Article(id=1241319152284135834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241319148798669160, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502103, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739203200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773883148499, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773883148499, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773883148499, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773883148499, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241319148798669160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='12', pageStart='2113', pageEnd='2304', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773883147667, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773885555254, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241329247004971040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241319148798669160, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241329247004971041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241319148798669160, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2249, endPage=2256, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241319154280624580, articleId=1241319152284135834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Determination of nine monophthalates in urine by liquid-liquid extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, columnId=1228016572065837304, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Experimental Technology and Applications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To develop a liquid-liquid extraction combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LLE-UHPLC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous determination of nine monoester phthalate metabolites (mPAEs) in urine.

Methods

1 ml urine sample was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis by the addition of ammonium acetate solution and β-glucuronidase at 37 °C on a shaker for 16 h. Subsequently, 20 μl of formic acid was added and thoroughly mixed. Liquid-liquid extraction was performed with 3 ml of ethyl acetate, then the mixture was centrifuged and the supernatant was concentrated under nitrogen flow. The residue was reconstituted with 0.20 ml of acetonitrile-water solution (50∶50, v/v). Chromatographic separation was performed on a BEH C18 column (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 μm) using a mobile phase of 0.10% acetic acid in acetonitrile and 0.10% aqueous acetic acid. Analytes were ionized via electrospray ionization (ESI) in negative ion mode and detected by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), and quantification was achieved through the internal standard curves.

Results

Good linear relationship was obtained for the analytes within 0.50 to 200 ng/ml, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.999. When 1 ml of urine sample was utilized for analysis, the detection limits and the quantitation limits of the method were 1.5×10-3 to 0.29 ng/ml and 4.9×10-3 to 0.98 ng/ml, respectively. The recovery rates of the method ranged from 87.05% to 111.5%, with intra-day relative standard deviations of 0.31% to 3.05%, and inter-day relative standard deviations of 0.59% to 3.46%. The nine monophthalates in 277 urine samples from healthy individuals were determined by the proposed method. Except for mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP), which had a detection rate of 87.73%, the detection rates of other monophthalates were 100%. Mono-butyl phthalate (MnBP) had the highest median concentration of 194.10 μg/g creatinine, while MBzP had the lowest median concentration of 3.7×10-2 μg/g creatinine.

Conclusion

The established method for simultaneous determination of 9 monophthalates in urine samples was simple, sensitive, and accurate, which is suitable for the accurate exposure assessment of these substances in urine.

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目的

建立同时测定尿中九种常见邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物邻苯二甲酸单酯(monoester phthalate metabolites,mPAEs)的液液萃取-超高效液相色谱串联三重四极杆质谱方法。

方法

1 ml尿样加入乙酸铵水溶液和β-葡萄糖醛酸酶于37℃摇床酶解16 h。加入20 μl甲酸涡旋混匀,再加入3 ml乙酸乙酯涡旋5 min进行液液萃取,离心后取上清液氮吹浓缩,经0.20 ml乙腈-水溶液(50:50,v/v)复溶后,用BEH C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7 μm)分离,流动相为0.10%乙酸乙腈和0.10%乙酸水溶液,采用电喷雾负离子模式电离和多反应监测模式质谱检测,内标标准曲线定量。

结果

邻苯二甲酸酯类在0.50~200 ng/ml范围内有良好线性关系,相关系数大于0.999。当取1.0 ml尿液用于测定时,方法检出限为1.5×10-3~0.29 ng/ml,定量限为4.9×10-3~0.98 ng/ml。加标回收率为87.05%~111.5%,日内和日间相对标准偏差分别为0.31%~3.05%和0.59%~3.46%。采用建立的方法测定了正常人尿样277例,除邻苯二甲酸单苄酯(mono-benzyl phthalate,MBzP)的检出率为87.73%以外,其余8种mPAEs的检出率均为100%。其中邻苯二甲酸单丁酯(Mono-butyl phthalate,MnBP)检出含量最高,中位数水平为194.10 μg/g肌酐;MBzP含量最低,中位数水平为3.7×10-2 μg/g肌酐

结论

建立了尿样中9种邻苯二甲酸单酯的超高效液相色谱串联质谱同时检测方法,可实现其灵敏、准确检测,为其暴露评估提供技术支持。

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邹晓莉,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Vi+Qw6JSrNlo7fgkELgfUA==, magXml=NmrPm1u6ObMyQFUpEr64Cw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Cqxk/yn2ghV+2i1EKBVU9g==, pdfFileSize=1031340, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=SlThd8fh7Esm65S3CjqPxg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=eeOZU4cdcdM3bWodBYPWNQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

李嘉(2002—),男,本科在读,研究方向:卫生检验与检疫

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李嘉(2002—),男,本科在读,研究方向:卫生检验与检疫

