Article(id=1241102739707580567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241102730337505325, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312460, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1703692800000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773831551719, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1721836800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773831551719, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773831551719, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773831551719, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241102730337505325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='14', pageStart='2497', pageEnd='2688', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773831549486, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773831697291, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241103350322745680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241102730337505325, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241103350322745681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241102730337505325, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2541, endPage=2547, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241102740072485034, articleId=1241102739707580567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Pneumoconiosis mortality and its trends among urban and rural residents, 2002—2021, columnId=1228016570660745413, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Environmental and Occupational Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the pneumoconiosis mortality change trend, influencing factors and differences between Chinese residents from 2002 to 2021.

Methods

Using the Joinpoint model of crude pneumoconiosis mortalityrate and standardized mortalityrate, the annual percentage change (APC) and mean annual percentage change (AAPC) were calculated. The effect of three effects on pneumoconiosis mortality changes was analyzed by the age-period-cohort model.

Results

The urban standardized mortality rate showed an overall downward trend (APC=-0.2%, P>0.05) and increased in rural areas from 2004 to 2021 (APC=7.9%, P<0.001). The age effect showed that both urban and rural pneumoconiosis mortality rate increased with increasing age. The period effect increased with time, and it was different between urban and rural areas, with the risk of urban death decreasing, and the risk of rural death increasing. The cohort effect showed that the risk of death decreased with later birth, and the rural resident birth cohort showed a fluctuating trend.

Conclusion

The increasing effect of age, period and cohort will affect rural pneumoconiosis mortality more than in urban areas.

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目的

分析2002—2021年中国居民尘肺病死亡率变化趋势、影响因素及其在城市与农村人口间的差异。

方法

采用国家统计局年鉴数据,通过Joinpoint模型分析中国城乡居民尘肺病粗死亡率及标化死亡率,计算年度变化百分比(APC)和平均年度变化百分比(AAPC)。 通过年龄—时期—队列模型,分析三种效应对尘肺病死亡率变化的影响。

结果

城市标准化死亡率整体呈下降趋势(APC=-0.2%,P>0.05),农村2004—2021年呈上升趋势(APC=7.9%,P<0.001)。年龄效应显示城乡尘肺病死亡率均随年龄增高而增大。时期效应随时间增加,且在城乡间有不同表现,城市死亡风险呈下降趋势,农村死亡风险呈上升趋势。队列效应显示,城市居民出生越晚死亡风险越低,农村居民出生队列呈波动趋势。

结论

年龄、时期、队列效应的增加对农村尘肺病死亡率的影响高于城市。

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崔凯,Email:
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常馨月(1992—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计

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常馨月(1992—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计

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Chinese Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, 2023, 41(6): 439-442., articleTitle=Investigation on medical security and quality of Life of migrant workers with pneumoconiosis, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241102751141253975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102739707580567, awardId=LJKMZ20221237, language=CN, fundingSource=2022 年辽宁省教育厅高校基本科研项目面上项目(LJKMZ20221237), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241102744279372127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102739707580567, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241102744296149345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102739707580567, companyId=1241102744279372127, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Public Health, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241102744308732258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102739707580567, companyId=1241102744279372127, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.锦州医科大学公共卫生学院,辽宁 锦州 121000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241102744375841128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102739707580567, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241102744384229737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102739707580567, companyId=1241102744375841128, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. 锦州医科大学医疗学院)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241102748951827107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102739707580567, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Trends in Crude Mortality Rates of Pneumoconiosis in Urban and Rural China from 2002 to 2021, figureFileSmall=Y9ypjICqdji8pPIQNZuVtQ==, figureFileBig=tOZhJVpJrxT/Zzy5gbLG7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241102749039907498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102739707580567, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2002—2021年中国城乡尘肺病粗死亡率变化趋势

注:A:城市尘肺病粗死亡率随时间总体变化趋势;B:农村尘肺病粗死亡率随时间总体变化趋势;*代表P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=Y9ypjICqdji8pPIQNZuVtQ==, figureFileBig=tOZhJVpJrxT/Zzy5gbLG7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241102749266399941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102739707580567, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Trends in Standardized Mortality Rates of Pneumoconiosis in Urban and Rural China from 2002 to 2021, figureFileSmall=9tdLpSRsLNo+xdHax1An1A==, figureFileBig=iE8nEGEliFPsEJdSnGGzCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241102749413200597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102739707580567, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2002—2021年中国城乡尘肺病标准化死亡率变化趋势

