Article(id=1241102826739397011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241102813938380911, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311241, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1699804800000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773831572470, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773831572470, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773831572470, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773831572470, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241102813938380911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='16', pageStart='2881', pageEnd='3072', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773831569418, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773831807198, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241103811318706322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241102813938380911, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241103811318706323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241102813938380911, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2943, endPage=2947, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241102829427946044, articleId=1241102826739397011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Characteristics of injury death among children and adolescents, Shaanxi, 2015-2022, columnId=1228016568949474136, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Child and Adolescent health, Maternal and Child Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of injuries deaths among children and adolescents in Shaanxi Province from 2015 to 2022 and provide insight in formulating interventions to prevent accidental deaths among children and adolescents.

Methods

Analyze the distribution of gender, age groups, and cause of death in injury deaths among children and adolescents in Shaanxi Province from 2015 to 2022. χ2 test was used to compare the mortality differences between genders, age groups and years. The Joinpoint regression method was used to analyze the trend of child and adolescent mortality. Average Annual Percent Change (AAPC) was used to describe trends.

Results

The average mortality of children and adolescents aged 5—19 in Shaanxi Province from 2015 to 2022 was 10.86/100000, with a standardized mortality of 11.01/100000, which accounted for 53.86% of the total deaths among children and adolescents. The mortality of males is 2.00 times higher than that of females (χ2=76.77, P<0.001). During the past 8 years, there was no change in injuries mortality among children and adolescents in Shaanxi Province AAPC (95%CI) -4.21% (-11.06%— -2.66%) (P>0.05). The top two causes of death in injuries among children and adolescents are road injuries and drowning, which accounted for 57.87% of the total deaths among children and adolescents. The average annual death rate of road traffic accidents in the general population and men in 2015—2019 was higher than that in 2020-2022 (P<0.05). The average annual death rate from falls in the general population and women was lower in 2015—2019 than in 2020—2022 (P<0.05). The mortality of injuries increased with age groups, with the highest in 15—19 age group (χ2=21.12, P<0.001). The road traffic accident and suicide death rates were the highest in the 15—19 age group (P<0.05).

Conclusion

The main causes of death in injuries among children and adolescents aged 5—19 in Shanxi Province from 2015 to 2022 are road injuries and drowning. The mortality in injuries is higher in male than female. Targeted prevention and control measures should be taken based on the characteristics of mortality in injuries among children and adolescents in Shaanxi Province.

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目的

分析陕西省2015—2022年儿童青少年伤害死亡的流行病学特点,为制定预防儿童青少年意外死亡的相关措施提供基础数据。

方法

分析陕西省2015—2022年儿童青少年伤害死亡的性别、年龄分布、死因顺位等,采用χ2检验比较不同性别、年龄、年度死亡差异,运用Joinpoint回归方法分析儿童青少年死亡率变化趋势,利用平均年度变化百分比(average annual percent change, AAPC )描述死亡率的变化趋势。

结果

2015—2022年陕西省5~19岁儿童青少年平均死亡率10.86/10万,标化死亡率11.01/10万,占该年龄段儿童青少年死亡数的53.86%;死亡率男性是女性的2.00倍,男女差异有统计学意义(χ2=76.77,P<0.001)。8年间,陕西省儿童青少年伤害死亡率无明显趋势变化,AAPC ( 95%CI) 为- 4.21%(-11.06%~-2.66%) (P>0.05)。儿童青少年伤害前2位死因分别是道路交通事故和溺水,共占伤害总死亡57.87%。总人群和男性道路交通事故的年均死亡率2015—2019年高于2020—2022年,总人群和女性意外跌落的年均死亡率2015—2019年低于2020—2022年,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。各年龄组伤害死亡率随年龄增加而上升,15~19岁组死亡率高于5~9岁组和10~14岁组(χ2=21.12,P<0.001);道路交通事故和自杀死亡率15~19岁组最高(P均<0.05)。

结论

2015—2022年陕西省5~19岁儿童青少年伤害的主要死亡原因是道路交通事故和溺水,且男性死亡率均高于女性,需根据不同性别、不同年龄组儿童青少年的特点,采取针对性的预防控制措施,减少儿童青少年各类伤害的发生率和死亡率。