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province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.四川省疾病预防控制中心)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241319164032381901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241319152284135834, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=The chromatogram of mPAEs and their quantitative ions with isotope-labeled internal standards, figureFileSmall=AdKfA5Z2aPjsX3FpY74obw==, figureFileBig=SlThd8fh7Esm65S3CjqPxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241319164174988242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241319152284135834, language=CN, label=图1, caption=mPAEs及其内标的定量离子流图, figureFileSmall=AdKfA5Z2aPjsX3FpY74obw==, figureFileBig=SlThd8fh7Esm65S3CjqPxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241319164489561060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241319152284135834, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The recovery rates of mPAEs for different extractants, figureFileSmall=Oe+GLGqLVSEc4ZMBxxudcg==, figureFileBig=nTOhZERUbNog86nKeD8BJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241319164594418667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241319152284135834, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同萃取剂的mPAEs回收率, figureFileSmall=Oe+GLGqLVSEc4ZMBxxudcg==, figureFileBig=nTOhZERUbNog86nKeD8BJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241319164716053495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241319152284135834, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of sample solution pH on the recovery of mPAEs, figureFileSmall=eAjfH8jYEduQxsJUxabDSg==, figureFileBig=cRM+eugJJhLOK906+lWeBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241319164812522491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241319152284135834, language=CN, label=图3, caption=样液酸碱性对mPAEs回收率的影响, figureFileSmall=eAjfH8jYEduQxsJUxabDSg==, figureFileBig=cRM+eugJJhLOK906+lWeBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241319164925767684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241319152284135834, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of sample solution pH on the peak area of mPAEs, figureFileSmall=lFuK2RPup2a4rmDnDXYGpg==, figureFileBig=NVxknX6NyLUrwh8aSluVdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241319165022236685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241319152284135834, language=CN, label=图4, caption=样液pH对mPAEs峰面积的影响, figureFileSmall=lFuK2RPup2a4rmDnDXYGpg==, figureFileBig=NVxknX6NyLUrwh8aSluVdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241319166527991830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241319152284135834, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of extractant volume on the recovery rates of mPAEs, figureFileSmall=O+nYSErBz6gw0L97G0GHVw==, figureFileBig=42q1IJo/PQFwTu9HGGu1Iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241319166649626651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241319152284135834, language=CN, label=图5, caption=萃取剂用量对mPAEs回收率的影响, figureFileSmall=O+nYSErBz6gw0L97G0GHVw==, figureFileBig=42q1IJo/PQFwTu9HGGu1Iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241319166767067172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241319152284135834, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Gradientelution program for HPLC

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时间(min)流动相A(%)流动相B(%)
0.007030
4.007030
9.005.0095
10.005.0095
10.107030
15.007030
), ArticleFig(id=1241319166951616553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241319152284135834, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

液相色谱梯度洗脱程序

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间(min)流动相A(%)流动相B(%)
0.007030
4.007030
9.005.0095
10.005.0095
10.107030
15.007030
), ArticleFig(id=1241319167048085550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241319152284135834, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The retention times and mass spectrometric parameters of the analytes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
被测物保留时间
(min)
母离子
(m/z)
子离子
(m/z)
驻留时间
(s)
锥孔电压
(V)
碰撞能量
(eV)
分段检测时间
(min)
MEP2.22193.0376.97a0.22×10-16.0140~4
120.9410
MEP-13C42.22197.0378.98a0.22×10-112180~4
123.208
MECPP5.62307.03159.02a0.50×10-22.0105~8
113.0528
MECPP-13C45.62311.03159.01a0.50×10-224105~8
113.0532
MEHHP6.13293.03145.04a0.50×10-22.0125~7.5
120.9218
MEHHP-13C46.15296.97123.98a0.50×10-26.0205~7.5
78.9830
144.9914
MiBP6.23221.1076.97a0.50×10-220164~7
134.0014
70.9814
MiBP-13C46.20225.1078.98a0.50×10-220164~7
136.9814
MEOHP6.33291.03143.03a0.50×10-26.0125~7.5
120.9218
MEOHP-13C46.33295.10143.02a0.50×10-222125~7.5
123.9716
78.9830
MNBP6.41221.1076.97a0.50×10-210164~7
70.9812
MNBP-13C46.40225.1078.98a0.50×10-210164~7
151.0212
MCMHP6.62307.03159.02a2.50×10-220124~7
112.9924
MCMHP-13C46.62311.03159.01a0.50×10-220144~7
113.0526
MBZP6.71255.1076.97a0.50×10-22.0185~7.5
107.3314
MBZP-13C46.71259.03107.00a0.50×10-224125~7.5
79.4316
MEHP8.79276.97133.98a3.50×10-22.0147~9.5
127.0614
MEHP-13C48.79281.03136.98a3.50×10-216167~9.5
78.9216
), ArticleFig(id=1241319167173914676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241319152284135834, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

