Article(id=1241102827616006567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241102813938380911, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403107, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1709654400000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773831572678, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773831572678, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773831572678, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773831572678, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241102813938380911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='16', pageStart='2881', pageEnd='3072', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773831569418, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773831807198, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241103811318706322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241102813938380911, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241103811318706323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241102813938380911, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2948, endPage=2952, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241102828022854088, articleId=1241102827616006567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Children nursery need and influencing factors of children under three, Chongqing City, columnId=1228016568949474136, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Child and Adolescent health, Maternal and Child Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To understand the current situation and influencing factors of the demand for children under three in Chongqing, and to provide a reference for improving the children nursery service system of children under three.

Methods

A multi-stage stratified random sampling survey was conducted on the children nursery need of children under three in Chongqing, and the multi-categorical logistic regression was used to comprehensively analyze the influencing factors of children nursery need.

Results

A total of 11 727 families with children under three were surveyed, and the demand for childcare was 53.4%,the age of those who had been enrolled in childcare was mainly at the age of 24-36 months, and the average monthly childcare cost was 2 351.8 yuan, mainly in private childcare institutions. The childcare expectation of families without childcare demand was concentrated in 24-36 months, and the average acceptable monthly childcare cost was 1 607.4 yuan, favoring public childcare institutions. The results of multi-categorical regression analysis showed that parental status (father OR=0.594, 95%CI:0.522-0.676), age (OR=1.012, 95%CI:1.002-1.021), urban and rural (urban OR=1.670, 95%CI:1.490-1.871), education level (university degree or below OR=0.682, 95%CI:0.499-0.931), occupation (government agencies or institutions OR=0.814, 95%CI:0.665-0.996), per capita monthly household income (<4 000 yuan OR=0.857, 95%CI:0.737-0.995), number of families living together (OR=0.915, 95%CI:0.874-0.957), 0-3 years old children (<24 months old OR=0.806, 95%CI:0.714-0.908) were important influencing factors for the childcare needs of children under three.

Conclusion

Chongqing’s childcare needs have not been met, and families should be called upon to optimize the division of responsibilities between parents in childcare. The government should strengthen the training of grandparents in caring skills, improve the ability of family care, increase the supply of inclusive childcare services through multiple channels and reduce the cost of childcare.

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目的

了解重庆市0~3岁婴幼儿托育需求现状及其影响因素,为健全和完善0~3岁婴幼儿托育政策体系提供参考依据。

方法

采用多阶段分层随机抽样对重庆市0~3岁婴幼儿家庭托育需求情况进行问卷调查,运用多分类logistic回归全面分析托育需求影响因素。

结果

共调查了11 727个0~3岁婴幼儿家庭,有托育需求占53.4%,已入托月龄主要在24~36月龄,生均月托育费用为2 351.8元,主要在民办托育机构;未入托家庭的托育需求表现为入托月龄在24~36月龄,可接受月托育费用均值为1 607.4元,倾向公办托育机构。多分类回归分析结果显示:父母身份(父亲OR=0.594,95%CI:0.522~0.676)、年龄(OR=1.012,95%CI:1.002~1.021)、城乡(城市OR=1.670,95%CI:1.490~1.871)、教育程度(大学及以下学历OR=0.682,95%CI:0.499~0.931)、职业(机关或事业单位工作者OR=0.814,95%CI,0.665~0.996)、家庭人均月收入(<4 000元OR=0.857,95%CI:0.737~0.995)、家庭共同生活人数(OR=0.915,95%CI:0.874~0.957)、0~3岁婴幼儿月龄(<24月龄OR=0.806,95%CI:0.714~0.908)是重庆市0~3岁婴幼儿托育需求的重要影响因素。

结论

重庆市托育需求尚未被满足,应呼吁家庭优化父母在育儿照护中的责任分工;政府应加强祖辈照护技能培训,提高家庭照护能力,多途径增加普惠托育供给,降低托育费用。

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许红,E-mail:
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郑静(1997—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:公共卫生

