Article(id=1241067202363838894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241067197318091153, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411212, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731513600000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773823078956, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1741536000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773823078956, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773823078956, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773823078956, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241067197318091153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='5', pageStart='769', pageEnd='960', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773823077754, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773823268053, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241067995544482681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241067197318091153, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241067995544482682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241067197318091153, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=864, endPage=868, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241067202711966136, articleId=1241067202363838894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Accessibility analysis of childcare institutions in Hangzhou based on the Gaussian two-step floating catchment area method, columnId=1228016567846367388, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health Policy and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To study the accessibility of childcare institutions in Hangzhou and provide references for the optimal allocation of childcare service resources in Hangzhou and the layout of childcare resources in other similar areas.

Methods

Using the information of childcare institutions in Hangzhou as of July 2024, which was published on the official website and mini-program of the Health Commission of Hangzhou, the network analysis tool in ArcGIS 10.8 software was used to calculate the spatial accessibility of childcare institutions according to the Gaussian two-step floating catchment area method.

Results

The ratio of the number of childcare institutions per unit area between the northeast and southwest regions of Hangzhou was 31.38. Overall, there was a distribution pattern with more resources in the northeast and fewer in the southwest. The accessibility of inclusive childcare institutions in the northeast generally showed a state of being low in the central urban area and high in the surrounding urban areas, which was different from the distribution of the number of childcare institutions. The accessibility of non-inclusive childcare institutions was basically consistent with the distribution of the number of childcare institutions. In the five southwestern districts and counties, the areas with high accessibility of inclusive childcare institutions were relatively concentrated near the locations of the district and county governments, and the accessibility in some areas was in the high-value zone. Non-inclusive childcare institutions were only distributed in individual districts and counties close to the northeast urban area.

Conclusion

Attention should be paid to the resource supply of inclusive childcare institutions in some areas of the northeast central urban area with a large population density.Meanwhile, the childcare needs of the five southwestern districts and counties and the less-populated areas in the northeast should not be ignored. Comprehensive measures should be taken to promote the provision and utilization of childcare services.

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目的

对杭州市托育机构的可达性进行研究,为杭州市托育服务资源的优化配置及其他类似地区的托育资源布局提供参考。

方法

使用杭州市卫健委官网及小程序公布的截至2024年7月的托育机构信息,在ArcGIS10.8软件中运用网络分析工具,根据高斯两步移动搜索法计算托育机构的空间可达性。

结果

杭州市东北区域与西南区域单位面积托育机构数之比为31.38,整体呈现东北资源多、西南资源少的分布。东北部普惠托育机构的可达性整体呈现中心城区低、周边城区高的状态,与托育机构的数量分布有所区别,非普惠托育机构可达性与托育机构的数量分布基本一致。西南五区县普惠托育机构可达性较高区域较为集中地分布在区县政府所在地附近,部分区域的可达性处于高值区,非普惠托育机构仅在靠近东北城区的个别区县有分布。

结论

应关注人口密度大的东北中心城区部分区域普惠托育机构资源供给,也不能忽视西南五区县及东北部人口较少区域的托育需求,应通过综合措施促进托育服务的提供和利用。

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朱梦蓉,E-mail:
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杨佳敏(2001—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生政策与管理

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杨佳敏(2001—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生政策与管理

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Education and Economy, 2021, 37(4): 81-88, 96.(In Chinese), articleTitle=International comparison and Enlightenment of the supply modes of childcare services and their effects on inclusiveness, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241067217836626107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241067202363838894, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家卫健委2024年人口高质量发展研究揭榜攻关活动入围项目——普惠托育服务发展研究, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241067209049559902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241067202363838894, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241067209057948512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241067202363838894, companyId=1241067209049559902, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241067209066337120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241067202363838894, companyId=1241067209049559902, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241067217060679802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241067202363838894, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Distribution of childcare institutions in Hangzhou, figureFileSmall=bDYOqvhN9hDOydm6ce8EzA==, figureFileBig=vNlfegSZLQWFKdZv1AKX5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241067217165537414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241067202363838894, language=CN, label=图1, caption=杭州市托育机构分布情况

注:图A为全部托育机构;图B为普惠托育机构;图C为非普惠托育机构;审图号(2022)1873号。

, figureFileSmall=bDYOqvhN9hDOydm6ce8EzA==, figureFileBig=vNlfegSZLQWFKdZv1AKX5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241067217404612760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241067202363838894, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Distribution of 3-km service areas of childcare institutions in Hangzhou, figureFileSmall=eHDaj6aHBFBRj55S5g2b8g==, figureFileBig=hW7zUbB0wXzEEUa+Sa89Og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241067217513664672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241067202363838894, language=CN, label=图2, caption=杭州市托育机构3 km服务区分布情况

注:图A为全部托育机构;图B为普惠托育机构;图C为非普惠托育机构;审图号(2022)1873号。

, figureFileSmall=eHDaj6aHBFBRj55S5g2b8g==, figureFileBig=hW7zUbB0wXzEEUa+Sa89Og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241067217610133670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241067202363838894, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Distribution of 3-km accessibility of childcare institutions in Hangzhou, figureFileSmall=7FZ6u+mMovGbmlVG/RrUhQ==, figureFileBig=1xmwENxSoCn20yDBQ3R9rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241067217714991278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241067202363838894, language=CN, label=图3, caption=杭州市托育机构3 km可达性分布情况