被测物的保留时间和质谱参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
被测物保留时间
(min)
母离子
(m/z)
子离子
(m/z)
驻留时间
(s)
锥孔电压
(V)
碰撞能量
(eV)
分段检测时间
(min)
MEP2.22193.0376.97a0.22×10-16.0140~4
120.9410
MEP-13C42.22197.0378.98a0.22×10-112180~4
123.208
MECPP5.62307.03159.02a0.50×10-22.0105~8
113.0528
MECPP-13C45.62311.03159.01a0.50×10-224105~8
113.0532
MEHHP6.13293.03145.04a0.50×10-22.0125~7.5
120.9218
MEHHP-13C46.15296.97123.98a0.50×10-26.0205~7.5
78.9830
144.9914
MiBP6.23221.1076.97a0.50×10-220164~7
134.0014
70.9814
MiBP-13C46.20225.1078.98a0.50×10-220164~7
136.9814
MEOHP6.33291.03143.03a0.50×10-26.0125~7.5
120.9218
MEOHP-13C46.33295.10143.02a0.50×10-222125~7.5
123.9716
78.9830
MNBP6.41221.1076.97a0.50×10-210164~7
70.9812
MNBP-13C46.40225.1078.98a0.50×10-210164~7
151.0212
MCMHP6.62307.03159.02a2.50×10-220124~7
112.9924
MCMHP-13C46.62311.03159.01a0.50×10-220144~7
113.0526
MBZP6.71255.1076.97a0.50×10-22.0185~7.5
107.3314
MBZP-13C46.71259.03107.00a0.50×10-224125~7.5
79.4316
MEHP8.79276.97133.98a3.50×10-22.0147~9.5
127.0614
MEHP-13C48.79281.03136.98a3.50×10-216167~9.5
78.9216
), ArticleFig(id=1241319167287160888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241319152284135834, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The performance parameters of the method (n=3)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物本底值
(ng/ml)
加标水平
(ng/ml)
回收率(%)RSD(%)回归方程相关系数
(r)
LOD
(ng/ml)
LOQ
(ng/ml)
日内日间
2.00105.21±0.330.311.41
MEP8.254.00111.53±1.221.090.96y=5.79×10-2x+2.70×10-30.999 70.28×10-20.95×10-1
20.00109.12±0.990.911.45
2.00100.21±0.510.511.64
MECPP5.324.00103.94±1.041.000.68y=5.21×10-2x+1.60×10-10.999 70.38×10-10.13
20.00105.72±0.750.710.59
2.0097.23±2.452.521.83
MEHHP5.904.00103.87±2.021.943.46y=5.76×10-2x+8.74×10-20.999 90.93×10-20.31×10-1
20.00107.61±3.102.882.82
2.0091.35±1.371.501.53
MiBP3.654.0096.78±1.481.531.06y=1.30×10-1x-6.40×10-30.999 00.14×10-10.47×10-1
20.0099.89±1.141.141.87
2.0095.98±1.681.752.28
MEOHP8.964.0098.18±1.711.742.17y=3.61×10-2x+2.52×10-10.999 40.18×10-20.60×10-2
20.00102.42±1.641.602.18
2.0087.05±0.540.621.71
MNBP2.534.00110.91±0.890.801.61y=8.73×10-2x+3.00×10-30.999 80.26×10-10.86×10-1
20.00111.41±2.181.961.52
2.0096.24±0.640.662.33
MCMHP45.204.00100.52±1.721.711.33y=9.20×10-2x-8.40×10-30.999 80.290.98
20.00106.74±0.410.382.94
0.2096.38±2.943.051.61
MBZP0.162.0097.12±1.781.832.92y=6.43×10-2x+4.00×10-40.999 70.24×10-20.79×10-2
4.0099.03±1.811.831.76
2.0099.82±0.790.791.53
MEHP4.524.00105.51±0.500.472.33y=3.92×10-2x-9.40×10-30.999 80.15×10-20.49×10-2
20.00107.41±1.081.010.89
), ArticleFig(id=1241319167400407104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241319152284135834, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

