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Article(id=1241102825925702030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241102813938380911, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202211443, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1679500800000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773831572276, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773831572276, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773831572276, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773831572276, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241102813938380911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='16', pageStart='2881', pageEnd='3072', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773831569418, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773831807198, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241103811318706322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241102813938380911, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241103811318706323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241102813938380911, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2935, endPage=2942, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241102828995932688, articleId=1241102825925702030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Effects of passive smoking during pregnancy on neurobehavioral developmental abnormalities in 1-year-old children, columnId=1228016568949474136, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Child and Adolescent health, Maternal and Child Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the impact of passive smoking during pregnancy on neurobehavioral developmental abnormalities in 1-year-old children.

Methods

1 363 pairs of mothers and children from the Shenzhen birth Cohort study platform were selected as the research objects. Questionnaire was used to investigate the general demography characteristics and passive smoking of pregnant women during pregnancy, and the age and development process questionnaire (ASQ-3/ASQ: SE) was used to assess the neurobehavioral development of children at one year old. Analyze the impact of passive smoking during pregnancy on neurobehavioral developmental abnormalities in 1-year-old children using a logistic regression model.

Results

Passive smoking during pregnancy had varying degrees of harmful effects on the development of 1-year-old children, except for gross movements. Compared with those without passive smoking, pregnant women with severe passive smoking in early pregnancy had an increased risk of delayed development in communication (OR=1.932, 95%CI: 1.023-3.648), fine motor skills (OR=3.388, 95%CI: 1.232-9.317), problem-solving (OR=3.270, 95%CI: 1.317-7.795), and social emotional development (OR=1.792, 95%CI: 1.159-2.772) among their offspring. In mid-pregnancy, pregnant women who smoke passively had an increased risk of delayed development in communication (OR=1.802, 95%CI: 1.068-3.039) and personal social (OR=1.705, 95%CI: 1.080-2.837) among their offspring, while pregnant women who smoke heavily had an increased risk of delayed development in communication (OR=2.864, 95%CI: 1.322-6.240) and social emotional (OR=1.882, 95%CI: 1.081-3.275) among their offspring. In late pregnancy, pregnant women with severe passive smoking had an increased risk of delayed communication (OR=3.415, 95%CI: 1.366-3.158), fine motor skills (OR=3.976 times, 95%CI: 1.838-13.360), and social emotional development (OR=2.231, 95%CI: 1.234-4.032) in their offspring.

Conclusion

Passive smoking in the early, middle, and late stages of pregnancy can have varying degrees of harmful effects on the neurobehavioral development of offspring at one year old. Suggest relevant departments to increase publicity and education efforts, guide the public to reduce indoor smoking and pay attention to maternal health and early neurobehavioral development in children.

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目的

探讨孕期被动吸烟对1岁儿童神经行为发育异常的影响。

方法

以深圳出生队列研究平台的1 363对母子为研究对象。在孕期使用问卷调查孕妇一般人口学特征及被动吸烟情况，并在儿童1岁时使用年龄与发育进程问卷（ASQ-3/ASQ：SE）评估儿童神经行为发育情况。通过logistic回归模型分析孕期被动吸烟对1岁儿童神经行为发育异常的影响。

结果

孕期被动吸烟对1岁儿童除粗大动作外的其他方面发育均有不同程度的有害影响：与无被动吸烟相比，在孕早期重度被动吸烟的孕妇其子代沟通（OR=1.932，95%CI:1.023~3.648）、精细动作（OR=3.388，95%CI:1.232~9.317）、解决问题（OR=3.270，95%CI:1.317~7.795）、社交-情绪（OR=1.792，95%CI:1.159~2.772）发育迟缓的风险增大；在孕中期被动吸烟的孕妇其子代沟通（OR=1.802，95%CI:1.068~3.039）、个人-社会(OR=1.705,95%CI:1.080~2.837)发育迟缓的风险增大，重度被动吸烟的孕妇子代沟通(OR=2.864,95%CI:1.322~6.240）、社交-情绪(OR=1.882,95%CI:1.081~3.275)发育迟缓的风险增大；在孕晚期，重度被动吸烟的孕妇其子代沟通(OR=3.415,95%CI:1.366~3.158)、精细动作(OR=3.976,95%CI:1.838~13.360)、社交-情绪(OR=2.231，95%CI:1.234~4.032)发育迟缓的风险增大。

结论

孕妇孕早、中、晚期被动吸烟可对子代 1 岁时神经行为发育多个方面造成不同程度的有害影响。建议相关部门加大相关宣传教育力度，引导大众减少室内吸烟、重视孕妇健康和儿童早期神经行为发育。

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孙鹏，E-mail：
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点，除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=M72sgFA/svtPyVdHsml/Ug==, magXml=6y+hVaCIFvJeh0qv4Mv1VA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=anpelMPZgPRStRMr0+5g+w==, pdfFileSize=666623, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=vGJmKC7v9xppT+DFQyD1qA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

吴志玲（1996—），女，硕士，初级公卫医师，研究方向：妇幼流行病学

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吴志玲（1996—），女，硕士，初级公卫医师，研究方向：妇幼流行病学

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吴志玲（1996—），女，硕士，初级公卫医师，研究方向：妇幼流行病学