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The Gerontologist, 2005, 45(2): 262-269., articleTitle=Grandparents raising their grand-children: a review of the literature and suggestions for practice, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241102833815188311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102827616006567, awardId=22SKGH055, language=CN, fundingSource=重庆市教育委员会《全生命周期视角三孩政策下婴幼儿照护发展模式及实现路径研究》(22SKGH055), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241102828937212425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102827616006567, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241102828945601033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102827616006567, companyId=1241102828937212425, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241102828953989642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102827616006567, companyId=1241102828937212425, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=重庆医科大学公共卫生学院,重庆 400016)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241102833186042667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102827616006567, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Children age under three have been enrolled in nurseries(n=3 537)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量分类n构成比
(%)
入托月龄(月龄)<6371.0
6~111333.8
12~231 00828.5
24~362 35966.7
托育机构性质公办托育机构42312.0
民办托育机构2 79178.9
公办民营托育机构1002.8
民办公助托育机构882.5
其他性质1353.8
托育服务形式全日制托育3 05886.5
半日制托育3279.3
小时制托育902.5
临时照料290.8
寄宿制托育210.6
其他形式120.3
托育机构地点所在社区/附近1 55644.0
在单位/附近3459.8
不在单位或者社区附近1 63646.2
), ArticleFig(id=1241102833261540144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102827616006567, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

0~3 岁婴幼儿已入托情况(n=3 537)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量分类n构成比
(%)
入托月龄(月龄)<6371.0
6~111333.8
12~231 00828.5
24~362 35966.7
托育机构性质公办托育机构42312.0
民办托育机构2 79178.9
公办民营托育机构1002.8
民办公助托育机构882.5
其他性质1353.8
托育服务形式全日制托育3 05886.5
半日制托育3279.3
小时制托育902.5
临时照料290.8
寄宿制托育210.6
其他形式120.3
托育机构地点所在社区/附近1 55644.0
在单位/附近3459.8
不在单位或者社区附近1 63646.2
), ArticleFig(id=1241102833337037624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102827616006567, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Univariate analysis of childcare services among families with children age under three

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量托育需求[n(%)]χ2/HP
可有可无
身份82.854<0.001
父亲900(46.5)345(17.8)692(35.7)
母亲5 365(54.8)1 909(19.5)2 516(25.7)
年龄6 265(53.4)2 254(19.2)3 208(27.4)166.244<0.001
地区245.831<0.001
主城新区2414(50.5)952(19.9)1 413(29.6)
中心城区1 558(62.9)442(17.8)477(19.3)
渝东北1 736(47.6)746(20.4)1 169(32.0)
渝东南557(67.9)114(13.9)149(18.2)
城乡786.776<0.001
城市4 533(63.3)1 222(17.1)1 402(19.6)
农村(包括乡镇)1 732(37.9)1 032(22.6)1 806(39.5)
教育程度429.288<0.001
高中及以下1 605(40.6)895(22.6)1 454(36.8)
大学(专科、本科)4 388(59.4)1 299(17.6)1 694(23.0)
硕士及以上272(69.4)60(15.3)60(15.3)
职业150.297<0.001
机关或事业单位工作者1 089(62.3)262(15.0)397(22.7)
企业工作者1 949(57.8)604(17.9)818(24.3)
社会服务及生产制造工作者848(47.7)342(19.3)586(33.0)
其他2 379(49.2)1 046(21.7)1 407(29.1)
家庭人均月收入(元)310.491<0.001
<4 0001 874(44.6)919(21.9)1 411(33.5)
4 000~<8 0002 765(54.4)977(19.2)1 339(26.4)
≥8 0001 626(66.6)358(14.7)458(18.7)
家庭共同生活人数6 265(53.4)2 254(19.2)3 208(27.4)194.975<0.001
0~3岁婴幼儿月龄(月龄)517.399<0.001
<6424(38.0)275(24.6)417(37.4)
6~11530(39.9)319(24.1)478(36.0)
12~231 179(44.1)614(23.0)879(32.9)
24~364 132(62.5)1 046(15.8)1 434(21.7)
), ArticleFig(id=1241102833446089536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102827616006567, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