方法性能指标(n=3)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物本底值
(ng/ml)
加标水平
(ng/ml)
回收率(%)RSD(%)回归方程相关系数
(r)
LOD
(ng/ml)
LOQ
(ng/ml)
日内日间
2.00105.21±0.330.311.41
MEP8.254.00111.53±1.221.090.96y=5.79×10-2x+2.70×10-30.999 70.28×10-20.95×10-1
20.00109.12±0.990.911.45
2.00100.21±0.510.511.64
MECPP5.324.00103.94±1.041.000.68y=5.21×10-2x+1.60×10-10.999 70.38×10-10.13
20.00105.72±0.750.710.59
2.0097.23±2.452.521.83
MEHHP5.904.00103.87±2.021.943.46y=5.76×10-2x+8.74×10-20.999 90.93×10-20.31×10-1
20.00107.61±3.102.882.82
2.0091.35±1.371.501.53
MiBP3.654.0096.78±1.481.531.06y=1.30×10-1x-6.40×10-30.999 00.14×10-10.47×10-1
20.0099.89±1.141.141.87
2.0095.98±1.681.752.28
MEOHP8.964.0098.18±1.711.742.17y=3.61×10-2x+2.52×10-10.999 40.18×10-20.60×10-2
20.00102.42±1.641.602.18
2.0087.05±0.540.621.71
MNBP2.534.00110.91±0.890.801.61y=8.73×10-2x+3.00×10-30.999 80.26×10-10.86×10-1
20.00111.41±2.181.961.52
2.0096.24±0.640.662.33
MCMHP45.204.00100.52±1.721.711.33y=9.20×10-2x-8.40×10-30.999 80.290.98
20.00106.74±0.410.382.94
0.2096.38±2.943.051.61
MBZP0.162.0097.12±1.781.832.92y=6.43×10-2x+4.00×10-40.999 70.24×10-20.79×10-2
4.0099.03±1.811.831.76
2.0099.82±0.790.791.53
MEHP4.524.00105.51±0.500.472.33y=3.92×10-2x-9.40×10-30.999 80.15×10-20.49×10-2
20.00107.41±1.081.010.89
), ArticleFig(id=1241319167555596360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241319152284135834, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Detection results of mPAEs metabolites in urine samples (μg/g creatinine)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物检出范围值检出率(%)第25百分位数中位数第75百分位数
MEP0.56~1.38×103100.005.699.8019.87
MEHP0.12~55.25100.002.303.345.88
MEHHP2.37~85.92100.005.147.4810.97
MEOHP0.62~24.92100.001.722.533.70
MECPP3.21~83.15100.008.8912.9118.20
MCMHP0.43~24.61100.002.343.575.06
MnBP19.17~1.66×103100.00125.30194.10294.30
MiBP2.87~199.63100.0013.4921.4631.71
MBzPND~3.4087.730.030.040.08
), ArticleFig(id=1241319167673036874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241319152284135834, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

尿样中mPAEs的检出结果(μg/g肌酐

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物检出范围值检出率(%)第25百分位数中位数第75百分位数
MEP0.56~1.38×103100.005.699.8019.87
MEHP0.12~55.25100.002.303.345.88
MEHHP2.37~85.92100.005.147.4810.97
MEOHP0.62~24.92100.001.722.533.70
MECPP3.21~83.15100.008.8912.9118.20
MCMHP0.43~24.61100.002.343.575.06
MnBP19.17~1.66×103100.00125.30194.10294.30
MiBP2.87~199.63100.0013.4921.4631.71
MBzPND~3.4087.730.030.040.08
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液液萃取-高效液相色谱串联质谱测定尿中的九种邻苯二甲酸单酯
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李嘉 1 , 周晓涛 1 , 揣雨静 1 , 黄馨仪 1, 2 , 任琳 2 , 雍莉 2 , 邹晓莉 1
现代预防医学 | 实验技术及其应用 2025,52(12): 2249-2256
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现代预防医学 | 实验技术及其应用 2025, 52(12): 2249-2256
液液萃取-高效液相色谱串联质谱测定尿中的九种邻苯二甲酸单酯
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李嘉1, 周晓涛1, 揣雨静1, 黄馨仪1, 2, 任琳2, 雍莉2, 邹晓莉1
作者信息
  • 1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院卫生检验与检疫系,四川 成都 610041
  • 2.四川省疾病预防控制中心
  • 李嘉(2002—),男,本科在读,研究方向:卫生检验与检疫

通讯作者:

邹晓莉,E-mail:
Determination of nine monophthalates in urine by liquid-liquid extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Jia LI1, Xiao-tao ZHOU1, Yu-jing CHUAI1, Xin-yi HUANG1, 2, Lin REN2, Li YONG2, Xiao-li ZOU1
Affiliations
  • Department of Laboratory Technology and Science of Public Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502103
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目的

建立同时测定尿中九种常见邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物邻苯二甲酸单酯(monoester phthalate metabolites,mPAEs)的液液萃取-超高效液相色谱串联三重四极杆质谱方法。

方法

1 ml尿样加入乙酸铵水溶液和β-葡萄糖醛酸酶于37℃摇床酶解16 h。加入20 μl甲酸涡旋混匀,再加入3 ml乙酸乙酯涡旋5 min进行液液萃取,离心后取上清液氮吹浓缩,经0.20 ml乙腈-水溶液(50:50,v/v)复溶后,用BEH C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7 μm)分离,流动相为0.10%乙酸乙腈和0.10%乙酸水溶液,采用电喷雾负离子模式电离和多反应监测模式质谱检测,内标标准曲线定量。

结果

邻苯二甲酸酯类在0.50~200 ng/ml范围内有良好线性关系,相关系数大于0.999。当取1.0 ml尿液用于测定时,方法检出限为1.5×10-3~0.29 ng/ml,定量限为4.9×10-3~0.98 ng/ml。加标回收率为87.05%~111.5%,日内和日间相对标准偏差分别为0.31%~3.05%和0.59%~3.46%。采用建立的方法测定了正常人尿样277例,除邻苯二甲酸单苄酯(mono-benzyl phthalate,MBzP)的检出率为87.73%以外,其余8种mPAEs的检出率均为100%。其中邻苯二甲酸单丁酯(Mono-butyl phthalate,MnBP)检出含量最高,中位数水平为194.10 μg/g肌酐;MBzP含量最低,中位数水平为3.7×10-2 μg/g肌酐

结论

建立了尿样中9种邻苯二甲酸单酯的超高效液相色谱串联质谱同时检测方法,可实现其灵敏、准确检测,为其暴露评估提供技术支持。

尿样  /  邻苯二甲酸单酯  /  超高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱法  /  液液萃取法
Objective

To develop a liquid-liquid extraction combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LLE-UHPLC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous determination of nine monoester phthalate metabolites (mPAEs) in urine.

