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Article(id=1241102743113363927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241102730337505325, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202402189, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708617600000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773831552531, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1721836800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773831552531, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773831552531, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773831552531, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241102730337505325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='14', pageStart='2497', pageEnd='2688', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773831549486, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773831697291, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241103350322745680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241102730337505325, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241103350322745681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241102730337505325, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2662, endPage=2668, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241102744178717171, articleId=1241102743113363927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Pollution status and health risk assessment of 9 metals and metalloids on sale vegetables in Taizhou City, 2019-2023, columnId=1228016571713520579, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health Supervison, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the pollution status of lead, cadmium, total mercury, total arsenic, total chromium, manganese, nickel, aluminum, copper on sale vegetables in Taizhou City, and to assess the health risks to people.

Methods

According to the requirements of relevant national standards, detect the contents of metals and metalloids in four types of commercial vegetable samples collected from 2019 to 2023. The pollution status evaluated by single factor pollution index (Pi) and Nemerow composite pollution index (PM) method, the health risks were evaluated by both target hazard quotient (THQ)and total target hazard quotient (TTHQ).

Results

A total of 419 samples of four types of vegetables were collected, manganese and copper had the highest detection rate with both of 100.0%, the others from high to low were nickel (89.17%)>aluminum (87.26%)>cadmium (85.20%)>total arsenic (52.03%)>lead (35.32%)>total chromium (30.55%)>total mercury (2.39%). The overall cadmium exceeding rate was 2.63% and all concentrated in root vegetables, the other elements did not exceed the limit. The Pi and PM of lead, cadmium, total mercury, total arsenic, total chromium in different types of vegetables were all did not exceed 0.7. The TTHQ of four types of vegetables for adults were all less than 1.0, but the TTHQ were more than 1.0 while children consumed root and leafy vegetables.

Conclusion

The overall pollution levels of nine metals and metalloids in four categories of vegetables in Taizhou city were low, and the health risk level of these metals and metalloids in residents was acceptable. However, intake of root and leafy vegetables may have negative effects on human health in children.

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目的

了解台州地区市售蔬菜中铅、镉、总汞、总砷、总铬、锰、镍、铝、铜的污染状况并进行人群健康风险评估。

方法

按照国家相关标准要求对2019—2023年采集的四类市售蔬菜样品中金属及类金属进行含量检测，采用单因子污染指数法（Pi）、内梅罗综合污染指数法（PM）进行污染评价，采用目标危害系数法（THQ）、总体目标危害系数法（TTHQ）进行人群健康风险评价。

结果

共采集四类蔬菜419份，铜与锰的检出率最高，均为100.0%，其余由高到低依次为镍（89.17%）>铝（87.26%）>镉（85.20%）>总砷（52.03%）>铅（35.32%）>铬（30.79%）>总汞（2.39%）。镉总体超标率为2.63%，超标样本集中在根茎类蔬菜，其余元素均未超标。不同类别蔬菜中铅、镉、总汞、总砷、总铬的Pi与PM均≤0.7；成人摄入四类蔬菜的TTHQ值均<1.0，儿童摄入根茎类、叶菜类蔬菜的TTHQ值均>1.0。

结论

台州市市售四类蔬菜中9种金属与类金属总体污染水平较低，居民经蔬菜摄入这9种金属与类金属健康风险水平可接受，但儿童摄入根茎类与叶菜类蔬菜可能会对人体健康产生负面影响。

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王玺，E-mail：
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点，除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=gnFdgdtbtGBy5HZhKYfcgw==, magXml=YT+n2YZno1pYbTwaVaof9Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=KbzphpIFuOwrJ3JL0ZbAkg==, pdfFileSize=789659, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=P0KS5Fzoa3YohsZZJe+NWw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=i3tTcj+e9ktpOkerrTXs/Q==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王玺（1987—），女，硕士，主管技师，研究方向：食品理化检测