注:A:城市尘肺病标准化死亡率随时间总体变化趋势;B:农村尘肺病标准化死亡率随时间总体变化趋势;*代表P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=9tdLpSRsLNo+xdHax1An1A==, figureFileBig=iE8nEGEliFPsEJdSnGGzCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241102749534835428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102739707580567, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Age distribution of pneumoconiosis mortality rate among people aged 20~89 years in urban and rural areas, figureFileSmall=cubHKSt+wN2oG94KCnkLXQ==, figureFileBig=QzWjBm6p4Zw5qkclIoJhuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241102749635498731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102739707580567, language=CN, label=图3, caption=城乡20~89岁人群尘肺病死亡率年龄分布, figureFileSmall=cubHKSt+wN2oG94KCnkLXQ==, figureFileBig=QzWjBm6p4Zw5qkclIoJhuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241102749740356342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102739707580567, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=RR values of pneumoconiosis mortality in people aged 20~89 years in urban and rural areas 2002—2021, figureFileSmall=bh+VIOczZNRb9fGGxlpZgQ==, figureFileBig=sC2AoXbz6HSoOwm2whK4ow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241102749832631040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102739707580567, language=CN, label=图4, caption=城乡20~89岁人群尘肺病死亡率2002—2021年RR, figureFileSmall=bh+VIOczZNRb9fGGxlpZgQ==, figureFileBig=sC2AoXbz6HSoOwm2whK4ow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241102749908128522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102739707580567, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=RR values of pneumoconiosis deaths in the urban and rural birth cohort, figureFileSmall=+/EejFLCrxO4y194xlOlZQ==, figureFileBig=mp5VrtxSix3aNd9YvKLnnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241102750012986134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102739707580567, language=CN, label=图5, caption=城乡出生队列尘肺病死亡RR, figureFileSmall=+/EejFLCrxO4y194xlOlZQ==, figureFileBig=mp5VrtxSix3aNd9YvKLnnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241102750113649432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102739707580567, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Results of the age-period-cohort model for urban and rural pneumoconiosis mortality

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
零假设城市农村
χ2Pχ2P
净偏移值=04.770.0296.620.011
总年龄偏差=013.330.34563.53<0.001
总时期偏差=09.900.00711.870.003
总队列偏差=0101.57<0.00139.90<0.001
时期RR值=114.770.00217.99<0.001
队列RR 值=1122.85<0.001103.02<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241102750243672865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102739707580567, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

城乡尘肺病死亡率年龄—时期—队列模型结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
零假设城市农村
χ2Pχ2P
净偏移值=04.770.0296.620.011
总年龄偏差=013.330.34563.53<0.001
总时期偏差=09.900.00711.870.003
总队列偏差=0101.57<0.00139.90<0.001
时期RR值=114.770.00217.99<0.001
队列RR 值=1122.85<0.001103.02<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241102750382084906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102739707580567, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Age distribution of pneumoconiosis mortality among 20~89 among Chinese urban and rural residents (1/100 000)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄
(岁)
城市农村
死亡率95%CI死亡率95%CI
20~240.0130.002~0.1030.0090.000~0.445
25~290.0170.005~0.0630.0060.001~0.057
30~340.0200.008~0.0530.0150.006~0.037
35~390.0310.016~0.0600.0570.034~0.094
40~440.0590.036~0.0980.1030.068~0.156
45~490.1050.071~0.1570.2060.147~0.287
50~540.2010.146~0.2770.5750.447~0.738
55~590.3310.256~0.4281.1220.912~1.380
60~640.6950.558~0.8661.9671.610~2.402
65~691.2120.915~1.6043.1552.404~4.142
70~742.1091.574~2.8243.3582.462~4.580
75~793.4242.538~4.6194.8683.444~6.880
80~845.0713.731~6.8937.2004.893~10.595
85~898.3206.041~11.45912.4777.729~20.141
), ArticleFig(id=1241102750541468467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102739707580567, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