Methods

1 ml urine sample was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis by the addition of ammonium acetate solution and β-glucuronidase at 37 °C on a shaker for 16 h. Subsequently, 20 μl of formic acid was added and thoroughly mixed. Liquid-liquid extraction was performed with 3 ml of ethyl acetate, then the mixture was centrifuged and the supernatant was concentrated under nitrogen flow. The residue was reconstituted with 0.20 ml of acetonitrile-water solution (50∶50, v/v). Chromatographic separation was performed on a BEH C18 column (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 μm) using a mobile phase of 0.10% acetic acid in acetonitrile and 0.10% aqueous acetic acid. Analytes were ionized via electrospray ionization (ESI) in negative ion mode and detected by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), and quantification was achieved through the internal standard curves.

Results

Good linear relationship was obtained for the analytes within 0.50 to 200 ng/ml, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.999. When 1 ml of urine sample was utilized for analysis, the detection limits and the quantitation limits of the method were 1.5×10-3 to 0.29 ng/ml and 4.9×10-3 to 0.98 ng/ml, respectively. The recovery rates of the method ranged from 87.05% to 111.5%, with intra-day relative standard deviations of 0.31% to 3.05%, and inter-day relative standard deviations of 0.59% to 3.46%. The nine monophthalates in 277 urine samples from healthy individuals were determined by the proposed method. Except for mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP), which had a detection rate of 87.73%, the detection rates of other monophthalates were 100%. Mono-butyl phthalate (MnBP) had the highest median concentration of 194.10 μg/g creatinine, while MBzP had the lowest median concentration of 3.7×10-2 μg/g creatinine.

Conclusion

The established method for simultaneous determination of 9 monophthalates in urine samples was simple, sensitive, and accurate, which is suitable for the accurate exposure assessment of these substances in urine.

