Article(id=1241319154444202443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241319148798669160, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501022, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735747200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773883149013, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773883149013, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773883149013, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773883149013, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241319148798669160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='12', pageStart='2113', pageEnd='2304', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773883147667, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773885555254, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241329247004971040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241319148798669160, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241329247004971041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241319148798669160, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2290, endPage=2297, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241319155811545623, articleId=1241319154444202443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Analysis of the external influencing factors of the program of satisfaction with the Bachelor’s degree in Preventive Medicine, columnId=1240375111455404044, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Talent Development, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the external influencing factors of undergraduates’degree of satisfaction withthe Bachelors’program in preventive medicine, so as to provide a reference for improving the quality of public health higher education.

Methods

Data were obtained from the Ministry of Education’s Yangguang Gaokao information platform. The outcome variables included overall satisfaction, satisfaction with campus facilities, satisfaction with teaching quality, and satisfaction with employment outcomes. Multilevel linear regression models were employed to analyze influencing factors.

Results

Among the 87 included universities, the average overall satisfaction score was 3.94±0.41, with employment satisfaction receiving the lowest average score of 3.61±0.52. Institutions in the eastern region reported the highest levels of satisfaction, while those in the western region reported the lowest. Regression analysis revealed that universities with preventive medicine subjects ranked in the top 50% had significantly lower levels of overall satisfaction (β=-0.299, 95% CI: -0.545 to -0.053), campus facilities satisfaction (β=-0.273, 95% CI: -0.523 to -0.022), and employment satisfaction (β=-0.379, 95% CI: -0.671 to -0.087). In models incorporating interaction terms, the development level of the Healthy China initiative in eastern regions was found to have a significantly negative effect on satisfaction compared to the western region (overall satisfaction: β=-0.861, 95% CI: -1.655 to -0.067), whereas per capita GDP had a significantly positive effect on satisfaction (overall satisfaction: β=0.089, 95% CI: 0.013 to 0.166).

Conclusion

Institutional preventive medicine ranking was negatively associated with student satisfaction. The provincial health system and economic levels showed varying influences on student satisfaction across different regions.

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目的

探究预防医学本科满意度外部影响因素,为提高公共卫生高等教育质量提供参考。

方法

选取教育部“阳光高考”信息平台数据,以综合满意度、办学条件满意度、教学质量满意度、就业满意度作为因变量,以多水平线性回归模型进行影响因素分析。

结果

在纳入的87所学校中,综合满意度平均值为3.94±0.41,就业满意度平均分最低,为3.61±0.52。东部地区平均满意度最高,西部最低。回归分析结果显示,预防医学学科排名在前50%的高校拥有更低的综合满意度(β=-0.299,95% CI: -0.545~-0.053)、办学条件满意度(β=-0.273,95% CI: -0.523~-0.022)和就业满意度(β=-0.379,95% CI: -0.671~-0.087),带有交互项模型显示相较西部,东部地区的健康中国发展水平对满意度的影响显著为负(综合满意度:β=-0.861,95% CI: -1.655~-0.067),人均GDP水平则对满意度影响显著为正(综合满意度:β=0.089,95% CI: 0.013~0.166)。

结论

学校的预防医学学科水平和学生满意度呈负向关联,并且学校省份的卫生与经济水平对于满意度的影响在不同地区存在差异。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
潘杰,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=XyBqeXt6fMEiE8xI+Jmn3Q==, magXml=OZ1nMll1jx1vXOEKkxy88w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=8Yglp9qpJS4148Th+5orUA==, pdfFileSize=923510, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=rjjHogOzn58++UlXYhiiXw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=d11X7hOEK8kwr8BWdnEMOA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王梓彤(2001—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生政策

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2.新加坡国立大学杨潞龄医学院
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王梓彤(2001—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生政策

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ArticleFig(id=1241319169279455401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241319154444202443, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Variables and data sources

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
层次因素来源
学校是否是双一流大学教育部
是否是医学专业院校软科
是否位于学科排名的前50%软科
学科排名得分(前50%)软科
地区人均地区生产总值(省)中国统计年鉴
健康中国发展水平(省)文献[19]
), ArticleFig(id=1241319169367535788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241319154444202443, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

变量与数据来源

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
层次因素来源
学校是否是双一流大学教育部
是否是医学专业院校软科
是否位于学科排名的前50%软科
学科排名得分(前50%)软科
地区人均地区生产总值(省)中国统计年鉴
健康中国发展水平(省)文献[19]
), ArticleFig(id=1241319169472393394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241319154444202443, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of descriptive analysis of dependent variables

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
满意度总计(n=87)东部地区(n=36)中部地区(n=32)西部地区(n=19)χ2P
综合满意度3.94±0.414.03±0.433.93±0.443.79±0.244.1500.126
办学条件满意度3.88±0.424.03±0.423.85±0.453.65±0.2110.1560.006
教学质量满意度3.96±0.404.08±0.403.94±0.433.74±0.219.3490.009
就业满意度3.61±0.523.70±0.583.63±0.513.38±0.354.9970.082
), ArticleFig(id=1241319171011702971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241319154444202443, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

