Article(id=1241102823744663833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241102813938380911, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403031, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1709308800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773831571755, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773831571755, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773831571755, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773831571755, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241102813938380911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='16', pageStart='2881', pageEnd='3072', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773831569418, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773831807198, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241103811318706322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241102813938380911, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241103811318706323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241102813938380911, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2966, endPage=2971, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241102824071819559, articleId=1241102823744663833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Investigation on comorbidities of chronic diseases among elderly people in China based on the CHARLS database, columnId=1228016572892119056, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Primary Health Services, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the current distribution status and multimorbidity patterns of chronic diseases among the elderly population in China, and provide reference for formulating chronic disease management measures.

Methods

Based on the CHARLS database in 2020, a total of 10,635 elderly individuals aged 60 and above were included to investigate the prevalence trends of 15 common chronic diseases. The actual expected ratio (O/E) and agglomerative hierarchical clustering analysis were employed to explore the patterns of comorbidity.

Results

The prevalence of chronic diseases among elderly people in China was 86.39%, with hypertension (48.49%), arthritis (43.12%), and stomach diseases (excluding tumors or cancer) (32.06%) being the main causes. The multimorbidity rate was 66.30%, and the top three coexisting diseases were "hypertension+arthritis" (22.28%, O/E=1.07), "hypertension+dyslipidemia" (20.25%, O/E=1.44), and "stomach disease+arthritis" (18.65%, O/E=1.35). The top three coexisting diseases were "hypertension+arthritis+dyslipidemia" (10.31%, O/E=1.70), "hypertension + dyslipidemia + heart disease" (9.70%, O/E=2.65), and "arthritis + stomach disease + hypertension" (9.49%, O/E=1.42). Agglomeration hierarchical cluster analysis was divided into clusters according to malignant tumors, emotional and mental diseases, " stroke + memory related diseases + Parkinson’s disease", "dyslipidemia + diabetes + hypertension + heart disease", "chronic lung disease + asthma + stomach disease + arthritis + liver disease +kidney disease", forming a multimorbidity model.

Conclusion

The overall prevalence of chronic diseases among elderly people in China is increasing year by year, and there is a clustering trend.

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目的

了解我国老年人群慢性病流行现状及共病规律,为制定慢性病管理措施提供参考。

方法

基于2020年CHARLS数据库,分析年龄≥60岁老年人10 635名的基本信息和健康数据,探索15种常见慢性病流行趋势,并引入实际预期比(O/E)、凝聚层次聚类分析挖掘共病模式。

结果

中国老年人慢性病患病率为86.39%,以高血压病(48.49%)、关节炎(43.12%)、胃部疾病(不包括肿瘤或癌)(32.06%)为主;共病患病率66.30%,二病共存组合前三位的是“高血压病+关节炎”(22.28%,O/E=1.07)、“高血压病+血脂异常”(20.25%,O/E=1.44)、“胃部疾病+关节炎”(18.65%,O/E=1.35);三病共存组合前三位的是“高血压病+关节炎+血脂异常”(10.31%,O/E=1.70)、“高血压病+血脂异常+心脏病”(9.70%,O/E=2.65)、“关节炎+胃部疾病+高血压病”(9.49%,O/E=1.42);凝聚层次聚类分析整体按照恶性肿瘤、情感及精神疾病、“中风+记忆有关疾病+帕金森症”、“血脂异常+糖尿病+高血压病+心脏病”、“慢性肺部疾患+哮喘+胃部疾病+关节炎+肝脏疾病+肾脏疾病”分别聚类成簇,形成共病模式。

结论

中国老年人慢性病患病率整体逐年升高,且存在聚集趋势。

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刘友德,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=w1Dg4uVVSLP1X2RA46bWSg==, magXml=mcFYmCvFZz4aE55+cwfUWA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=mePJMNKoO/sBwvOkk3A7NA==, pdfFileSize=693572, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=8tL8KD5dSL/5FeGSl3/uTA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=HCNBx+7Md1RXs5uRZOvCCA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

潘伟(1972—),男,硕士,主治医师,研究方向:医院管理、流行病学与卫生统计研究

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Characteristics of chronic disease comorbidity among elderly people (≥ 60 years old) in China in 2020