Urine  /  Monophthalates  /  Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry  /  Liquid-liquid extraction
李嘉, 周晓涛, 揣雨静, 黄馨仪, 任琳, 雍莉, 邹晓莉. 液液萃取-高效液相色谱串联质谱测定尿中的九种邻苯二甲酸单酯. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (12) : 2249 -2256 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502103
Jia LI, Xiao-tao ZHOU, Yu-jing CHUAI, Xin-yi HUANG, Lin REN, Li YONG, Xiao-li ZOU. Determination of nine monophthalates in urine by liquid-liquid extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (12) : 2249 -2256 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502103
邻苯二甲酸酯(phthalate esters,PAEs)是一类具有一个苯环、两个羰基和两个醇基的二酯结构的物质,通常呈无色油状。PAEs是使用最广泛的增塑剂,占塑化剂总用量的70%左右。其易挥发和浸出的特性使其成为环境主要污染物[1],并可通过饮食、空气、化妆品等介质进入人体[2-3],对人类健康造成潜在不良影响[4-5]。目前已在尿液、血液、母乳和精液等生物样本中检测出多种PAEs代谢物——邻苯二甲酸单酯(mPAEs)[6]。美国环境保护署(EPA)已将邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(dimethyl phthalate, DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(diethyl phthalate, DEP)、邻苯二甲酸苄丁酯(benzyl butyl phthalate, BBP)、邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(di-n-butyl phthalate, DnBP)、邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯(di-n-octyl phthalate, DnOP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(di-2- ethylhexyl phthalate, DEHP)列为优先控制污染物[7]。研究表明,低分子量的PAEs的毒性高于高分子量的邻苯二甲酸酯[8]
因邻苯二甲酸酯污染广泛,评估其暴露水平至关重要。对于PAEs,常用尿液中的mPAEs浓度来反映暴露水平。在测定尿中mPAEs时,气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)[9-13]和高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPLC-MS)[14-18]均有应用,但鉴于大多邻苯二甲酸单酯化合物的沸点较高,气相色谱分析时须进行衍生,耗时繁琐,且易引入分析误差。因此,HPLC-MS是测定mPAEs的首选技术。mPAEs分析时,常采用固相萃取(SPE)进行样品净化,因其有高且稳定的回收率[19-21]。但笔者发现SPE耗时且经济成本较高。液液萃取(LLE)是一种简单、快速、低成本的萃取方法,在污染物分析中被广泛使用,但在尿中mPAEs检测中多限于DEHP[22-25]。故本研究采用LLE样品前处理,建立了尿中9种mPAEs的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱方法,并成功用于实际样品分析。
超高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱仪(Waters ACQUITY UPLC I-Class / Xevo TQ-XS,美国);ACQUITY UPLC® BEH C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7 μm,Waters,美国);ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 VanGuard保护柱(Waters,美国);冷冻离心机(eppemdorf 5810R,德国);高通量全自动平行浓缩仪(睿科Auto EVA 80,中国);-80 ℃超低温冷冻储存箱(美菱DW-HL680,中国)。
邻苯二甲酸单乙酯(Monoethyl Phthalate,MEP)、邻苯二甲酸单(2-乙基己基)酯(Mono(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate,MEHP)、邻苯二甲酸单苄酯(Monobenzyl Phthalate,MBzP)、邻苯二甲酸单正丁酯(Mono-n-butyl Phthalate,MnBP)、邻苯二甲酸单异丁酯(Mono-iso-butyl Phthalate,MiBP)标准品购买于AccuStandard公司,邻苯二甲酸单(2-乙基-5-氧代己基)酯(Mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) Phthalate,MEOHP)、邻苯二甲酸单(2-羧基甲基己基)酯(Mono(2-carboxymethylhexyl) Phthalate,MCMHP)、邻苯二甲酸单(2-乙基-5-羧基戊基)酯(Mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) Phthalate,MECPP)、邻苯二甲酸单(2-乙基-5-羟基己基)酯(Mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) Phthalate,MEHHP)标准品购买于Toronto research chemicals公司。碳-13标记的邻苯二甲酸单(2-乙基己基)酯(MEHP-13C4)、碳-13标记的邻苯二甲酸单(2-乙基-5-羟基己基)酯(MEHHP-13C4)、碳-13标记的邻苯二甲酸单(2-乙基-5-氧代己基)酯(MEOHP-13C4)、碳-13标记的邻苯二甲酸单(2-乙基-5-羧基戊基)酯(MECPP-13C4)、碳-13标记的邻苯二甲酸单(2-羧基甲基己基)酯(MCMHP-13C4)、碳-13标记的邻苯二甲酸单乙酯(MEP-13C4)、碳-13标记的邻苯二甲酸单苄酯(MBzP-13C4)、碳-13标记的邻苯二甲酸单异丁酯(MiBP-13C4)、碳-13标记的邻苯二甲酸单正丁酯(MnBP-13C4)标准品均购买于Cambridge isotope laboratories公司。