中国城乡居民20~89岁人群尘肺病死亡率年龄分布(1/10万)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄
(岁)
城市农村
死亡率95%CI死亡率95%CI
20~240.0130.002~0.1030.0090.000~0.445
25~290.0170.005~0.0630.0060.001~0.057
30~340.0200.008~0.0530.0150.006~0.037
35~390.0310.016~0.0600.0570.034~0.094
40~440.0590.036~0.0980.1030.068~0.156
45~490.1050.071~0.1570.2060.147~0.287
50~540.2010.146~0.2770.5750.447~0.738
55~590.3310.256~0.4281.1220.912~1.380
60~640.6950.558~0.8661.9671.610~2.402
65~691.2120.915~1.6043.1552.404~4.142
70~742.1091.574~2.8243.3582.462~4.580
75~793.4242.538~4.6194.8683.444~6.880
80~845.0713.731~6.8937.2004.893~10.595
85~898.3206.041~11.45912.4777.729~20.141
), ArticleFig(id=1241102750684074814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102739707580567, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

RR values of pneumoconiosis deaths in the urban and rural birth cohort

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
出生队列(年)城市农村
RR95%CIRR95%CI
1915—19190.9460.575~1.5570.1900.072~0.500
1920—19241.5741.107~2.2380.2180.117~0.406
1925—19292.0581.498~2.8280.3060.195~0.481
1930—19342.1601.594~2.9260.4070.279~0.596
1935—19391.7151.277~2.3040.6220.452~0.855
1940—19441.1600.869~1.5500.5520.408~0.748
1945—19490.9520.718~1.2630.5970.458~0.778
1950—19541.0250.787~1.3340.7050.558~0.891
1955—19591.0001.0001.0001.000
1960—19641.2490.906~1.7221.4311.104~1.854
1965—19691.3250.895~1.9602.5621.888~3.477
1970—19741.3340.809~2.2003.5762.389~5.352
1975—19791.3090.666~2.5723.2151.824~5.668
1980—19840.2250.040~1.2782.3410.929~5.902
1985—19890.5060.121~2.1113.6610.784~17.104
1990—19940.3750.049~2.8992.2930.067~77.961
1995—19990.3400.011~10.6890.1530.001~5 397.512
), ArticleFig(id=1241102750818292549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102739707580567, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

城乡出生队列尘肺病死亡RR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
出生队列(年)城市农村
RR95%CIRR95%CI
1915—19190.9460.575~1.5570.1900.072~0.500
1920—19241.5741.107~2.2380.2180.117~0.406
1925—19292.0581.498~2.8280.3060.195~0.481
1930—19342.1601.594~2.9260.4070.279~0.596
1935—19391.7151.277~2.3040.6220.452~0.855
1940—19441.1600.869~1.5500.5520.408~0.748
1945—19490.9520.718~1.2630.5970.458~0.778
1950—19541.0250.787~1.3340.7050.558~0.891
1955—19591.0001.0001.0001.000
1960—19641.2490.906~1.7221.4311.104~1.854
1965—19691.3250.895~1.9602.5621.888~3.477
1970—19741.3340.809~2.2003.5762.389~5.352
1975—19791.3090.666~2.5723.2151.824~5.668
1980—19840.2250.040~1.2782.3410.929~5.902
1985—19890.5060.121~2.1113.6610.784~17.104
1990—19940.3750.049~2.8992.2930.067~77.961
1995—19990.3400.011~10.6890.1530.001~5 397.512
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2002—2021年中国城乡居民尘肺病死亡率及其变化趋势
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常馨月 1, 2 , 徐小诺 1 , 丁宁 1 , 何静 1 , 葛晓燕 1 , 崔凯 1
现代预防医学 | 环境与职业卫生 2024,51(14): 2541-2547
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现代预防医学 | 环境与职业卫生 2024, 51(14): 2541-2547
2002—2021年中国城乡居民尘肺病死亡率及其变化趋势
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常馨月1, 2, 徐小诺1, 丁宁1, 何静1, 葛晓燕1, 崔凯1
作者信息
  • 1.锦州医科大学公共卫生学院,辽宁 锦州 121000
  • 2. 锦州医科大学医疗学院
  • 常馨月(1992—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计

通讯作者:

崔凯,Email:
Pneumoconiosis mortality and its trends among urban and rural residents, 2002—2021
Xin-yue CHANG1, 2, Xiao-nuo XU1, Ning DING1, Jing HE1, Xiao-yan GE1, Kai CUI1
Affiliations
  • School of Public Health, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, China
出版时间: 2024-07-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312460
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目的

分析2002—2021年中国居民尘肺病死亡率变化趋势、影响因素及其在城市与农村人口间的差异。

方法

采用国家统计局年鉴数据,通过Joinpoint模型分析中国城乡居民尘肺病粗死亡率及标化死亡率,计算年度变化百分比(APC)和平均年度变化百分比(AAPC)。 通过年龄—时期—队列模型,分析三种效应对尘肺病死亡率变化的影响。

结果

城市标准化死亡率整体呈下降趋势(APC=-0.2%,P>0.05),农村2004—2021年呈上升趋势(APC=7.9%,P<0.001)。年龄效应显示城乡尘肺病死亡率均随年龄增高而增大。时期效应随时间增加,且在城乡间有不同表现,城市死亡风险呈下降趋势,农村死亡风险呈上升趋势。队列效应显示,城市居民出生越晚死亡风险越低,农村居民出生队列呈波动趋势。

结论

年龄、时期、队列效应的增加对农村尘肺病死亡率的影响高于城市。

尘肺病  /  死亡率  /  年龄—时期—队列模型
Objective

To analyze the pneumoconiosis mortality change trend, influencing factors and differences between Chinese residents from 2002 to 2021.

Methods

Using the Joinpoint model of crude pneumoconiosis mortalityrate and standardized mortalityrate, the annual percentage change (APC) and mean annual percentage change (AAPC) were calculated. The effect of three effects on pneumoconiosis mortality changes was analyzed by the age-period-cohort model.

Results

The urban standardized mortality rate showed an overall downward trend (APC=-0.2%, P>0.05) and increased in rural areas from 2004 to 2021 (APC=7.9%, P<0.001). The age effect showed that both urban and rural pneumoconiosis mortality rate increased with increasing age. The period effect increased with time, and it was different between urban and rural areas, with the risk of urban death decreasing, and the risk of rural death increasing. The cohort effect showed that the risk of death decreased with later birth, and the rural resident birth cohort showed a fluctuating trend.

Conclusion

The increasing effect of age, period and cohort will affect rural pneumoconiosis mortality more than in urban areas.