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Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2023, 18(5): 227-235., articleTitle=Enrichment of Manganese in natural inferior groundwater and its health risk assessment in Poyang Lake Basin, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241102758581957630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102743113363927, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=35, issue=12, pageStart=1633, pageEnd=1637, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=38, authorNames=邱香, 沈建红, 费加艺, journalName=职业与健康, refType=null, unstructuredReference=邱香，沈建红，费加艺，等．上海市松江区市售苦丁茶及茶汤中8种元素监测结果[J]．职业与健康，2019，35（12）：1633-1637., articleTitle=上海市松江区市售苦丁茶及茶汤中8种元素监测结果, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241102758670038017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102743113363927, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=35, issue=12, pageStart=1633, pageEnd=1637, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=39, authorNames=Qiu X, Shen JH, Fei JY, journalName=Occupation and Health, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Qiu X, Shen JH, Fei JY, et al. Monitoring results of eight elements in commercially available Kuding tea leaves and infusion in Songjiang District of Shanghai[J]. Occupation and Health, 2019, 35(12): 1633-1637., articleTitle=Monitoring results of eight elements in commercially available Kuding tea leaves and infusion in Songjiang District of Shanghai, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241102747219587759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102743113363927, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241102747227976368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102743113363927, companyId=1241102747219587759, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Taizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241102747240559281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102743113363927, companyId=1241102747219587759, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=台州市疾病预防控制中心， 浙江 台州 318000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241102750134629178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102743113363927, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Comparison of the contribution rates ofmetals and metalloids in vegetables to TTHQ of children (a) and adults (b), figureFileSmall=Nb4qB8iStWCYnBOKkYdi5g==, figureFileBig=P0KS5Fzoa3YohsZZJe+NWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241102750247875389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102743113363927, language=CN, label=图1, caption=蔬菜中金属与非金属元素对儿童（a）和成人（b）的总体健康风险（TTHQ）贡献率比较, figureFileSmall=Nb4qB8iStWCYnBOKkYdi5g==, figureFileBig=P0KS5Fzoa3YohsZZJe+NWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241102750545670986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102743113363927, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Classification standard of heavy metal pollution levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级单因子污染指数分级标准综合污染指数分级标准
污染指数污染等级污染指数污染等级
1Pi≤0.7优良PM≤0.7安全
20.7<Pi≤1.0安全0.7<PM≤1.0警戒线
31.0<Pi≤2.0轻度污染1.0<PM≤2.0轻度污染
42.0<Pi≤3.0中度污染2.0<PM≤3.0中度污染
53.0<Pi重污染3.0<PM重污染
), ArticleFig(id=1241102750684083024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102743113363927, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

重金属污染等级划分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级单因子污染指数分级标准综合污染指数分级标准
污染指数污染等级污染指数污染等级
1Pi≤0.7优良PM≤0.7安全
20.7<Pi≤1.0安全0.7<PM≤1.0警戒线
31.0<Pi≤2.0轻度污染1.0<PM≤2.0轻度污染
42.0<Pi≤3.0中度污染2.0<PM≤3.0中度污染
53.0<Pi重污染3.0<PM重污染
), ArticleFig(id=1241102750864438103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102743113363927, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Contents of Metals and Metalloids in Vegetables

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素份数（份）含量范围
（mg/kg）		平均值
（mg/kg）		检出份数
(份）		检出率
%		超标份数
（份）		超标率
（%）
Pb419ND～0.191 10.007 914835.3200.00
Cd419ND～1.008 90.020 635785.20112.63
Hg419ND～0.010 90.001 1102.3900.00
As419ND～0.047 80.004 221852.0300.00
Cr419ND～0.369 10.026 112230.7900.00
Cu4190.080 1～5.248 00.466 2419100.00--
Mn3140.296 0～113.120 44.398 0314100.00--
Al314ND～98.422 23.958 027487.26--
Ni314ND～1.251 50.071 828089.17--
), ArticleFig(id=1241102751007044446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102743113363927, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

蔬菜中金属及类金属的含量情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素份数（份）含量范围
（mg/kg）		平均值
（mg/kg）		检出份数
(份）		检出率
%		超标份数
（份）		超标率
（%）
Pb419ND～0.191 10.007 914835.3200.00
Cd419ND～1.008 90.020 635785.20112.63
Hg419ND～0.010 90.001 1102.3900.00
As419ND～0.047 80.004 221852.0300.00
Cr419ND～0.369 10.026 112230.7900.00
Cu4190.080 1～5.248 00.466 2419100.00--
Mn3140.296 0～113.120 44.398 0314100.00--
Al314ND～98.422 23.958 027487.26--
Ni314ND～1.251 50.071 828089.17--
), ArticleFig(id=1241102751107707746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102743113363927, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Contents of metals and metalloids in different types of vegetables

