Article(id=1241322664384590733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241322661654098823, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306024, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1685548800000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773883985849, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1706112000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773883985849, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773883985849, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773883985849, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241322661654098823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='2', pageStart='193', pageEnd='384', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773883985198, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773890256678, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241348966214849502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241322661654098823, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241348966214849503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241322661654098823, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=309, endPage=313, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241322664741106576, articleId=1241322664384590733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Analyses of association between time to first cigarette after waking and hypertension in males, columnId=1228016572451718132, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health and Social Behavior, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To examine the association between time to first cigarette (TTFC) after waking and hypertension in males.

Methods

The baseline data of 587 male current smokers in Rongchang district were collected from the China Multi-Ethnic Cohort(CMEC) Study in Rongchang. The association between TTFC after waking and hypertension was conducted by multivariate logistic regression.

Results

TTFC ≤5 minutes, 6-30 minutes, 31-60 minutes and > 60 minutes accounted for 34.24%, 26.75%, 16.70% and 22.31%. The prevalence of hypertension among 587 participants were 59.20%, 40.76%, 35.71%, 29.01%. Compared with TTFC>60 min after waking, TTFC<5min(OR=3.691, 95% CI: 2.176-6.259) and 6-30 min(OR=1.876, 95% CI: 1.236-2.911) were risk factors of hypertension after adjusting for confounding factors.

Conclusions

The short TTFC after waking is associated with a higher risk of hypertension. It is helpful to evaluate the risk of hypertension and make targeted smoking cessation plan according to TTFC.

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目的

分析男性晨醒后吸第一支烟的时间(Time to first cigarette,TTFC)与高血压患病的相关性。

方法

利用“中国多民族队列研究”2018—2019年荣昌区587例男性现在吸烟者的基线数据,使用多因素logistic回归方法分析男性TTFC与高血压患病的相关性。

结果

男性TTFC为≤5 min、6~30 min、31~60 min、>60 min分别占34.24%、26.75%、16.70%、22.31%,高血压患病率分别为59.20%、40.76%、35.71%、29.01%;调整混杂因素后,与TTFC>60 min相比,TTFC≤5 min(OR=3.691,95% CI:2.176~6.259)、6~30 min(OR=1.876,95% CI:1.236~2.911)是男性患高血压的危险因素。

结论

男性晨醒后较短时间的TTFC是患高血压的危险因素,根据TTFC有助于评估吸烟者高血压的患病风险和制定针对性戒烟计划。

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刘代强,E-mail:
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熊华利(1989—),男,硕士,主管医师,研究方向:公共卫生工作

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Basic information of 587 subjects

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量调查人数高血压患病情况χ2P
例数(%)(%)(%)
年龄(岁)57.643<0.001
30~3911118.919181.982018.02
40~4918130.8311764.646435.36
50~5914324.366545.457854.55
60~6910918.574339.456660.55
70~79437.331534.882865.12
婚姻情况0.3140.575
已婚/同居54492.6730556.0723943.93
其他437.332660.471739.53
受教育程度3.5060.173
小学及以下15626.588856.416843.59
初中16227.608250.628049.38
高中及以上26945.8316159.8510840.15
职业17.9500.001
农林牧渔劳动者21636.8012758.808941.20
机关事业单位人员6210.564369.351930.65
工人6611.243451.523248.48
销售及服务人员9315.846165.593234.41
其他15025.556644.008456.00
家庭年收入(万元)2.0930.108
<215326.068152.947247.06
2~521736.9712256.229543.78
6~910618.065854.724845.28
≥1011118.917063.064136.94
饮酒0.0150.903
13923.687956.836043.17
44876.3225256.2519643.75
高血压家族病史17.947<0.001
43073.2526561.6316538.37
15726.756642.049157.96
体力活动水平10.9110.003
不足7312.443142.474257.53
中等7512.783546.674053.33
充分43974.7926560.3617439.64
BMI(Kg/m211.0440.004
<2421937.3113561.648438.36
24~27.9925042.5914558.0010542.00
≥2811820.105143.226756.78
中心性肥胖9.8890.002
39667.4624160.8615539.14
19132.549047.1210152.88
夜间睡眠时间(h)2.9160.088
<717429.648649.438850.57
715326.069260.136139.87
821135.9512458.778741.23
≥9498.352959.182040.82
TTFC(min)34.235<0.001
>6013122.319370.993829.01
31~609816.706364.293535.71
6~3015726.759359.246440.76
≤520134.248240.8011959.20
开始吸烟年龄(岁)1.5780.209
<2023339.6912453.2210946.78
≥2035460.3120758.4714741.53
吸烟年限(年)46.562<0.001
<1012320.959778.862621.14
10~1917129.1310661.996538.01
≥2029349.9112843.6916556.31
每日吸烟数(根/每日)0.4760.788
<1013422.837354.486145.52
10~1917129.139555.567644.44
≥2028248.0416357.8011942.20
吸烟时吸至的部位0.1730.917
吸到口腔后即吐出26444.9714856.0611643.94
吸到咽喉部12320.956855.285544.72
深吸到肺部20034.0711557.508542.50
烟的种类0.1100.740
过滤嘴香烟54893.3631056.5723843.43
其他396.642153.851846.15
合计587100.0033156.3925643.61
), ArticleFig(id=1241341056831255335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322664384590733, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

