Article(id=1241102732354974641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241102730337505325, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202404187, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1712764800000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773831549967, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1721836800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773831549967, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773831549967, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773831549967, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241102730337505325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2024', volume='51', issue='14', pageStart='2497', pageEnd='2688', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773831549486, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773831697291, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241103350322745680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241102730337505325, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241103350322745681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241102730337505325, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2587, endPage=2592, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241102732740850621, articleId=1241102732354974641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=The association between social isolation, loneliness and smoking behavior among the elderly adults in China, columnId=1228016572892119056, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Primary Health Services, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the association between social isolation, loneliness, and smoking behavior among Chinese older adults.

Methods

In this study, data from the 2020 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) were selected and statistically analyzed using Stata 17.0. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the associations between social isolation, loneliness, and smoking behavior. Multiple interpolation with chained equations was used to fill in missing values and perform sensitivity analyses.

Results

A total of 9 234 older adults aged 60 years and above were included, and the prevalence of social isolation and loneliness was 30.88% and 31.48%, respectively. Multi-model adjustment showed that socially isolated (OR=1.39, 95%CI: 1.23-1.57) older adults were at greater risk of smoking. Subgroup analyses of age and gender showed a greater risk in 65-<75 years (OR=1.25, 95%CI: 1.04-1.50), and men (OR=1.24, 95%CI: 1.07-1.44). No association between loneliness (OR=1.09, 95%CI: 0.95-1.25) and smoking behavior was observed, and the results of sensitivity analyses remained consistent.

Conclusion

In China, the older adults who are socially isolated are more likely to smoke. Therefore a tripartite effort by society, community and family is needed to pay attention to the social contact as well as social participation of older adults, particularly the high-risk groups of social isolation and smoking behaviors, in order to improve the healthy behavior among the older.

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目的

探讨中国老年人社会隔离、孤独感与吸烟行为的关联性。

方法

本研究选取2020年中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)的数据,使用Stata 17.0进行统计分析,采用二元logistic回归分析社会隔离、孤独感与吸烟行为的关联。采用链式方程多重插补对缺失值填补并进行敏感性分析。

结果

共纳入9 234名60岁及以上老年人,社会隔离、孤独感发生率分别为30.88%,31.48%。多模型调整结果显示,社会隔离(OR=1.39, 95%CI:1.23~1.57)的老年人吸烟的风险更大。对年龄、性别的亚组分析显示,65~<75岁(OR=1.25, 95%CI:1.04~1.50)、男性(OR=1.24, 95%CI:1.07~1.44)的老年人吸烟风险较大。未观察到孤独感(OR=1.09, 95%CI:0.95~1.25)与吸烟行为的关联性,敏感性分析结果保持一致。

结论

我国社会隔离的老年人更容易吸烟,需要社会、社区、家庭三方共同努力,关注老年人的社会联系以及社会参与情况,尤其是社会隔离与吸烟行为的高危群体,以期促进老年人的健康行为。

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袁磊,E-mail:
孙金海,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=L0IAJGTftgm/vGq66z6zrA==, magXml=eoebfmdmjjNMcb+PT2lCRw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=WCbdM/S6FAhI8YdnmMDUxQ==, pdfFileSize=689124, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=/P+TedgvlvUi6gG+Q0s8Tg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

刘翊珺(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:健康及社会决定因素

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The collective dynamics of smoking in a large social network[J].New England Journal of Medicine, 2008, 358(21): 2249-2258., articleTitle=The collective dynamics of smoking in a large social network, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241102745382482513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102732354974641, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=113, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=31, authorNames=Karriker-Jaffe KJ, Chartier KG, Bares CB, journalName=Addictive Behaviors, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Karriker-Jaffe KJ, Chartier KG, Bares CB, et al. Intersection of familial risk and environmental social control on high-risk drinking and alcohol dependence in a US National sample of adults[J]. 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Annals of Behavioral Medicine: a Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, 2018, 52(7): 582-593., articleTitle=Social isolation, loneliness, and health behaviors at older ages: Longitudinal Cohort Study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241102745592197729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102732354974641, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=23, issue=1, pageStart=164, pageEnd=176, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=33, authorNames=Zuo SF, Lin L, Chen S, journalName=Psychogeriatrics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zuo SF, Lin L, Chen S, et al. Influencing factors of loneliness among older adults in China:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Psychogeriatrics, 2023, 23(1): 164-176., articleTitle=Influencing factors of loneliness among older adults in China:a systematic review and meta-analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241102745692861030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102732354974641, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=14, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=34, authorNames=Philip KE, Bu FF, Polkey MI, journalName=The Lancet Regional Health - Europe, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Philip KE, Bu FF,Polkey MI, et al. Relationship of smoking with current and future social isolation and loneliness: 12-year follow-up of older adults in England[J]. The Lancet Regional Health - Europe, 2022, 14: 100302., articleTitle=Relationship of smoking with current and future social isolation and loneliness: 12-year follow-up of older adults in England, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241102740147990828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102732354974641, awardId=23BRK008, language=CN, fundingSource=国家社会科学基金(23BRK008), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241102740236071219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102732354974641, awardId=LNYB-2023-14, language=CN, fundingSource=老年长期照护教育部重点实验室(海军军医大学)开放课题基金(LNYB-2023-14), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241102733323858908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102732354974641, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241102733332247517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102732354974641, companyId=1241102733323858908, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Health Management, Faculty of Military Health Service, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241102733340636126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102732354974641, companyId=1241102733323858908, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=海军军医大学卫生勤务学系健康管理教研室,上海 200433)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241102737711100122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102732354974641, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic background characteristics of social isolation and loneliness among the older adults