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蔬菜类型检测份数
（份）		元素含量范围
（mg/kg）		中位值
（mg/kg）		平均值
（mg/kg）		检出率
（%）		超标率
（%）
叶菜类82PbND～0.043 10.005 50.009 554.88(45/82)0.00(0/82）
82CdND～0.119 90.009 60.017 797.56(80/82）0.00(0/82）
82HgNDNDND0.00(0/82）0.00(0/82）
82AsND～0.017 00.002 60.003 968.29(56/82）0.00(0/82）
82CrND～0.080 80.005 70.016 956.10(46/82）0.00(0/82）
82Cu0.090 1～1.020 00.259 10.342 5100.0(82/82）0.00(0/82）
58Mn0.731 8～44.412.184 54.142 0100.0(58/58）0.00(0/58）
58AlND～98.422 23.145 28.794 291.38(53/58）0.00(0/58）
58NiND～0.392 80.021 50.021 586.21(50/58）0.00(0/58）
果菜类109PbND～0.032 2ND0.004 87.34(8/109）0.00(0/109）
109CdND～0.062 90.003 60.010 476.15(83/109)0.00(0/109）
109HgNDNDND0.00(0/100)0.00(0/109）
109AsND～0.028 1ND0.003 737.61(41/109）0.00(0/109）
109CrND～0.369 1ND0.035 226.61(29/109）0.00(0/109）
109Cu0.132 8～0.741 10.320 90.341 5100.0(109/109）0.00(0/109）
78Mn0.296 1～8.022 10.879 11.370 6100.0(109/109）0.00(0/78）
78AlND～2.391 10.172 20.328 279.64(59/78）0.00(0/78）
78NiND～0.463 00.052 70.052 782.05(64/78）0.00(0/78）
根茎类179PbND～0.191 1ND0.014 539.11(70/179）0.00(0/179）
179CdND～1.008 90.010 10.044 186.36(151/179）6.15(11/179）
179HgND～0.010 9ND0.001 25.59(10/179）0.00(0/179）
179AsND～0.047 80.003 30.005 557.54(103/179）0.00(0/179）
179CrND～0.310 4ND0.016 022.91(41/179）0.00(0/179）
179Cu0.080 2～5.248 00.705 00.859 3100.0(179/179）0.00(0/179）
129Mn0.376 1～113.120 42.331 18.574 0100.0(129/129）0.00(0/129）
129AlND～44.112 10.964 23.593 092.5(119/129）0.00(0/129）
129NiND～1.251 50.158 10.157 994.57(122/129）0.00(0/129）
花菜类49PbND～0.023 90.004 00.005 951.02(25/49）0.00(0/49）
49CdND～0.031 10.006 10.010 387.76(43/49）0.00(0/49）
49HgNDNDND0.00(0/49）0.00(0/49）
49AsND～0.010 1ND0.003 536.73(18/49）0.00(0/49）
49CrND～0.024 2ND0.010 426.53(13/49）0.00(0/49）
49Cu0.156 1～0.434 90.304 50.321 5100.00(49/49）0.00(0/49）
49Mn1.581 0～11.5012.269 23.506 0100.00(49/49）0.00(0/49）
49Al0.602 2～13.7821.561 23.114 987.76(43/49）0.00(0/49）
49Ni0.018 1～0.154 20.055 10.055 189.90(44/49）0.00(0/49）
), ArticleFig(id=1241102751254508394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102743113363927, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同类别蔬菜中金属及类金属含量情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蔬菜类型检测份数
（份）		元素含量范围
（mg/kg）		中位值
（mg/kg）		平均值
（mg/kg）		检出率
（%）		超标率
（%）
叶菜类82PbND～0.043 10.005 50.009 554.88(45/82)0.00(0/82）
82CdND～0.119 90.009 60.017 797.56(80/82）0.00(0/82）
82HgNDNDND0.00(0/82）0.00(0/82）
82AsND～0.017 00.002 60.003 968.29(56/82）0.00(0/82）
82CrND～0.080 80.005 70.016 956.10(46/82）0.00(0/82）
82Cu0.090 1～1.020 00.259 10.342 5100.0(82/82）0.00(0/82）
58Mn0.731 8～44.412.184 54.142 0100.0(58/58）0.00(0/58）
58AlND～98.422 23.145 28.794 291.38(53/58）0.00(0/58）
58NiND～0.392 80.021 50.021 586.21(50/58）0.00(0/58）
果菜类109PbND～0.032 2ND0.004 87.34(8/109）0.00(0/109）
109CdND～0.062 90.003 60.010 476.15(83/109)0.00(0/109）
109HgNDNDND0.00(0/100)0.00(0/109）
109AsND～0.028 1ND0.003 737.61(41/109）0.00(0/109）
109CrND～0.369 1ND0.035 226.61(29/109）0.00(0/109）
109Cu0.132 8～0.741 10.320 90.341 5100.0(109/109）0.00(0/109）
78Mn0.296 1～8.022 10.879 11.370 6100.0(109/109）0.00(0/78）
78AlND～2.391 10.172 20.328 279.64(59/78）0.00(0/78）
78NiND～0.463 00.052 70.052 782.05(64/78）0.00(0/78）
根茎类179PbND～0.191 1ND0.014 539.11(70/179）0.00(0/179）
179CdND～1.008 90.010 10.044 186.36(151/179）6.15(11/179）
179HgND～0.010 9ND0.001 25.59(10/179）0.00(0/179）
179AsND～0.047 80.003 30.005 557.54(103/179）0.00(0/179）
179CrND～0.310 4ND0.016 022.91(41/179）0.00(0/179）
179Cu0.080 2～5.248 00.705 00.859 3100.0(179/179）0.00(0/179）
129Mn0.376 1～113.120 42.331 18.574 0100.0(129/129）0.00(0/129）
129AlND～44.112 10.964 23.593 092.5(119/129）0.00(0/129）
129NiND～1.251 50.158 10.157 994.57(122/129）0.00(0/129）
花菜类49PbND～0.023 90.004 00.005 951.02(25/49）0.00(0/49）
49CdND～0.031 10.006 10.010 387.76(43/49）0.00(0/49）
49HgNDNDND0.00(0/49）0.00(0/49）
49AsND～0.010 1ND0.003 536.73(18/49）0.00(0/49）
49CrND～0.024 2ND0.010 426.53(13/49）0.00(0/49）
49Cu0.156 1～0.434 90.304 50.321 5100.00(49/49）0.00(0/49）
49Mn1.581 0～11.5012.269 23.506 0100.00(49/49）0.00(0/49）
49Al0.602 2～13.7821.561 23.114 987.76(43/49）0.00(0/49）
49Ni0.018 1～0.154 20.055 10.055 189.90(44/49）0.00(0/49）
), ArticleFig(id=1241102752726709101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102743113363927, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Evaluation of pollution status of lead, cadmium, total mercury, total arsenic and total chromium in different types of vegetables