587例调查对象的基本情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量调查人数高血压患病情况χ2P
例数(%)(%)(%)
年龄(岁)57.643<0.001
30~3911118.919181.982018.02
40~4918130.8311764.646435.36
50~5914324.366545.457854.55
60~6910918.574339.456660.55
70~79437.331534.882865.12
婚姻情况0.3140.575
已婚/同居54492.6730556.0723943.93
其他437.332660.471739.53
受教育程度3.5060.173
小学及以下15626.588856.416843.59
初中16227.608250.628049.38
高中及以上26945.8316159.8510840.15
职业17.9500.001
农林牧渔劳动者21636.8012758.808941.20
机关事业单位人员6210.564369.351930.65
工人6611.243451.523248.48
销售及服务人员9315.846165.593234.41
其他15025.556644.008456.00
家庭年收入(万元)2.0930.108
<215326.068152.947247.06
2~521736.9712256.229543.78
6~910618.065854.724845.28
≥1011118.917063.064136.94
饮酒0.0150.903
13923.687956.836043.17
44876.3225256.2519643.75
高血压家族病史17.947<0.001
43073.2526561.6316538.37
15726.756642.049157.96
体力活动水平10.9110.003
不足7312.443142.474257.53
中等7512.783546.674053.33
充分43974.7926560.3617439.64
BMI(Kg/m211.0440.004
<2421937.3113561.648438.36
24~27.9925042.5914558.0010542.00
≥2811820.105143.226756.78
中心性肥胖9.8890.002
39667.4624160.8615539.14
19132.549047.1210152.88
夜间睡眠时间(h)2.9160.088
<717429.648649.438850.57
715326.069260.136139.87
821135.9512458.778741.23
≥9498.352959.182040.82
TTFC(min)34.235<0.001
>6013122.319370.993829.01
31~609816.706364.293535.71
6~3015726.759359.246440.76
≤520134.248240.8011959.20
开始吸烟年龄(岁)1.5780.209
<2023339.6912453.2210946.78
≥2035460.3120758.4714741.53
吸烟年限(年)46.562<0.001
<1012320.959778.862621.14
10~1917129.1310661.996538.01
≥2029349.9112843.6916556.31
每日吸烟数(根/每日)0.4760.788
<1013422.837354.486145.52
10~1917129.139555.567644.44
≥2028248.0416357.8011942.20
吸烟时吸至的部位0.1730.917
吸到口腔后即吐出26444.9714856.0611643.94
吸到咽喉部12320.956855.285544.72
深吸到肺部20034.0711557.508542.50
烟的种类0.1100.740
过滤嘴香烟54893.3631056.5723843.43
其他396.642153.851846.15
合计587100.0033156.3925643.61
), ArticleFig(id=1241341056931918634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322664384590733, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Logistic regression analysis between TTFC after waking and hypertension