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征人数无慢病一种共病共病患病率(%)χ2P
性别10 6351 4472 1377 05166.30
5 1458121 0793 25463.2552.53<0.01
5 4906351 0583 79769.16
年龄
60~6 5019581 3464 19764.56
70~3 1423505792 21370.4338.11<0.01
80~99213921264164.62
地区
东北6588711745469.00
东部3 4585677682 12361.3961.03<0.01
中部3 0983776072 11468.24
西部3 4214166452 36068.99
区域
城市4 2535498052 89968.2011.04<0.01
农村6 3828981 3324 15265.10
), ArticleFig(id=1241102829729935960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102823744663833, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2020年中国老年人(≥60岁)慢性病共病患病率特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征人数无慢病一种共病共病患病率(%)χ2P
性别10 6351 4472 1377 05166.30
5 1458121 0793 25463.2552.53<0.01
5 4906351 0583 79769.16
年龄
60~6 5019581 3464 19764.56
70~3 1423505792 21370.4338.11<0.01
80~99213921264164.62
地区
东北6588711745469.00
东部3 4585677682 12361.3961.03<0.01
中部3 0983776072 11468.24
西部3 4214166452 36068.99
区域
城市4 2535498052 89968.2011.04<0.01
农村6 3828981 3324 15265.10
), ArticleFig(id=1241102829843182178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102823744663833, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Distribution of chronic diseases bytype among elderly people (≥ 60 years old) in China in 2020

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
慢病种类患病人数患病率
(%)
性别χ2P年龄χ2P
60~70~80~
高血压病5 15748.492 3592 79827.82<0.012 9031 71553998.56<0.01
关节炎4 58643.121 8722 714184.43<0.012 7501 4084285.450.07
胃部疾病3 41032.061 4701 94055.81<0.012 1031 0212865.270.07
血脂异常3 08228.981 3501 73236.37<0.011 93192822322.49<0.01
心脏病2 77326.071 1051 668109.27<0.011 56495425543.76<0.01
慢性肺部疾患1 86717.561 03083741.81<0.011 02663121036.94<0.01
糖尿病1 83517.257851 05027.83<0.011 14455713410.780.01
肾脏疾病1 25411.7972153347.33<0.017384298720.39<0.01
中风1 07110.075355361.180.2857439110631.02<0.01
哮喘8558.044504056.740.014463179232.12<0.01
肝脏疾病8187.694323866.980.01514250547.800.02
记忆有关疾病6606.213103500.560.453042589870.84<0.01
情感及精神问题3483.2711623232.61<0.01205109340.750.69
恶性肿瘤3052.871441610.170.6818497241.290.52
帕金森症2132.00941191.570.2196803728.97<0.01
慢病种类地区χ2P城乡χ2P
东北东部中部西部农村城市
高血压病3331 6891 5141 6213.210.363 0532 1042.730.10
关节炎2431 1811 3391 823267.90<0.012 9581 62867.77<0.01
胃部疾病1919791055118541.19<0.012 1451 26517.52<0.01
血脂异常2421 00597885755.20<0.011 5801 502138.20<0.01
心脏病27282782984591.99<0.011 5441 22929.30<0.01
慢性肺部疾患10947157271565.65<0.011 1786898.99<0.01
糖尿病11963756451517.18<0.0195987655.47<0.01
肾脏疾病10430136348661.07<0.017475070.110.74
中风8129835533718.48<0.016364350.190.66
哮喘5523626629810.330.0256828715.98<0.01
肝脏疾病6721724429018.64<0.014773411.060.30
记忆有关疾病6617618523326.38<0.013712894.230.04
情感及精神问题111001101279.760.022081400.010.93
恶性肿瘤12123927812.830.011591468.12<0.01
帕金森症156556772.200.53119941.550.21
), ArticleFig(id=1241102829935456878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102823744663833, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2020年中国老年人(≥60岁)慢性病单病种分布情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
慢病种类患病人数患病率
(%)
性别χ2P年龄χ2P
60~70~80~
高血压病5 15748.492 3592 79827.82<0.012 9031 71553998.56<0.01
关节炎4 58643.121 8722 714184.43<0.012 7501 4084285.450.07
胃部疾病3 41032.061 4701 94055.81<0.012 1031 0212865.270.07
血脂异常3 08228.981 3501 73236.37<0.011 93192822322.49<0.01
心脏病2 77326.071 1051 668109.27<0.011 56495425543.76<0.01
慢性肺部疾患1 86717.561 03083741.81<0.011 02663121036.94<0.01
糖尿病1 83517.257851 05027.83<0.011 14455713410.780.01
肾脏疾病1 25411.7972153347.33<0.017384298720.39<0.01
中风1 07110.075355361.180.2857439110631.02<0.01
哮喘8558.044504056.740.014463179232.12<0.01
肝脏疾病8187.694323866.980.01514250547.800.02
记忆有关疾病6606.213103500.560.453042589870.84<0.01
情感及精神问题3483.2711623232.61<0.01205109340.750.69
恶性肿瘤3052.871441610.170.6818497241.290.52
帕金森症2132.00941191.570.2196803728.97<0.01
慢病种类地区χ2P城乡χ2P
东北东部中部西部农村城市
高血压病3331 6891 5141 6213.210.363 0532 1042.730.10
关节炎2431 1811 3391 823267.90<0.012 9581 62867.77<0.01
胃部疾病1919791055118541.19<0.012 1451 26517.52<0.01
血脂异常2421 00597885755.20<0.011 5801 502138.20<0.01
心脏病27282782984591.99<0.011 5441 22929.30<0.01
慢性肺部疾患10947157271565.65<0.011 1786898.99<0.01
糖尿病11963756451517.18<0.0195987655.47<0.01
肾脏疾病10430136348661.07<0.017475070.110.74
中风8129835533718.48<0.016364350.190.66
哮喘5523626629810.330.0256828715.98<0.01
肝脏疾病6721724429018.64<0.014773411.060.30
记忆有关疾病6617618523326.38<0.013712894.230.04
情感及精神问题111001101279.760.022081400.010.93
恶性肿瘤12123927812.830.011591468.12<0.01
帕金森症156556772.200.53119941.550.21
), ArticleFig(id=1241102830065480317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102823744663833, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Distribution of the top 10 chronic disease comorbidity rates among elderly people (≥ 60 years old) in China in 2020