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蔬菜类别单因子污染指数（Pi）综合污染指数（PM）污染等级
PbCdHgAsCr
叶菜类0.0320.0890.1000.0080.0340.3安全
果菜类0.0480.2080.1000.0070.0700.4安全
根茎类0.1350.4410.1200.0110.0320.7安全
花菜类0.0590.2060.1000.0070.0210.4安全
), ArticleFig(id=1241102752865121136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102743113363927, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同种类蔬菜中铅、镉、总汞、总砷与总铬的污染状况评价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
蔬菜类别单因子污染指数（Pi）综合污染指数（PM）污染等级
PbCdHgAsCr
叶菜类0.0320.0890.1000.0080.0340.3安全
果菜类0.0480.2080.1000.0070.0700.4安全
根茎类0.1350.4410.1200.0110.0320.7安全
花菜类0.0590.2060.1000.0070.0210.4安全
), ArticleFig(id=1241102752978367355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102743113363927, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Evaluation of THQ and TTHQ of metals and metalloids in vegetables for children and adults

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组蔬菜类别THQ值TTHQ值
PbCdHgAsCrCuMnAlNi
儿童叶菜类0.0260.1690.0320.1240.0540.0820.2820.2890.0101.1
果菜类0.0130.0990.0320.1170.1120.0810.0930.0110.0250.6
根茎类0.0370.4200.0380.1750.0510.2020.5830.1180.0751.7
花菜类0.0160.0980.0320.1110.0330.0770.2390.1020.0260.7
成人叶菜类0.0160.1040.0200.0770.0330.0500.1740.1790.0060.7
果菜类0.0080.0610.0200.0730.0690.0500.0580.0070.0160.4
根茎类0.0230.2600.0240.1080.0310.1250.3600.0730.0461.0
花菜类0.0100.0610.0200.0690.0200.0470.1470.0630.0160.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241102753091613566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102743113363927, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