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量总人数[n(%)]社会隔离χ2P
否[n(%)]是[n(%)]
人数9 2346 383(69.12)2 851(30.88)
年龄(岁)
60~<653 068(33.23)2 397(37.55)671(23.54)373.523<0.001
65~<754 611(49.94)3 203(50.18)1 408(49.39)
≥751 555(16.84)783(12.27)772(27.08)
性别184.838<0.001
女性4 720(51.12)2 961(46.39)1 759(61.70)
男性4 514(48.88)3 422(53.61)1 092(38.30)
居住地35.250<0.001
城镇2 152(23.31)1 599(25.05)553(19.40)
农村7 082(76.69)4 784(74.95)2 298(80.60)
自评收入状况68.072<0.001
很差1 220(13.23)739(11.59)481(16.91)
一般3 652(39.60)2 482(38.92)1 170(41.12)
4 350(47.17)3 156(49.49)1 194(41.97)
教育水平235.556<0.001
未上过学1 589(24.89)1 041(36.51)2 630(28.48)
小学及以下2 826(44.27)1 323(46.40)4 149(44.93)
初中及以上1 968(30.83)487(17.08)2 455(26.59)
自评健康状况14.1230.001
2 634(28.53)1 752(27.45)882(30.94)
一般4 627(50.11)3 273(51.28)1 354(47.49)
1 973(21.37)1 358(21.28)615(21.57)
ADL受限(是)2 547(27.58)1 615(25.30)932(32.69)53.863<0.001
IADL受限(是)2 746(29.74)1 707(26.74)1 039(36.44)88.753<0.001
抑郁症状(是)2 897(34.39)1 966(33.08)931(37.54)15.421<0.001
慢性疾病状况
癌症241(2.61)174(2.73)67(2.35)1.0960.295
糖尿病1 589(17.21)1 112(17.42)477(16.73)0.6590.417
心脏病2 426(26.27)1 665(26.08)761(26.69)0.3760.540
肺部疾病1 597(17.29)1 076(16.86)521(18.27)2.7670.096
中风842(9.12)572(8.96)270(9.47)0.6160.432
关节炎4 040(43.75)2 706(42.39)1 334(46.79)15.481<0.001
当前吸烟(是)2 443(26.46)1 744(27.32)699(24.52)7.9690.005
孤独感(是)2 907(31.48)1 636(25.63)1 271(44.58)328.095<0.001
社会隔离--
独居(是)2 005(21.71)0(0.00)2 005(70.33)5 700.00<0.001
非在婚(是)2 014(21.81)6(0.09)2 008(70.43)5 700.000<0.001
与子女联系缺乏1 958(21.20)574(8.99)1 384(48.54)1 800.000<0.001
社会活动参与缺乏4 986(54.00)3 067(48.05)1 919(67.31)294.305<0.001
变量总人数[n(%)]孤独χ2P
否[n(%)]是[n(%)]
人数9 2346 327(68.52)2 907(31.48)
年龄(岁)
60~<653 068(33.23)2 201(34.79)867(29.82)30.745<0.001
65~<754 611(49.94)3 132(49.50)1 479(50.88)
≥751 555(16.84)994(15.71)561(19.30)
性别76.458<0.001
女性4 720(51.12)3 039(48.03)1 681(57.83)
男性4 514(48.88)3 288(51.97)1 226(42.17)
居住地75.070<0.001
城镇2 152(23.31)1 638(25.89)514(17.68)
农村7 082(76.69)2 398(37.95)1 254(43.20)
自评收入状况309.798<0.001
很差1 220(13.23)4 689(74.11)2 393(82.32)
一般3 652(39.60)616(9.75)604(20.81)
4 350(47.17)3 305(52.30)1 045(36.00)
教育水平105.368<0.001
未上过学1 589(24.89)1 658(26.21)972(33.44)
小学及以下2 826(44.27)2 799(44.24)1 350(46.44)
初中及以上1 968(30.83)1870(29.56)585(20.12)
自评健康状况354.899<0.001
2 634(28.53)1 466(23.17)1 168(40.18)
一般4 627(50.11)3261(51.54)1 366(46.99)
1 973(21.37)1 600(25.29)373(12.83)
ADL受限(是)2 547(27.58)1 379(21.80)1 168(40.18)336.996<0.001
IADL受限(是)2 746(29.74)1 474(23.30)1 272(43.76)399.034<0.001
抑郁症状(是)2 897(34.39)1 345(23.10)1 552(59.67)1 100.000<0.001
慢性疾病状况
癌症241(2.61)1 64(2.59)77(2.65)0.0250.874
糖尿病1 589(17.21)1 034(16.34)555(19.09)10.5670.001
心脏病2 426(26.27)1 516(23.96)910(31.30)55.445<0.001
肺部疾病1 597(17.29)962(15.20)635(21.84)61.380<0.001
中风842(9.12)507(8.01)335(11.52)29.623<0.001
关节炎4 040(43.75)2 509(39.66)1 531(52.67)137.006<0.001
当前吸烟(是)2 443(26.46)1 724(27.25)719(24.73)6.4750.011
孤独感(是)2 907(31.48)--
社会隔离1 580(24.97)1 271(43.72)328.095<0.001
独居(是)2 005(21.71)1 026(16.22)979(33.68)357.260<0.001
非在婚(是)2 014(21.81)1 032(16.31)982(33.78)356.448<0.001
与子女联系缺乏1 958(21.20)1 191(18.82)767(26.38)68.144<0.001
社会活动参与缺乏4 986(54.00)3 364(53.17)1 622(55.80)5.5350.019
), ArticleFig(id=1241102739367850215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102732354974641, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同特征老年人社会隔离、孤独感基本情况描述