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邱琳,E-mail:
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程永兵(1973—),男,本科,经济师,研究方向:卫生管理工作

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The characteristics and trends of injury deaths among children and adolescents in Shaanxi Province from 2015 to 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份男性女性总人群
死亡数死亡率
(/10万)
标化死亡率
(/10万)
死亡数死亡率
(/10万)
标化死亡率
(/10万)
死亡数死亡率
(/10万)
标化死亡率
(/10万)
2015年8819.2018.86368.938.9812414.3914.26
2016年8618.8418.34276.716.4111313.1612.81
2017年4911.2711.23235.995.91728.798.76
2018年5010.9110.95235.665.62738.448.51
2019年5112.8813.02236.896.757410.1410.18
2020年6218.7119.23215.305.178311.4011.59
2021年6214.0415.20348.939.279611.6812.52
2022年429.1010.15358.469.18778.809.72
合计49014.2514.452227.117.1271210.8611.01
趋势χ210.880.156.87
P0.0010.6960.009
AAPC(%)-4.071.43-3.78
AAPC 95%CI(%)-15.62~9.53-3.89~7.66-10.20~5.68
P>0.05>0.05>0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1241102834045875045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102826739397011, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2015—2022年陕西省儿童青少年伤害死亡情况及变化趋势

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份男性女性总人群
死亡数死亡率
(/10万)
标化死亡率
(/10万)
死亡数死亡率
(/10万)
标化死亡率
(/10万)
死亡数死亡率
(/10万)
标化死亡率
(/10万)
2015年8819.2018.86368.938.9812414.3914.26
2016年8618.8418.34276.716.4111313.1612.81
2017年4911.2711.23235.995.91728.798.76
2018年5010.9110.95235.665.62738.448.51
2019年5112.8813.02236.896.757410.1410.18
2020年6218.7119.23215.305.178311.4011.59
2021年6214.0415.20348.939.279611.6812.52
2022年429.1010.15358.469.18778.809.72
合计49014.2514.452227.117.1271210.8611.01
趋势χ210.880.156.87
P0.0010.6960.009
AAPC(%)-4.071.43-3.78
AAPC 95%CI(%)-15.62~9.53-3.89~7.66-10.20~5.68
P>0.05>0.05>0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1241102834129761133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102826739397011, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Mortality and its composition of injuries among children and adolescents in Shaanxi Province from 2015 to 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
死亡原因男性女性总人群χ2P
死亡数死亡率
(/10万)
构成比
(%)
死亡数死亡率
(/10万)
构成比
(%)
死亡数死亡率
(/10万)
构成比
(%)
道路交通事故1644.7733.47983.1444.142623.9936.8010.870.001
溺水1223.5524.90280.9012.611502.2921.0750.27<0.001
意外跌落551.6011.22260.8311.71811.2411.387.780.005
自杀471.379.59250.8011.26721.1010.114.770.029
意外中毒320.936.53140.456.31460.706.465.420.020
其他伤害702.0414.29310.9913.961011.5414.1911.540.001
合计49014.25100.002227.11100.0071210.86100.0076.77<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241102834259784563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102826739397011, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2015—2022年陕西省儿童青少年不同人群各类伤害死亡率及构成比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
死亡原因男性女性总人群χ2P
死亡数死亡率
(/10万)
构成比
(%)
死亡数死亡率
(/10万)
构成比
(%)
死亡数死亡率
(/10万)
构成比
(%)
道路交通事故1644.7733.47983.1444.142623.9936.8010.870.001
溺水1223.5524.90280.9012.611502.2921.0750.27<0.001
意外跌落551.6011.22260.8311.71811.2411.387.780.005
自杀471.379.59250.8011.26721.1010.114.770.029
意外中毒320.936.53140.456.31460.706.465.420.020
其他伤害702.0414.29310.9913.961011.5414.1911.540.001
合计49014.25100.002227.11100.0071210.86100.0076.77<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241102834352059255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102826739397011, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Mortality of injuries among children and adolescents in Shaanxi Province from 2015 to 2019 and from 2020 to 2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性别死因别2015—2019年2020—2022年χ2P