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
二病共存频数共病率
(%)
O/E三病共存频数共病率
(%)
O/E
高血压病+关节炎2 36922.281.07高血压病+关节炎+血脂异常109710.311.70
高血压病+血脂异常2 15420.251.44高血压病+血脂异常+心脏病10329.702.65
胃部疾病+关节炎1 98318.651.35关节炎+胃部疾病+高血压病10099.491.42
高血压病+心脏病1 85317.421.38心脏病+关节炎+高血压病9809.211.69
高血压病+胃部疾病1 67715.771.01高血压病+血脂异常+糖尿病8588.073.33
血脂异常+关节炎1 53614.441.16心脏病+关节炎+胃部疾病8357.852.18
心脏病+关节炎1 48413.951.24高血压病+血脂异常+胃部疾病8177.681.70
血脂异常+心脏病1 33012.511.66高血压病+胃部疾病+心脏病7957.481.84
高血压病+糖尿病1 29712.201.46血脂异常+关节炎+胃部疾病7507.051.76
心脏病+胃部疾病1 26311.881.42血脂异常+关节炎+心脏病7426.982.14
), ArticleFig(id=1241102830170337930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102823744663833, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2020年中国老年人(≥60岁)排名前10位慢性病共病患病率分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
二病共存频数共病率
(%)
O/E三病共存频数共病率
(%)
O/E
高血压病+关节炎2 36922.281.07高血压病+关节炎+血脂异常109710.311.70
高血压病+血脂异常2 15420.251.44高血压病+血脂异常+心脏病10329.702.65
胃部疾病+关节炎1 98318.651.35关节炎+胃部疾病+高血压病10099.491.42
高血压病+心脏病1 85317.421.38心脏病+关节炎+高血压病9809.211.69
高血压病+胃部疾病1 67715.771.01高血压病+血脂异常+糖尿病8588.073.33
血脂异常+关节炎1 53614.441.16心脏病+关节炎+胃部疾病8357.852.18
心脏病+关节炎1 48413.951.24高血压病+血脂异常+胃部疾病8177.681.70
血脂异常+心脏病1 33012.511.66高血压病+胃部疾病+心脏病7957.481.84
高血压病+糖尿病1 29712.201.46血脂异常+关节炎+胃部疾病7507.051.76
心脏病+胃部疾病1 26311.881.42血脂异常+关节炎+心脏病7426.982.14
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中国老年人慢性病共病模式探讨——基于CHARLS数据库解析
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潘伟 1 , 姜青青 2 , 孙婧 3 , 刘友德 1
现代预防医学 | 基层卫生服务 2024,51(16): 2966-2971
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现代预防医学 | 基层卫生服务 2024, 51(16): 2966-2971
中国老年人慢性病共病模式探讨——基于CHARLS数据库解析
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潘伟1, 姜青青2, 孙婧3, 刘友德1
作者信息
  • 1.烟台市奇山医院办公室,山东 烟台 264001
  • 2.烟台市奇山医院医院感染管理科
  • 3.烟台市奇山医院肝病科
  • 潘伟(1972—),男,硕士,主治医师,研究方向:医院管理、流行病学与卫生统计研究

