemption enrollment in western China, and formulates a series of effective recommended enrollment measures such as expanding publicity channels, improving the ratio of reexamination, and optimizing the selection process, so as to provide references for all enrollment units to improve the quantity and quality of the promotion and exemption enrollment.

Postgraduate enrollment  /  Autonomy  /  Graduate recommendation exemption system  /  Public health and preventive medicine
夏静, 王新. 考生绝对自主下提升公共卫生与预防医学推免招生质量的路径初探. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (2) : 374 -377 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308412
Jing XIA, Xin WANG. Exploring the path to improve the quality of public health and preventive medicine admission under the background of candidates’ absolute autonomy[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (2) : 374 -377 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308412
推荐免试研究生拥有绝对的自主权是社会发展和研究生教育进步的必然结果,是我国高等教育由量变到质变的显著体现,是防止生源结构单一、近亲繁殖的有效举措,具有不可抗力性。不可否认的是,推免生的自主权加上预录取的零约束力,在一定程度上会造成招生单位招生的障碍。招生单位如何通过夯实自身工作质量,使学校、学院、导师多方面凝心聚力,从而吸引推免生,降低毁约率,有效留住优质生源,在这场生源抢夺战中赢得一席之地,是每一个研招单位需要研究和探索的问题。
研究生教育肩负着高层次人才培养和创新创造的重要使命。改革开放以来,我国学位与研究生教育实现了历史性的跨越式发展[1]。研究生招生是研究生教育培养的起始环节,其工作质量决定了研究生培养质量的优劣。硕士研究生招生主要分为推荐免试研究生招生和公开招考两种途径,前者面向获得推免资格的应届本科生,直接参加招生单位考核即可录取;后者面向全国有意愿且满足招生单位报考条件的考生,需要参加全国研究生招生考试,通过初试线方可参加招生单位复试,最终实现录取。
推免制度由来已久,一方面激发了本科生的学习动力,学生将获得推免资格作为目标,引导其专注专业学习,注重本人综合素质发展[2],另一方面拥有推免资格的学生具有更强的学术能力和培养潜能,也为招生单位获得优质生源提供了保障[3]。有研究表明,推免生不仅在入学时优秀,在研究生阶段取得的成绩也显著优于普通招考生[4]。推免制度被证实是一种行之有效的研究生选拔制度[5]
推免制度的优势使得推免招生成为各个高校主动提升生源水平的重要“战场”,《教育部办公厅关于进一步完善推荐优秀应届本科毕业生免试攻读研究生工作办法的通知》强调放开推免生报考单位和专业的自主权,高校不再设置留校名额后[6],无疑使得这个“战场”更加激烈。推免生追求更高学科排名的高校,选择更优势的专业,倾向于经济更发达的地区,造成本校生源大量流失[7];推免生前期手握多个高校的橄榄枝,最终录取时再优中选优,使得高校大量推免招生指标浪费。
在推免生拥有完全自主选择权的情况下,西部地区招收公共卫生与预防医学专业的高校,其地区经济、学科实力、专业优势等都不占领先地位,如何破局,有效吸引推免生、留住推免生,是招生单位值得思考的问题。