因变量描述性分析结果(

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
满意度总计(n=87)东部地区(n=36)中部地区(n=32)西部地区(n=19)χ2P
综合满意度3.94±0.414.03±0.433.93±0.443.79±0.244.1500.126
办学条件满意度3.88±0.424.03±0.423.85±0.453.65±0.2110.1560.006
教学质量满意度3.96±0.404.08±0.403.94±0.433.74±0.219.3490.009
就业满意度3.61±0.523.70±0.583.63±0.513.38±0.354.9970.082
), ArticleFig(id=1241319171112366270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241319154444202443, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of descriptive and univariate analysis of independent variables

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量描述性统计综合满意度办学条件满意度教学质量满意度就业满意度
FPFPFPFP
双一流大学[n(%)]27(31.03)1.6090.2080.5120.4760.8090.3712.8500.095
医学院校[n(%)]49(56.32)0.1270.7230.0110.9180.0680.7950.0060.940
是软科排名前50%[n(%)]30(34.48)6.7760.0111.0920.2992.4070.12510.0700.002
健康中国发展水平()1.40±0.780.0040.9473.1090.0810.4630.4980.1180.732
人均GDP(万元,)8.26±3.060.0870.7693.5200.0640.5030.4800.4530.503
), ArticleFig(id=1241319171217223874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241319154444202443, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

自变量描述性分析与单因素分析结果

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变量描述性统计综合满意度办学条件满意度教学质量满意度就业满意度
FPFPFPFP
双一流大学[n(%)]27(31.03)1.6090.2080.5120.4760.8090.3712.8500.095
医学院校[n(%)]49(56.32)0.1270.7230.0110.9180.0680.7950.0060.940
是软科排名前50%[n(%)]30(34.48)6.7760.0111.0920.2992.4070.12510.0700.002
健康中国发展水平()1.40±0.780.0040.9473.1090.0810.4630.4980.1180.732
人均GDP(万元,)8.26±3.060.0870.7693.5200.0640.5030.4800.4530.503
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Comparison of the random intercept model and the random slope model

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指标综合满意度办学条件满意度教学质量满意度就业满意度
随机截距随机斜率随机截距随机斜率随机截距随机斜率随机截距随机斜率
AIC96.1197.44100.1592.6891.0991.24129.84131.00
BIC118.31122.10122.34109.94113.28115.90152.04158.12
), ArticleFig(id=1241319171737317584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241319154444202443, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

随机截距模型和随机斜率模型指标对比

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指标综合满意度办学条件满意度教学质量满意度就业满意度
随机截距随机斜率随机截距随机斜率随机截距随机斜率随机截距随机斜率
AIC96.1197.44100.1592.6891.0991.24129.84131.00
BIC118.31122.10122.34109.94113.28115.90152.04158.12
), ArticleFig(id=1241319171842175188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241319154444202443, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Random intercept model fitting results for four types of satisfaction

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变量综合满意度办学条件满意度
β值(95% CI)标准误Pβ值(95% CI)标准误P
固定部分
是否为双一流大学-0.087(-0.322~0.148)0.1200.468-0.155(-0.394~0.085)0.1220.205
是否为医学院校-0.035(-0.226~0.156)0.0980.721-0.042(-0.237~0.154)0.1000.677
是否为软科排名前50%-0.299(-0.545~-0.053)0.1260.017-0.273(-0.523~-0.022)0.1280.033
软科排名得分(前50%)<0.001(-0.000~0.001)<0.0010.2310.001(0.000~0.001)<0.0010.024
健康中国发展水平-0.067(-0.270~0.136)0.1040.519-0.023(-0.235~0.190)0.1080.835
人均GDP0.180(-0.287~0.647)0.2380.4500.177(-0.314~0.667)0.2500.480
截距项2.089(-2.958~7.137)2.5750.4171.973(-3.330~7.277)2.7060.466
随机部分
随机截距方差0.0230.0190.0300.021
变量教学质量满意度就业满意度
β值(95% CI)标准误Pβ值(95% CI)标准误P
固定部分
是否为双一流大学-0.149(-0.373~0.075)0.1140.191-0.175(-0.454~0.105)0.1430.221
是否为医学院校-0.055(-0.239~0.128)0.0940.554-0.137(-0.366~0.093)0.1170.244
是否为软科排名前50%-0.216(-0.449~0.018)0.1190.071-0.379(-0.671~-0.087)0.1490.011
软科排名得分(前50%)<0.001(-0.000~0.001)<0.0010.058<0.001(-0.000~0.001)<0.0010.469
健康中国发展水平-0.017(-0.230~0.196)0.1090.876-0.075(-0.342~0.191)0.1360.579
人均GDP0.004(-0.496~0.505)0.2550.9860.287(-0.337~0.912)0.3190.367
截距项3.979(-1.434~9.391)2.7610.1500.654(-6.102~7.410)3.4470.850
随机部分
随机截距方差0.0420.0220.0660.036
), ArticleFig(id=1241319171951227094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241319154444202443, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