通讯作者:

刘友德,E-mail:
Investigation on comorbidities of chronic diseases among elderly people in China based on the CHARLS database
Wei PAN1, Qing-qing JIANG2, Jing SUN3, You-de LIU1
Affiliations
  • Hospital Office, Yantai Qishan Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264001, China
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403031
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目的

了解我国老年人群慢性病流行现状及共病规律,为制定慢性病管理措施提供参考。

方法

基于2020年CHARLS数据库,分析年龄≥60岁老年人10 635名的基本信息和健康数据,探索15种常见慢性病流行趋势,并引入实际预期比(O/E)、凝聚层次聚类分析挖掘共病模式。

结果

中国老年人慢性病患病率为86.39%,以高血压病(48.49%)、关节炎(43.12%)、胃部疾病(不包括肿瘤或癌)(32.06%)为主;共病患病率66.30%,二病共存组合前三位的是“高血压病+关节炎”(22.28%,O/E=1.07)、“高血压病+血脂异常”(20.25%,O/E=1.44)、“胃部疾病+关节炎”(18.65%,O/E=1.35);三病共存组合前三位的是“高血压病+关节炎+血脂异常”(10.31%,O/E=1.70)、“高血压病+血脂异常+心脏病”(9.70%,O/E=2.65)、“关节炎+胃部疾病+高血压病”(9.49%,O/E=1.42);凝聚层次聚类分析整体按照恶性肿瘤、情感及精神疾病、“中风+记忆有关疾病+帕金森症”、“血脂异常+糖尿病+高血压病+心脏病”、“慢性肺部疾患+哮喘+胃部疾病+关节炎+肝脏疾病+肾脏疾病”分别聚类成簇,形成共病模式。

结论

中国老年人慢性病患病率整体逐年升高,且存在聚集趋势。

老年人  /  慢性病  /  多重慢病  /  患病率
Objective

To investigate the current distribution status and multimorbidity patterns of chronic diseases among the elderly population in China, and provide reference for formulating chronic disease management measures.

Methods

Based on the CHARLS database in 2020, a total of 10,635 elderly individuals aged 60 and above were included to investigate the prevalence trends of 15 common chronic diseases. The actual expected ratio (O/E) and agglomerative hierarchical clustering analysis were employed to explore the patterns of comorbidity.

Results

The prevalence of chronic diseases among elderly people in China was 86.39%, with hypertension (48.49%), arthritis (43.12%), and stomach diseases (excluding tumors or cancer) (32.06%) being the main causes. The multimorbidity rate was 66.30%, and the top three coexisting diseases were "hypertension+arthritis" (22.28%, O/E=1.07), "hypertension+dyslipidemia" (20.25%, O/E=1.44), and "stomach disease+arthritis" (18.65%, O/E=1.35). The top three coexisting diseases were "hypertension+arthritis+dyslipidemia" (10.31%, O/E=1.70), "hypertension + dyslipidemia + heart disease" (9.70%, O/E=2.65), and "arthritis + stomach disease + hypertension" (9.49%, O/E=1.42). Agglomeration hierarchical cluster analysis was divided into clusters according to malignant tumors, emotional and mental diseases, " stroke + memory related diseases + Parkinson’s disease", "dyslipidemia + diabetes + hypertension + heart disease", "chronic lung disease + asthma + stomach disease + arthritis + liver disease +kidney disease", forming a multimorbidity model.