甲醇(LC-MS,Thermo Fisher Scientific公司,美国);乙酸铵(GR,98%,科隆,中国);乙酸乙酯(HPLC,Thermo Fisher Scientific公司,美国);二氯甲烷(HPLC,科密欧);乙腈(LC-MS,Thermo Fisher Scientific,美国);氨水(LC-MS,≥25%,阿拉丁,中国);甲酸(色谱级,≥98%,阿拉丁,中国);乙酸(LC-MS , Thermo Fisher Scientific,美国);β-葡萄糖醛酸酶/芳基硫酸酯酶(β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶活性>100 000 units/ml,硫酸酯酶活性<20 000 units/ml)(Sigma-aldrich,美国)。
分别准确称取各标准品一定量于10 ml容量瓶中,以甲醇(质谱级)溶解并定容,分别制成浓度为1.00 mg/ml的标准储备溶液。采用质谱级甲醇将配制好的标准储备液稀释至1.00 μg/ml作为混合标准应用液。采用质谱级甲醇溶解9种邻苯二甲酸单酯类物质内标标准品并稀释至100 μg/ml作为内标标准储备溶液。分别准确吸取配制好的内标标准储备溶液,用甲醇释至1.00 μg/ml,作为混合内标标准应用液。所有标准储备液及标准应用液放置于-20 ℃冰箱避光保存。
尿液样品均来自华西医院健康体检人群。采用15 ml或50 ml聚丙烯离心管收集尿液,冷链运输至实验室,置于-80 ℃低温冰箱保存。同时用纯水做实验空白。
分离柱为ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7 μm,美国Waters)。流动相为0.1%乙酸水溶液(流动相A)和0.1%乙酸-乙腈溶液(流动相B),梯度洗脱程序见表1。流速为0.30 ml/min,柱温为40℃,自动进样器温度为10 ℃。进样体积为5 μl。表1为液相色谱梯度洗脱程序。
采用电喷雾电离源(ESI)负离子模式和多反应监测模式(MRM)检测。电离源温度为150℃,毛细管电压为2.5 kV,锥孔电压为26 V,脱溶剂气、锥孔气、雾化气流量分别为1 000 L/h、150 L/h、7 Ba,碰撞气流速为0.15 ml/min,脱溶剂气温度为500 ℃。表2为保留时间和质谱参数。
用乙腈-水溶液(50:50,v/v)将混合标准溶液稀释至浓度分别为 0.50、1.00、5.00、10.00、20.00、50.00、100和200 ng/ml,内标浓度均为20.00 ng/ml。以1/x为权重,以横坐标为浓度,纵坐标为待测物峰面积与同位素内标峰面积之比作标准曲线。
将冻存的尿样取出至室温解冻,涡旋混匀后移取1.00ml,加入200 μl1 mol/L乙酸铵溶液(pH 6.0)、40 μl 100 ng/ml混合内标标准应用液和20 μl β-葡萄糖醛酸酶,充分涡旋混匀后,置于37℃摇床酶解16 h。酶解完成后,取出冷却至室温,加入20 μl甲酸再次涡旋混匀。加入3.00 ml乙酸乙酯并涡旋5 min进行液液萃取,以1 274 g的速度离心5 min,取上清液2.50 ml,40 ℃水浴氮吹浓缩至近干,加入200 μl 50%乙腈复溶,涡旋混匀后再以29 703 g离心5 min,取上清液用于进样分析。尿样中mPAEs的实际含量为测定值扣除空白,为避免出汗和饮水导致尿液浓缩或稀释,从而影响暴露水平评估,采用尿肌酐的含量对尿液目标化合物含量进行了校正。尿样中肌酐的检测参考WS/T 98-1996高效液相色谱法测定。样品中待测物含量计算公式如下:
参考ICH《M10:生物分析方法验证及样品分析》指导原则制定质量控制程序[26]。每批次样品包括程序空白、试剂空白、混合标准溶液、加标回收样以及平行试验。试剂空白为每次实验所用的复溶液50%乙腈水溶液,为了解50%乙腈水溶液和仪器系统所带来的污染情况,在进样序列开始时首先上机检测,若发现存在污染,需寻找原因并排除,将污染所导致的背景值降至方法检出限以下。程序空白为前处理过程中,除不加尿液样外,其他步骤同“1.2.5样品分析”一致,用于监测整个实验阶段所使用的试剂、耗材和仪器带来的干扰,若检出待测物,则尿液样的检出浓度需扣除程序空白。
20个样品检测后插入标准溶液复测,标准溶液各浓度点的检测值应在理论值范围内(一般为±15%以内,最低浓度在±20%以内)。加标回收率超出70%~120%范围,需查找原因后重新分析。平行试验采用对同一样品进行重复分析,两次检测结果的差值应不超过平均值的20%,否则须重新分析。
采用excel软件对尿样中mPAEs的检出水平进行统计描述,检出率高于75%的目标化合物浓度以中位数、上四分位数和下四分位数表示。
将100 ng/ml的各化合物标准溶液分别注入Waters Xevo TQ-XS质谱仪流动注射泵,在combine模式下以50μl/min注射流速注射,流动相为70%甲醇水溶液,ESI负离子模式电离检测。在全扫描模式下扫描出[M-H]-离子,确定前体离子后进行MRM产物离子扫描优化,得到各待测物质谱参数。按照“1.2.2色谱条件”分别检测溶剂标准和加标尿液样品,根据待测物各离子对的色谱峰分离和质谱响应情况确定定量、定性离子,响应值最高的为定量离子,依次排序作为定性离子。在加标尿样中,MEHHP-13C4的定量离子对选择297.25/145.15时,各离子对的相对丰度比与标准溶液中明显不同,偏差超过50%,分析可能存在干扰,导致无法准确定量。因此MEHHP-13C4的定量、定性离子重新选择响应次低的124.00和79.05。质谱参数见表2