蔬菜中金属与非金属元素对儿童及成人的单一健康风险（THQ）与总体健康风险（TTHQ）评价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组蔬菜类别THQ值TTHQ值
PbCdHgAsCrCuMnAlNi
儿童叶菜类0.0260.1690.0320.1240.0540.0820.2820.2890.0101.1
果菜类0.0130.0990.0320.1170.1120.0810.0930.0110.0250.6
根茎类0.0370.4200.0380.1750.0510.2020.5830.1180.0751.7
花菜类0.0160.0980.0320.1110.0330.0770.2390.1020.0260.7
成人叶菜类0.0160.1040.0200.0770.0330.0500.1740.1790.0060.7
果菜类0.0080.0610.0200.0730.0690.0500.0580.0070.0160.4
根茎类0.0230.2600.0240.1080.0310.1250.3600.0730.0461.0
花菜类0.0100.0610.0200.0690.0200.0470.1470.0630.0160.5
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2019—2023年台州市市售蔬菜中9种金属与类金属污染状况及健康风险评估
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王玺 , 罗亚翠 , 张海君
现代预防医学 | 卫生监督 2024,51(14): 2662-2668
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现代预防医学 | 卫生监督 2024, 51(14): 2662-2668
2019—2023年台州市市售蔬菜中9种金属与类金属污染状况及健康风险评估
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王玺 , 罗亚翠, 张海君
作者信息
  • 台州市疾病预防控制中心， 浙江 台州 318000

    • 王玺（1987—），女，硕士，主管技师，研究方向：食品理化检测

通讯作者:

王玺，E-mail：
Pollution status and health risk assessment of 9 metals and metalloids on sale vegetables in Taizhou City, 2019-2023
Xi WANG , Ya-cui LUO, Hai-jun ZHANG
Affiliations
  • Taizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
出版时间: 2024-07-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202402189
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摘要
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目的

了解台州地区市售蔬菜中铅、镉、总汞、总砷、总铬、锰、镍、铝、铜的污染状况并进行人群健康风险评估。

方法

按照国家相关标准要求对2019—2023年采集的四类市售蔬菜样品中金属及类金属进行含量检测，采用单因子污染指数法（Pi）、内梅罗综合污染指数法（PM）进行污染评价，采用目标危害系数法（THQ）、总体目标危害系数法（TTHQ）进行人群健康风险评价。

结果

共采集四类蔬菜419份，铜与锰的检出率最高，均为100.0%，其余由高到低依次为镍（89.17%）>铝（87.26%）>镉（85.20%）>总砷（52.03%）>铅（35.32%）>铬（30.79%）>总汞（2.39%）。镉总体超标率为2.63%，超标样本集中在根茎类蔬菜，其余元素均未超标。不同类别蔬菜中铅、镉、总汞、总砷、总铬的Pi与PM均≤0.7；成人摄入四类蔬菜的TTHQ值均<1.0，儿童摄入根茎类、叶菜类蔬菜的TTHQ值均>1.0。

结论

台州市市售四类蔬菜中9种金属与类金属总体污染水平较低，居民经蔬菜摄入这9种金属与类金属健康风险水平可接受，但儿童摄入根茎类与叶菜类蔬菜可能会对人体健康产生负面影响。

蔬菜  /  金属  /  类金属  /  健康风险评估
Objective

To investigate the pollution status of lead, cadmium, total mercury, total arsenic, total chromium, manganese, nickel, aluminum, copper on sale vegetables in Taizhou City, and to assess the health risks to people.

Methods

According to the requirements of relevant national standards, detect the contents of metals and metalloids in four types of commercial vegetable samples collected from 2019 to 2023. The pollution status evaluated by single factor pollution index (Pi) and Nemerow composite pollution index (PM) method, the health risks were evaluated by both target hazard quotient (THQ)and total target hazard quotient (TTHQ).

Results

A total of 419 samples of four types of vegetables were collected, manganese and copper had the highest detection rate with both of 100.0%, the others from high to low were nickel (89.17%)>aluminum (87.26%)>cadmium (85.20%)>total arsenic (52.03%)>lead (35.32%)>total chromium (30.55%)>total mercury (2.39%). The overall cadmium exceeding rate was 2.63% and all concentrated in root vegetables, the other elements did not exceed the limit. The Pi and PM of lead, cadmium, total mercury, total arsenic, total chromium in different types of vegetables were all did not exceed 0.7. The TTHQ of four types of vegetables for adults were all less than 1.0, but the TTHQ were more than 1.0 while children consumed root and leafy vegetables.

Conclusion

The overall pollution levels of nine metals and metalloids in four categories of vegetables in Taizhou city were low, and the health risk level of these metals and metalloids in residents was acceptable. However, intake of root and leafy vegetables may have negative effects on human health in children.