四种满意度的随机截距模型拟合结果

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变量综合满意度办学条件满意度
β值(95% CI)标准误Pβ值(95% CI)标准误P
固定部分
是否为双一流大学-0.087(-0.322~0.148)0.1200.468-0.155(-0.394~0.085)0.1220.205
是否为医学院校-0.035(-0.226~0.156)0.0980.721-0.042(-0.237~0.154)0.1000.677
是否为软科排名前50%-0.299(-0.545~-0.053)0.1260.017-0.273(-0.523~-0.022)0.1280.033
软科排名得分(前50%)<0.001(-0.000~0.001)<0.0010.2310.001(0.000~0.001)<0.0010.024
健康中国发展水平-0.067(-0.270~0.136)0.1040.519-0.023(-0.235~0.190)0.1080.835
人均GDP0.180(-0.287~0.647)0.2380.4500.177(-0.314~0.667)0.2500.480
截距项2.089(-2.958~7.137)2.5750.4171.973(-3.330~7.277)2.7060.466
随机部分
随机截距方差0.0230.0190.0300.021
变量教学质量满意度就业满意度
β值(95% CI)标准误Pβ值(95% CI)标准误P
固定部分
是否为双一流大学-0.149(-0.373~0.075)0.1140.191-0.175(-0.454~0.105)0.1430.221
是否为医学院校-0.055(-0.239~0.128)0.0940.554-0.137(-0.366~0.093)0.1170.244
是否为软科排名前50%-0.216(-0.449~0.018)0.1190.071-0.379(-0.671~-0.087)0.1490.011
软科排名得分(前50%)<0.001(-0.000~0.001)<0.0010.058<0.001(-0.000~0.001)<0.0010.469
健康中国发展水平-0.017(-0.230~0.196)0.1090.876-0.075(-0.342~0.191)0.1360.579
人均GDP0.004(-0.496~0.505)0.2550.9860.287(-0.337~0.912)0.3190.367
截距项3.979(-1.434~9.391)2.7610.1500.654(-6.102~7.410)3.4470.850
随机部分
随机截距方差0.0420.0220.0660.036
), ArticleFig(id=1241319172051890397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241319154444202443, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Random intercept model fitting results with interaction terms

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变量综合满意度办学条件满意度
β值(95% CI)标准误Pβ值(95% CI)标准误P
固定部分
是否为双一流大学-0.060(-0.296~0.175)0.1200.615-0.133(-0.373~0.106)0.1220.275
是否为医学院校-0.080(-0.277~0.117)0.1000.428-0.072(-0.273~0.129)0.1030.483
是否为软科排名前50%-0.330(-0.569~-0.091)0.1220.007-0.283(-0.527~-0.040)0.1240.023
软科排名得分(前50%)<0.001(-0.000~0.001)<0.0010.2770.001(0.000~0.001)<0.0010.037
健康中国发展水平0.236(-0.338~0.810)0.2930.4200.143(-0.490~0.776)0.3230.657
人均GDP0.063(-0.341~0.467)0.2060.7600.039(-0.399~0.477)0.2240.862
地区*健康中国发展水平
东部-0.861(-1.655~-0.067)0.4050.033-0.644(-1.524~0.236)0.4490.152
中部-0.344(-0.933~0.246)0.3010.253-0.197(-0.845~0.452)0.3310.553
地区*人均GDP
东部0.089(0.013~0.166)0.0390.0210.075(-0.009~0.159)0.0430.080
中部0.059(-0.002~0.119)0.0310.0570.050(-0.016~0.115)0.0330.135
截距项2.998(-1.353~7.349)2.2200.1773.201(-1.515~7.918)2.4060.183
随机部分
随机截距方差<0.0010.0140.0300.021
变量教学质量满意度就业满意度
β值(95% CI)标准误Pβ值(95% CI)标准误P
固定部分
是否为双一流大学-0.110(-0.332~0.113)0.1130.333-0.132(-0.411~0.147)0.1430.355
是否为医学院校-0.076(-0.263~0.111)0.0950.427-0.150(-0.385~0.085)0.1200.212
是否为软科排名前50%-0.245(-0.471~-0.019)0.1150.034-0.387(-0.671~-0.102)0.1450.008
软科排名得分(前50%)<0.001(-0.000~0.001)<0.0010.078<0.001(-0.001~0.001)<0.0010.609
健康中国发展水平0.164(-0.464~0.792)0.3200.6090.243(-0.586~1.072)0.4230.566
人均GDP-0.145(-0.575~0.286)0.2190.5100.130(-0.434~0.693)0.2880.652
地区*健康中国发展水平
东部-0.804(-1.682~0.074)0.4480.073-1.190(-2.353~-0.027)0.5930.045
中部-0.217(-0.859~0.426)0.3280.509-0.325(-1.172~0.522)0.4320.452
地区*人均GDP
东部0.091(0.008~0.174)0.0420.0310.132(0.023~0.242)0.0560.018
中部0.054(-0.010~0.118)0.0330.0970.060(-0.023~0.144)0.0430.158
截距项5.296(0.670~9.922)2.3600.0251.907(-4.153~7.967)3.0920.537
随机部分
随机截距方差0.0150.0150.0330.026
), ArticleFig(id=1241319172135776480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241319154444202443, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