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TTFC(min)模型1
OR值及95% CI
模型2
OR值及95% CI
模型3
OR值及95% CI
模型4
OR值及95% CI
>601.0001.0001.0001.000
31~601.360(0.777~2.379)1.285(0.712~2.319)1.385(0.747~2.566)1.296(0.698~2.409)
6~301.684(1.028~2.759)a1.607(0.954~2.707)1.757(1.015~3.039)a1.876(1.236~2.911)b
≤53.552(2.218~5.686)b3.582(2.134~5.748)b3.673(2.171~6.216)b3.691(2.176~6.259)b
), ArticleFig(id=1241341057032581933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322664384590733, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

晨醒后吸第一支烟的时间与高血压患病关系的logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TTFC(min)模型1
OR值及95% CI
模型2
OR值及95% CI
模型3
OR值及95% CI
模型4
OR值及95% CI
>601.0001.0001.0001.000
31~601.360(0.777~2.379)1.285(0.712~2.319)1.385(0.747~2.566)1.296(0.698~2.409)
6~301.684(1.028~2.759)a1.607(0.954~2.707)1.757(1.015~3.039)a1.876(1.236~2.911)b
≤53.552(2.218~5.686)b3.582(2.134~5.748)b3.673(2.171~6.216)b3.691(2.176~6.259)b
), ArticleFig(id=1241341057116468014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322664384590733, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of smoking status among different TTFC

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变量TTFC(min)F值或者χ2P
>60
n=131)
n(%)
31~60
n=98)
n(%)
6~30
n=157)
n(%)
≤5 min
n=201)
n(%)
开始吸烟年龄(岁)22.62±6.5619.70±4.98a19.85±4.44a20.89±5.6718.878<0.001
吸烟年限(年)27.75±12.1831.36±11.4731.16±12.2731.51±12.157.5410.057
每日吸烟数(根/每日)12.95±7.2016.64±8.53a16.06±7.94a18.63±8.16a16.563<0.001
吸烟时吸至的部位
吸到口腔后即吐出61(46.56)40(40.82)69(43.95)94(46.77)0.8310.183
吸到咽喉部34(25.96)26(26.53)26(16.56)37(18.41)
深吸到肺部36(27.48)32(32.65)62(39.49)70(34.82)
烟的种类
过滤嘴香烟129(98.47)96(97.96)155(98.73)196(97.51)0.8208.845
其他2(1.53)2(2.04)2(1.27)5(2.49)
), ArticleFig(id=1241341057204548400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241322664384590733, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同TTFC吸烟情况比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量TTFC(min)F值或者χ2P
>60
n=131)
n(%)
31~60
n=98)
n(%)
6~30
n=157)
n(%)
≤5 min
n=201)
n(%)
开始吸烟年龄(岁)22.62±6.5619.70±4.98a19.85±4.44a20.89±5.6718.878<0.001
吸烟年限(年)27.75±12.1831.36±11.4731.16±12.2731.51±12.157.5410.057
每日吸烟数(根/每日)12.95±7.2016.64±8.53a16.06±7.94a18.63±8.16a16.563<0.001
吸烟时吸至的部位
吸到口腔后即吐出61(46.56)40(40.82)69(43.95)94(46.77)0.8310.183
吸到咽喉部34(25.96)26(26.53)26(16.56)37(18.41)
深吸到肺部36(27.48)32(32.65)62(39.49)70(34.82)
烟的种类
过滤嘴香烟129(98.47)96(97.96)155(98.73)196(97.51)0.8208.845
其他2(1.53)2(2.04)2(1.27)5(2.49)
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男性晨醒后吸第一支烟的时间与高血压患病的相关性分析
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熊华利 1, 2 , 刘代强 3 , 唐大乂 4 , 于均梅 1 , 马凤勋 3 , 邱建平 5
现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2024,51(2): 309-313
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现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2024, 51(2): 309-313
男性晨醒后吸第一支烟的时间与高血压患病的相关性分析
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熊华利1, 2, 刘代强3 , 唐大乂4, 于均梅1, 马凤勋3, 邱建平5
作者信息
  • 1.重庆市荣昌区卫生健康委员会,重庆 402460
  • 2.重庆市荣昌区精神卫生中心
  • 3.重庆市荣昌区人民医院
  • 4.牡丹江医学院
  • 5.重庆市荣昌区妇幼保健院
  • 熊华利(1989—),男,硕士,主管医师,研究方向:公共卫生工作

通讯作者:

刘代强,E-mail:
Analyses of association between time to first cigarette after waking and hypertension in males
Hua-li XIONG1, 2, Dai-qiang LIU3 , Da-yi TANG4, Jun-mei YU1, Feng-xun MA3, Jiang-ping QIU5
Affiliations
  • Health Commission of Rongchang district, Chongqing 402460,China
出版时间: 2024-01-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306024
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目的

分析男性晨醒后吸第一支烟的时间(Time to first cigarette,TTFC)与高血压患病的相关性。

方法

利用“中国多民族队列研究”2018—2019年荣昌区587例男性现在吸烟者的基线数据,使用多因素logistic回归方法分析男性TTFC与高血压患病的相关性。

结果

男性TTFC为≤5 min、6~30 min、31~60 min、>60 min分别占34.24%、26.75%、16.70%、22.31%,高血压患病率分别为59.20%、40.76%、35.71%、29.01%;调整混杂因素后,与TTFC>60 min相比,TTFC≤5 min(OR=3.691,95% CI:2.176~6.259)、6~30 min(OR=1.876,95% CI:1.236~2.911)是男性患高血压的危险因素。

结论

男性晨醒后较短时间的TTFC是患高血压的危险因素,根据TTFC有助于评估吸烟者高血压的患病风险和制定针对性戒烟计划。

吸烟  /  晨醒后吸第一支烟的时间  /  高血压  /  相关性
Objective

To examine the association between time to first cigarette (TTFC) after waking and hypertension in males.

Methods

The baseline data of 587 male current smokers in Rongchang district were collected from the China Multi-Ethnic Cohort(CMEC) Study in Rongchang. The association between TTFC after waking and hypertension was conducted by multivariate logistic regression.

Results

TTFC ≤5 minutes, 6-30 minutes, 31-60 minutes and > 60 minutes accounted for 34.24%, 26.75%, 16.70% and 22.31%. The prevalence of hypertension among 587 participants were 59.20%, 40.76%, 35.71%, 29.01%. Compared with TTFC>60 min after waking, TTFC<5min(OR=3.691, 95% CI: 2.176-6.259) and 6-30 min(OR=1.876, 95% CI: 1.236-2.911) were risk factors of hypertension after adjusting for confounding factors.

Conclusions

The short TTFC after waking is associated with a higher risk of hypertension. It is helpful to evaluate the risk of hypertension and make targeted smoking cessation plan according to TTFC.