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量总人数[n(%)]社会隔离χ2P
否[n(%)]是[n(%)]
人数9 2346 383(69.12)2 851(30.88)
年龄(岁)
60~<653 068(33.23)2 397(37.55)671(23.54)373.523<0.001
65~<754 611(49.94)3 203(50.18)1 408(49.39)
≥751 555(16.84)783(12.27)772(27.08)
性别184.838<0.001
女性4 720(51.12)2 961(46.39)1 759(61.70)
男性4 514(48.88)3 422(53.61)1 092(38.30)
居住地35.250<0.001
城镇2 152(23.31)1 599(25.05)553(19.40)
农村7 082(76.69)4 784(74.95)2 298(80.60)
自评收入状况68.072<0.001
很差1 220(13.23)739(11.59)481(16.91)
一般3 652(39.60)2 482(38.92)1 170(41.12)
4 350(47.17)3 156(49.49)1 194(41.97)
教育水平235.556<0.001
未上过学1 589(24.89)1 041(36.51)2 630(28.48)
小学及以下2 826(44.27)1 323(46.40)4 149(44.93)
初中及以上1 968(30.83)487(17.08)2 455(26.59)
自评健康状况14.1230.001
2 634(28.53)1 752(27.45)882(30.94)
一般4 627(50.11)3 273(51.28)1 354(47.49)
1 973(21.37)1 358(21.28)615(21.57)
ADL受限(是)2 547(27.58)1 615(25.30)932(32.69)53.863<0.001
IADL受限(是)2 746(29.74)1 707(26.74)1 039(36.44)88.753<0.001
抑郁症状(是)2 897(34.39)1 966(33.08)931(37.54)15.421<0.001
慢性疾病状况
癌症241(2.61)174(2.73)67(2.35)1.0960.295
糖尿病1 589(17.21)1 112(17.42)477(16.73)0.6590.417
心脏病2 426(26.27)1 665(26.08)761(26.69)0.3760.540
肺部疾病1 597(17.29)1 076(16.86)521(18.27)2.7670.096
中风842(9.12)572(8.96)270(9.47)0.6160.432
关节炎4 040(43.75)2 706(42.39)1 334(46.79)15.481<0.001
当前吸烟(是)2 443(26.46)1 744(27.32)699(24.52)7.9690.005
孤独感(是)2 907(31.48)1 636(25.63)1 271(44.58)328.095<0.001
社会隔离--
独居(是)2 005(21.71)0(0.00)2 005(70.33)5 700.00<0.001
非在婚(是)2 014(21.81)6(0.09)2 008(70.43)5 700.000<0.001
与子女联系缺乏1 958(21.20)574(8.99)1 384(48.54)1 800.000<0.001
社会活动参与缺乏4 986(54.00)3 067(48.05)1 919(67.31)294.305<0.001
变量总人数[n(%)]孤独χ2P
否[n(%)]是[n(%)]
人数9 2346 327(68.52)2 907(31.48)
年龄(岁)
60~<653 068(33.23)2 201(34.79)867(29.82)30.745<0.001
65~<754 611(49.94)3 132(49.50)1 479(50.88)
≥751 555(16.84)994(15.71)561(19.30)
性别76.458<0.001
女性4 720(51.12)3 039(48.03)1 681(57.83)
男性4 514(48.88)3 288(51.97)1 226(42.17)
居住地75.070<0.001
城镇2 152(23.31)1 638(25.89)514(17.68)
农村7 082(76.69)2 398(37.95)1 254(43.20)
自评收入状况309.798<0.001
很差1 220(13.23)4 689(74.11)2 393(82.32)
一般3 652(39.60)616(9.75)604(20.81)
4 350(47.17)3 305(52.30)1 045(36.00)
教育水平105.368<0.001
未上过学1 589(24.89)1 658(26.21)972(33.44)
小学及以下2 826(44.27)2 799(44.24)1 350(46.44)
初中及以上1 968(30.83)1870(29.56)585(20.12)
自评健康状况354.899<0.001
2 634(28.53)1 466(23.17)1 168(40.18)
一般4 627(50.11)3261(51.54)1 366(46.99)
1 973(21.37)1 600(25.29)373(12.83)
ADL受限(是)2 547(27.58)1 379(21.80)1 168(40.18)336.996<0.001
IADL受限(是)2 746(29.74)1 474(23.30)1 272(43.76)399.034<0.001
抑郁症状(是)2 897(34.39)1 345(23.10)1 552(59.67)1 100.000<0.001
慢性疾病状况
癌症241(2.61)1 64(2.59)77(2.65)0.0250.874
糖尿病1 589(17.21)1 034(16.34)555(19.09)10.5670.001
心脏病2 426(26.27)1 516(23.96)910(31.30)55.445<0.001
肺部疾病1 597(17.29)962(15.20)635(21.84)61.380<0.001
中风842(9.12)507(8.01)335(11.52)29.623<0.001
关节炎4 040(43.75)2 509(39.66)1 531(52.67)137.006<0.001
当前吸烟(是)2 443(26.46)1 724(27.25)719(24.73)6.4750.011
孤独感(是)2 907(31.48)--
社会隔离1 580(24.97)1 271(43.72)328.095<0.001
独居(是)2 005(21.71)1 026(16.22)979(33.68)357.260<0.001
非在婚(是)2 014(21.81)1 032(16.31)982(33.78)356.448<0.001
与子女联系缺乏1 958(21.20)1 191(18.82)767(26.38)68.144<0.001
社会活动参与缺乏4 986(54.00)3 364(53.17)1 622(55.80)5.5350.019
), ArticleFig(id=1241102739489485039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102732354974641, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the association between social isolation, loneliness and smoking behavior