死亡数死亡率
(/10万)
死亡数死亡率
(/10万)
男性道路交通事故1235.58413.328.470.004
溺水733.31493.970.960.327
意外跌落291.32262.113.090.079
意外中毒190.86131.050.310.578
自杀281.27191.540.420.578
其他伤害522.36181.463.160.076
合计32414.7016613.450.870.350
女性道路交通事故683.52302.522.370.124
溺水140.73141.181.660.197
意外跌落100.52161.346.020.014
意外中毒110.5730.251.660.197
自杀120.62131.092.030.154
其他伤害170.88141.180.640.422
合计1326.84907.560.530.466
总人群道路交通事故1914.62712.9310.970.001
溺水872.10632.602.390.122
意外跌落390.94421.737.690.006
意外中毒300.73160.660.100.758
自杀400.97321.321.720.189
其他伤害691.67321.321.220.270
合计45611.0325610.560.320.572
), ArticleFig(id=1241102834461111167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102826739397011, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2015—2019年与2020—2022年陕西省儿童青少年不同人群各类伤害死亡率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性别死因别2015—2019年2020—2022年χ2P
死亡数死亡率
(/10万)
死亡数死亡率
(/10万)
男性道路交通事故1235.58413.328.470.004
溺水733.31493.970.960.327
意外跌落291.32262.113.090.079
意外中毒190.86131.050.310.578
自杀281.27191.540.420.578
其他伤害522.36181.463.160.076
合计32414.7016613.450.870.350
女性道路交通事故683.52302.522.370.124
溺水140.73141.181.660.197
意外跌落100.52161.346.020.014
意外中毒110.5730.251.660.197
自杀120.62131.092.030.154
其他伤害170.88141.180.640.422
合计1326.84907.560.530.466
总人群道路交通事故1914.62712.9310.970.001
溺水872.10632.602.390.122
意外跌落390.94421.737.690.006
意外中毒300.73160.660.100.758
自杀400.97321.321.720.189
其他伤害691.67321.321.220.270
合计45611.0325610.560.320.572
), ArticleFig(id=1241102834607911812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102826739397011, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Specific causes of mortality of injury among different aged children and adolescents in Shaanxi Province from 2015 to 2022 (per 100 000)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
死亡原因5~9岁组10~14岁15~19岁组χ2P
男性女性总人群男性女性总人群男性女性总人群
道路交通事故4.163.894.033.102.963.036.662.594.737.770.021
溺水2.750.661.743.771.102.524.070.952.594.280.118
意外跌落1.240.660.961.061.431.232.350.521.482.500.287
意外中毒0.440.660.550.770.440.621.490.260.902.340.310
自杀0.350.000.181.260.881.082.351.471.9332.06<0.001
其他伤害2.391.041.741.550.771.182.121.121.6411.540.001
合计11.346.939.2111.517.589.6719.046.9213.2821.12<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241102834716963724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102826739397011, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2015—2022年陕西省儿童青少年不同年龄组伤害死因别死亡率(/10万)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
死亡原因5~9岁组10~14岁15~19岁组χ2P
男性女性总人群男性女性总人群男性女性总人群
道路交通事故4.163.894.033.102.963.036.662.594.737.770.021
溺水2.750.661.743.771.102.524.070.952.594.280.118
意外跌落1.240.660.961.061.431.232.350.521.482.500.287
意外中毒0.440.660.550.770.440.621.490.260.902.340.310
自杀0.350.000.181.260.881.082.351.471.9332.06<0.001
其他伤害2.391.041.741.550.771.182.121.121.6411.540.001
合计11.346.939.2111.517.589.6719.046.9213.2821.12<0.001
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2015—2022年陕西省儿童青少年伤害死亡分析
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程永兵 , 王维华 , 王艳平 , 邱琳
现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2024,51(16): 2943-2947
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现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2024, 51(16): 2943-2947
2015—2022年陕西省儿童青少年伤害死亡分析
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程永兵, 王维华, 王艳平, 邱琳
作者信息
  • 陕西省疾病预防控制中心慢性非传染性疾病预防控制所,陕西 西安 710054
  • 程永兵(1973—),男,本科,经济师,研究方向:卫生管理工作