Smoking  /  Time to first cigarette  /  Hypertension  /  Association
熊华利, 刘代强, 唐大乂, 于均梅, 马凤勋, 邱建平. 男性晨醒后吸第一支烟的时间与高血压患病的相关性分析. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (2) : 309 -313 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306024
Hua-li XIONG, Dai-qiang LIU, Da-yi TANG, Jun-mei YU, Feng-xun MA, Jiang-ping QIU. Analyses of association between time to first cigarette after waking and hypertension in males[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (2) : 309 -313 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306024
吸烟通常被认为是高血压和脑卒中的风险因素[1]。2018年荣昌区35~75岁人群高血压标化患病率为41.13%,高于同年重庆市(33.91%)平均水平[2]。研究发现,尼古丁能升高血压[3],Zhang等[4]发现,吸烟与中国人群的收缩压升高有关。晨醒后吸第一支烟的时间(Time to first cigarette, TTFC)是衡量尼古丁依赖性强有力的指标[5],较短时间的TTFC增加患肺癌[6]、头颈癌[7]、喉癌[8]、慢性呼吸系统疾病[9]的风险。由于TTFC可以作为尼古丁依赖的衡量指标,提示TTFC可能与高血压患病风险相关。目前,国内关于TTFC与高血压患病的相关性研究十分有限,本文利用2018-2019年荣昌区参加“中国多民族队列研究”基线调查数据,分析男性晨醒后TTFC与高血压患病的相关性。
来自中国多民族队列研究(The China Multi-Ethnic Cohort Study,CMEC)[10]项目2018-2019年荣昌区基线人群。纳入标准:(1)在荣昌常住≥6个月的30~79岁居民;(2)调查时配合采集生物样本;(3)语言能力正常,未患精神疾病。排除标准:基线调查中问卷信息缺失、体格检查结果缺失、血生化检测信息缺失者。所有调查对象在参与调查前均被告知相关的注意事项,签署知情同意书。CMEC项目被四川大学伦理委员会批准(NO. K2016083),共3 112例调查对象参与调查,排除缺少必要信息的调查对象后,共2 998例基线数据完整,排除女性1 500例,男性不吸烟人群879例,已戒烟32例,共587例男性吸烟的调查对象纳入分析。
2018年6月,在全区21个镇街中随机抽取4个镇街,对户籍在抽中街镇的30~79岁人群自愿参与调查的对象均招募到项目中开展横断面调查。(1)调查内容包括个人基本信息、生活行为方式、疾病家族史、身体活动、TTFC、开始吸烟年龄、每周吸烟量、吸烟时吸至的部位、吸烟种类等。(2)体格检查内容包括血压(mmHg)、身高(cm)、体重(kg)、腰围(cm)等。使用电子血压计(欧姆龙U702)重复测量调查对象静息状态下的血压三次,每天使用电子血压计前进行校正。(3)血生化检测内容包括血脂、血糖等。
(1)高血压:基线重复测量三次血压,平均收缩压≥140 mmHg或(和)舒张压≥90 mmHg[11]判定为高血压,或在参与调查时已被诊断为高血压,或正在采取降压措施。(2)体质指数(Body mass index, BMI):BMI等于体重(Kg)除以身高2(m2[12];(3)中心性肥胖:通过腰围(waist circumference, WC)进行判定,若男性WC≥90 cm,女性WC≥85 cm判定为中心性肥胖[13]
(1)吸烟:一生中总吸烟量大于100支;(2)饮酒:是指调查时仍有饮酒行为。(3)体力活动水平(Physical activity,PA):评价指标使用个体每周体力活动水平(MET-min/week)(代谢当量,Metabolic Equivalent Of Task,简写为MET)进行评价,体力活动水平=对应劳动类型的MET赋值权重×时间[14],不同的劳动类型赋予不同的权重。参照既往研究文献[15],PA<600 MET-min/week为不足,600 MET-min/week≤PA<3000 MET-min/week为中等,PA≥3000 MET-min/week为充分;(4)吸烟年限:吸烟年限=参与调查时的年龄-开始吸烟年龄。
所有调查员经培训考核合格后方能上岗(包括如何使用平板、电脑端进行问卷调查,如何核查和上传问卷,体格检查的标准方法,样本的采集和转运等)。每天抽取现场工作量的1%进行复核,发现问题及时整改。所有血样由第三方实验室(重庆迪安医学检验中心有限公司)检测。四川大学项目办对所有基线数据整理清洗后,返给项目点。
SPSS 22.0用于调查数据的清洗和分析。开始吸烟年龄(岁)、吸烟年限(年)、每日吸烟数(根)符合正态分布,用均数±标准差(),不同TTFC组间差异使用单因素方差分析进行统计分析。构成比(%)表示分类型变量,使用χ2检验比较组间差异。TTFC与高血压患病的相关性运用logistic回归分析,变量之间进行共线性诊断,检验水准α=0.05。