含有交互项的随机截距模型拟合结果

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变量综合满意度办学条件满意度
β值(95% CI)标准误Pβ值(95% CI)标准误P
固定部分
是否为双一流大学-0.060(-0.296~0.175)0.1200.615-0.133(-0.373~0.106)0.1220.275
是否为医学院校-0.080(-0.277~0.117)0.1000.428-0.072(-0.273~0.129)0.1030.483
是否为软科排名前50%-0.330(-0.569~-0.091)0.1220.007-0.283(-0.527~-0.040)0.1240.023
软科排名得分(前50%)<0.001(-0.000~0.001)<0.0010.2770.001(0.000~0.001)<0.0010.037
健康中国发展水平0.236(-0.338~0.810)0.2930.4200.143(-0.490~0.776)0.3230.657
人均GDP0.063(-0.341~0.467)0.2060.7600.039(-0.399~0.477)0.2240.862
地区*健康中国发展水平
东部-0.861(-1.655~-0.067)0.4050.033-0.644(-1.524~0.236)0.4490.152
中部-0.344(-0.933~0.246)0.3010.253-0.197(-0.845~0.452)0.3310.553
地区*人均GDP
东部0.089(0.013~0.166)0.0390.0210.075(-0.009~0.159)0.0430.080
中部0.059(-0.002~0.119)0.0310.0570.050(-0.016~0.115)0.0330.135
截距项2.998(-1.353~7.349)2.2200.1773.201(-1.515~7.918)2.4060.183
随机部分
随机截距方差<0.0010.0140.0300.021
变量教学质量满意度就业满意度
β值(95% CI)标准误Pβ值(95% CI)标准误P
固定部分
是否为双一流大学-0.110(-0.332~0.113)0.1130.333-0.132(-0.411~0.147)0.1430.355
是否为医学院校-0.076(-0.263~0.111)0.0950.427-0.150(-0.385~0.085)0.1200.212
是否为软科排名前50%-0.245(-0.471~-0.019)0.1150.034-0.387(-0.671~-0.102)0.1450.008
软科排名得分(前50%)<0.001(-0.000~0.001)<0.0010.078<0.001(-0.001~0.001)<0.0010.609
健康中国发展水平0.164(-0.464~0.792)0.3200.6090.243(-0.586~1.072)0.4230.566
人均GDP-0.145(-0.575~0.286)0.2190.5100.130(-0.434~0.693)0.2880.652
地区*健康中国发展水平
东部-0.804(-1.682~0.074)0.4480.073-1.190(-2.353~-0.027)0.5930.045
中部-0.217(-0.859~0.426)0.3280.509-0.325(-1.172~0.522)0.4320.452
地区*人均GDP
东部0.091(0.008~0.174)0.0420.0310.132(0.023~0.242)0.0560.018
中部0.054(-0.010~0.118)0.0330.0970.060(-0.023~0.144)0.0430.158
截距项5.296(0.670~9.922)2.3600.0251.907(-4.153~7.967)3.0920.537
随机部分
随机截距方差0.0150.0150.0330.026
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预防医学本科专业满意度的外部影响因素分析
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王梓彤 1, 2, 3 , 冷柔菲 1 , 张晴晴 1, 4 , 谢雨桓 1 , 古熙 5 , 何涛 6 , 潘克俭 7 , 谢仁兴 8 , 贾红 9 , 陈建 10 , 柯雄 5 , 赵莉 1 , 张韬 1 , 潘杰 1, 3
现代预防医学 | 人才培养 2025,52(12): 2290-2297
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现代预防医学 | 人才培养 2025, 52(12): 2290-2297
预防医学本科专业满意度的外部影响因素分析
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王梓彤1, 2, 3, 冷柔菲1, 张晴晴1, 4, 谢雨桓1, 古熙5, 何涛6, 潘克俭7, 谢仁兴8, 贾红9, 陈建10, 柯雄5, 赵莉1, 张韬1, 潘杰1, 3
作者信息
  • 1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041
  • 2.新加坡国立大学杨潞龄医学院
  • 3.四川大学健康城市发展研究中心/西部农村卫生发展研究中心
  • 4.四川大学灾后重建与管理学院
  • 5.川北医学院四川省哲学社会科学重点实验室——疾病监测与数智健康治理重点实验室
  • 6.西南医科大学校长办公室
  • 7.成都医学院院长办公室
  • 8.四川省疾病预防控制中心办公室
  • 9.西南医科大学公共卫生学院
  • 10.成都医学院公共卫生学院
  • 王梓彤(2001—),男,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生政策