通讯作者:

邱琳,E-mail:
Characteristics of injury death among children and adolescents, Shaanxi, 2015-2022
Yong-bing CHENG, Wei-hua WANG, Yan-ping WANG, Lin QIU
Affiliations
  • Department of the Prevention and Control of Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases, Shaanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710054, China
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311241
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目的

分析陕西省2015—2022年儿童青少年伤害死亡的流行病学特点,为制定预防儿童青少年意外死亡的相关措施提供基础数据。

方法

分析陕西省2015—2022年儿童青少年伤害死亡的性别、年龄分布、死因顺位等,采用χ2检验比较不同性别、年龄、年度死亡差异,运用Joinpoint回归方法分析儿童青少年死亡率变化趋势,利用平均年度变化百分比(average annual percent change, AAPC )描述死亡率的变化趋势。

结果

2015—2022年陕西省5~19岁儿童青少年平均死亡率10.86/10万,标化死亡率11.01/10万,占该年龄段儿童青少年死亡数的53.86%;死亡率男性是女性的2.00倍,男女差异有统计学意义(χ2=76.77,P<0.001)。8年间,陕西省儿童青少年伤害死亡率无明显趋势变化,AAPC ( 95%CI) 为- 4.21%(-11.06%~-2.66%) (P>0.05)。儿童青少年伤害前2位死因分别是道路交通事故和溺水,共占伤害总死亡57.87%。总人群和男性道路交通事故的年均死亡率2015—2019年高于2020—2022年,总人群和女性意外跌落的年均死亡率2015—2019年低于2020—2022年,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。各年龄组伤害死亡率随年龄增加而上升,15~19岁组死亡率高于5~9岁组和10~14岁组(χ2=21.12,P<0.001);道路交通事故和自杀死亡率15~19岁组最高(P均<0.05)。

结论

2015—2022年陕西省5~19岁儿童青少年伤害的主要死亡原因是道路交通事故和溺水,且男性死亡率均高于女性,需根据不同性别、不同年龄组儿童青少年的特点,采取针对性的预防控制措施,减少儿童青少年各类伤害的发生率和死亡率。

伤害  /  死亡率  /  儿童青少年  /  Joinpoin回归
Objective

To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of injuries deaths among children and adolescents in Shaanxi Province from 2015 to 2022 and provide insight in formulating interventions to prevent accidental deaths among children and adolescents.

Methods

Analyze the distribution of gender, age groups, and cause of death in injury deaths among children and adolescents in Shaanxi Province from 2015 to 2022. χ2 test was used to compare the mortality differences between genders, age groups and years. The Joinpoint regression method was used to analyze the trend of child and adolescent mortality. Average Annual Percent Change (AAPC) was used to describe trends.

Results

The average mortality of children and adolescents aged 5—19 in Shaanxi Province from 2015 to 2022 was 10.86/100000, with a standardized mortality of 11.01/100000, which accounted for 53.86% of the total deaths among children and adolescents. The mortality of males is 2.00 times higher than that of females (χ2=76.77, P<0.001). During the past 8 years, there was no change in injuries mortality among children and adolescents in Shaanxi Province AAPC (95%CI) -4.21% (-11.06%— -2.66%) (P>0.05). The top two causes of death in injuries among children and adolescents are road injuries and drowning, which accounted for 57.87% of the total deaths among children and adolescents. The average annual death rate of road traffic accidents in the general population and men in 2015—2019 was higher than that in 2020-2022 (P<0.05). The average annual death rate from falls in the general population and women was lower in 2015—2019 than in 2020—2022 (P<0.05). The mortality of injuries increased with age groups, with the highest in 15—19 age group (χ2=21.12, P<0.001). The road traffic accident and suicide death rates were the highest in the 15—19 age group (P<0.05).