推免生作为推免制度的直接利益相关者,其自主权对高校进行推免招生具有很大影响。我国推免制度根据学生自主权大小可以划分为三个阶段:萌芽期,半开放期和开放期。1985—2002年为萌芽期,1985年教育部在部分高校中试行部分优秀本科生可以通过推荐直接参加面试获得研究生录取资格,由此正式开启了我国推免招生的帷幕。2003—2013年为发展期,教育部与加大了具有推荐资格的高校数量,扩大了高校推荐优秀本科生的比例,该期间鼓励获得推免资格的学生跨校和跨专业报考。2014年至今为开放期,强调所有推免生均有自主选择报考单位及专业的权利。该时期学生拥有了绝对的自主权,高校不再硬性设置本校推免生的留校名额,也不能为了留住优秀生源以任何形式干涉和阻碍推免生自主选择其他高校的权利,学生自主权得到了极大的保障,推免生的流动性大大增强。
2017年教育部公布了新增推荐优秀应届本科毕业生免试攻读研究生的54所普通高校名单[8],标志着全国各专业具有推荐免试研究生资格的高校增加至366所。目前我国具有公共卫生与预防医学专业学位点的高校和单位共91家,东部、中部、西部和东北地区各43家、12家、26家和10家;本专业具有推免资格的共61家,其中仅西部地区具有推免资格的高校占比不足50%,东部、中部及东北地区的占比均高于70%。由此可见,公共卫生与预防医学专业具有推免资格的高校及单位,仅从数量上就与全国其他地区相差悬殊。
以西部具有代表性的某双一流建设高校为例,新冠肺炎疫情发生后,为响应国家号召和社会需求,致力于人群大健康的公共卫生与预防医学专业研究生招生规模有明显增加。与此相对应的是,推免招生比例一直维持在较低水平,最终放弃录取的同学人数居高不下,常年难以完场推免招生目标。部分非优势专业多年来存在生源不足的问题,甚至面临无生可面试、无生愿调剂、无生能录取的困境。
分析其原因,考生的自主权导致了最终录取的不确定性[9],考生拥有绝对自主权,以学生为中心的招生理念下,招生单位无法也不能以任何方式限制生源。公共卫生与预防医学专业学科评估达到A的高校中没有一个属于西部地区,出于对专业实力的考虑,推免生作为最优秀的一批学生,自然优先选择学科实力处于更高梯队的高校。此外,西部地区学校在地理条件上无法与沿海城市相比拟,经济和就业形式在全国也并不处于领先地位,最优秀的学生往往会选择更高层次或位于经济和就业环境更好的地区的院校,导致了“孔雀东南飞”的局面[10-11]。高校为了提前锁定生源,通常会在正式推免前举行“全国优秀大学生夏令营活动”和“九月预推免招生”,完成预录取。推免生往往会抱着至少有一个打底,进一步保障本人匹配到自己的最优高校的心态,去参加多个高校的活动,手握多个预录取通知,到最终推免录取时选择最中意的一个,从而放弃其他高校,导致其他高校推免指标浪费。
相较于本科招生宣传,研究生招生意味着同本校抢夺优质生源,现有研究生招生宣传主要以官网网站为主要信息发布平台,全国优秀大学生暑期夏令营为主要的途径,且对宣传的内容缺乏精细化,宣传就显得薄弱和被动,难以高强度地实现大范围覆盖,为了加强学院宣传力度,该校制定了一套长效的“目标明、内容精、渠道多”的系统性研究生招生宣传体系。
一是加强线下宣讲和对接沟通。为提高本单位自主培养研究生招生规模,先后多次组织本科生和研究生教学管理部门、科研管理部门、知名研究生导师、优秀科研团队和优秀研究生代表开展线下招生宣传工作会,综合学生代表获取招生资讯的需求和疑惑与学系和行政管理部门的意见,确定出涵盖特色名师、优质科研平台、就业形势等多方面的宣传内容。为学生解读招生政策、介绍本院独特优势,并答疑解惑。同时协调有报考意愿的学生与意向导师对接沟通,进一步强化本校生源报考意向,最大程度留住优质生源。
二是强化兄弟单位和学生纽带功能。一方面加强与兄弟院校的联系,在招生的各个关键节点进行沟通和协调,为意向考生搭建沟通桥梁,推动校际招生的有机衔接;另一方面,积极动员本科非本单位的研究生同学,尤其是刚刚录取的新生,组成招生宣传小队,发挥其纽带作用,搭建起学院与外校学子沟通的桥梁,通过招生宣传小队将招生宣传内容和最新信息精准传递给目标生源地,积极动员外校优秀学子报考学院研究生。