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International Journal of Epidemiology, 2009, 38(3): 680-689., articleTitle=Maternal smoking during pregnancy and child behaviour problems: the Generation R Study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241102841390100574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102825925702030, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=30, issue=4, pageStart=371, pageEnd=375, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=35, authorNames=刘贤, 郭程, 伊鹏, journalName=中国儿童保健杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘贤，郭程，伊鹏，等．孕前及孕期母亲被动吸烟与儿童孤独症谱系障碍的关联分析[J]．中国儿童保健杂志，2022，30（4）：371-375., articleTitle=孕前及孕期母亲被动吸烟与儿童孤独症谱系障碍的关联分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241102841490763872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102825925702030, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=30, issue=4, pageStart=371, pageEnd=375, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=36, authorNames=Liu X, Guo C, Yi P, journalName=Chinese Journal of Child Health Care, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu X, Guo C, Yi P, et al. Association between maternal passive smoking exposure before/during pregnancy and the risk of autism spectrum disorders in offspring[J]. Chinese Journal of Child Health Care, 2022, 30(4): 371-375., articleTitle=Association between maternal passive smoking exposure before/during pregnancy and the risk of autism spectrum disorders in offspring, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241102841599815780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102825925702030, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=227, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=37, authorNames=Margolis AE, Lee SH, Liu R, journalName=Environmental Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Margolis AE, Lee SH, Liu R, et al. Associations between prenatal exposure to second hand smoke and infant self-regulation in a New York city longitudinal prospective birth cohort[J]. Environmental Research, 2023, 227: 115652., articleTitle=Associations between prenatal exposure to second hand smoke and infant self-regulation in a New York city longitudinal prospective birth cohort, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241102841729839207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102825925702030, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1994, volume=66, issue=6, pageStart=1059, pageEnd=1092, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=38, authorNames=Walsh RA, journalName=Human Biology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Walsh RA. Effects of maternal smoking on adverse pregnancyoutcomes: examination of the criteria of causation[J]. Human Biology, 1994, 66(6): 1059-1092., articleTitle=Effects of maternal smoking on adverse pregnancyoutcomes: examination of the criteria of causation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241102841851474029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102825925702030, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=465, issue=4, pageStart=441, pageEnd=450, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=39, authorNames=Yakel JL, journalName=Pflugers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yakel JL. Cholinergic receptors: functional role of nicotinic ACh receptors in brain circuits and disease[J]. Pflugers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology, 2013, 465(4): 441-450., articleTitle=Cholinergic receptors: functional role of nicotinic ACh receptors in brain circuits and disease, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241102836537291689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102825925702030, awardId=SZSM201803061, language=CN, fundingSource=深圳市医疗卫生“三名”工程(SZSM201803061), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241102836621177777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102825925702030, awardId=82173605, language=CN, fundingSource=2021年国家自然科学基金项目(82173605), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241102829906096746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102825925702030, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241102829914485355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102825925702030, companyId=1241102829906096746, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Shenzhen Nanshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518067, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241102829922873965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102825925702030, companyId=1241102829906096746, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.深圳市南山区妇幼保健院，广东 深圳 518067)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241102830019342967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102825925702030, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241102830023537272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102825925702030, companyId=1241102830019342967, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中山大学公共卫生学院)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241102834108789607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102825925702030, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Passive smoking during pregnancy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
被动吸烟频数（%）(n=1 363)
早中晚
是否被动吸烟
否990（72.6）965(70.8)956(70.1)
是328（24.1）295(21.6)242(17.8)
不知道45（3.3）103(7.6)165(12.1)
平均每日被动吸烟支数（支/天）
0990(76.4)965（70.8）956(70.1)
0~1支141(10.3)133(9.8)108(7.9)
2~5支116(8.5)97(7.1)85(6.2)
>5支49(3.6)52(3.8)44(3.2)
不知道67(4.9)116(8.5)170(12.5)
平均每日被动吸烟水平
0无990（72.6）965(70.8)956(70.1)
1轻131（9.6）124(9.1)105(7.7)
2中104(7.6)81(5.9)71(5.2)
3重138(10.1)75(5.5)61(4.5)
不知道51(3.7)118(8.7)170(12.5)
), ArticleFig(id=1241102834234618737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102825925702030, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

孕期被动吸烟情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
被动吸烟频数（%）(n=1 363)
早中晚
是否被动吸烟
否990（72.6）965(70.8)956(70.1)
是328（24.1）295(21.6)242(17.8)
不知道45（3.3）103(7.6)165(12.1)
平均每日被动吸烟支数（支/天）
0990(76.4)965（70.8）956(70.1)
0~1支141(10.3)133(9.8)108(7.9)
2~5支116(8.5)97(7.1)85(6.2)
>5支49(3.6)52(3.8)44(3.2)
不知道67(4.9)116(8.5)170(12.5)
平均每日被动吸烟水平
0无990（72.6）965(70.8)956(70.1)
1轻131（9.6）124(9.1)105(7.7)
2中104(7.6)81(5.9)71(5.2)
3重138(10.1)75(5.5)61(4.5)
不知道51(3.7)118(8.7)170(12.5)
), ArticleFig(id=1241102834326893432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102825925702030, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Logistic regression model analysis of the relationship between passive smoking in early pregnancy and neurobehavioral development in 1-year-old children