Conclusion

The overall prevalence of chronic diseases among elderly people in China is increasing year by year, and there is a clustering trend.

Elderly people  /  Chronic disease  /  Multimorbidity  /  Prevalence rate
潘伟, 姜青青, 孙婧, 刘友德. 中国老年人慢性病共病模式探讨——基于CHARLS数据库解析. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (16) : 2966 -2971 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403031
Wei PAN, Qing-qing JIANG, Jing SUN, You-de LIU. Investigation on comorbidities of chronic diseases among elderly people in China based on the CHARLS database[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (16) : 2966 -2971 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403031
慢性非传染性疾病起病隐匿、病因复杂、病程长,目前已成为全球公共卫生问题。而老年人群多存在多病共存[1],1970年,Feinstein[2]首次提出“共病”概念(Comorbidity),2008年WHO将这种现象定义为“多重慢病”(Multimorbidity)[3],即患者同时患有两种或两种以上的慢性病[4]。忽视共病而对每种病症进行单独治疗,会导致医保过度使用、治疗方案冲突[5]。2002年起,共病特质逐步引起国内学者关注,2014年后我国相关研究快速增加,但基于研究群体、测量方式不同,研究结果存在较大差异[6]。本研究分析中国健康与养老追踪调查(China health and retirement longitudinal study,CHARLS)[7]第五轮数据,从流行病学角度,分析我国老年人慢性病分布及共病规律,为慢性病共病的管理措施制定提供参考。
研究对象来源于2020年CHARLS项目第五轮调查,该项目为具有全国代表性的随机抽样调查[8],由北京大学伦理审查委员会批准,所有研究对象均签署了知情同意书。研究纳入年龄≥ 60 岁的老年数据,重点提取“基本信息”及“健康状况与功能”包涵的15种慢性病信息,剔除关键信息缺失或存在逻辑冲突数据,最终纳入10 635份有效样本。
研究从性别、年龄、地区、城乡等角度对我国老年人群慢性病共病情况进行对比;从单病种角度,对15种常见慢性病流行趋势进行分析;在共病规律探索阶段,引入共病率及实际预期比(O/E)[9],共病率体现慢性病共病对人群健康的影响,O/E比反映疾病之间共存关系的强弱,O/E>1,疾病之间的相关性被认为是显著相关的,存在共病关系,对进一步开展病因学探讨具有指导意义;最后,通过凝聚层次聚类分析[10]挖掘中国老年人慢性病共病模式。
采用Stata 16.0软件进行数据整理分析。定性数据采用率或构成比进行描述,采用χ2检验进行统计检验,定量数据采用均数及标准差来体现集中趋势及离散趋势。检验水准α=0.05。
调查对象平均年龄68.99±6.90岁;男女分布均衡;农村占比为60.01%;地域上东北占6.18%,其他三个地域抽样均在30%左右。
慢性病总患病率为86.39%,平均携带慢性病2.65个;共病患病率66.30%,共病群体平均携带慢性病3.70个。女性共病率高于男性,且女性占比随着共病数增加呈上升趋势;共病人群(68岁)平均比无慢性病人群(66岁)大2岁,以中龄组(70-)共病率最高;城市共病率高于农村,东部低于其他地区,差异均有统计学意义。见表1