反相C18柱是在mPAEs分析中最常用的色谱柱,尽管C8、C12、苯基柱[14]、五氟苯基柱[14,27]等也有报道。本实验选择C18色谱柱作为分离柱。流动相通常选用有机相为甲醇或乙腈[28],以课题组已有前期研究为基础,参考既往文献常用的流动相[29-30],分别比较了10 ng/ml混合标准溶液以及尿液样加标溶液在0.10%乙酸-乙腈溶液-0.10%乙酸水溶液、0.10%氨化甲醇-0.10%氨水溶液和乙腈-水溶液作为流动相的情况。结果显示,在中性条件下mPAEs的色谱峰会出现不同程度的展宽或拖尾,无法获得良好峰形;在碱性流动相条件下,色谱峰型和分离均不理想;在酸性流动相条件下,不仅峰形良好,且响应灵敏。最终选择0.10%乙酸乙腈-0.10%乙酸水溶液为流动相。此外,还探究了甲酸铵和乙酸铵为缓冲盐对实验结果的影响,结果显示,加入缓冲盐后,各化合物的响应灵敏度下降,故不添加缓冲盐。
尿中mPAEs常与葡萄糖醛酸等化合物共价结合,因此,尿液在萃取净化前是需要酶解的。酶解的条件参照课题组的前期研究[31]。对于萃取条件的考察优化,采用浓度为10 ng/ml加标样品的回收率来判断。
9种待测物的log P值范围为1.66~4.66,即大部分为中等极性,故采用了2种常用的中等极性有机溶剂乙酸乙酯(log P=0.71)和二氯甲烷(log P=1.19)作为萃取剂进行实验。取用多批次尿液样本制备混合尿样,并加入混合标准溶液制成加标样品。取尿样1 ml,分别采用乙酸乙酯、二氯甲烷3ml进行液液萃取,取上清液40 ℃水浴氮吹蒸发浓缩至近干,加入200 μl 50%乙腈复溶,取上清液用于色谱质谱分析,结果如图2所示。对于mPAEs,在使用乙酸乙酯作为萃取剂时的回收率明显高于二氯甲烷,且MEP在使用二氯甲烷萃取时几乎不出峰,MECPP,MCMHP在二氯甲烷中的萃取回收率低于5%。此外,用乙酸乙酯萃取时,待测物被萃取至上层有机相,而二氯甲烷萃取剂在样液下层,两相之间悬浮的组织碎屑会加大吸取下层溶液的难度,结合实验结果以及操作性,采用乙酸乙酯为萃取剂。
萃取剂的pH值会影响萃取过程中的化学平衡、相互作用和分配系数。不同pH条件下,目标待测物的功能基团可能会发生质子化或去质子化,从而影响有机溶剂的萃取效率。研究初步选择在加标样品中分别加入甲酸、乙酸铵水溶液(pH=6.0)、氨水,使样液呈酸、中、碱性后进行萃取和测定,观察萃取pH是否对分析有影响。与萃取试剂优化实验一样,取用已经提前制备好的多批次尿液和加标样,分别加入60 μl甲酸、60 μl乙酸铵水、60 μl 0.25%氨水,涡旋混匀后加入乙酸乙酯3 ml对样品进行液液萃取,浓缩复溶后,取上清液进行色谱质谱分析,结果如图3所示。对于mPAEs,酸性条件下的响应和峰面积均远远高于中性和碱性,分析原因是mPAEs为酸性物质,在碱性条件下更多以离子状态存在,容易带上电荷,具有更高的极性和亲水性,不易被乙酸乙酯萃取。因此用甲酸酸化尿样,并进一步对甲酸加入量进行优化。
在乙酸乙酯萃取前分别用不同浓度的甲酸-水调节样液pH值,使甲酸浓度为0%、0.01%、2.00%、20%(v/v),按照甲酸浓度和加入量估算pH值,分别为pH≈1、pH≈2、pH≈4、pH≈6。图4可见,对于mPAEs,加入甲酸可提高加标回收率,酸性对除MEHP外的mPAEs萃取效率提高更明显,pH≈2时所有mPAEs的峰面积均大于其他pH。最终选择2%甲酸(pH≈2)作为萃取介质酸度。
试验了乙酸乙酯不同用量(2~5 ml)对萃取效率的影响,结果如图5。3 ml与4 ml的萃取效率均高,综合考虑,选择3 ml乙酸乙酯用于尿液样品的萃取。
PAEs在0.50~200 ng/ml浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数均大于0.999。方法LODs和LOQs的判定分别为3倍信噪比和10倍信噪比,结果见表3。取样液1 ml进行计算,PAEs类化合物的LODs和LOQs分别为1.5×10-3~0.29 ng/ml和4.9×10-3~0.98 ng/ml。
取若干尿样混合后,分别加入低、中、高(2.00、4.00、20.00 ng/ml,MBzP为0.20、2.00、4.00 ng/ml)三个水平的混合标准溶液,内标浓度均为4.00 ng/ml。每日重复3次,连续3天进行检测,计算所得平均回收率,并计算日内精密度和日间精密度,结果见表3。实验所测的9种mPAEs都有对应的同位素内标,可校正实验中产生的误差及基质效应带来的影响。尿中9种mPAEs的三个水平回收率为87.05%~111.50%,日内精密度为0.31%~3.05%,日间精密度为0.59%~3.46%。
对来自华西医院健康体检的277个正常人尿样进行了检测,结果见表4,由于数据均为偏态,因此用中位数及上下四分位数进行统计描述。9种mPAEs中除MBzP以外,其余8种mPAEs的检出率均为100%。MBzP的检出率为87.73%,检出水平为0.037 μg/g肌酐(中位数)。结果显示,PAEs的人群暴露是广泛的,暴露水平不低,尤其是MnBP,暴露水平远高于其他国家和地区[32-36],提示其风险监测和评估的必要性和紧迫性。
本研究建立了尿液中9种mPAEs的液液萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法,并成功应用于277个正常人尿样中的mPAEs的检测,本方法可为人群PAEs暴露水平及相关研究提供技术支持。
  • 成都市科技局技术创新项目(2024-YF05-00705-SN)
  • 四川省科技厅重点研发项目(2023YFS0398; 2020YFS0056)
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2025年第52卷第12期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202502103
  • 接收时间:2025-02-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-11
基金
成都市科技局技术创新项目(2024-YF05-00705-SN)
四川省科技厅重点研发项目(2023YFS0398; 2020YFS0056)
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    1.四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院卫生检验与检疫系,四川 成都 610041
    2.四川省疾病预防控制中心

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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