0~3岁婴幼儿家庭托育服务单因素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量托育需求[n(%)]χ2/HP
可有可无
身份82.854<0.001
父亲900(46.5)345(17.8)692(35.7)
母亲5 365(54.8)1 909(19.5)2 516(25.7)
年龄6 265(53.4)2 254(19.2)3 208(27.4)166.244<0.001
地区245.831<0.001
主城新区2414(50.5)952(19.9)1 413(29.6)
中心城区1 558(62.9)442(17.8)477(19.3)
渝东北1 736(47.6)746(20.4)1 169(32.0)
渝东南557(67.9)114(13.9)149(18.2)
城乡786.776<0.001
城市4 533(63.3)1 222(17.1)1 402(19.6)
农村(包括乡镇)1 732(37.9)1 032(22.6)1 806(39.5)
教育程度429.288<0.001
高中及以下1 605(40.6)895(22.6)1 454(36.8)
大学(专科、本科)4 388(59.4)1 299(17.6)1 694(23.0)
硕士及以上272(69.4)60(15.3)60(15.3)
职业150.297<0.001
机关或事业单位工作者1 089(62.3)262(15.0)397(22.7)
企业工作者1 949(57.8)604(17.9)818(24.3)
社会服务及生产制造工作者848(47.7)342(19.3)586(33.0)
其他2 379(49.2)1 046(21.7)1 407(29.1)
家庭人均月收入(元)310.491<0.001
<4 0001 874(44.6)919(21.9)1 411(33.5)
4 000~<8 0002 765(54.4)977(19.2)1 339(26.4)
≥8 0001 626(66.6)358(14.7)458(18.7)
家庭共同生活人数6 265(53.4)2 254(19.2)3 208(27.4)194.975<0.001
0~3岁婴幼儿月龄(月龄)517.399<0.001
<6424(38.0)275(24.6)417(37.4)
6~11530(39.9)319(24.1)478(36.0)
12~231 179(44.1)614(23.0)879(32.9)
24~364 132(62.5)1 046(15.8)1 434(21.7)
), ArticleFig(id=1241102833559335753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102827616006567, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Multivariate analysis of the needs of families with children age under three

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量有托育需求托育需求可有可无
BPOR(95%CI)BPOR(95%CI)
截距0.9610.0040.5670.146
年龄0.0120.0151.012(1.002~1.021)-0.0080.1370.992(0.981~1.003)
家庭共同生活人数-0.089<0.0010.915(0.874~0.957)-0.0320.2150.968(0.921~1.019)
身份(参考:母亲)
父亲-0.521<0.0010.594(0.522~0.676)-0.389<0.0010.678(0.584~0.787)
地区(参考:渝东南)
主城新区-0.2230.0540.800(0.638~1.004)0.0510.7081.052(0.807~1.372)
中心城区-0.0250.8400.975(0.762~1.248)0.1820.2181.200(0.898~1.603)
渝东北-0.2150.0650.806(0.641~1.014)-0.0030.9980.999(0.765~1.307)
城乡(参考:农村)
城市0.513<0.0011.670(1.490~1.871)0.298<0.0011.347(1.182~1.533)
教育程度(参考:硕士及以上)
高中及以下-0.811<0.0010.445(0.317~0.623)-0.3600.0800.698(0.466~1.044)
大学(专科、本科)-0.3830.0160.682(0.499~0.931)-0.2360.2180.790(0.542~1.150)
职业(参考:其他)
机关或事业单位工作者-0.0640.4580.938(0.791~1.112)-0.2060.0460.814(0.665~0.996)
企业工作者-0.0200.7900.980(0.848~1.134)-0.0850.3240.919(0.777~1.087)
社会服务及生产制造工作者-0.0780.2910.925(0.801~1.069)-0.1460.0770.864(0.735~1.016)
家庭人均月收入(元)(参考:≥8 000)
<4 000-0.1550.0430.857(0.737~0.995)0.0710.4311.073(0.900~1.280)
4 000~<8 000-0.0750.2940.928(0.807~1.067)0.0720.3991.075(0.909~1.270)
0~3岁婴幼儿月龄(月龄)(参考:24~36)
<6-0.332<0.0010.718(0.610~0.845)-0.0140.8790.986(0.824~1.181)
6~11-0.2250.0040.799(0.686~0.930)0.0090.9151.009(0.852~1.196)
12~23-0.216<0.0010.806(0.714~0.908)0.0380.5841.039(0.907~1.190)
), ArticleFig(id=1241102833676776269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102827616006567, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