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型非社会隔离社会隔离非孤独孤独
OR值(95%CIPOR值(95%CIP
模型11(ref)1.39(1.23~1.57)<0.0011(ref)1.14(1.01~1.28)0.028
模型21(ref)1.33(1.18~1.50)<0.0011(ref)1.07(0.95~1.20)0.282
模型31(ref)1.30(1.14~1.48)<0.0011(ref)1.14(0.99~1.30)0.065
模型41(ref)1.28(1.12~1.46)<0.0011(ref)1.09(0.95~1.25)0.210
), ArticleFig(id=1241102739606925567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102732354974641, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

社会隔离、孤独感与吸烟行为关联的多因素logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型非社会隔离社会隔离非孤独孤独
OR值(95%CIPOR值(95%CIP
模型11(ref)1.39(1.23~1.57)<0.0011(ref)1.14(1.01~1.28)0.028
模型21(ref)1.33(1.18~1.50)<0.0011(ref)1.07(0.95~1.20)0.282
模型31(ref)1.30(1.14~1.48)<0.0011(ref)1.14(0.99~1.30)0.065
模型41(ref)1.28(1.12~1.46)<0.0011(ref)1.09(0.95~1.25)0.210
), ArticleFig(id=1241102739720171779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102732354974641, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Analysis of the correlation between social isolation, loneliness, and smoking behavior in subgroups

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量非社会隔离社会隔离非孤独孤独
OR值(95%CIPOR值(95%CIP
总人群1(ref)1.28(1.12~1.46)<0.0011(ref)1.09(0.95~1.25)0.210
年龄(岁)
60~<651(ref)1.24(0.97~1.59)0.0921(ref)1.15(0.90~1.47)0.261
65~<751(ref)1.25(1.04~1.50)0.0171(ref)1.01(0.84~1.23)0.910
≥751(ref)1.29(0.95~1.76)0.0991(ref)1.28(0.91~1.80)0.155
性别
女性1(ref)1.23(0.92~1.64)0.1541(ref)1.03(0.76~1.40)0.827
男性1(ref)1.24(1.07~1.44)0.0051(ref)1.10(0.94~1.28)0.229
居住地
城镇1(ref)1.66(1.22~2.27)0.0011(ref)1.20(0.87~1.65)0.262
农村1(ref)1.20(1.04~1.39)0.0121(ref)1.06(0.91~1.24)0.419
), ArticleFig(id=1241102739820835084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102732354974641, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