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孕期被动吸烟OR（95%CI）
沟通粗大动作精细动作
是否被动吸烟
否1.0001.0001.000
是1.267（0.750~2.142）0.464（0.191~1.125）1.585（0.643~3.909）
时间/天
01.0001.0001.000
<15 min1.038（0.550~1.961）0.614（0.181~2.086）1.533（0.531~4.427）
15~30 min1.218（0.456~3.250）0.280（0.037~2.096）2.337（0.630~8.677）
>30 mim3.911（1.374~11.131）0.572（0.169~1.933）0.000
支数/天
01.0001.0001.000
1支0.905（0.398~2.059）0.508（0.172~1.957）0.936（0.204~4.293）
1~5支0.746（0.288~1.933）0.260(0.035~1.939)1.550(0.426~5.637)
>5支3.201（1.359~7.538）b0.954(0.210~4.327)3.767(1.009~14.068)a
水平
0无1.0001.0001.000
1轻0.984（0.433~2.237）0.485（0.167~1.409）1.203（0.23304.694）
2中0.662（0.231~1.897）0.796（0.183~3.468）1.102（0.239~5.078）
3重1.932（1.023~3.648）a0.0003.388（1.232~9.317）a
孕期被动吸烟OR（95%CI）
解决问题个人-社会社交-情绪
是否被动吸烟
否1.0001.0001.000
是1.999(0.964~4.146)1.053(0.637~1.739)1.679(1.216~2.316)b
时间/天
01.0001.0001.000
<15 min2.625（1.212~5.683）a1.003（0.556~1.812）1.445（0.991~2.107）
15~30 min1.245（0.269~5.764）0.844（0.290~2.456）1.926（1.084~3.422）a
>30 mim0.0001.613(0.466~5.576)2.862(1.271~6.443)a
支数/天
01.0001.0001.000
1支1.804（0.651~4.998）0.971(0.467~2.021)1.362(0.860~2.157)
1~5支1.663（0.538~5.137）0.755(0.314~1.814)1.812(1.134~2.896)a
>5支2.805（0.773~10.184）1.500（0.561~4.006）2.115(1.089~4.107)a
水平
0无1.0001.0001.000
1轻2.006（0.723~5.567）1.050(0.503~2.192)1.370（0.853~2.199）
2中1.766（0.571~5.458）0.517(0.181~1.475)1.600（0.967~2.647）
3重3.270（1.317~7.795）b1.614(0.867~3.002)1.792（1.159~2.772）b
), ArticleFig(id=1241102834477888385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102825925702030, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

孕早期被动吸烟情况与1岁儿童神经行为发育关系logistic回归模型分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孕期被动吸烟OR（95%CI）
沟通粗大动作精细动作
是否被动吸烟
否1.0001.0001.000
是1.267（0.750~2.142）0.464（0.191~1.125）1.585（0.643~3.909）
时间/天
01.0001.0001.000
<15 min1.038（0.550~1.961）0.614（0.181~2.086）1.533（0.531~4.427）
15~30 min1.218（0.456~3.250）0.280（0.037~2.096）2.337（0.630~8.677）
>30 mim3.911（1.374~11.131）0.572（0.169~1.933）0.000
支数/天
01.0001.0001.000
1支0.905（0.398~2.059）0.508（0.172~1.957）0.936（0.204~4.293）
1~5支0.746（0.288~1.933）0.260(0.035~1.939)1.550(0.426~5.637)
>5支3.201（1.359~7.538）b0.954(0.210~4.327)3.767(1.009~14.068)a
水平
0无1.0001.0001.000
1轻0.984（0.433~2.237）0.485（0.167~1.409）1.203（0.23304.694）
2中0.662（0.231~1.897）0.796（0.183~3.468）1.102（0.239~5.078）
3重1.932（1.023~3.648）a0.0003.388（1.232~9.317）a
孕期被动吸烟OR（95%CI）
解决问题个人-社会社交-情绪
是否被动吸烟
否1.0001.0001.000
是1.999(0.964~4.146)1.053(0.637~1.739)1.679(1.216~2.316)b
时间/天
01.0001.0001.000
<15 min2.625（1.212~5.683）a1.003（0.556~1.812）1.445（0.991~2.107）
15~30 min1.245（0.269~5.764）0.844（0.290~2.456）1.926（1.084~3.422）a
>30 mim0.0001.613(0.466~5.576)2.862(1.271~6.443)a
支数/天
01.0001.0001.000
1支1.804（0.651~4.998）0.971(0.467~2.021)1.362(0.860~2.157)
1~5支1.663（0.538~5.137）0.755(0.314~1.814)1.812(1.134~2.896)a
>5支2.805（0.773~10.184）1.500（0.561~4.006）2.115(1.089~4.107)a
水平
0无1.0001.0001.000
1轻2.006（0.723~5.567）1.050(0.503~2.192)1.370（0.853~2.199）
2中1.766（0.571~5.458）0.517(0.181~1.475)1.600（0.967~2.647）
3重3.270（1.317~7.795）b1.614(0.867~3.002)1.792（1.159~2.772）b
), ArticleFig(id=1241102834607911814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102825925702030, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Logistic regression model analysis of the relationship between passive smoking in mid-pregnancy and neurobehavioral development in 1-year-old children

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孕期被动吸烟OR（95%CI）
沟通粗大动作精细动作
是否被动吸烟
否1.0001.0001.000
是1.802（1.068~3.039）a1.000(0.465~2.150)2.477(1.000~6.136)
时间/天
01.0001.0001.000
<15 min1.557（0.840~2.889）1.403(0.420~2.592)3.112(1.160~8.349)a
15~30 min2.229(0.937~5.303)1.532(0.441~5.367)1.109(0.135~8.803)
>30 mim3.244(1.001~10.507a0.0002.402(0.266~21.688)
支数/天
01.0001.0001.000
1支1.590(0.770~3.283)1.413(0.528~3.784)2.104(0.566~7.823)
1~5支1.879(0.869~4.062)0.296(0.039~2.247)4.122(1.349~12.599)a
>5支2.790(1.136~6.856)a1.802(0.510~6.373)1.154(0.140~9.516)
水平
0无1.0001.0001.000
1轻1.547（0.727~3.290）1.510(0.563~4.052)2.294(0.616~8.551)
2中1.656（0.707~3.878）0.352(0.046~2.684)3.643(1.093~12.144)a
3重2.864（1.322~6.240）b1.239(0.358~4.289)1.827(0.386~8.656)
孕期被动吸烟OR（95%CI）
解决问题个人-社会社交-情绪
是否被动吸烟
否1.0001.0001.000
是1.531（0.781~3.261）1.705(1.080~2.837)a1.282(0.906~1.813)
时间/天
01.0001.0001.000
<15 min2.076（0.926~4.652）1.863(1.079~3.218)1.051（0.685~1.615）
15~30 min0.556（0.072~4.310）1.875(0.797~4.412)1.837（1.025~3.293）a
>30 mim0.972（0.110~8.549）1.057(0.225~4.957)2.471（1.043~3.293）a
支数/天
01.0001.0001.000
1支1.759（0.644~4.805）2.123(1.149~3.922)a1.248（0.771~2.020）
1~5支2.125（0.755~5.979）1.653(0.776~3.525)1.303(0.759~2.236)
>5支0.588（0.073~4.734）1.481(0.540~4.060)2.477（1.338~4.587）b
水平
0无1.0001.0001.000
1轻1.925（0.703~5.273）2.318(1.251~4.296)b1.241（0.757~2.035）
2中2.569（0.911~7.242）1.221(0.501~2.974)1.055（0.580~1.919）
3重0.407（0.051~3.230）1.790(0.786~4.007)1.882 (1.081~3.275)a
), ArticleFig(id=1241102834733740941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102825925702030, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