0~3岁婴幼儿家庭托育需求多因素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量有托育需求托育需求可有可无
BPOR(95%CI)BPOR(95%CI)
截距0.9610.0040.5670.146
年龄0.0120.0151.012(1.002~1.021)-0.0080.1370.992(0.981~1.003)
家庭共同生活人数-0.089<0.0010.915(0.874~0.957)-0.0320.2150.968(0.921~1.019)
身份(参考:母亲)
父亲-0.521<0.0010.594(0.522~0.676)-0.389<0.0010.678(0.584~0.787)
地区(参考:渝东南)
主城新区-0.2230.0540.800(0.638~1.004)0.0510.7081.052(0.807~1.372)
中心城区-0.0250.8400.975(0.762~1.248)0.1820.2181.200(0.898~1.603)
渝东北-0.2150.0650.806(0.641~1.014)-0.0030.9980.999(0.765~1.307)
城乡(参考:农村)
城市0.513<0.0011.670(1.490~1.871)0.298<0.0011.347(1.182~1.533)
教育程度(参考:硕士及以上)
高中及以下-0.811<0.0010.445(0.317~0.623)-0.3600.0800.698(0.466~1.044)
大学(专科、本科)-0.3830.0160.682(0.499~0.931)-0.2360.2180.790(0.542~1.150)
职业(参考:其他)
机关或事业单位工作者-0.0640.4580.938(0.791~1.112)-0.2060.0460.814(0.665~0.996)
企业工作者-0.0200.7900.980(0.848~1.134)-0.0850.3240.919(0.777~1.087)
社会服务及生产制造工作者-0.0780.2910.925(0.801~1.069)-0.1460.0770.864(0.735~1.016)
家庭人均月收入(元)(参考:≥8 000)
<4 000-0.1550.0430.857(0.737~0.995)0.0710.4311.073(0.900~1.280)
4 000~<8 000-0.0750.2940.928(0.807~1.067)0.0720.3991.075(0.909~1.270)
0~3岁婴幼儿月龄(月龄)(参考:24~36)
<6-0.332<0.0010.718(0.610~0.845)-0.0140.8790.986(0.824~1.181)
6~11-0.2250.0040.799(0.686~0.930)0.0090.9151.009(0.852~1.196)
12~23-0.216<0.0010.806(0.714~0.908)0.0380.5841.039(0.907~1.190)
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重庆市0~3岁婴幼儿托育需求及影响因素研究
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郑静 , 刘伦辛 , 王琅 , 程春梅 , 刘博雅 , 许红
现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2024,51(16): 2948-2952
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现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2024, 51(16): 2948-2952
重庆市0~3岁婴幼儿托育需求及影响因素研究
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郑静, 刘伦辛, 王琅, 程春梅, 刘博雅, 许红
作者信息
  • 重庆医科大学公共卫生学院,重庆 400016
  • 郑静(1997—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:公共卫生

通讯作者:

许红,E-mail:
Children nursery need and influencing factors of children under three, Chongqing City
Jing ZHENG, Lun-xin LIU, Lang WANG, Chun-mei CHENG, Bo-ya LIU, Hong XU
Affiliations
  • School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403107
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目的

了解重庆市0~3岁婴幼儿托育需求现状及其影响因素,为健全和完善0~3岁婴幼儿托育政策体系提供参考依据。

方法

采用多阶段分层随机抽样对重庆市0~3岁婴幼儿家庭托育需求情况进行问卷调查,运用多分类logistic回归全面分析托育需求影响因素。

结果

共调查了11 727个0~3岁婴幼儿家庭,有托育需求占53.4%,已入托月龄主要在24~36月龄,生均月托育费用为2 351.8元,主要在民办托育机构;未入托家庭的托育需求表现为入托月龄在24~36月龄,可接受月托育费用均值为1 607.4元,倾向公办托育机构。多分类回归分析结果显示:父母身份(父亲OR=0.594,95%CI:0.522~0.676)、年龄(OR=1.012,95%CI:1.002~1.021)、城乡(城市OR=1.670,95%CI:1.490~1.871)、教育程度(大学及以下学历OR=0.682,95%CI:0.499~0.931)、职业(机关或事业单位工作者OR=0.814,95%CI,0.665~0.996)、家庭人均月收入(<4 000元OR=0.857,95%CI:0.737~0.995)、家庭共同生活人数(OR=0.915,95%CI:0.874~0.957)、0~3岁婴幼儿月龄(<24月龄OR=0.806,95%CI:0.714~0.908)是重庆市0~3岁婴幼儿托育需求的重要影响因素。

结论

重庆市托育需求尚未被满足,应呼吁家庭优化父母在育儿照护中的责任分工;政府应加强祖辈照护技能培训,提高家庭照护能力,多途径增加普惠托育供给,降低托育费用。

0~3岁婴幼儿  /  托育需求  /  普惠托育
Objective

To understand the current situation and influencing factors of the demand for children under three in Chongqing, and to provide a reference for improving the children nursery service system of children under three.