三是发挥夏令营品牌活动宣传窗口作用。近年来参加夏令营活动的人数不断攀升,今年较去年增加42.5%,在提高单位研究生招生优质生源率、扩大对外影响力方面发挥了重要作用。为扩大宣传覆盖面,充分利用线上活动平台,允许所有营员参加实验室云参观,并开展学术讲座、导师见面会等一系列线上活动,全方位立体化展示科研攻关、平台建设和导师团队情况,最大限度向更多的学子展示风采。
一是量体裁衣,制定“个性化”遴选标准。在推免招生中,报名人数是远远多于预定的推免录取名额,需要制定初步的遴选标准,筛选出可以进入复试环节的考生。为了避免热门专业复试工作负担过重,同时保证其他专业有足够数量考生参加面试,充分考虑到不同专业研究生报考生源数量和生源质量参差不齐的情况,放弃以往“一刀切”的方式,提出“量体裁衣”的考生遴选模式,为各专业制定“个体化”的遴选标准,充分保证各个专业有适宜的考生比例进入复试环节。
首先面向所有报考学生,根据专业背景、学业成绩、英语水平等方面制定一个基本的初始条件,满足条件者方可进入下一轮遴选。其次,按照考生报考专业不同,制定个性化的专业遴选标准。流行病与卫生统计学、营养与食品卫生学和卫生检验与检疫作为优势学科,生源充足,专业遴选标椎在初始条件基础上有较大范围的提高。其他相关专业生源并不充足,则可以不再额外提高标准。
二是主动出击,超前布局,化被动为主动。部分非优势专业多年来存在生源不足的问题,即使不设定遴选标准,仅满足初始条件的考生数仍然欠缺。而优势专业在制定了专业遴选条件后,大批同学本将止步于此,无缘参加面试,或期待部分专业还有调剂名额。为此,通过转变工作思维,发挥各专业的招生主动权,在专业遴选条件制定后、公布复试名单前,动员专业招生负责人联系满足基本复试条件但未达到进入第一志愿复试标准的考生来本专业复试,使得只能接受被动调剂的同学成为该专业的首选。该工作模式下,部分生源不足的专业一改往日困境,推免指标完成率超过80%。该种“超前布局”的方式有力扭转了生源不足的局面,同时也解决了面试后再调剂带来的工作滞后难题。
一是前置开展面试工作,提前锁定优质生源。在夏令营工作中,按照研究生复试标准提前组织开展面试工作,对表现优异且复试通过的考生发放优秀营员证书,并给予录取保障,承诺优秀营员若获得推免资格后仍然报考本院,则在推免招生中直接录取,不再参加面试。给考生吃下一粒“定心丸”,有效缓解考生的忧虑和担心,坚定报考本院的信心和决心,增加考生粘性。
二是进一步发挥导师招生主动权,发挥导师主观能动性。学校-学院-招生部门的三级招生管理模式一定程度上忽视了导师在招生过程中的作用和学术权利[12]。导师是招生的第一责任人,肩负着研究生入学后的培养责任,是吸引和留住学生的重要因素,应充分调动导师招生的主观能动性,探索实施招生主动权转移模式,由导师遴选复试学生。一方面保证导师与考生的深入沟通;另一方面也使得导师与考生双方达成了双向意愿,最大力度保证导师招到自己满意的学生,保证学生也能报考上意向导师,增强考生粘性和接受录取承诺的可靠性,保障录取应答率。
三是实施“备选”策略,保证录取工作效率。为有效应对系统填报阶段预录取考生临时变更报考意愿或者临时放弃等问题,保障推免完成率,提前制定“备选录取”工作策略,在复试阶段将复试比例定为1∶1.5~1∶2.0,各专业复试后除了按照计划招生人数提交拟录取的名单外,还需按照复试成绩高低,再提供一定数量的“备选录取”人员名单。若确认有拟录取同学放弃录取,则在该专业按照成绩依次补录,即可高效完成录取,既保证生源质量,又保证录取时效性。
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202308412
  • 接收时间:2023-08-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-25
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教育部高层次应用型公共卫生人才培养项目
四川大学2023年度师德师风建设特色活动建设项目(JGBSDSF2023-07)
华西第四医院管理学科振兴项目(2023MS02-05)
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    四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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