孕中期被动吸烟情况与1岁儿童神经行为发育关系logistic回归模型分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孕期被动吸烟OR（95%CI）
沟通粗大动作精细动作
是否被动吸烟
否1.0001.0001.000
是1.802（1.068~3.039）a1.000(0.465~2.150)2.477(1.000~6.136)
时间/天
01.0001.0001.000
<15 min1.557（0.840~2.889）1.403(0.420~2.592)3.112(1.160~8.349)a
15~30 min2.229(0.937~5.303)1.532(0.441~5.367)1.109(0.135~8.803)
>30 mim3.244(1.001~10.507a0.0002.402(0.266~21.688)
支数/天
01.0001.0001.000
1支1.590(0.770~3.283)1.413(0.528~3.784)2.104(0.566~7.823)
1~5支1.879(0.869~4.062)0.296(0.039~2.247)4.122(1.349~12.599)a
>5支2.790(1.136~6.856)a1.802(0.510~6.373)1.154(0.140~9.516)
水平
0无1.0001.0001.000
1轻1.547（0.727~3.290）1.510(0.563~4.052)2.294(0.616~8.551)
2中1.656（0.707~3.878）0.352(0.046~2.684)3.643(1.093~12.144)a
3重2.864（1.322~6.240）b1.239(0.358~4.289)1.827(0.386~8.656)
孕期被动吸烟OR（95%CI）
解决问题个人-社会社交-情绪
是否被动吸烟
否1.0001.0001.000
是1.531（0.781~3.261）1.705(1.080~2.837)a1.282(0.906~1.813)
时间/天
01.0001.0001.000
<15 min2.076（0.926~4.652）1.863(1.079~3.218)1.051（0.685~1.615）
15~30 min0.556（0.072~4.310）1.875(0.797~4.412)1.837（1.025~3.293）a
>30 mim0.972（0.110~8.549）1.057(0.225~4.957)2.471（1.043~3.293）a
支数/天
01.0001.0001.000
1支1.759（0.644~4.805）2.123(1.149~3.922)a1.248（0.771~2.020）
1~5支2.125（0.755~5.979）1.653(0.776~3.525)1.303(0.759~2.236)
>5支0.588（0.073~4.734）1.481(0.540~4.060)2.477（1.338~4.587）b
水平
0无1.0001.0001.000
1轻1.925（0.703~5.273）2.318(1.251~4.296)b1.241（0.757~2.035）
2中2.569（0.911~7.242）1.221(0.501~2.974)1.055（0.580~1.919）
3重0.407（0.051~3.230）1.790(0.786~4.007)1.882 (1.081~3.275)a
), ArticleFig(id=1241102834842792851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102825925702030, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Logistic regression model analysis of the relationship between passive smoking in late pregnancy and neurobehavioral development in 1-year-old children