Methods

A multi-stage stratified random sampling survey was conducted on the children nursery need of children under three in Chongqing, and the multi-categorical logistic regression was used to comprehensively analyze the influencing factors of children nursery need.

Results

A total of 11 727 families with children under three were surveyed, and the demand for childcare was 53.4%,the age of those who had been enrolled in childcare was mainly at the age of 24-36 months, and the average monthly childcare cost was 2 351.8 yuan, mainly in private childcare institutions. The childcare expectation of families without childcare demand was concentrated in 24-36 months, and the average acceptable monthly childcare cost was 1 607.4 yuan, favoring public childcare institutions. The results of multi-categorical regression analysis showed that parental status (father OR=0.594, 95%CI:0.522-0.676), age (OR=1.012, 95%CI:1.002-1.021), urban and rural (urban OR=1.670, 95%CI:1.490-1.871), education level (university degree or below OR=0.682, 95%CI:0.499-0.931), occupation (government agencies or institutions OR=0.814, 95%CI:0.665-0.996), per capita monthly household income (<4 000 yuan OR=0.857, 95%CI:0.737-0.995), number of families living together (OR=0.915, 95%CI:0.874-0.957), 0-3 years old children (<24 months old OR=0.806, 95%CI:0.714-0.908) were important influencing factors for the childcare needs of children under three.

Conclusion

Chongqing’s childcare needs have not been met, and families should be called upon to optimize the division of responsibilities between parents in childcare. The government should strengthen the training of grandparents in caring skills, improve the ability of family care, increase the supply of inclusive childcare services through multiple channels and reduce the cost of childcare.