Vegetables  /  Metals  /  Metalloids  /  Health risk assessment
王玺, 罗亚翠, 张海君. 2019—2023年台州市市售蔬菜中9种金属与类金属污染状况及健康风险评估. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (14) : 2662 -2668 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202402189
Xi WANG, Ya-cui LUO, Hai-jun ZHANG. Pollution status and health risk assessment of 9 metals and metalloids on sale vegetables in Taizhou City, 2019-2023[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (14) : 2662 -2668 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202402189
正文
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随着我国城市化和工业化的迅速发展，生活垃圾、工业废弃物以及肥料的大量使用严重污染了土壤、水质和空气环境，导致环境中的重金属不断累积[1-3]。蔬菜作为我们重要的农产品之一，在种植过程中易受土壤、肥料、灌溉用水和空气中重金属的污染，对重金属有一定的富集能力。有研究表明，食用被重金属污染的食物是人体暴露于重金属的主要途径[4]。有的重金属，如铜（Cu）、锰（Mn）、铬（Cr）、镍（Ni）等，微量存在时对人体的生长代谢起重要作用，但当浓度过高时则对人体有一定的毒害作用。铝（Al）虽然不属于重金属，但可在人体内蓄积，产生慢性毒性。而铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）、汞（Hg）与类金属砷（As），是联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织（WHO）重点关注的四种重金属和类金属，对人体有明显的毒害作用[5]。如长期暴露于Pb，可诱发贫血，造成心血管疾病，甚至可能导致儿童发育迟缓；长期Cd暴露，可造成人体肾脏损伤，引起全身骨质疏松、骨骼萎缩，例如日本的“痛痛病”；Cr6+和As均具有致癌性，能使人体皮肤出现溃疡，形成“铬疮”和“砷斑”。
目前，国内外的学者对蔬菜中金属的含量、污染来源及风险评估做了大量研究[6-9]。但少有关于台州地区市售蔬菜中重金属污染状况的报道，为深入了解台州市市民膳食结构中蔬菜的金属污染状况，本文利用2019—2023年台州市市售蔬菜样品中元素监测数据，分析各类蔬菜中铅、镉、总汞、总砷、总铬、铜、锰、铝、镍的污染情况，并进行人群健康风险评估。为居民合理膳食提供一定的指导意见。
1　材料与方法
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1.1　样品
按照随机抽样原则，2019—2023年在台州市各区县采样，采样点包括超市、农贸市场以及流动摊贩等流通环节，采集叶菜类、果菜类、根茎类和花菜类等四类蔬菜，共计419 份蔬菜样品。其中叶菜类蔬菜82 份，果菜类蔬菜109 份，根茎类蔬菜179 份，花菜类蔬菜49 份。
1.2　仪器
TOPEX微波消解仪（上海，屹尧）；NEXION 300D电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（美国，Perkin Elmer）。
1.3　检测方法
将采集的蔬菜样品清洗干净，取可食用部位采用四分法取样后，用匀浆机打碎，采用微波消解法对样品进行前处理。根据GB 5009.268-2019《食品安全国家标准 食品中多元素的测定》[10]中电感耦合等离子体质谱法进行检测。铅的检出限为0.004 mg/kg，镉的检出限为0.001 mg/kg，总汞的检出限为0.001 mg/kg，总砷的检出限为0.002 mg/kg，总铬的检出限为0.01 mg/kg，铝的检出限为0.1 mg/kg，镍的检出限为0.01 mg/kg，铜的检出限为0.01 mg/kg；锰的检出限为0.01 mg/kg。
1.4　综合评估
1.4.1　样品合格评价
参照GB 2762-2022《食品安全国家标准 食品污染物限量》[11]标准进行。
1.4.2　重金属污染程度评价
采用单因子污染指数（Pi）法对蔬菜中重金属污染状况进行单项评价，采用内梅罗综合污染指数（PM）法对蔬菜中的重金属污染状况进行综合评价[12]。公式如下：
Ci为蔬菜中重金属的实测浓度值（mg/kg），Si为重金属的限量值（mg/kg）。