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孕期被动吸烟OR（95%CI）
沟通粗大动作精细动作
是否被动吸烟
否1.0001.0001.000
是1.587(0.903~2.786)0.845(0.342~2.089)0.740(0.451~1.197)
时间/天
01.0001.0001.000
<15 min1.015（0.481~2.144）1.339（0.531~3.378）0.377(0.048~2.935)
15~30 min2.119（0.833~5.393）0.0002.357(0.616~9.023)
>30 mim5.363（1.585~18.153）b0.0004.665(0.525~41.422)
支数/天
01.0001.0001.000
1支1.183（0.531~7.726）1．375（0.461~4.104）0.422(0.105~1.689)
1~5支1.137（0.428~3.018）0.420（0.055~3.211）1.023(0.222~4.714)
>5支3.777（1.419~9.569）b0.716（0.090~5.674）0.414(0.064~2.664)
水平
0无1.0001.0001.000
1轻1.036(0.426~2.517)1.418(0.475~4.234)0
2中1.076(0.366~3.158)0.538(0.070~4.120)0.721(0.090~5.752)
3重3.415（1.366~3.158）b0.496(0.062~3.935)3.976(1.838~13.360)a
孕期被动吸烟OR（95%CI）
解决问题个人-社会社交-情绪
是否被动吸烟
否1.0001.0001.000
是1.593（0.722~3.515）1.140(0.658~1.975)1.425（0.990~2.051）
时间/天
01.0001.0001.000
<15 min0.967(0.316~2.836)1.064(0.554~2.046)1.068（0.684~1.668）
15~30 min3.337(1.099~10.134)a1.208(0.447~3.206)2.457(1.346~4.484)b
>30 mim2.602(0.307~11.068)1.698(0.362~7.963)2.423(0.865~6.791)
支数/天
01.0001.0001.000
1支1.882(0.680~5.205)1.550(0.778~3.088)1．166（0.690~1.971）
1~5支1.372(0.376~5.004)0.480(0.145~1.632)1.205（0.680~2.134）
>5支1.498(0.314~7.145)1.568(0.575~4.275)2.373（1.206~4.666）b
水平
0无1.0001.0001.000
1轻1.528（0.504~4.628）1.625(0.815~3.239)1.231（0.727~2.083）
2中1.088（0.234~5.053）00.986（0.518~1.875）
3重2.381（0.738~8.681）1.891(0.829~4.312)2.231（1.234~4.032）b
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孕晚期被动吸烟情况与1岁儿童神经行为发育关系logistic回归模型分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孕期被动吸烟OR（95%CI）
沟通粗大动作精细动作
是否被动吸烟
否1.0001.0001.000
是1.587(0.903~2.786)0.845(0.342~2.089)0.740(0.451~1.197)
时间/天
01.0001.0001.000
<15 min1.015（0.481~2.144）1.339（0.531~3.378）0.377(0.048~2.935)
15~30 min2.119（0.833~5.393）0.0002.357(0.616~9.023)
>30 mim5.363（1.585~18.153）b0.0004.665(0.525~41.422)
支数/天
01.0001.0001.000
1支1.183（0.531~7.726）1．375（0.461~4.104）0.422(0.105~1.689)
1~5支1.137（0.428~3.018）0.420（0.055~3.211）1.023(0.222~4.714)
>5支3.777（1.419~9.569）b0.716（0.090~5.674）0.414(0.064~2.664)
水平
0无1.0001.0001.000
1轻1.036(0.426~2.517)1.418(0.475~4.234)0
2中1.076(0.366~3.158)0.538(0.070~4.120)0.721(0.090~5.752)
3重3.415（1.366~3.158）b0.496(0.062~3.935)3.976(1.838~13.360)a
孕期被动吸烟OR（95%CI）
解决问题个人-社会社交-情绪
是否被动吸烟
否1.0001.0001.000
是1.593（0.722~3.515）1.140(0.658~1.975)1.425（0.990~2.051）
时间/天
01.0001.0001.000
<15 min0.967(0.316~2.836)1.064(0.554~2.046)1.068（0.684~1.668）
15~30 min3.337(1.099~10.134)a1.208(0.447~3.206)2.457(1.346~4.484)b
>30 mim2.602(0.307~11.068)1.698(0.362~7.963)2.423(0.865~6.791)
支数/天
01.0001.0001.000
1支1.882(0.680~5.205)1.550(0.778~3.088)1．166（0.690~1.971）
1~5支1.372(0.376~5.004)0.480(0.145~1.632)1.205（0.680~2.134）
>5支1.498(0.314~7.145)1.568(0.575~4.275)2.373（1.206~4.666）b
水平
0无1.0001.0001.000
1轻1.528（0.504~4.628）1.625(0.815~3.239)1.231（0.727~2.083）
2中1.088（0.234~5.053）00.986（0.518~1.875）
3重2.381（0.738~8.681）1.891(0.829~4.312)2.231（1.234~4.032）b
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孕期被动吸烟对1岁儿童神经行为发育异常的影响
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吴志玲 1 , 李秀秀 1 , 刘雪梅 1 , 陈维清 2 , 孙鹏 1
现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2024,51(16): 2935-2942
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现代预防医学 | 儿少卫生与妇幼保健 2024, 51(16): 2935-2942
孕期被动吸烟对1岁儿童神经行为发育异常的影响
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吴志玲1, 李秀秀1, 刘雪梅1, 陈维清2, 孙鹏1
作者信息
  • 1.深圳市南山区妇幼保健院，广东 深圳 518067
  • 2.中山大学公共卫生学院

    • 吴志玲（1996—），女，硕士，初级公卫医师，研究方向：妇幼流行病学

通讯作者:

孙鹏，E-mail：
Effects of passive smoking during pregnancy on neurobehavioral developmental abnormalities in 1-year-old children
Zhi-ling WU1, Xiu-xiu LI1, Xue-mei LIU1, Wei-qing CHEN2, Peng SUN1
Affiliations
  • Shenzhen Nanshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518067, China
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202211443
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摘要
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目的

探讨孕期被动吸烟对1岁儿童神经行为发育异常的影响。

方法

以深圳出生队列研究平台的1 363对母子为研究对象。在孕期使用问卷调查孕妇一般人口学特征及被动吸烟情况，并在儿童1岁时使用年龄与发育进程问卷（ASQ-3/ASQ：SE）评估儿童神经行为发育情况。通过logistic回归模型分析孕期被动吸烟对1岁儿童神经行为发育异常的影响。

结果

孕期被动吸烟对1岁儿童除粗大动作外的其他方面发育均有不同程度的有害影响：与无被动吸烟相比，在孕早期重度被动吸烟的孕妇其子代沟通（OR=1.932，95%CI:1.023~3.648）、精细动作（OR=3.388，95%CI:1.232~9.317）、解决问题（OR=3.270，95%CI:1.317~7.795）、社交-情绪（OR=1.792，95%CI:1.159~2.772）发育迟缓的风险增大；在孕中期被动吸烟的孕妇其子代沟通（OR=1.802，95%CI:1.068~3.039）、个人-社会(OR=1.705,95%CI:1.080~2.837)发育迟缓的风险增大，重度被动吸烟的孕妇子代沟通(OR=2.864,95%CI:1.322~6.240）、社交-情绪(OR=1.882,95%CI:1.081~3.275)发育迟缓的风险增大；在孕晚期，重度被动吸烟的孕妇其子代沟通(OR=3.415,95%CI:1.366~3.158)、精细动作(OR=3.976,95%CI:1.838~13.360)、社交-情绪(OR=2.231，95%CI:1.234~4.032)发育迟缓的风险增大。

结论

孕妇孕早、中、晚期被动吸烟可对子代 1 岁时神经行为发育多个方面造成不同程度的有害影响。建议相关部门加大相关宣传教育力度，引导大众减少室内吸烟、重视孕妇健康和儿童早期神经行为发育。

被动吸烟  /  孕期  /  神经行为发育  /  1岁儿童
Objective

To explore the impact of passive smoking during pregnancy on neurobehavioral developmental abnormalities in 1-year-old children.