Children under three  /  Children nursery need  /  Inclusive childcare services
郑静, 刘伦辛, 王琅, 程春梅, 刘博雅, 许红. 重庆市0~3岁婴幼儿托育需求及影响因素研究. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (16) : 2948 -2952 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403107
Jing ZHENG, Lun-xin LIU, Lang WANG, Chun-mei CHENG, Bo-ya LIU, Hong XU. Children nursery need and influencing factors of children under three, Chongqing City[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (16) : 2948 -2952 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403107
近年来,全球“少子老龄”化现象突出,劳动力下降使得人口优势逐渐消失,成为各国人口安全和社会经济发展的新挑战;其中,生育率下降、出生人口减少更是成为当今国际热点。我国作为人口大国,生育情况亦不乐观。2023年国家统计局发布《中国人口与就业统计年鉴2023》的数据显示,2022年我国总和生育率已降至1.05[1],在人口过亿的国家中属于最低生育水平。研究表明,托育服务对生育具有的积极影响[2],包括提高生育意愿[3]、推迟女性的初育年龄等[4-6],在应对少子老龄化问题和社会可持续发展具有重要意义[5]。我国从2019年起印发《关于促进3岁以下婴幼儿照护服务发展的指导意见》等一系列生育支持配套措施以积极应对少子化现象,自此开启“托育服务发展”新纪元。
截至2023年2月,重庆市0~3岁婴幼儿照护服务机构1 743个,托位6.5万个,全市每千人口托位数2.02个[7],与“十四五”目标仍有差距。重庆市政府高度重视并大力发展0~3岁婴幼儿托育服务体系建设,将提升0~3岁婴幼儿照护服务能力纳入未来三年行动计划。本研究聚焦当下托育难、托育贵的热点问题,通过对11 727个0~3岁婴幼儿家庭进行问卷调查,实证分析重庆市托育服务需求现状及影响因素,为不断健全和完善0~3岁婴幼儿托育政策体系高质量发展提供参考依据。
研究数据来源于重庆市教育委员会2022年《全生命周期视角三孩政策下婴幼儿照护发展模式及实现路径研究》项目,调查采用多阶段分层随机抽样的方法:通过重庆市年鉴数据0~3岁婴幼儿总体数量按比例确定各区县样本量,区县根据社区卫生服务中心或乡镇卫生院登记0~3岁婴幼儿的信息,通过简单随机抽样的方法选取0~3岁婴幼儿父亲或者母亲进行匿名问卷调查,研究对象均知情同意。通过收集问卷、数据清洗和逻辑检错,共收集有效问卷为11 727份。本研究通过重庆医科大学伦理委员会批准(批件号:2024041)。
基于文献研究自行编制调查问卷,主要内容为:(1)调查对象和家庭基本情况,包括年龄、城乡、教育程度、职业和家庭人均月收入等;(2)0~3岁婴幼儿托育服务需求现状,包括托育需求及入托情况;(3)家庭托育服务利用情况,包括实际送托月龄、托育费用、托育服务形式、送托地点等;(4)未入托家庭具体托育需求情况,包括入托月龄、托育机构性质和托育服务形式等。
本次调查采用问卷星进行问卷填写,并以工作函对各区县调查人员进行指导。数据收集后进行清洗和逻辑检错,对不合符要求和前后不一致的数据进行剔除。
采用SPSS 26.0进行数据整理分析,调查对象一般人口学信息采用频数和率(%),通过卡方检验和秩和检验对0~3岁婴幼儿家庭托育需求影响因素进行单因素分析,使用多分类logistic回归对托育需求影响因素进行多因素分析,检验水平α=0.05(双侧)。
本次调查对象超八成是0~3岁婴幼儿的母亲(83.5%),年龄主要集中在25~35岁(69.4%),有四成来自主城新区(40.8%),超六成来自城市(61.0%),大学(专科、本科)学历占比最多(62.9%),职业为其他类型居多(41.2%),家庭人均月收入分布较为均匀,其中人均月收入8 000元以上最少(20.8%);有托育需求的6 265个(53.4%),托育需求可有可无的2 254个(19.2%),无托育需求的3 208个(27.4%)。
本研究调查的11 727个0~3岁婴幼儿家庭中已入托有3 537个,未入托的有8 190个;其中3 332个未入托家庭回答了具体的托育需求。已入托家庭托育服务利用情况显示,实际入托月龄主要在24~36月龄,生均月托育费用为2 351.8元,主要在民办托育机构,选择托育服务形式主要是全日制托育,送托地点主要为不在单位和社区附近;选择送托原因前三:“培养孩子社交互动能力”、“希望得到科学的照顾和教育”及“为上幼儿园做准备”;已入托家长需要社会支持前三:“便捷的托育服务”、“托育津贴”和“弹性工作时间/方式”,已入托情况见表1。3 332个未入托家庭的具体托育需求情况:倾向入托月龄在24~36月龄(74.0%),可接受月托育费用均值为1 607.4元,倾向选择公办托育机构(37.9%),托育服务形式倾向于全日制托育(51.7%),送托地点倾向于居住社区/附近(65.3%)。8 190个家庭未入托原因前三:“孩子太小,交给他人托育不放心”、“托育服务费用太高,承担有困难”及“附近没有相关托育机构和服务”。