排除不符合纳入标准的个案后,587例调查对象的平均年龄为(51.05±11.62)岁,婚姻状况以已婚/同居为主,占92.67%,受教育程度以高中及以上为主,占45.83%,职业以农林牧渔劳动者为主,占36.80%,家庭年收入以2~5万为主,占36.97%,饮酒者占76.32%,有高血压家族病史占26.75%,身体活动以充分为主,占74.79%,BMI值范围在24~27.99 kg/m2之间占42.59%,BMI≥28 kg/m2占20.10%,中心性肥胖者占32.54%,夜间睡眠时间以8 h为主,占35.95%。TTFC以<5 min为主,占34.24%,开始吸烟年龄以≥20岁为主,占60.31%,吸烟年限以≥20年为主,占49.91%,每日吸烟数以≥20根为主,占48.04%,吸烟者吸至口腔后即吐出占44.97%,吸烟的种类以过滤嘴香烟为主,占93.36%。(表1)。
不同年龄(χ2值=57.643,P<0.001)、不同职业(χ2值=17.950,P=0.001)、有高血压家族病史(χ2值=17.947,P<0.001)、不同身体活动强度(χ2值=10.911,P=0.003)、不同BMI值(χ2值=11.044,P=0.004)、中心性肥胖与否(χ2值=9.889,P=0.002)、不同晨醒后吸第一支烟的时间(χ2值=34.235,P<0.001)、不同吸烟年限(χ2值=46.562,P<0.001)患高血压存在差异。见表1
共线性诊断发现,各变量间不存在多重共线性(方差膨胀因子均<5),以晨醒后吸第一支烟的时间(1=“>60 min”,2=“31~60 min”,3=“6~30 min”,4=“≤5 min”)为因变量,调整混杂因素后,与TTFC>60 min相比,TTFC≤5 min(OR=3.691,95% CI:2.176~6.259)、6~30 min(OR=1.876,95% CI:1.236~2.911)是男性患高血压的危险因素。见表2
不同TTFC组的开始吸烟年龄(F值=18.878,P<0.001)和每日吸烟数(F值=16.563,P<0.001)存在差异。不同TTFC组的吸烟年限、吸烟时吸至的部位、烟的种类差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
分析发现,调整混杂因素后,与TTFC>60 min相比,TTFC≤5 min、6~30 min与高血压患病的高风险相关。有研究报道,唾液中可替宁浓度随TTFC增加而减少[16],较短时间的TTFC与较高水平的烟草特异性致癌物4-(甲基硝基氨)-1-(3-吡啶基)-1-丁醇(NNAL)呈剂量依赖性[17],较短时间的TTFC与恶性肿瘤发病相关[6-8]。开始吸烟年龄、每日吸烟数、吸烟时吸至的部位、烟的种类与是否患高血压差异无统计学意义,但随着吸烟年限的增加,高血压患病率逐渐上升,分析原因可能是:(1)即使在相似开始吸烟年龄、每日吸烟量的情况下,较短时间的TTFC吸烟者体内有更多的尼古丁,倾向于摄入更多的烟草[18];(2) 较短时间的TTFC吸烟者,尼古丁依赖性更大,尼古丁清除较慢导致吸烟数量增加[19]
研究发现,吸烟者发生心悸和高血压风险高于非吸烟者[20]。血液中的尼古丁会增加血浆中儿茶酚胺含量,对心率和动脉血压产生影响[21];血管内膜会因长期吸烟而损伤[22],动脉粥样硬化伴随形成[23],增加血管壁的硬度,进而升高血压。动物研究也发现,吸烟可诱导心血管线粒体氧化应激,促进内皮功能障碍,并增强高血压[24]
TTFC不仅是尼古丁依赖的预测指标,更能反映吸烟者对吸烟的渴望,还是戒烟效果评价的重要预测因子,较短时间的TTFC吸烟者戒烟失败的几率更大[25],因此TTFC可用于识别有戒烟失败风险的吸烟者,便于制定针对性的戒烟计划。美国的研究发现,较短时间的TTFC更容易发生在未成年吸烟者中[26],提示在健康戒烟宣传时,年轻人尤其是未成年应避免过早接触香烟,减少尼古丁依赖,有助于促进戒烟。
目前,国内关于TTFC的研究十分有限,我们的研究是首次报道普通自然人群中男性TTFC与高血压患病的相关性,但研究仍具有一定的局限性:(1)研究对象血压测量的时间并非晨醒后,因此无法准确评估男性TTFC对血压值的具体影响;(2)研究为横断面调查,无法进行因果关系的推断;(3)吸烟相关行为是根据调查对象的自述获得,存在回忆偏倚;(4)膳食模式是一个潜在的混杂因素,调查对象的钠摄入情况未进行分析,可能会影响对男性TTFC与高血压患病的相关性推断。终上所述,男性较短时间的TTFC与高血压患病相关,根据男性TTFC有助于评估吸烟者的高血压患病风险和制定针对性的戒烟计划。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2017YFC0907303)
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2024年第51卷第2期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202306024
  • 接收时间:2023-06-01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-01
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国家重点研发计划(2017YFC0907303)
作者信息
    1.重庆市荣昌区卫生健康委员会,重庆 402460
    2.重庆市荣昌区精神卫生中心
    3.重庆市荣昌区人民医院
    4.牡丹江医学院
    5.重庆市荣昌区妇幼保健院

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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