Methods

1 363 pairs of mothers and children from the Shenzhen birth Cohort study platform were selected as the research objects. Questionnaire was used to investigate the general demography characteristics and passive smoking of pregnant women during pregnancy, and the age and development process questionnaire (ASQ-3/ASQ: SE) was used to assess the neurobehavioral development of children at one year old. Analyze the impact of passive smoking during pregnancy on neurobehavioral developmental abnormalities in 1-year-old children using a logistic regression model.

Results

Passive smoking during pregnancy had varying degrees of harmful effects on the development of 1-year-old children, except for gross movements. Compared with those without passive smoking, pregnant women with severe passive smoking in early pregnancy had an increased risk of delayed development in communication (OR=1.932, 95%CI: 1.023-3.648), fine motor skills (OR=3.388, 95%CI: 1.232-9.317), problem-solving (OR=3.270, 95%CI: 1.317-7.795), and social emotional development (OR=1.792, 95%CI: 1.159-2.772) among their offspring. In mid-pregnancy, pregnant women who smoke passively had an increased risk of delayed development in communication (OR=1.802, 95%CI: 1.068-3.039) and personal social (OR=1.705, 95%CI: 1.080-2.837) among their offspring, while pregnant women who smoke heavily had an increased risk of delayed development in communication (OR=2.864, 95%CI: 1.322-6.240) and social emotional (OR=1.882, 95%CI: 1.081-3.275) among their offspring. In late pregnancy, pregnant women with severe passive smoking had an increased risk of delayed communication (OR=3.415, 95%CI: 1.366-3.158), fine motor skills (OR=3.976 times, 95%CI: 1.838-13.360), and social emotional development (OR=2.231, 95%CI: 1.234-4.032) in their offspring.

Conclusion

Passive smoking in the early, middle, and late stages of pregnancy can have varying degrees of harmful effects on the neurobehavioral development of offspring at one year old. Suggest relevant departments to increase publicity and education efforts, guide the public to reduce indoor smoking and pay attention to maternal health and early neurobehavioral development in children.