本研究将11 727个家庭0~3岁婴幼儿托育服务需求分为3类:有托育需求、托育需求可有可无和无托育需求;将托育需求设为因变量,身份、年龄等9个变量为自变量进行单因素分析。分析结果显示,托育需求在身份、年龄等9个变量差异具有统计学意义(P<0.001)。其中,调查对象为母亲、地区在主城新区、居住在城市、教育程度为大学、职业为其他类型、家庭人均月收入4 000~<8 000元、婴幼儿在24~36月龄的家庭选择有托育需求组内最高,不同家庭的托育需求单因素分析结果见表2
以0~3岁婴幼儿家庭托育需求为因变量(以“无托育需求”为参考组),将单因素分析中结果显著的因素作为自变量纳入进行多分类logistic回归分析。回归分析结果见表3,在“有托育需求”模型中,相对于“无托育需求”,年龄越大、居住在城市选择“有托育需求”的可能性越高;父亲、家庭共同生活人数越多、大学及以下学历、家庭人均月均收入<4 000元、婴幼儿<24月龄选择“有托育需求”的可能性越低。在“托育需求可有可无”模型中,相对于“无托育需求”,居住在城市择“无托育需求”的可能性更低;父亲、机关或事业单位工作者选择“无托育需求”的可能性更高。
本研究显示,重庆市0~3岁婴幼儿家庭有托育需求为53.4%,该数值略低于四川省托育需求(57.0%)[8],明显低于昆明市托育需求(69.1%)[9]。数据显示,重庆市0~3岁婴幼儿入托率仅为5.5%[10],家庭潜在的托育需求未被满足。通过对已入托家庭托育服务利用和未入托有托育需求家庭对比发现,家庭可接受托育费用比实际低31.7%,托育机构性质和地点选择方面也存在较大差异,反映了家庭倾向于选择普惠托育服务的诉求;高托育需求与低入托率间的矛盾,是因为市场提供的托育服务与家庭托育需求存在差距[8],托育服务模式应从供方向需方调整。另外,家庭入托原因主要是为了婴幼儿自身发展考虑,而未入托原因主要是考虑托育机构的安全、费用和可利用性,可见未入托家长对托育服务尚处于安全健康需求层次[11]
研究发现,父母身份、年龄、教育程度、职业是家庭托育需求的重要影响因素。父母身份显著影响托育需求,有托育需求的母亲占比达到了54.8%,而回归模型中,父亲选择“无托育需求”的可能性更高,可能是社会文化和家庭角色的影响,父母在照顾子女责任上分工不均[12]。此外,生育及照料子女对父亲的职业发展和职业惩罚影响也相对较小[13],应动员全社会呼吁父亲参与到养育子女中。父母年龄越大,越倾向于“有托育需求”,可能是有限体力下要承担养老、育儿双重照护压力[14]。大学及以下学历的父母更倾向于选择“无托育需求”,可能是教育水平影响其对婴幼儿早期托育照护重要性的认识[15];多项研究表明,随着教育水平的提高,父母会更注重对子女早期教育投资[16-17]。父母职业为机关或事业单位倾向于选择“无托育需求”,可能是该职业工作时间和待遇相对稳定,能够承担在家照护子女的成本。
研究发现,居住在城市是家庭有托育需求的正向影响因素,家庭人均月收入、婴幼儿月龄和家庭共同生活人数是家庭有托育需求的负向影响因素。现阶段婴幼儿托育需求主要集中在城市[18],城市家庭双职工普遍化,使得婴幼儿父母都需要工作,故有更旺盛的托育需求。家庭人均月收入<4 000元的家庭,选择“无托育需求”的可能性更高,与其他研究相符[19-20];本次调查已入托生均月托育费用为2 351.8元,该费用占2022年重庆市居民月人均可支配收入[21]比重较大(79.2%),家庭养育成本高。当婴幼儿<24月龄时,家庭更倾向于选择“无托育需求”,与尹勤结论一致[22];家庭未入托最重要的原因是“孩子太小,交给他人托育不放心”,且已入托实际送托月龄也集中在24~36月龄,表明24月龄是影响家庭送托的关键节点。有研究表明,家庭结构影响家庭的托育需求以及满足需求的资源[23],家庭共同生活人数越多意味着有更多成员来照护婴幼儿,即亲属照护和祖辈照护,而“祖辈照护”是当前我国家庭主流的婴幼儿养育模式;但祖辈依据传统育儿观念在婴幼儿照护中的现象普遍存在[24],难以达到科学养育;应对祖辈进行育儿知识指导和照护技能培训[25],定期开展照料心得交流活动,切实提升祖辈科学育儿的能力。
综上,重庆市家庭托育需求尚未被充分满足,父母身份、年龄、教育程度、城乡、家庭人均月收入、家庭共同生活人数和婴幼儿月龄是托育需求的重要影响因素。政府应多举措、多途径扩大普惠托育供给,降低家庭托育成本;同时尽快建立托育需求监测与反馈机制,动态满足家庭托育需求。托育服务体系建设需要家庭、政府和全社会共同参与,共同构建“幼有所育、渝有善育”。研究还存在不足之处:第一,没有分析未入托情况下的家庭特征;第二,缺乏对具体托育需求内容的研究。
  • 重庆市教育委员会《全生命周期视角三孩政策下婴幼儿照护发展模式及实现路径研究》(22SKGH055)
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403107
  • 接收时间:2024-03-06
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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重庆市教育委员会《全生命周期视角三孩政策下婴幼儿照护发展模式及实现路径研究》(22SKGH055)
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    重庆医科大学公共卫生学院,重庆 400016

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Percentage of
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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