亚组人群中社会隔离、孤独与吸烟行为的关联性分析

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变量非社会隔离社会隔离非孤独孤独
OR值(95%CIPOR值(95%CIP
总人群1(ref)1.28(1.12~1.46)<0.0011(ref)1.09(0.95~1.25)0.210
年龄(岁)
60~<651(ref)1.24(0.97~1.59)0.0921(ref)1.15(0.90~1.47)0.261
65~<751(ref)1.25(1.04~1.50)0.0171(ref)1.01(0.84~1.23)0.910
≥751(ref)1.29(0.95~1.76)0.0991(ref)1.28(0.91~1.80)0.155
性别
女性1(ref)1.23(0.92~1.64)0.1541(ref)1.03(0.76~1.40)0.827
男性1(ref)1.24(1.07~1.44)0.0051(ref)1.10(0.94~1.28)0.229
居住地
城镇1(ref)1.66(1.22~2.27)0.0011(ref)1.20(0.87~1.65)0.262
农村1(ref)1.20(1.04~1.39)0.0121(ref)1.06(0.91~1.24)0.419
), ArticleFig(id=1241102739904721171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102732354974641, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Logistic regression analysis of social isolation, loneliness and smoking behavior after multiple imputation

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变量非社会隔离社会隔离非孤独孤独
OR值(95%CIPOR值(95%CIP
模型11(ref)1.37(1.23~1.54)<0.0011(ref)1.13(1.01~1.27)0.034
模型21(ref)1.31(1.17~1.47)<0.0011(ref)1.07(0.95~1.20)0.261
模型31(ref)1.30(1.16~1.46)<0.0011(ref)1.18(1.03~1.34)0.015
模型41(ref)1.28(1.14~1.44)<0.0011(ref)1.13(0.99~1.29)0.074
), ArticleFig(id=1241102739996995869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241102732354974641, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

多重插补后社会隔离、孤独与吸烟行为的logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量非社会隔离社会隔离非孤独孤独
OR值(95%CIPOR值(95%CIP
模型11(ref)1.37(1.23~1.54)<0.0011(ref)1.13(1.01~1.27)0.034
模型21(ref)1.31(1.17~1.47)<0.0011(ref)1.07(0.95~1.20)0.261
模型31(ref)1.30(1.16~1.46)<0.0011(ref)1.18(1.03~1.34)0.015
模型41(ref)1.28(1.14~1.44)<0.0011(ref)1.13(0.99~1.29)0.074
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我国老年人社会隔离、孤独感与吸烟行为的关联性研究
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刘翊珺 , 赵哲 , 姜勤勤 , 兰韦娟 , 喻少杰 , 袁磊 , 孙金海
现代预防医学 | 基层卫生服务 2024,51(14): 2587-2592
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现代预防医学 | 基层卫生服务 2024, 51(14): 2587-2592
我国老年人社会隔离、孤独感与吸烟行为的关联性研究
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刘翊珺, 赵哲, 姜勤勤, 兰韦娟, 喻少杰, 袁磊 , 孙金海
作者信息
  • 海军军医大学卫生勤务学系健康管理教研室,上海 200433
  • 刘翊珺(2000—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:健康及社会决定因素

通讯作者:

袁磊,E-mail:
孙金海,E-mail:
The association between social isolation, loneliness and smoking behavior among the elderly adults in China
Yi-jun LIU, Zhe ZHAO, Qin-qin JIANG, Wei-juan LAN, Shao-jie YU, Lei YUAN , Jin-hai SUN
Affiliations
  • Department of Health Management, Faculty of Military Health Service, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
出版时间: 2024-07-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202404187
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目的

探讨中国老年人社会隔离、孤独感与吸烟行为的关联性。

方法

本研究选取2020年中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)的数据,使用Stata 17.0进行统计分析,采用二元logistic回归分析社会隔离、孤独感与吸烟行为的关联。采用链式方程多重插补对缺失值填补并进行敏感性分析。

结果

共纳入9 234名60岁及以上老年人,社会隔离、孤独感发生率分别为30.88%,31.48%。多模型调整结果显示,社会隔离(OR=1.39, 95%CI:1.23~1.57)的老年人吸烟的风险更大。对年龄、性别的亚组分析显示,65~<75岁(OR=1.25, 95%CI:1.04~1.50)、男性(OR=1.24, 95%CI:1.07~1.44)的老年人吸烟风险较大。未观察到孤独感(OR=1.09, 95%CI:0.95~1.25)与吸烟行为的关联性,敏感性分析结果保持一致。

结论

我国社会隔离的老年人更容易吸烟,需要社会、社区、家庭三方共同努力,关注老年人的社会联系以及社会参与情况,尤其是社会隔离与吸烟行为的高危群体,以期促进老年人的健康行为。

社会隔离  /  孤独感  /  吸烟  /  老年人
Objective

To explore the association between social isolation, loneliness, and smoking behavior among Chinese older adults.