通讯作者:

潘杰,E-mail:
Analysis of the external influencing factors of the program of satisfaction with the Bachelor’s degree in Preventive Medicine
Zi-tong WANG1, 2, 3, Rou-fei LENG1, Qing-qing ZHANG1, 4, Yu-huan XIE1, Xi GU5, Tao HE6, Ke-jian PAN7, Ren-xing XIE8, Hong JIA9, Jian CHEN10, Xiong KE5, Li ZHAO1, Tao ZHANG1, Jie PAN1, 3
Affiliations
  • West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University,Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501022
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目的

探究预防医学本科满意度外部影响因素,为提高公共卫生高等教育质量提供参考。

方法

选取教育部“阳光高考”信息平台数据,以综合满意度、办学条件满意度、教学质量满意度、就业满意度作为因变量,以多水平线性回归模型进行影响因素分析。

结果

在纳入的87所学校中,综合满意度平均值为3.94±0.41,就业满意度平均分最低,为3.61±0.52。东部地区平均满意度最高,西部最低。回归分析结果显示,预防医学学科排名在前50%的高校拥有更低的综合满意度(β=-0.299,95% CI: -0.545~-0.053)、办学条件满意度(β=-0.273,95% CI: -0.523~-0.022)和就业满意度(β=-0.379,95% CI: -0.671~-0.087),带有交互项模型显示相较西部,东部地区的健康中国发展水平对满意度的影响显著为负(综合满意度:β=-0.861,95% CI: -1.655~-0.067),人均GDP水平则对满意度影响显著为正(综合满意度:β=0.089,95% CI: 0.013~0.166)。

结论

学校的预防医学学科水平和学生满意度呈负向关联,并且学校省份的卫生与经济水平对于满意度的影响在不同地区存在差异。

预防医学  /  满意度  /  外部影响因素
Objective

To explore the external influencing factors of undergraduates’degree of satisfaction withthe Bachelors’program in preventive medicine, so as to provide a reference for improving the quality of public health higher education.

Methods

Data were obtained from the Ministry of Education’s Yangguang Gaokao information platform. The outcome variables included overall satisfaction, satisfaction with campus facilities, satisfaction with teaching quality, and satisfaction with employment outcomes. Multilevel linear regression models were employed to analyze influencing factors.

Results

Among the 87 included universities, the average overall satisfaction score was 3.94±0.41, with employment satisfaction receiving the lowest average score of 3.61±0.52. Institutions in the eastern region reported the highest levels of satisfaction, while those in the western region reported the lowest. Regression analysis revealed that universities with preventive medicine subjects ranked in the top 50% had significantly lower levels of overall satisfaction (β=-0.299, 95% CI: -0.545 to -0.053), campus facilities satisfaction (β=-0.273, 95% CI: -0.523 to -0.022), and employment satisfaction (β=-0.379, 95% CI: -0.671 to -0.087). In models incorporating interaction terms, the development level of the Healthy China initiative in eastern regions was found to have a significantly negative effect on satisfaction compared to the western region (overall satisfaction: β=-0.861, 95% CI: -1.655 to -0.067), whereas per capita GDP had a significantly positive effect on satisfaction (overall satisfaction: β=0.089, 95% CI: 0.013 to 0.166).

Conclusion

Institutional preventive medicine ranking was negatively associated with student satisfaction. The provincial health system and economic levels showed varying influences on student satisfaction across different regions.