9种慢性病患病率高于10%,排名前三位的为高血压病(48.49%)、关节炎(43.12%)、胃部疾病(32.06%)。高血压地区分布无差异,女性略高于男性;关节炎不同年龄段差异无意义,但性别、地区间呈现明显差异,女性(49.44 %)高于男性(36.38%),从东部(34.15%)、东北(36.93%)、中部(43.22%)到西部(53.29%),呈现由东向西逐渐升高的趋势;胃部疾病女性患病率(35.34%)高于男性(28.57%),同样呈现由东向西逐渐升高的趋势。
在性别上,女性慢性病患病率整体高于男性,以情感及精神问题 (OR=1.91, 95%CI:1.52~2.39)、心脏疾病 (OR=1.60, 95%CI:1.46~1.74)、关节炎 (OR=1.70, 95%CI:1.58~1.84)为主;男性在肾脏疾病 (OR=0.66, 95%CI:0.58~0.74)、慢性肺部疾患 (OR=0.71, 95%CI:0.65~0.79)、肝脏疾病(OR=0.82, 95%CI:0.71~0.95)患病率高于女性,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
在年龄上,除恶性肿瘤、胃部疾病、情感及精神问题、关节炎外,不同年龄组间的11种疾病患病率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),高龄组整体患病率低于其他年龄段,尤其在血脂异常、慢性肺部疾患、糖尿病分布上,但与记忆有关疾病、帕金森症随年龄增长,患病率明显升高。
在地区上,东部地区慢性病患病率整体低于其他三区,如慢性肺部疾患东部地区(13.62%)患病率明显较低,且同样存在由东向西升高趋势,胃部疾病东部地区比中西部整体低6%,西部地区血脂异常、糖尿病低于其他三个地区。
在城乡上,血脂异常、心脏病、糖尿病、记忆有关疾病、恶性肿瘤患病率城市患病率高于农村,关节炎、胃部疾病、慢性肺部疾病、哮喘农村高于城市,差异有统计学意义;其余六种慢性病差异无统计学意义,单病种分析结果见表2
患病率前三位慢性病也主导着共病组合,高血压、关节炎、胃部疾病为共病主要疾病谱,排前十位的二病共存及三病共存组合见表3
从共病率分析,二病共存组合前三位的是“高血压病+关节炎”(22.28%,O/E=1.07)、 “高血压病+血脂异常”(20.25%,O/E=1.44)、“胃部疾病+关节炎”(18.65%,O/E=1.35);三病共存组合前三位的是“高血压病+关节炎+血脂异常”(10.31%,O/E=1.70)、“高血压病+血脂异常+心脏病”(9.70%,O/E=2.65)、“关节炎+胃部疾病+高血压病”(9.49%,O/E=1.42)。
从实际预期比分析,二病共存组合前三位的是“血脂异常+心脏病”(12.51%,O/E=1.66)、“高血压病+糖尿病”(12.20%,O/E=1.46)、“高血压病+血脂异常”(20.25%,O/E=1.44);三病共存组合前三位的是“高血压病+血脂异常+糖尿病”(8.07%,O/E=3.33)、“高血压病+血脂异常+心脏病”(9.70%,O/E=2.65)、“心脏病+关节炎+胃部疾病”(7.85%,O/E=2.18)。
凝聚层次聚类分析可见,二级分组时,恶性肿瘤相比其他疾病单独成簇;三级分组时,除恶性肿瘤外,肝肾肺部消化关节疾病与心脑血管疾病分别聚类;四级分组中,除恶性肿瘤、肝肾肺消化关节疾病外,心血管疾病簇“血脂异常+糖尿病+高血压病+心脏病”与“中风+记忆有关疾病+帕金森症”分别聚类;五级分组时,整体按照恶性肿瘤、情感及精神疾病、“中风+记忆有关疾病+帕金森症”、“血脂异常+糖尿病+高血压病+心脏病”、“慢性肺部疾患+哮喘+胃部疾病+关节炎+肝脏疾病+肾脏疾病”分别聚类成簇,形成共病模式。见图1
基于第五轮CHARLS调查数据,结合既往报道分析,我国60岁以上老年人慢性病患病率为86.39%,共病率为66.30%,高于2013年[11]、2015年[9]调查数据,与2018年持平[12],前三位老年慢性病为高血压病(48.49%)、关节炎(43.1%)、胃部疾病(32.1%),与2018年相同,与2015年、2013年略有不同(既往关节炎居首位),主要体现在高血压患病率的提升上。国家卫生服务调查[13]显示,2018年高血压全人群患病率(18.1%)明显高于2013年(14.2%)。基于CHARLS每期追踪调查对高血压慢性病定义并未发生较大变化,考虑老年人群慢性病的变迁可能一方面与老年人平均期望寿命和急性病存活率提高有关[14],另一方面与高血压患病人群总体上升有关。