Pneumoconiosis  /  Mortality  /  Age-period-cohort model
常馨月, 徐小诺, 丁宁, 何静, 葛晓燕, 崔凯. 2002—2021年中国城乡居民尘肺病死亡率及其变化趋势. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (14) : 2541 -2547 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312460
Xin-yue CHANG, Xiao-nuo XU, Ning DING, Jing HE, Xiao-yan GE, Kai CUI. Pneumoconiosis mortality and its trends among urban and rural residents, 2002—2021[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (14) : 2541 -2547 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312460
尘肺病在当今仍然是危害最严重的职业病之一,该病也是我国最主要的职业病,患病人数众多[1-2]。1998—2021年20多年间我国共报告职业病455 845例,其中1998—2007年报告119 948例,尘肺病占同期职业病构成比77.2%;2008—2017年报告260 501例,尘肺病占同期职业病构成比86.96%[3],2018—2021年报告75 396例,尘肺病占同期职业病构成比81.63%[4-7]。一些研究表明城乡居民尘肺病死亡率存在明显差异,农村尘肺病患者更多疾病负担更重[8-10]。基于这种背景,本研究使用2002—2021年国家相关机构发布的年鉴数据,分析了城乡居民尘肺病的死亡情况及其变化趋势,重点探讨了不同年龄组、出生队列及时期间的差异。通过这些分析结果,以期为国家职业病防治部门制定更有针对性的策略提供科学依据。
2002—2021年中国城乡居民不同年龄段尘肺病死亡数据来源于2003—2012年《中国卫生统计年鉴》、2013—2017年《中国卫生和计划生育统计年鉴》和2018—2022年《中国卫生健康统计年鉴》的居民病伤死亡原因类目,采用世界卫生组织推荐的国际分类标准第十类分类规则进行统计。人口学数据来源于2003—2006《中国人口统计年鉴》、2007—2022年《中国人口与就业统计年鉴》。
为了消除城乡居民间年龄构成差异,以2010年中国各年龄段人口普查数据作为标准人口,通过下列公式计算年龄标准化死亡率(age-standardized mortality rate,ASMR):。其中ni表示各年龄段标准人口,Pi表示各年龄段粗死亡率(crude mortality rate,CMR),N为各年龄段标准人口的总和,i表示不同年龄段。
使用 Joinpoint 软件(5.0.2版本)[11],分别计算出2002—2021年中国城乡居民尘肺病粗死亡率及标化死亡率的年度变化百分比(APC)和平均年度变化百分比(AAPC)[12]
利用美国国家癌症研究所(National cancer institute, NCI)提供的线上工具(http://analysistools.nCI.nih.gov/apc/),采用年龄—时期—队列模型,基于内源因子估计法(intrinsic estimator,IE),分析年龄、时期、队列对尘肺死亡率变化趋势的影响。其中,年龄因素:从20~89岁以每连续5年划分一个年龄组,共14个年龄组;时期因素:2002—2021年每连续5年划分一个时期组,共4个时期组;队列因素:以各时期组中位数减年龄作为出生队列,每连续5年划分一个出生队列,共17个出生队列。对照组的选择参照前人研究[13-14],年龄或时期对照组=(组数+1)/2,队列对照组=时期对照组-年龄对照组+年龄组数,若组数为偶数,选两组中心组中值较低的为对照组。
以净偏移值(Netdrift)表示调整时期和出生队列效应后,死亡率对数的年度变化情况;纵向年龄曲线(longitudinal age curve)反映年龄效应对死亡率变化趋势的影响;时期RR值(period rate ratio)和队列RR值(cohort rate ratio),RR>1说明该时期或队列与对照相比死亡相对风险较高,RR<1代表该时期或队列与对照相比死亡相对风险较低,检验水准α=0.05。
2002—2021年城市粗死亡率变化呈上升趋势(APC=AAPC=1.3%,95%CI:-0.1~2.7,P=0.07);农村粗死亡率年度变化百分比(AAPC=0.2%,95%CI:-7.9~8.9,P>0.05),其中,在2002—2004年呈下降趋势(APC=AAPC=-46.60%,95%CI:-76.8~23.0,P=0.13),2004—2021年呈上升趋势(APC=7.9%,95%CI:4.9~10.9,P<0.001),如图1
2002—2021年城市标准化死亡率呈下降趋势(APC=AAPC=-0.2%,95%CI:-1.8~1.5,P>0.05),差异无统计学意义;农村标准化死亡率在2002—2004年呈下降趋势(APC=-27.2%,95%CI:-43.3~0.9,P>0.05)差异无统计学意义,在2004—2021年呈上升趋势(APC=4.3%,95%CI:2.3~12.0,P<0.05),如图2
2002—2021年中国城市居民尘肺病死亡率年净偏移值为-1.979%(95%CI: -3.722%~-0.205%),表明调整年龄、出生队列效应后死亡率每年下降-1.979% ;农村居民净偏移值为3.615%(95%CI : 0.851%~6.457%),表明调整年龄、出生队列效应后死亡率每年上升 3.615% 。