Preventive Medicine  /  Satisfaction  /  External Influences
王梓彤, 冷柔菲, 张晴晴, 谢雨桓, 古熙, 何涛, 潘克俭, 谢仁兴, 贾红, 陈建, 柯雄, 赵莉, 张韬, 潘杰. 预防医学本科专业满意度的外部影响因素分析. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (12) : 2290 -2297 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501022
Zi-tong WANG, Rou-fei LENG, Qing-qing ZHANG, Yu-huan XIE, Xi GU, Tao HE, Ke-jian PAN, Ren-xing XIE, Hong JIA, Jian CHEN, Xiong KE, Li ZHAO, Tao ZHANG, Jie PAN. Analysis of the external influencing factors of the program of satisfaction with the Bachelor’s degree in Preventive Medicine[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (12) : 2290 -2297 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501022
新冠疫情的发生对医疗卫生体系、经济以及社会造成深远影响,人口老龄化的进程加速对医防融合发展提出更高、更迫切的需求。为了应对这些挑战,国务院印发了《关于进一步完善医疗卫生服务体系的意见》,提出要“提升卫生健康人才能力,健全公共卫生体系”[1]。公共卫生与预防医学领域相关专业的人才培养亟待加强,以满足我国卫生健康事业的持续发展需求,并响应人民群众对美好生活日益增长的期望[2-3]
随着公众对于公共卫生与预防医学的认识与关注程度的提高,国内高校为了吸引更多高中毕业生选择预防医学专业,并培养更优秀、更全面的预防医学人才,正积极开展专业教育改革。然而,业内权威学者的研究表明,预防医学专业教育存在总体数量不足,培养体系不健全,仍然偏重理论教育等问题[4],在人才供给方面,存在多种不平衡,如区域发展不平衡、院校发展不平衡、办学标准不统一等[5]。对于预防医学专业毕业生未来可能从事的公共卫生医师这一职业而言,又存在一定的可替代性和职业定位模糊的问题,导致职业吸引力不足[6-8]
在教育领域,满意度是衡量学生在接受教育后,其对于教育过程、教育产出等多方面的感知与期望之间差距的重要指标[9]。满意度越高,感知与期望的正向差距越大;满意度越低,则表示负向差距越大。满意度是反映高等教育服务质量[10-12]的关键维度之一,它体现了大学生群体对于高质量教育发展的美好期盼[13]。2024年7月,在教育部的“阳光高考”信息平台预防医学专业首页可以看到,预防医学专业综合满意度为3.8。排除投票数小于1 000的二级专业后,预防医学专业综合满意度(3.8)略低于医学类综合满意度(4)以及全部专业综合满意度的平均值(4.06)。
目前,关于预防医学专业满意度的研究主要集中在学生个体层面的影响因素。研究发现,专业满意度直接影响预防医学学生的学习投入程度[14],因此提高满意度具有必要性。学生间的满意度差异则可能与生源地[15]、年级[16]等因素有关,学生普遍对职业发展和专业前景表示担忧。本研究将关注机构和地区层面的影响因素,利用教育部“阳光高考”信息平台数据,对全国范围本科院校的预防医学专业学生满意度进行分析,以探究外部影响因素,改进预防医学专业教育质量,促进教育高质量发展。
教育部“阳光高考”信息平台由中国高等教育学生信息网开通,是中华人民共和国教育部招生“阳光工程”指定的信息发布平台。平台“专业满意度”板块数据是由普通本专科学生投票得出(通过实名注册的学生才具有投票资格)。本研究选取的因变量包括该平台的预防医学专业(本科,专业代码100401)的综合满意度、办学条件满意度、教学质量满意度和就业满意度。数据采集于2024年7月,约1.2万人参与实名投票,经平台主动筛选,去除了投票人数较少的学校,最终包括了31个省份/直辖市的87所学校,包括北京大学、华中科技大学、四川大学、佳木斯大学、长治医学院、成都医学院等。
本研究中的外部因素指的是学生个体所处的教育与社会环境的一部分,不受学生个体直接控制[17-18]。纳入变量来自权威来源,分为学校因素和地区因素(表1)。学校因素包括:学校是否是双一流大学、是否是医学专业院校、是否位于学科排名的前50%,排名数据来自软科2023最好学科排名“公共卫生与预防医学类”公开结果,评价指标包括人才培养、平台项目、成果获奖、学术论文和高端人才五大类,主要反映了该学校学科科研实力与人才团队建设情况。由于官方仅公开了排名前50%的学校得分,该变量作二分类处理,并在回归模型中加入了前50%学校的得分作为单独变量;地区因素选择了2022年各省份/直辖市人均地区生产总值来代表省份/直辖市的经济水平(由于数据右偏,作对数处理),杨欢使用改进主成分分析法对我国不同省份的健康中国发展水平进行了测度,衡量维度包括居民健康水平、健康服务与保障、健康环境、健康产业等[19],用该得分来代表省份/直辖市的卫生健康相关发展水平,省份/直辖市的教育水平由于回归模型中存在较强的共线性,故去除。