Passive smoking  /  Pregnancy  /  Neurobehavioral development  /  1-year-old child
吴志玲, 李秀秀, 刘雪梅, 陈维清, 孙鹏. 孕期被动吸烟对1岁儿童神经行为发育异常的影响. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (16) : 2935 -2942 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202211443
Zhi-ling WU, Xiu-xiu LI, Xue-mei LIU, Wei-qing CHEN, Peng SUN. Effects of passive smoking during pregnancy on neurobehavioral developmental abnormalities in 1-year-old children[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (16) : 2935 -2942 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202211443
正文
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儿童神经行为发育（Neurobehavioral development）主要是指儿童感知、运动、语言的发育，以及记忆、思维、情感、性格等一些心理活动的发展。它直接关系到儿童的智力发育，是儿童健康成长的一个极其重要的方面[1]。据统计，全球每年有1/4或1/5的儿童发生至少一种神经发育障碍或行为问题[2]。儿童神经行为某个方面的发育迟缓，可能会对其今后的学习成绩、健康状况造成不良影响，这种影响甚至会延续到成年期[3]。同时,还会给家庭带来严重经济负担和养护负担[4]。目前认为神经行为发育受到遗传、环境、社会人口等多种因素的共同作用[5]。胎儿期是神经系统发育的重要时期，若在这期间遭受不良生活方式、心理社会疾病、营养不良以及有毒有害的化学物质侵害，对出生后小儿的神经功能、智能、行为发育均会有不同水平的影响[6]。既往研究发现，孕妇吸烟会对胎儿和后代出生后的头两年产生各种不良健康影响[7]，香烟烟雾中的CO、苯、尼古丁等有害成分能透过胎盘屏障进入胎儿体内导致胎儿基因突变，使早产、死胎、死产发生率明显增高，并影响胎儿生长发育[8]。0~1 岁是人生中大脑发育最迅速的时期，在统计学上，1岁时的神经发育状态可以预测4岁[9]和8岁时的认知运动技能[10]以及14~15岁时的学习成绩、认知功能和整体神经发育状态[11]。在此阶段早期发现、早干预对促使边缘和轻度神经行为发育迟缓的儿童达到和接近正常儿童发育水平， 改善预后具有重要意义[12]。因此，分析1岁时儿童神经行为发育情况和相关影响因素具有重要意义。相比于主动吸烟，孕妇被动吸烟更为普遍。被动吸烟是指不吸烟者在一周内有1天以上的时间吸入吸烟者呼出的烟雾至少15分钟[13]。我国女性孕期主动吸烟率为1.09%，被动吸烟率高达43.34%[14]。但关于孕期被动吸烟对子代神经行为发育影响的前瞻性研究证据不足，且研究对象多为学龄前或者学龄期儿童，孕期被动吸烟对1岁以内幼儿神经行为发育影响的研究不足，有必要进一步研究，为促进儿童健康成长提供思路。
1　对象与方法
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1.1　研究对象
研究对象来自深圳出生队列研究的1岁儿童及其母亲。该项目依托深圳市南山区妇幼保健院开展，是一个单中心的队列研究。研究对象的纳入标准为：（1）孕周小于19周+6天；（2）同意并签署知情同意书；（3）无严重的神经精神疾患，有正常的表达和理解能力，可独立理解并完成调查问卷；排除标准为：（1）孕前患有严重高血压病、肾脏疾病、肿瘤等慢性消耗性疾病孕妇；（2）本次怀孕出现双胎或多胎、胎停、流产等情况；（3）子代患有先天性遗传代谢疾病者。所有问卷调查均经过了深圳市南山区妇幼保健院伦理委员会审批同意（NSFYEC-LW-2022007），所有研究对象充分知情并签署知情同意书。
1.2　调查内容和方法
1.2.1　孕妇被动吸烟情况
使用孕早、中、晚期问卷评估孕妇的被动吸烟情况，是否被动吸烟、被动吸烟时间、支数由问卷直接获得。每周至少有一天处在别人呼出的的烟雾环境中15分钟以上的定义为“是”被动吸烟，反之为“否”。将各期被动吸烟暴露时长和支数与得分对应，如“小于 15分钟/天”对应 1分，“15~30分钟/天”对应 2分，“1支/天”对应1分，“2~5支/天”对应2分，以此类推。然后将被动吸烟时间和支数的得分相乘得被动吸烟暴露分数。根据暴露分数，0分定义为“0：无被动吸烟”、0~1分定义为:“1：轻度被动吸烟”、1~2分定义为“2：中度被动吸烟”、大于等于2分定义为“3：重度被动吸烟”四个水平以及“不知道”共五种情况。
1.2.2　1岁儿童神经行为发育情况评估
在儿童1岁时使用相应的《年龄及发育进程问卷-第三版》（ASQ-3）和《年龄与发育进程问卷：社交-情绪》（ASQ：SE）对儿童神经行为发育情况进行评价。ASQ系统具有极佳的问卷敏感性与特异性、问卷易完成且易于计分等特点[15]。问卷中文版已在我国完成了常模研究，信效度良好[16]。
1岁儿童ASQ-3问卷包含30项儿童发育相关题目，从沟通、粗大动作、精细运动、解决问题和个人-社会5个能区评估儿童发育行为，每个能区由6题组成。问卷分数高于界值表示发育正常，分数在监测区和低于监测区表示发育迟缓。1岁儿童的ASQ：SE问卷包含25个问题，从儿童自我调节、依从性、交流、适应性功能等七个维度进行评估。问卷分数低于界值表示发育正常，分数接近或高于界值表示发育迟缓。
1.2.3　混杂因素
通过出生队列孕期问卷获得社会人口学特征：包括孕妇年龄（<=24岁、25-29岁、>=30岁）、孕前BMI（<18.5 kg/m2、18.5-23.9 kg/m2、>=24 kg/m2）、婚姻状况（已婚、未婚和其他）、受教育水平（初中及以下、高中和中专、大专、大学、硕士及以上）、家庭月均收入（<=10 000元、10 000~15 000元、>15 000元）；（2）妊娠糖尿病（是、否）；（3）既往孕次（0次、>=1次）。通过出生队列分娩问卷和儿童问卷获得：（1）产妇分娩方式（顺产、剖宫产）；（2）新生儿情况：出生体重（正常、低出生体重、巨大儿）、性别（男、女）、（3）是否独生（是、否）等数据。
1.3　统计分析
采用SPSS 26.0进行数据分析。满足正态分布的连续变量采用均数和标准差()进行统计描述，对偏态分布的连续变量使用中位数与四分位数间距进行统计描述,计数资料采用频数和百分比（n %）进行统计描述。通过卡方检验分析不同人口学特征和儿童神经行为发育迟缓率分布情况，采用双侧检验，检验水准为α=0.1。使用logistic回归模型，分析孕期被动吸烟与1岁儿童神经行为发育关系，并校正混杂，采用双侧检验，检验水准为α=0.05。
2　结果
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2.1　基本情况