Methods

In this study, data from the 2020 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) were selected and statistically analyzed using Stata 17.0. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the associations between social isolation, loneliness, and smoking behavior. Multiple interpolation with chained equations was used to fill in missing values and perform sensitivity analyses.

Results

A total of 9 234 older adults aged 60 years and above were included, and the prevalence of social isolation and loneliness was 30.88% and 31.48%, respectively. Multi-model adjustment showed that socially isolated (OR=1.39, 95%CI: 1.23-1.57) older adults were at greater risk of smoking. Subgroup analyses of age and gender showed a greater risk in 65-<75 years (OR=1.25, 95%CI: 1.04-1.50), and men (OR=1.24, 95%CI: 1.07-1.44). No association between loneliness (OR=1.09, 95%CI: 0.95-1.25) and smoking behavior was observed, and the results of sensitivity analyses remained consistent.

Conclusion

In China, the older adults who are socially isolated are more likely to smoke. Therefore a tripartite effort by society, community and family is needed to pay attention to the social contact as well as social participation of older adults, particularly the high-risk groups of social isolation and smoking behaviors, in order to improve the healthy behavior among the older.

Social isolation  /  Loneliness  /  Smoking  /  Older adults
刘翊珺, 赵哲, 姜勤勤, 兰韦娟, 喻少杰, 袁磊, 孙金海. 我国老年人社会隔离、孤独感与吸烟行为的关联性研究. 现代预防医学, 2024 , 51 (14) : 2587 -2592 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202404187
Yi-jun LIU, Zhe ZHAO, Qin-qin JIANG, Wei-juan LAN, Shao-jie YU, Lei YUAN, Jin-hai SUN. The association between social isolation, loneliness and smoking behavior among the elderly adults in China[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024 , 51 (14) : 2587 -2592 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202404187
社会隔离、孤独感已成为日益严重的公共卫生问题,与抑郁症状、认知能力下降、全因死亡风险增加等不良健康结局密切关联[1-3]。社会隔离被定义为数量上的人际关系以及和朋友、家人、社区互动频率的客观缺乏[4],而孤独感描述了对社会关系的期望质量和实际质量之间的差异,强调主观感知到的不利情绪[5]。老年人面临的重大生活变化(退休、家人或朋友去世、社交规模缩小等)使其更容易受到社会隔离、孤独感的影响[6]。2023年的一项Meta分析,中国老年人群社会隔离发生率为27.5%[7]。社会隔离与死亡率之间的关联已被证实有74%由健康行为介导,包括吸烟、身体活动和饮食质量。西方发达国家的研究表明,那些缺乏社会联系的老年人更有可能吸烟[8-9]。社会网络对吸烟的影响因各国文化和社会规范差异而异。一项跨国比较研究显示,相较于日本,英国社会隔离程度较低的老年人更有可能戒烟,可能是由于其更高的烟草税和严格的无烟立法[8]。很少有亚洲国家的相关研究,且已有结论并不一致。在韩国农村地区,更广泛的社交网络与吸烟行为有关[10];我国一项研究发现了性别差异[11],与子女或亲友联系较少与男性吸烟行为有关,而女性则相反,但该研究仅关注了社会隔离的单一维度。社会隔离、孤独感分别涉及社会关系的客观和主观维度,对健康的危害与吸烟行为类似[12],均为可改变和可干预的危险因素。而我国很少有研究同时关注社会隔离和孤独感对吸烟的影响[13-15]。因此,本研究基于全国代表性的数据,探讨我国老年人社会隔离、孤独感与吸烟行为的关联性,识别高危人群,为减少我国老年人的健康风险提供依据。