数据采用 Excel 2019 软件进行录入,并建立数据库,使用Python 3.12.3制图,Stata 17.0进行统计分析。描述变量的均值或百分比,使用ANOVA单因素方差检验进行单因素分析,若不满足方差齐性假设则使用Kruskal-Wallis检验。考虑本研究数据具有一定的层次结构,即学校嵌套于所在省份,因此考虑采用多水平线性回归模型进行影响因素分析,一水平为学校,二水平为学校所在省份。首先做零模型分析,使用组内相关系数(Intraclass Correlation Coefficient,ICC),以ICC>0.1为标准判断是否适合做多水平模型。然后以四类满意度为因变量,分别做随机截距模型和随机斜率模型,选择赤池信息准则(Akaike Information Criterion,AIC)和贝叶斯信息准则(Bayesian Information Criterion,BIC)较低者为较优模型,将表1变量全部纳入分析。α双侧=0.05。
对专业满意度下的四类满意度评分进行描述性分析。气泡图图1显示了本研究中开设预防医学本科院校满意度和地区分布情况,气泡大小代表综合满意度大小,东部地区院校较多,四种满意度相对较高,中部院校次之,西部院校满意度较低。如表2所示,全国87所高校的综合满意度平均值为3.94,最小值为3.10,最大值为4.70,就业满意度平均值是四种满意度评分中最低者,仅3.61,最小值为2.60,最大值为4.80。办学条件满意度和教学质量满意度在地区间的差异有统计学意义。
对自变量的描述性分析以及ANOVA单因素方差检验结果如表3所示,87所高校中有31.03%为“双一流”高校,56.32%为医学专业院校,34.48%位于2023软科最好学科排名“公共卫生与预防医学类”前50%,高校所在省份的健康中国发展水平平均得分为1.40,最低省份得分0.50,最高省份得分5.05。方差检验结果显示,在P<0.05条件下,是否是软科最好学科排名前50%的院校在综合满意度和就业满意度方面存在差异,同时行Bartlett检验,P>0.05,无法拒绝同方差的原假设,因此方差分析的结果可以采纳。
零模型分析结果显示,四种满意度的模型ICC分别为0.161,0.166,0.244,0.256,均大于0.05,因此可以使用多水平模型进行分析。表4展示了随机截距模型和随机斜率模型的拟合优度和复杂性指标,除办学条件满意度模型以外,随机截距模型的AIC和BIC均小于随机斜率模型,因此综合选择随机截距模型结果进行分析。
结果如表5所示,对于综合满意度、办学条件满意度与就业满意度,位于软科最好学科排名前50%院校显著低于后50%院校,在排名前50%院校中,学科得分越高,办学条件满意度越高。
表6展示了加入地区因素与地区的交互项后模型的拟合结果。相较西部,东部地区的健康中国发展水平对满意度的影响显著为负,人均GDP水平则对满意度影响显著为正,中部地区则未呈现相较于西部地区的显著性。这说明省份的卫生与经济水平对于满意度的影响在不同地区表现出不同模式。
本研究发现,预防医学学科排名前50%院校满意度相较排名后50%院校的更低。当下主流的学科评价体系普遍重视科研成果,而将人才培养与教育质量放在相对次要的位置[20]。截至2022年,“软科最好学科排名”评价中科研权重仍是人才培养权重的1.75~3.4倍[21],这反映了现有学科评价体系以及高校教师“重科研、轻教学”的局限性。教师教学投入不足使得其科研能力无法有效转化为教育资源,可能导致预防医学专业学生能力未获充分培养,对专业认知产生偏差,对公共卫生行业发展前景缺乏系统、理性的认识,未能充分意识到公共卫生在未来国家产业结构中的重要地位[16]。此外,根据教育领域的满意度定义,学科科研水平的提升可能不会提高学生的专业满意度,反而可能因无形中提高学生对教育过程和产出的期望,导致实际感知与期望之间差距增大,从而降低专业满意度。而学科排名前50%高校的学科得分与办学条件满意度呈显著正相关关系,这说明,科研能力提升切实影响办学条件,与满意度提升同样密切相关。因此科研和教学协同发展至关重要。
还有学者认为,学生满意度是学生对于生活和学习的一种带有情绪色彩的看法,与行为和心理健康相关[22]。除前述原因外,学科水平更高的公共卫生学院往往意味着更激烈的竞争环境,可能会导致学生由于推免、就业等问题而承受更大的心理压力,学业动机从追求成长变为追逐成功[23],从而削弱了对教育过程的感知,并过分强调教育产出,导致期望与感知之间负向差距进一步扩大。
对于办学条件满意度和教学质量满意度,东部高于中部高于西部。高校所在省份之间满意度存在差异(ICC>0.1),地区因素在不同地区对学生满意度的影响也存在异质性,表现为相较于西部地区,东部人均地方生产总值交互项正向显著(综合、办学条件、就业满意度),而健康中国发展水平交互项负向显著(综合和就业满意度)。东部地区经济水平相较中部和西部更高,拥有更多的财政资源和更发达的基础设施,这带来了更好的办学条件与更多的就业机会,直接影响学生的满意度。相反,健康中国发展水平在经济发达地区对学生满意度的作用较弱甚至为负,这可能是因为健康中国发展水平是一个结果导向性指标,其较高意味着该地区具有较好的居民健康水平、完备的医疗卫生服务体系以及医疗保障政策[19]。东部地区的医疗卫生体系已经较为完善,政策的边际效应相对较低,学生在给予满意度评价时,更关注医学卫生人才培养过程与就业结果,并不直接受到以上指标的影响,反而可能也会由于当地较高的卫生健康发展水平对本专业产生了更高的期待。中部地区相比西部地区并没有呈现显著的结果,年鉴数据显示,“十三五”期间,在东部与西部地区,公共卫生医师数量分别增长4 733人和1 500人,中部地区却减少257人,在西部地区稳步发展的情况下,中部和东部差距却进一步加大[5],中部地区可能存在卫生政策施行力度不足、效果不佳的问题。