Conclusion

The main causes of death in injuries among children and adolescents aged 5—19 in Shanxi Province from 2015 to 2022 are road injuries and drowning. The mortality in injuries is higher in male than female. Targeted prevention and control measures should be taken based on the characteristics of mortality in injuries among children and adolescents in Shaanxi Province.

Injury  /  Mortality  /  Children and adolescent  /  Joinpoint regression
程永兵, 王维华, 王艳平, 邱琳. 2015—2022年陕西省儿童青少年伤害死亡分析. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (16) : 2943 -2947 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311241
Yong-bing CHENG, Wei-hua WANG, Yan-ping WANG, Lin QIU. Characteristics of injury death among children and adolescents, Shaanxi, 2015-2022[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (16) : 2943 -2947 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311241
2019年全球10~24岁人口中149万人死亡,其中的32.7%由交通伤害和非故意伤害造成,是10~24岁儿童青少年第一位死亡原因[1]。相关数据显示,我国5~19岁儿童青少年伤害死亡率达13.65/10万, 每年约5.4万儿童青少年死于伤害,研究显示伤害已成为我国儿童青少年首要死因[2-3]。《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》提出“建立伤害综合监测体系,开发重点伤害干预技术指南和标准。加强儿童和老年人伤害预防和干预,减少儿童交通伤害、溺水和老年人意外跌落”[4]。因此,预防儿童少年伤害已成为我国目前需要迫切关注的重大公共卫生问题。同时,新冠疫情期间防控措施,如封控导致的道路交通伤害死亡下降,儿童伤害总体死亡率在2015—2019年和2019—2022年是否一致等问题值得进一步探讨。本研究利用2015—2022年陕西省死因监测数据,分析了5~19岁儿童青少年伤害死亡信息及流行病学特征,同时提出了陕西省儿童青少年伤害的防控重点,为探索相关干预措施提供基础数据。
陕西省儿童青少年死亡数据来源于陕西省2015—2022年“人口死亡信息登记管理系统”中13个国家级死因监测县/区的登记数据,本研究收集2015年1月1日至2022年12月31日之间死亡、生前常住地址为13个国家级监测点的5—19岁常住居民死亡个案数据。人口信息来源于“国家疾病监测基本信息系统”,由国家统计局提供。使用我国第六次人口普查数据作为本次研究的标化人口。中国疾控中心使用Poisson分布确定陕西省国家级死因监测县/区,根据城镇化率、人口数和总死亡率3项指标对陕西省人群进行分层,最终选取13个县/区开展全人群死因监测报告,其产出的数据可代表陕西省全省情况。
按《疾病和有关健康问题的国际统计分类》第10次修订版(ICD-10)进行死因编码[5]。意外伤害包括V01~X59、Y40~Y86、Y88、Y89,其中道路交通事故为V01~V04、V06、V09~V80、V87、V89、V99,意外跌落为W00~W19,溺水为W65~W74,意外中毒为X40~X49,自杀为X60~X84,以及其他伤害(以上未提及)。
本研究中死因信息由国家级死因监测点各级医疗机构专业人员根据ICD-10编码规则统一录入,由监测县/区死因监测管理人员对死亡信息进行审核与校对,市、省两级死因监测管理人员定期抽查报卡数量和质量,保证数据的准确性。每年年底进行卫生、公安、民政三部门据交换,同时通过核对、调查、补录等方式对辖区内的死亡个案进行查漏补缺,保证数据的完整性[6]