慢性病患病、共病情况呈明显的性别差异,女性相比男性面临更高的健康隐患。老年女性慢性病以情感及精神问题、心脏疾病、关节炎更为突出,而男性以肝肾肺部疾病为主。在开展疾病防治科普及患者自我健康管理上,对不同性别应针对高风险病种开展精准健康宣教。
80岁以上人群慢病患病率及共病率均有一定程度降低,与何莉等[15]对1998—2019年中国大陆地区居民慢性病共病的患病趋势和人群特点的META分析的趋势一致,与van Oostrom等[16]对年龄性别标准化后的趋势不一致。一方面可能存在一定的幸存者偏倚,另一方面,可能与80岁以上老年人样本量较小有关。与记忆有关疾病、帕金森症随年龄增长患病率增加,与周思静等[17]研究一致,提示对高龄人群应强化对神经退化性疾病的提前预防,以改善生活质量。
东部患病率低于其他三区,主要体现在关节炎、慢性肺部疾患、胃部疾病,可能与东部地区的气候、饮食习惯、生活习惯等有关,影响因素分析可作为下一步研究方向;同样,城乡慢性病主要构成类别差异明显,城市老年人慢性病以生活质量类为主,如血脂异常、心脏病、糖尿病、记忆有关疾病、恶性肿瘤,而农村老年人慢性病多与生活环境有关,如关节炎、胃部疾病、慢性肺部疾病、哮喘等,寒冷、潮湿、不规律饮食等均对相应疾病产生影响。提示在制订慢性病共病防控策略应针对性别、年龄段、地区、城乡不同而有所侧重。
2020年中国老年人中2/3存在慢病共存现象。高血压病、关节炎、胃部疾病单病种患病率居前三位,相关疾病二病共存、三病共存的共病率同样位居前十位。为进一步进行病因学探索,研究结合实际预期比O/E值开展进一步开展探索。其中,高血压与心血管疾病、糖尿病等慢性病的二病共存、三病共存O/E值均明显升高,尤其在三病共存的模式中,考虑相关疾病均与生活方式具有较大关联,进一步证明几种疾病之间存在伴随共生关系,相互影响,相互促进,病因学上共同的致病或促进因素可作为下一步开展研究及制定防控措施的切入点;另一方面,在高血压分别与关节炎、胃部疾病的二病并存关系中,虽共病率很高,但O/E值均接近于1,提示疾病间独立存在的可能性不能排除。O/E值与凝聚层次聚类分析结果相一致。
从聚类分析角度,最先独立分类的为恶性肿瘤,可能与其危险因素及人群特征相比其他慢性病种类差异较大有关;进一步聚类时,消化系统、呼吸系统、关节炎等与心血管系统、脑血管及认知系统、精神情绪系统分别成簇,聚集态势与实际预期比分析、Yao等[18]结果分析一致。二病共存、三病共存相对集中出现在心血管系统及糖尿病等与生活方式有关的疾病簇中,一可能与簇内疾病具有共同的危险因素[19],如吸烟、肥胖、活动不足等,二是具有共同的致病机理,疾病之间存在相互作用。胃部疾病、呼吸系统、关节炎等在五级聚类依然成簇,在地域上均呈现由东向西升高的趋势,与肖东葓等[20]研究一致。在制定疾病防治策略上,除考虑病因发展链条外,还应综合气候、地域、经济等因素综合分析研判,以提高政策制定的针对性及有效性。
慢性病疾病信息主要为老年人自我报告,因疾病诊断标准及自我感知上的差异,可能存在回忆及报告偏倚。
中国老年人慢性病患病率、共病率整体逐年升高,存在明显的性别、地区差别,且存在明显聚集趋势,在慢性病防治策略制定上,应综合施策。
  • 山东省医药卫生科技项目(202303081264)
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2024年第51卷第16期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202403031
  • 接收时间:2024-03-02
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-02
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山东省医药卫生科技项目(202303081264)
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    1.烟台市奇山医院办公室,山东 烟台 264001
    2.烟台市奇山医院医院感染管理科
    3.烟台市奇山医院肝病科

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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