因此,发达地区需要考虑如何将优质的医疗卫生资源转化为优质的教育资源,并重视学生心理健康,纾解学生各种压力;中部地区则需要首先考虑如何调整卫生人才等政策的制定、施行;而在欠发达地区,持续落实卫生国策,加强基础设施建设和基本教育服务质量,则可能更有效地提升学生的学习体验和满意度。另外有研究指出,预防医学能较好地满足乡镇生源的学生。生源地城市越发达, 满意度越低[15],这也反映出地区差异对于专业期望及满意度的影响,可作为本研究结果的补充。
3.3.1 科研水平提升与预防医学专业人才教育并重高等院校应在努力实现科研水平提升的同时充分重视预防医学专业人才教育。一项国外研究显示,学校提供领域前沿内容课程有助于学生毕业后的一系列表现,包括收入、攻读博士比例等,而青年教师的授课内容要相对前沿[24]。一方面,要鼓励优秀青年教师在专业知识传授中强化专业认知教育,在课堂上讲授学科前沿知识,激发学生的专业兴趣与技能,并分享自身经历,帮助了解专业现状与前景,树立专业信心;另一方面,探索预防医学培养体系改革,关注学生多维需求,实现“医、教、研、赛”的平衡发展[24],给予学生自主选择空间,以提升自我效能与满意度,促进学习投入[14,25]。高校,尤其是双一流高校,应通过健全的心理支持体系提升学生的心理健康状况,以学术辅导、职业规划、心理咨询等方式,帮助学生应对高期望和竞争压力,从而提高满意度。
3.3.2 加强资源分配与转化利用 各地在积极发展卫生健康体系的同时,应考虑如何利用好现有的卫生健康资源,尤其是相对发达地区,将其转化成预防医学专业的教育资源,如依托成熟的医疗卫生服务体系提供专业培训课程和实践活动,与健康产业和科研院所合作搭建专业交流平台,共享优质教育资源。各高校及相关院系也应提供充分的就业支持,提前了解学生就业需求,积极联系专业相关企业建立合作,组织多样化专业实习,探讨人才输送机制,以保障预防医学专业就业质量,实现校企协同和产教融合。政府也应发挥宏观调控职责,积极引导高校合理分配教育资源,防止经费被过量投入到科学研究、固定资产建设等重点考核工作中[26]
3.3.3 关注地区差异,分类施策改善学生满意度 不同地区在专业满意度和客观条件上存在差异,因此需要根据各自情况分地区改善学生满意度。政府应参考高校及地区的综合实力、办学水平、招生规模等进行财政拨款,给予相对弱势者更多的资源倾斜和经费补助[26],以体现教育公平。具体而言,东部地区高校应坚持科研和教育并重,重点管理学生的期望与压力,提供全面的支持服务,将优质的经济与卫生资源转换为高质量教育和高满意度;中部地区需关注如何利用好现有的卫生资源,提高双一流院校的教学质量,确保相关政策准确执行,留住人才;西部地区还需深入分析潜在的外部影响因素,持续提高基础设施建设和资源投入,改善办学条件和教学质量等以提高整体满意度。
本研究存在以下局限性:(1)由于网站数据实时更新,满意度可能会发生变化,建议通过长期收集数据以分析纵向变化。(2)对于四种不同满意度显著性结果的差异,可能是由于未纳入模型的变量影响,如学生个人层面因素,包括学生的学习能力、动机以及个人情况等[14-16],以及更加细致的机构层面因素:每个学校预防医学专业的师生比、教育经费与设施等,需要通过更详细的数据收集和多水平等统计模型验证予以补充。
  • 四川省2024-2026年高等教育人才培养质量和教学改革项目-重点项目(JG2024-0014)
  • 2024年统计学教改项目“基于知识模块的《卫生统计学》课程建设及教学创新研究”(2024JG0205)
  • 四川省高等学校首批高阶课程《卫生统计学(III)》
  • 四川大学项目制课程《卫生统计学(III)》
  • 四川大学“人工智能赋能创新型实践教育综合改革研究专项”一般项目《基于知识模块的《卫生统计学》AI课程建设与应用》
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2025年第52卷第12期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202501022
  • 接收时间:2025-01-02
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-02
基金
四川省2024-2026年高等教育人才培养质量和教学改革项目-重点项目(JG2024-0014)
2024年统计学教改项目“基于知识模块的《卫生统计学》课程建设及教学创新研究”(2024JG0205)
四川省高等学校首批高阶课程《卫生统计学(III)》
四川大学项目制课程《卫生统计学(III)》
四川大学“人工智能赋能创新型实践教育综合改革研究专项”一般项目《基于知识模块的《卫生统计学》AI课程建设与应用》
作者信息
    1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041
    2.新加坡国立大学杨潞龄医学院
    3.四川大学健康城市发展研究中心/西部农村卫生发展研究中心
    4.四川大学灾后重建与管理学院
    5.川北医学院四川省哲学社会科学重点实验室——疾病监测与数智健康治理重点实验室
    6.西南医科大学校长办公室
    7.成都医学院院长办公室
    8.四川省疾病预防控制中心办公室
    9.西南医科大学公共卫生学院
    10.成都医学院公共卫生学院

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Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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