本研究采用2020年中国健康与养老追踪调查(China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study,CHARLS)数据。该调查以45岁及以上人群为研究对象,覆盖全国150个地区,涉及10 257户家庭的17 708人,是一项具有全国中老年人代表性的追踪调查[16]。本研究选取60岁及以上老年人作为研究对象,剔除60岁以下,以及吸烟状况、孤独感和社会隔离等主要研究变量缺失的1 413人,最终纳入研究对象9 234人。
根据以往的研究,社会隔离指数根据社会网络关系和社交活动参与度来衡量,由4个指标构成[3,17]。如果受访者为非在婚状态(从未结婚、分居、离婚、丧偶)、独居、与子女接触不足每半个月1次(包括面对面接触和远程接触)、过去一个月未进行任何社交活动(包括与朋友互动,下棋或打牌,参加体育、社团或其他志愿活动等),则每个状态各被赋值1分。社会隔离得分为0~4分,得分越高,说明社会隔离程度越高。大于或等于2分的参与者被归为社会隔离组[18]
孤独感的测量来自于流行病学研究中心抑郁量表(Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression,CES-D)的一个问题[19]:“在过去的这一周里,你多久感到孤独一次?”,若受访者的回答为偶尔感到孤独(每周1~2天)、经常(每周3~4次)或大部分时间(每周5~7天)感到孤独,则被归为孤独组。若受访者回答为很少或从不(≤1天),则被归类为非孤独组。
关于吸烟的测量,根据问卷中“您现在是否吸烟?”进行界定,若受访者回答为从不吸烟或已戒烟,则被归为非吸烟组,若回答为是,则被归为吸烟组。
研究纳入的协变量包括人口学特征、社会经济特征和健康相关状况。人口学特征包括年龄组(60~<65岁,65~<75岁,≥75岁)、性别(女性,男性)、居住地(城镇,农村);社会经济特征包括自评收入状况(很差,一般,好)、教育水平(未上过学,小学及以下,初中及以上);健康相关状况包括自评健康状况(差,一般,好)、日常生活活动能力(Activities of Daily Living,ADL)受限(否,是)、工具性日常生活活动能力(Instrumental Activities of Daily Living,IADL)受限(否,是)、抑郁症状(否,是)、慢性疾病患病情况(癌症、糖尿病、心脏病、肺部疾病、中风、关节炎)。
自评收入状况根据问题“您认为家庭日常收入能否负担花费?”来测量。吃饭、穿衣、洗澡、入厕、起床、控制排便任一项有困难则被归为ADL受限;做家务、做饭、购物、吃药、理财、打电话任一项日常生活能力存在困难则被归为IADL受限[20]。抑郁症状的测量依据流行病学研究中心抑郁量表CES-D,为避免与孤独感得分重叠,研究采用以往文献的通用处理方法[21],在CES-D量表中删除了一个关于孤独感的项目,因此保留了8项,得分≥9分为具有抑郁症状。
采用Stata 17.0进行统计分析。计数资料采用频数和构成比进行描述,采用χ2检验比较不同社会隔离、孤独感状态下老年人的基本特征差异。多模型调整后的二元logistic回归用于分析社会隔离、孤独感与吸烟行为的关联。模型纳入多个协变量以控制混杂因素对研究变量的影响。为评估“社会隔离”、“孤独感”在模型中的稳健性,协变量依次进入模型。模型1调整了年龄、性别;模型2另外调整了社会人口学因素(居住地、自评收入状况、教育水平);模型3进一步调整了健康状况(自评健康状况、ADL、IADL、抑郁症状、癌症、糖尿病、心脏病、肺部疾病、中风、关节炎);在模型4中,社会隔离和孤独感被相互调整。基于完全调整后的模型,按性别、年龄、居住地进行亚组分析。检验水准α= 0.05。为了进一步验证结果,采用多重插补的链式方程进行敏感性分析。
本研究纳入了9 234名60岁及以上老年人,平均年龄为(68.25±0.06)岁,其中女性4 720人(51.12%),男性4 514人(48.88%),76.69%居住在农村,30.83%为初中及以上教育水平。所研究人群社会隔离发生率为30.88%,31.48%的老年人感到孤独,26.46%的老年人报告吸烟。卡方检验结果表明,与非社会隔离、非孤独组的老年人相比,社会隔离、孤独组的老年人独居、非在婚、缺乏与子女联系以及社会活动参与缺乏的发生率更高(P<0.05),健康相关状况等其他细节详见表1
表2 显示了研究对象社会隔离与吸烟行为的关联性。模型1调整了性别和年龄,社会隔离与吸烟行为的关联有统计学意义。在进一步调整了社会人口学特征、健康相关状况以及孤独感等变量后,模型4显示社会隔离与吸烟行为的关联性仍具有统计学意义。表2显示了研究对象孤独感与吸烟行为的关联性,模型1调整了性别和年龄,孤独感与吸烟行为的关联具有统计学意义。然而,在进一步调整了社会人口学特征、健康相关状况以及孤独感或社会隔离等变量后,孤独感与吸烟行为的关联性无统计学意义。
表3 采用完全校正后模型,通过亚组分析进一步探讨社会隔离、孤独感与吸烟行为的关联。按年龄进行的亚组分析显示,仅65 ~ <75岁老年人社会隔离与吸烟行为之间存在显著关联;按性别的亚组分析显示,老年男性社会隔离与吸烟行为的关联性具有统计学意义;按居住地的亚组分析显示,无论居住在城镇或农村,社会隔离与吸烟行为的关联均具有统计学意义。