Piave为各蔬菜各单项污染指数Pi的平均值，Pimax为各蔬菜中各Pi中的最大值。Pi与PM的划分标准如表1所示：
1.4.3　健康风险评估
采用美国环保局（United States Environmental Protection Agency,USEPA）推荐的目标危害系数法 （Target hazard quotients，THQ）来评价蔬菜中金属对人群的健康风险[13]。本方法假定污染物的吸收量等于摄入剂量，以测定的污染物人体摄入剂量与各金属元素的口服参考剂量（RfD）的比值作为评价标准。当THQ≤1.0时，说明暴露人群没有显著的健康风险，反之则存在健康风险，THQ值越大表明该污染物对人体健康风险越大。计算公式如下：
式中：EFi为第i元素的暴露频率，取365 d/y；EDi为i元素的暴露年限（y）；FIR为日均蔬菜的摄入量（g/d）；Ci为蔬菜中i元素的含量（mg/kg），RfDi为i元素的口服参考剂量（mg/kg.d），WAB为人群的平均体重（kg）；TA为暴露的平均时间（d），TA=ED×365。
台州市近五年人均期望寿命取81.5 岁；根据《中国居民膳食结构与营养状况变迁的追踪研究》[14]，成人、儿童的FIR分别按照223.4 g/d、355.0 g/d来计算，WAB分别按照60.3 kg、24.5 kg计算；由美国环境保护局（US EPA）或联合国粮食及农业组织（Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations，FAO）制定的经口摄入参考剂量：Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Cr、Cu、Mn、Al、Ni的RfD分别取0.003 5、 0.001 0、0.000 3、 0.000 3、 0.003 0、 0.04、 0.14、0.29、0.02 mg/kg·d。
重金属对人体健康影响一般是多种元素共同作用的结果，因此，采用总体目标危害系数（Total Target hazard quotients，TTHQ）值来计算多种重金属的总体风险。当TTHQ≤1.0，表明对人体健康没有显著的负面影响；而TTHQ>1.0，表明对人体健康产生负面影响的可能性很大；TTHQ>10.0，表明存在慢性毒性效应[15]。计算公式如下：
1.5　质量控制
采样严格按国家标准采样技术规范要求执行，充分考虑样品的代表性，每批样本均进行平行样测定、空白测定、质控样同时测定，超标样品及时复测，保证检测结果准确可靠。实验室每年参加权威机构组织的能力验证/比对项目。
1.6　统计学分析
数据采用Excel 2010软件进行整理汇总，采用SPSS 24.0 软件进行统计分析，计数资料组间比较用χ2检验，检验水准α=0.05。对于低于检出限（Limit of detection， LOD）的数据，采用世界卫生组织（World Health Organization，WHO）推荐的替代法来处理，在少于60%的检测值为未检出时，将未检出值用 1/2 LOD值进行替换；大于60%的检测值为未检出时，将未检出值用LOD值进行替换。
2　结果
收起
2.1　蔬菜中金属及类金属含量情况分析
统计419 份蔬菜样本中9 种金属及类金属的含量检测结果，Mn含量最高，为4.398 mg/kg，其次是Al（3.958 mg/kg），Pb、Cd等其余几种元素含量相对较低，处于0.001 0～0.071 8 mg/kg之间。9 种金属及类金属中，检出率最高的为Cu与Mn，均为100.0%，其余由高到底依次为Ni（89.17%）>Al（87.26%）>Cd（85.20%）>As（52.03%）>Pb（35.32%）>Cr（30.79%）>Hg（2.39%），比较9 种金属及类金属的检出率，差异有统计学意义（χ2=444.511，P<0.05）。9 种金属及类金属中仅有Cd超标，超标样品主要为百合、芋头等根茎类蔬菜，Cd的超标率为2.63%，Pb、Hg、As、Cr均无样品超标。具体见表2。
2.2　不同类别蔬菜中金属及类金属含量情况分析
比较不同种类蔬菜中9 种金属及类金属的含量，Pb、Cd、As、Cu和Mn在根茎类蔬菜中含量最高，平均含量分别为0.014 5 mg/kg、0.044 1 mg/kg、0.005 5 mg/kg、0.859 3 mg/kg、8.574 0 mg/kg，在花菜类和果菜类中含量相对较低；Ni也在根菜中含量最高（0.157 9 mg/kg），但在叶菜中含量最低（0.021 5 mg/kg）；而Cr在果菜中含量最高，为0.035 2 mg/kg；Al则在叶菜中含量最高，为8.794 2 mg/kg。具体见表3。
2.3　不同种类蔬菜中铅、镉、总汞、总砷与总铬的污染状况评价
统计不同种类蔬菜中Pb、Gd、Hg、As与Cr的污染状况，这五种元素的Pi值在0.007～0.441之间，均处于安全水平；其中Pb、Cd、Hg、As的单因子污染指数（Pi）在根茎类蔬菜均为最高，Cr的Pi值在果菜中最高。不同种类蔬菜的综合污染指数PM在0.3～0.7之间，均处于安全水平。具体见表4。