运用描述流行病学方法分析2015—2022年陕西省不同性别5~19岁儿童青少年伤害死亡情况,数据分析采用Excel 2016、SPSS 25.0软件和Jionpoint Regression Program软件。(1)以死亡数、死亡率和标化死亡率描述死亡分布的基本特征,χ2检验比较不同组间死亡率差异,α=0.05(双侧)为本研究检验水准;采用2010年第6次人口普查全国标准人口比例进行死亡率标化,标化死亡率=Σ年龄段人口构成比×对应年龄段死亡率。(2)趋势χ2检验分析死亡率随时间变化的特征;以标化死亡率为因变量,死亡年份为自变量拟合Jionpoint 回归,计算平均年度变化百分比(AAPC,average annual percent change) (95% CI),AAPC表示在研究时期内伤害死亡变化率平均每年比上一年增加或减少的固定百分比,若AAPC>0且P<0.05,表明存在上升趋势,若AAPC<0且P<0.05,表明存在下降趋势,在使用Joinpoint回归分析进行分析前,我们采用了permutation test进行检验。检验水准为α=0.05(双侧)。
陕西省2015—2022年国家级死因监测点共报告5~19岁儿童青少年死亡个案1322例,死亡率为20.16/10万。伤害死亡712例,死亡率10.86/10万,标化死亡率为11.01/10万,占该年龄段死亡数的53.86%;男性伤害死亡490例,死亡率14.25/10万,标化死亡率为14.45/10万,女性伤害死亡222例,死亡率7.11/10万,标化死亡率为7.12/10万;男性死亡率是女性的2.00倍,男女死亡率差异有统计学意义(χ2=76.77,P<0.001)。
2015—2022年,陕西省5~19岁儿童青少年伤害死亡率总人群从14.39/10万下降到8.80/10万(趋势χ2=6.87,P=0.009),进一步经过Joinpoint回归分析发现, AAPC(95%CI)为-3.78% (-10.20%~5.68%) (P>0.05);男性从19.20/10万下降到9.10/10万(趋势χ2=10.88,P=0.001),进一步经过 Joinpoint 回归分析发现,AAPC( 95%CI)为-4.07%(-15.62%~9.53%)(P>0.05);女性无明显趋势变化(P趋势>0.05)。见表1
陕西省2015—2022年5~19岁儿童青少年伤害前2位死因分别是道路交通事故和溺水,死亡率分别为3.99/10万和2.29/10万,以上2种死因共占伤害总死亡的57.87%。男性与总人群伤害死因顺位一致,女性与总人群伤害死因顺位第2、3位不同,其余一致。各类伤害死因中,男性均高于女性,差异有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。见表2
陕西省5~19岁儿童青少年各类伤害死因中,2015—2019年总人群和男性的道路交通事故年均死亡率高于2020—2022年,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);2015—2019年总人群和女性的意外跌落年均死亡率低于2020—2022年,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表3
陕西省2015—2022年5~19岁儿童青少年各年龄组伤害死亡率随年龄增加而上升,5~9岁组9.21/10万上升至15~19岁13.28/10万,差异有统计学意义(χ2=21.12,P<0.001)。道路交通事故死亡率中15~19岁组最高、10~14岁组最低,自杀死亡率中15~19岁组最高、5~9岁组最低,其他伤害死亡率中5~9岁组最高、10~14岁组最低,以上3种伤害死亡中各年龄组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。男性和女性的同一年龄组中,除10~14岁组男性首位死因是溺水外,其余年龄组男性和女性首位死因均为道路交通事故。见表4
近年来,随着经济发展和人民生活水平提高,医疗卫生资源的丰富,儿童青少年因为营养不良相关疾病所造成的死亡得到明显改善,而由于快速城镇化,道路设施的改变和交通工具的使用,加之儿童青少年活泼好动的性格,使他们生活环境中的危险因素增加,意外伤害发生的可能性继续存在。本研究显示,2015—2022年陕西省5~19岁儿童青少年伤害平均死亡率10.86/10万,标化死亡率为11.01/10万,占该年龄段儿童青少年死亡数的53.86%;其占比高于北京市和云南省儿童青少年伤害死亡的监测结果[7-8]。相关研究显示尽管2009年以后陕西省道路交通伤害发生例数和占所有伤害的比例呈下降趋势,但道路交通伤害占比仍高于全国农村地区平均水平,农村地区交通管理的机制和法规相对落后,交警警力不足,对经费、装备的投入也相对不足,对农村的管理有所欠缺,且农村区域面积较大,农村地区交通发展极其不平衡,提高了陕西省儿童青少年意外伤害的发生率[9]。