为了避免直接排除缺失值带来的统计检验效能减少和偏性,对于缺失值比例>5%的变量,我们采用多变量多重插补来探索社会隔离、孤独与吸烟行为之间关联的稳健性。在假设缺失符合多变量任意缺失模式的情况下,使用链式方程进行填补,比较执行不同次数的多重插补后结果的稳定性,最终确定最佳的插补次数为10,我们使用了Stata中的“mi estimate”命令,使用Rubin公式结合了多重填补数据集[22]。多重插补后的结果与填补前完全调整模型中的结果一致,效应的大小和方向是相似的,详见表4
本研究基于CHARLS这一全国性代表数据,探讨了我国老年人社会隔离、孤独感与吸烟行为之间的关联性。研究结果发现,在调整可能的混杂因素后,社会隔离与吸烟之间存在关联,而孤独感与吸烟无关。在年龄、性别的亚组分析中,65~<75岁老年群体、男性群体的社会隔离分别与吸烟行为之间存在显著关联,这为确定今后工作的重点干预群体提供一定借鉴依据。
我们的研究发现,中国老年人社会隔离与吸烟行为之间存在显著关联,这与近期的研究保持一致。我国一项以北京市485名社区老年人为研究对象的横断面研究发现社会隔离与健康促进行为之间的关联性[14],这提示社会隔离可能会影响老年人的健康促进行为。国外一项纳入了 22项研究、涉及3大洲44 116名60岁及以上老年人的Meta分析证实了社会隔离与吸烟行为的关联性[23],社会隔离的老年人使用香烟的几率更高。一方面,根据社会控制理论,与家人、朋友、社区宗教机构等的密切联系会激励个人避免从事一些高风险行为[24],例如亲朋好友的劝导、群体的社会规范等[25],而那些社会隔离的老年人缺乏这种社会联系。社会隔离不仅影响个体的情绪和心理健康,而且与老年人的抑郁和焦虑有着密切的联系[26-27],根据自我用药假说[24],吸烟行为可能被视为一种缓解由精神症状引起的负面情绪的手段,因而社会隔离的老年人可能更倾向于吸烟。另一方面,有研究显示[28],长期吸烟者可能会向社会网络的边缘移动,进而处于社会隔离状态,吸烟习惯通常在生命历程早期便已经存在,社交网络附近其他同伴的吸烟或戒烟行为与个人的行为高度相关[29],由于担心二手烟的健康风险,吸烟者可能被迫在压力下转移到社交网络的边缘,以避免与非吸烟者互动[30]。介于我们研究的横断面性质,我们无法察明社会隔离与吸烟行为发生的先后顺序或因果关联,未来需要更多的纵向研究调查老年人社会隔离与吸烟行为的时间动态。
同时,本研究并未发现孤独感与吸烟行为之间的关联性,这与现有的研究一致。一项探讨中国老年人孤独感影响因素的Meta分析涉及到15项研究,共30个因素,其中,孤独感与吸烟行为并无关联[31]。国外一项基于老年人社会隔离、孤独感与健康相关行为的纵向研究,调查了基线社会隔离、孤独感与随后10年3次随访中健康行为持续情况,发现社会隔离与长期持续的吸烟行为有关,而孤独感无关[30]。这与我们的研究结论保持一致。然而,现有的研究结果缺乏一致性,一项孟德尔随机化研究观察到微弱的证据表明,孤独感的增加导致开始吸烟的可能性增多,该研究的人群主要基于英国生物样本数据库,参与者为欧洲人群,可能存在选择偏倚,研究的代表性仍有待证实。英国一项随访研究表明,吸烟者容易经历更高的孤独感[32]。因此,并不能排除孤独感与吸烟行为之间的反向因果关系的可能性。未来仍需要更多以我国老年人为样本的前瞻性研究,以揭示孤独与健康行为之间关系的复杂性和潜在机制。
本研究仍存在一定局限性,一方面,研究的横断面性质导致无法进行因果推断;另一方面,我们的研究仅关注老年人是否吸烟,并没有测量具体的吸烟量以及频率,未来仍需要更加深入的研究调查社会隔离、孤独感与吸烟行为的时间动态。
综上所述,我们的研究支持了社会隔离与健康相关行为之间存在关联的观点。老年人客观的社会关系缺乏可能与更多的吸烟行为有关,主观的孤独感与吸烟行为无关。这提示对于我国老年人,社会联系的客观状态而非主观感知可能与吸烟行为产生关联。今后应更加关注老年人的社会联系以及社会参与情况,尤其是针对65 ~ <75岁年龄段以及男性群体。建议社会加大对老年人社会联系重要性宣传的力度,提高公众的对于老年人孤立和孤独的重视程度,建设适老化社会参与环境;建议社区基层干部、工作者、志愿者加大对独居、非在婚(离婚、丧偶、分居、从未结婚)状况下老年人的帮助,积极举办社区志愿活动,拓宽参与渠道,提升老年人的社会参与度以及与邻里的交往,维系老年人的社会关系网络;鼓励子女、亲朋好友与老年人的沟通及联系,尽量避免其陷入社会隔离状态,支持老年人维持促进健康的行为。
  • 国家社会科学基金(23BRK008)
  • 老年长期照护教育部重点实验室(海军军医大学)开放课题基金(LNYB-2023-14)
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2024年第51卷第14期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202404187
  • 接收时间:2024-04-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-11
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国家社会科学基金(23BRK008)
老年长期照护教育部重点实验室(海军军医大学)开放课题基金(LNYB-2023-14)
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    海军军医大学卫生勤务学系健康管理教研室,上海 200433

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袁磊,E-mail:
孙金海,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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