2.4　健康风险评价
对于不同人群，四类蔬菜的TTHQ值从大到小依次均为：根茎类>叶菜类>花菜类>果菜类，其中儿童摄入根茎类与叶菜类蔬菜的TTHQ值均>1.0，分别为1.7、1.1，说明儿童摄入根茎类与叶菜类蔬菜可能对人体健康产生一定的负面影响；果菜类与花菜类蔬菜的TTHQ值均<1.0，表明摄入这些蔬菜对儿童健康不会产生负面影响。成人摄入蔬菜的TTHQ的值均≤1.0，表明成人摄入这四类蔬菜对人体健康没有显著的负面影响。具体见表5。
不同元素对不同类蔬菜的TTHQ值贡献率有很大差异，叶菜类中Mn、Al、Cd贡献率较高，Pb、Hg、Ni、Cr贡献率较低；根茎类中Mn、Cd、Cu贡献较高，Pb、Hg、Cr、Ni贡献率较低；果菜中贡献较高的是As，花菜中贡献较高的是Mn。总体而言，蔬菜中Mn、Al、Cd、Cu和As在这几类蔬菜中的贡献率较高。具体见图1。
3　讨论
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通过分析本市近5 年市售蔬菜中9 种金属与类金属的含量可知，这9 种元素均有不同程度的检出，Mn、Al含量相对较高。不同类别蔬菜中各元素含量也不同，除Cr、Al外，其余几种元素在根茎类蔬菜中含量相对较高，表明多数金属更易在根茎类蔬菜中富集。本研究发现蔬菜中只有Cd含量存在少量超标，超标率为2.63%，接近成都市平原地区的蔬菜镉超标率[16]（3.0%）；高于山东菏泽市蔬菜中镉超标率[17]（1.32%）。Cd超标样品集中在根茎类蔬菜中的百合、芋头样品中，姜健等人[18]的研究也发现芋头中Cd超标率达35.7%。镉在根茎类蔬菜易超标，这与蔬菜生长环境中镉含量高、蔬菜本身的品种特征容易富集镉元素以及镉在环境中有着相对较高的迁移特性有关。有研究表明，当土壤pH在弱酸性时，土壤中游离态镉增加[19]，镉容易被植物吸收富集在体内。
从蔬菜的污染评价结果来看，这四类蔬菜的五种重金属与类金属综合污染指数均在安全范围内，表明本市近5 年这四类市售蔬菜总体污染水平较低。对这四类蔬菜进行人群健康风险评价，本市居民成人通过蔬菜摄入的这9 种金属与非金属基本处于可接受水平，但是儿童摄入叶菜类与根茎类蔬菜可能存在一定的健康风险，需要引起警示。大量研究表明，在同等重金属污染暴露条件下，重金属对儿童带来的健康风险要大大高于成人。这与儿童自身组织器官还不完善，肝肾等代谢排毒器官的功能较成人偏低有关。建议儿童在选择蔬菜类别时适当减少叶菜与根茎类蔬菜摄入的频率。
食品中Al的人体健康风险评价研究主要集中在含铝食品添加剂的食品中，针对其他食品研究相对较少。蒋皓等人[20]开展了杭州市居民膳食中铝的暴露风险评估，结果显示铝膳食暴露量总体风险可接受，但儿童组部分年龄段超过每周可耐受摄入量（2mg/kg.BW），应引起关注。食品中Mn的人体健康风险评价研究报道更少，研究对象主要集中在水质、茶叶中。谭昊言等人[21]对水质中的Mn含量及人体健康风险影响进行研究，邱香等人[22]对茶叶中包括Mn在内的多元素对人体健康风险进行评估。本研究结果表明，蔬菜中除Cd外，Mn、Al对TTHQ值结果贡献率也较大，应当对蔬菜中这几种金属元素的人体的健康风险引起关注。
本研究中，金属与类金属对人体健康风险的评估存在一定不确定性：（1）居民蔬菜消费量来源于《中国居民膳食结构与营养状况变迁的追踪研究》，与本市居民实际蔬菜消费量可能存在差异。（2）不同物质对人体的风险受物质本身特性不同，风险不能简单叠加，可能存在一定的协调或拮抗效应。（3）除了食用蔬菜以外，其他途径包括粮食、饮水、海产品等也可能摄入大量的重金属，从而进一步增加本地区居民的健康风险。在今后研究中，将完善相关参数，以提高健康风险评估的准确性。
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2024年第51卷第14期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202402189
  • 接收时间：2024-02-23
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2024-07-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-02-23
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    台州市疾病预防控制中心， 浙江 台州 318000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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