陕西省5~19岁儿童青少年伤害死亡率、以及各伤害死因别死亡率均为男性高于女性,这可能与男童比女童更加活泼好动、接触伤害危险因素的机会也更多,更易发生意外事故有关[10]。因此,应针对儿童青少年及其监护人,特别是男童及其监护人,定期开展预防伤害知识的健康宣教,将相关知识纳入幼儿园及学校常规的教学内容,并在校内定期组织伤害急救演练[11],提高伤害预防知晓率和控制率。8年间,陕西省儿童青少年伤害死亡率无明显趋势变化AAPC(95%CI)为-4.21% (-11.06%~-2.66%) (P>0.05),此结果与中国疾控中心报告的全国死因监测结果一致[12]。儿童青少年中,总人群和男性道路交通事故的年均死亡率2015—2019年高于2020—2022年,这可能与2020—2022年我国发生新型冠状病毒肺炎,各省在疫情期间均采取了不同程度的封控措施,致使人员流动减少,从而导致道路交通伤害死亡明显下降有关。总人群和女性意外跌落的年均死亡率2015—2019年低于2020—2022年,可能与疫情期间停止线下教学,儿童自由活动时间增多、对周围环境不安全因素无法正确判断,缺乏有效监管等因素有关。
儿童青少年伤害死亡顺位显示,道路交通事故、溺水为前2位死因,占该年龄段伤害死亡总数的57.87%。伤害的发生可通过多种措施的实施来预防和控制,道路交通事故是陕西省儿童青少年伤害的首要死因,因此,应对儿童青少年及其监护人加强道路交通安全警示教育,在中小学课程增加道路安全相关课程,加强交通规则和急救知识的学习,提高安全意识;在道路安全建设方面,增加照明设施、交通标识、安装中央分隔带等,加强道路交通的安全执法;对骑(乘)摩托和自行车的儿童青少年,加强对未戴头盔、超速行驶的执法力度,通过各种手段降低道路交通事故的发生率和死亡率[13-14]。溺水是陕西省儿童青少年伤害的第2位死因,儿童青少年发生溺水的原因较为复杂,与儿童的自我保护意识不足有关,也与家长的监管缺失有关,同时也与关键区域缺乏警示标牌及安全设施等因素有关[15]。溺水的防控措施有很多,如在危险水域和游泳池建立隔离栅栏、下水道加盖,在学校开设游泳的安全教育课程、提高游泳技能,加强家长对儿童的监管等措施,可以有效减少溺水的发生[16]
伤害死亡的年龄特点显示,随着年龄的增加,儿童青少年活动的范围越来越广、活动的自主性也越来越大,因伤害造成的死亡也逐渐增加,死亡率从5~9岁9.21/10万上升到15~19岁13.28/10万,这与我国其他地区研究结果一致[7-8]。儿童青少年各年龄组死亡率,道路交通事故15~19岁组最高,这可能是因为高年龄组的青少年使用自行车、摩托车等交通工具频率更高,外出活动时缺乏监护人的监管,自身缺乏道路安全意识所致;自杀15~19岁组最高,可能与青少年自小所处的家庭环境、学业压力、人际关系、抑郁情绪等因素有关。国内很多研究结果指出,伤害可以通过多种措施进行预防与控制,因此,根据不同年龄组儿童青少年有针对性的开展健康宣教,建立科学校园危机预防机制;通过多种宣传活动提高其监护人关于预防青少年道路交通安全,加强心理健康的意识,从而有针对性的降低重点人群的伤害死亡率[17]
本研究数据来源于陕西省“人口死亡信息登记管理系统”报告的死亡个案,一是由于监测内容有限,无法获得伤害发生地点、在学状况等信息;二是部分年份数据存在一定程度漏报,导致监测数据不稳定;未来应加大儿童青少年伤害发生的监测力度,针对本人群开展漏报调查,为干预措施的制定提供更加科学的数据支撑。
  • 陕西省重点研发计划(2021SF-325)
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2024年第51卷第16期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202311241
  • 接收时间:2023-11-13
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-13
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陕西省重点研发计划(2021SF-325)
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    陕西省疾病预防控制中心慢性非传染性疾病预防控制所,陕西 西安 710054

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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