城市居民尘肺病死亡率净偏移值、总队列偏差、总时期偏差、时期RR值、队列RR值均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。总年龄偏差无统计学意义。农村居民尘肺病死亡率净偏移值、总年龄偏差、总队列偏差、总时期偏差、时期RR值、队列 RR 值均有统计学意义(P<0.05),如表1所示。
采用纵向年龄曲线(longitudinal age curve)表示年龄效应对死亡率的影响,如图3所示。城市与农村尘肺病死亡率均随年龄呈上升趋势(表2),城市居民尘肺病死亡率由20~24岁组的0.013/10万上升到85~89岁组的8.320/10万(P>0.05);农村居民尘肺病死亡率由20~24岁组的0.009/10万上升到85~89岁组的12.477/10万(P<0.05)。农村居民在35岁以后死亡率是城市居民的1.5到3倍。
以2007—2011年为时期对照组,2002—2021年中国城乡居民尘肺病死亡率时期效应RR值呈现相反趋势,随时期变化城市居民死亡风险呈下降趋势,农村居民死亡风险呈上升趋势,如图4所示。
在调整了年龄效应和时期效应后,城市居民尘肺病死亡率队列效应RR值整体呈下降趋势,1915—1919年逐渐上升至1930—1934年达到峰值后逐渐下降,在1940—1979年间基本保持不变,在1980年后维持在较低水平。农村居民队列效应RR值整体呈上升趋势,在1970—1974年达到峰值后维持在较高水平,在1985—1989年后逐渐下降(图5)。相对于1955—1959年对照队列,城市居民早期出生队列死亡危险性高,在1930—1934年出生死亡危险性最高,是对照队列的2.160倍,农村居民死亡危险性较高的出生队列呈年轻化趋势,1985—1989年、1970—1974年、1975—1979年出生队列死亡危险性较高,分别是对照队列的3.661、3.576、3.215倍(表3)。
我国对职业病防治工作十分重视,在《中华人民共和国职业病防治法》《中华人民共和国基本医疗卫生与健康促进法》等法律法规以及《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》和《健康中国行动(2019—2030年)》的指导下,颁布了《国家职业病防治规划(2021—2025年)》[15-17]。在不同时期,我国根据国情特点制定了适应当前形式下的防治规划。在现阶段职业病防治始工作终是长期规划的重点内容。
尘肺病目前仍是职业病中危害最大、死亡率最高的疾病,因此,进行尘肺病的监测和趋势分析对于制定有效的预防策略至关重要[18]。本研究采用了Joinpoint回归分析及年龄—时期—队列模型对中国城乡尘肺病死亡率变化趋势以及年龄、出生队列、时期效应进行分析,在群体层面探究尘肺病死亡率变化趋势。研究发现,在2002—2021年间,城市尘肺病标化死亡率的年度变化较平稳与往年相同;2004—2021年间,农村尘肺病标化死亡率年度变化水平较往年有上升趋势。尽管在2002年农村死亡率较高,但2002—2003年间的下降趋势并无统计学意义。2002年较高的死亡率可能与2001年颁布《中华人民共和国职业病防治法》,以及在2002年首次采用ICD—10进行年鉴数据汇总有关。
一项研究表明,城市和农村尘肺病死亡率均随年龄增加而增大[19]。但本研究发现年龄效应对于农村的影响更大。时期与队列效应的结果显示,农村死亡风险均高于城市。时期效应表明,农村近年来尘肺病死亡风险仍在增加;队列效应则显示1985—1989年、1970—1979年出生队列死亡风险更大。这提示近年来城市居民尘肺病死亡率得到有效的控制,但农村居民尘肺病死亡率仍较高。据相关研究显示,尘肺病发病平均年龄为(43.8±9.7)岁,接尘工龄为(7.2±6.7)年[20-21]。Chen等人研究同时发现国有企业工人的工作环境比农村工人更加安全[22]。城市居民在国有企业工作的居多,安全保障措施、福利待遇更好[23],可能是导致二者死亡风险不同的原因。农村尘肺病死亡率在2004—2021年间并未呈下降趋势,且队列效应呈上升趋势,可能是由于农村居民工作时自我保护意识不足、企业降低成本不提供保护措施[24],工作流动性大、管理存在一定难度[25]。因此,职业病防制管理部门针对农村地区工人,尤其是中青年人员仍需加强职业卫生安全教育,并制定针对性政策,以保障工人健康。
综上所述,本研究发现我国城乡尘肺病死亡率变化趋势不同,农村尘肺病死亡威胁更加严重,无论年龄、时期、队列效应对农村尘肺病死亡率的影响均高于城市。本研究结果提示,应加强对农村务工人员预防尘肺病的监管,提高落实企业对农村务工人员个体防护意识、尘肺病防治知识等的宣传指导,完善农村职业病诊疗环境是我国日后职业病防治工作的重点。
  • 2022 年辽宁省教育厅高校基本科研项目面上项目(LJKMZ20221237)
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2024年第51卷第14期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202312460
  • 接收时间:2023-12-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-28
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2022 年辽宁省教育厅高校基本科研项目面上项目(LJKMZ20221237)
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    1.锦州医科大学公共卫生学院,辽宁 锦州 121000
    2. 锦州医科大学医疗学院

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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