本研究共纳入1 363对母子。52.2%母亲在怀孕时超过30岁，母亲文化程度普遍较高，59.0%的母亲为本科或硕士研究生及以上学历，70.4%的家庭月均收入高于10 000元，绝大多数孕妇婚姻状况为已婚（96.4%）；26.6%的母亲孕期患妊娠糖尿病；75.6%的母亲孕前BMI在正常范围值（18.5~23.9 kg/m2）内,且57.4%的母亲非初次妊娠。研究中的1岁儿童男生多于女生，占比55.8%。4.3%的儿童是早产，出生体重正常的占89.2%，66.0%的儿童为顺产，57.4%的儿童非独生子女。1岁儿童的沟通、粗大动作、精细动作、解决问题、个人-社会、社交-情绪发育迟缓率分别为5.8%、3.4%、1.8%、2.8%、6.8%、17.0%。
2.2　孕妇孕期被动吸烟情况
35.2%的孕妇在孕早、中、晚期至少存在一个时期的被动吸烟。孕早、中、晚期，被动吸烟的孕妇分别占比24.1%、21.6%、17.8%。见表1。
2.3　孕期被动吸烟与儿童神经行为发育的关系
校正混杂因素后，logistic回归模型结果显示，在孕早期，每天被动吸烟时间大于30 min、被动吸烟支数大于5支、重度被动吸烟水平的孕妇其子代沟通方面发育迟缓的风险分别是无被动吸烟者子代的3.911倍、3.201倍、1.932倍。每天被动吸烟支数大于5支、重度被动吸烟的孕妇其子代精细动作发育迟缓的风险分别是无被动吸烟者子代的3.767倍和3.388倍。每天被动吸烟时间小于15 min、重度被动吸烟的孕妇其子代解决问题发育迟缓的风险分别是无被动吸烟者子代的2.625倍和3.270倍。孕早期被动吸烟、每天被动吸烟时间15~30 min、被动吸烟时间大于30 min、被动吸烟支数1-5、被动吸烟支数大于5支、重度被动吸烟的孕妇其子代社交-情绪发育迟缓的风险分别是无被动吸烟者子代的1.679倍、1.926倍、2.862倍、1.812倍、2.115倍和1.792倍。详见表2。
在孕中期，被动吸烟，每天被动吸烟时间大于30 min、被动吸烟支数大于5支、重度被动吸烟水平的孕妇其子代沟通方面发育迟缓的风险分别是无被动吸烟者子代的1.802倍、3.244倍、2.790倍、2.864倍。每天被动吸烟时间小于15 min、被动吸烟支数1~5支、中度被动吸烟水平的孕妇其子代精细动作发育迟缓的风险分别是无被动吸烟者子代的3.112倍、4.122倍、3.643倍。孕中期被动吸烟、被动吸烟支数1支、轻度被动吸烟水平的孕妇其子代个人-社会方面发育迟缓的风险分别是无被动吸烟者子代的1.705倍、2.123倍、2.318倍。每天被动吸烟时间15~30 min，大于30 min，支数大于5支，重度被动吸烟水平的孕妇其子代社交-情绪方面发育迟缓的风险分别是无被动吸烟者子代的1.837倍、2.471倍、2.477倍、1.882倍。详见表3。
在孕晚期，每天被动吸烟大于30 min、被动吸烟支数大于5支、重度被动吸烟水平的孕妇其子代沟通发育迟缓的风险分别是无被动吸烟者子代的5.363倍、3.777倍、3.415倍。重度被动吸烟水平的孕妇其子代精细动作方面发育迟缓的风险是无被动吸烟者子代的3.976倍。被动吸烟时间15~30 min的孕妇其子代解决问题发育迟缓的风险是无被动吸烟者子代的3.337倍。孕晚期被动吸烟时间15~30 min，被动吸烟支数大于5支、重度被动吸烟水平的孕妇其子代社交-情绪方面发育迟缓的风险分别是无被动吸烟者子代的2.475倍、2.373倍、2.231倍。详见表4。
各期被动吸烟暴露与1岁儿童粗大动作发育迟缓均无显著统计学相关性。
3　讨论
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本研究中孕妇被动吸烟率（35.2%）虽略低于美国一项研究中报告的46.8%和中国孕产妇队列研究报告的43.34%[14]，但仍高于我国北京（26.2%）[17]和上海（4.3%）[18]。不同国家或地区经济水平、文化的差异，人们对被动吸烟的认知情况以及研究设计的不同都可能导致被动吸烟率不同。本次研究中的孕妇被动吸烟率仍较高，应加强孕妇及家属健康教育和环境监管，降低孕妇工作场合和家中的被动吸烟率。
本次研究结果显示，孕期被动吸烟能使1岁儿童除粗大动作外其他神经行为能区发育迟缓风险增大，总体上与既往多数研究结果一致。通过头发中的尼古丁浓度反应被动吸烟暴露，马来西亚[19]和挪威[20]的研究发现孕期被动吸烟与儿童沟通发育水平呈负相关，前者还发现对子代精细动作发育的不良影响。美国一项研究采用尿可替宁估计暴露，发现孕期被动吸烟与子代精细动作发育迟缓相关[21]。希腊的队列研究也采用尿可替宁的浓度反应孕期被动吸烟暴露，报告了被动吸烟与粗大动作发育迟缓相关[22]。但韩国的一项研究却未发现相关性，与本研究结论一致[23]。既往研究还发现孕期被动吸烟与子代出现抑郁[24]、外在化问题[25]、孤独症谱系障（ASD）[26]的风险增大以及较低的自我调节能力[27]有关，这与本研究中被动吸烟对子代社交-情绪发育迟缓风险增大的结果相似。研究提出，被动吸烟影响子代神经行为发育可能与烟草烟雾中的尼古丁有关，尼古丁是一种血管收缩剂，能减少流向胎盘的子宫血流量[28]，导致胎儿氧气持续缺乏，进而导致与学习和记忆有关的大脑结构发生显著变化。尼古丁还能通过过度刺激烟碱乙酰胆碱受体而起到神经致畸剂的作用[29]，影响小脑和海马的功能，导致子代运动和学习能力减弱。
本研究依托前瞻性队列研究开展，可探讨孕妇孕期被动吸烟与子代神经行为发育之间的因果关系。但研究仅调查了孕期被动吸烟情况，胎儿娩出后的被动吸烟暴露、喂养方式、儿童疾病等混杂因素未做分析处理。此外，本次研究采用的被动吸烟指标是时间、支数及水平，为研究对象主观评估，受室内通风、面积等因素的影响，环境烟草烟雾浓度与体内暴露有一定出入，需进一步采用可靠的生物标志物，更加客观地描述暴露水平。
综上所述，本次研究中的孕妇被动吸烟率较高，孕妇孕早、中、晚期被动吸烟可对子代 1 岁时神经行为发育多个方面造成不同程度的有害影响。建议相关部门加大相关宣传教育力度，引导大众减少室内吸烟、重视孕妇健康和儿童早期神经行为发育。
基金
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  • 深圳市医疗卫生“三名”工程(SZSM201803061)
  • 2021年国家自然科学基金项目(82173605)
文献
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2024年第51卷第16期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202211443
  • 接收时间：2023-03-23
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期：2023-03-23
基金
深圳市医疗卫生“三名”工程(SZSM201803061)
2021年国家自然科学基金项目(82173605)
作者信息
    1.深圳市南山区妇幼保健院，广东 深圳 518067
    2.中山大学公共卫生学院

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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