注:图A为全部托育机构;图B为普惠托育机构;图C为非普惠托育机构;审图号(2022)1873号。

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基于高斯两步移动搜索法的杭州市托育机构可达性分析
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杨佳敏 , 毛蜀莹 , 魏玉文 , 赵莉 , 朱梦蓉
现代预防医学 | 卫生政策与管理 2025,52(5): 864-868
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现代预防医学 | 卫生政策与管理 2025, 52(5): 864-868
基于高斯两步移动搜索法的杭州市托育机构可达性分析
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杨佳敏, 毛蜀莹, 魏玉文, 赵莉, 朱梦蓉
作者信息
  • 四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041
  • 杨佳敏(2001—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生政策与管理

通讯作者:

朱梦蓉,E-mail:
Accessibility analysis of childcare institutions in Hangzhou based on the Gaussian two-step floating catchment area method
Jia-min YANG, Shu-ying MAO, Yu-wen WEI, Li ZHAO, Meng-rong ZHU
Affiliations
  • West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
出版时间: 2025-03-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411212
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目的

对杭州市托育机构的可达性进行研究,为杭州市托育服务资源的优化配置及其他类似地区的托育资源布局提供参考。

方法

使用杭州市卫健委官网及小程序公布的截至2024年7月的托育机构信息,在ArcGIS10.8软件中运用网络分析工具,根据高斯两步移动搜索法计算托育机构的空间可达性。

结果

杭州市东北区域与西南区域单位面积托育机构数之比为31.38,整体呈现东北资源多、西南资源少的分布。东北部普惠托育机构的可达性整体呈现中心城区低、周边城区高的状态,与托育机构的数量分布有所区别,非普惠托育机构可达性与托育机构的数量分布基本一致。西南五区县普惠托育机构可达性较高区域较为集中地分布在区县政府所在地附近,部分区域的可达性处于高值区,非普惠托育机构仅在靠近东北城区的个别区县有分布。

结论

应关注人口密度大的东北中心城区部分区域普惠托育机构资源供给,也不能忽视西南五区县及东北部人口较少区域的托育需求,应通过综合措施促进托育服务的提供和利用。

托育机构  /  可达性  /  两步移动搜索法  /  杭州市
Objective

To study the accessibility of childcare institutions in Hangzhou and provide references for the optimal allocation of childcare service resources in Hangzhou and the layout of childcare resources in other similar areas.

Methods

Using the information of childcare institutions in Hangzhou as of July 2024, which was published on the official website and mini-program of the Health Commission of Hangzhou, the network analysis tool in ArcGIS 10.8 software was used to calculate the spatial accessibility of childcare institutions according to the Gaussian two-step floating catchment area method.

Results

The ratio of the number of childcare institutions per unit area between the northeast and southwest regions of Hangzhou was 31.38. Overall, there was a distribution pattern with more resources in the northeast and fewer in the southwest. The accessibility of inclusive childcare institutions in the northeast generally showed a state of being low in the central urban area and high in the surrounding urban areas, which was different from the distribution of the number of childcare institutions. The accessibility of non-inclusive childcare institutions was basically consistent with the distribution of the number of childcare institutions. In the five southwestern districts and counties, the areas with high accessibility of inclusive childcare institutions were relatively concentrated near the locations of the district and county governments, and the accessibility in some areas was in the high-value zone. Non-inclusive childcare institutions were only distributed in individual districts and counties close to the northeast urban area.

Conclusion

Attention should be paid to the resource supply of inclusive childcare institutions in some areas of the northeast central urban area with a large population density.Meanwhile, the childcare needs of the five southwestern districts and counties and the less-populated areas in the northeast should not be ignored. Comprehensive measures should be taken to promote the provision and utilization of childcare services.

Childcare institutions  /  Accessibility  /  Two-step floating catchment area method  /  Hangzhou city
杨佳敏, 毛蜀莹, 魏玉文, 赵莉, 朱梦蓉. 基于高斯两步移动搜索法的杭州市托育机构可达性分析. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (5) : 864 -868 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411212
Jia-min YANG, Shu-ying MAO, Yu-wen WEI, Li ZHAO, Meng-rong ZHU. Accessibility analysis of childcare institutions in Hangzhou based on the Gaussian two-step floating catchment area method[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (5) : 864 -868 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411212
近年来,我国家庭的生育意愿降低,社会面临着加速少子化的趋势[1],提高家庭生育意愿成为人口发展领域备受关注的问题。婴幼儿照护服务的提供可减轻0~3岁婴幼儿家庭的育儿负担,促进家庭尤其是女性的职育平衡[2],从而推动构建生育友好型社会,提高家庭的生育意愿,缓解人口生育率相比更替水平持续下降的问题。
2019年,国务院办公厅及多部门相继发布多项与3岁以下婴幼儿照护、托育机构建设相关的政策,并提出优先支持普惠性婴幼儿照护服务机构,建立普惠托育服务体系[3],“十四五”规划纲要将“每千人口拥有3岁以下婴幼儿托位数”列为经济社会发展20个主要指标之一。截至2024年2月,全国提供托育服务的机构近10万个,托位约480万个[4]。但是,托育机构数量的提高不等同于托育服务需求可顺利获得满足[5],单纯增加托育机构的数量可能会产生资源错配现象。空间距离是影响托育服务利用一个关键因素[6],基于路网数据对托育机构的服务区进行研究可以明确托育资源的辐射范围,而对可达性的研究可以综合考虑托育机构服务能力与人群需求分布的空间匹配情况,是评价和优化资源配置的协调程度的重要依据。当前对托育机构配置的研究中,空间尺度最小到乡镇(街道),精确度不高,且未将普惠托育机构单独研究或与非普惠托育机构对比研究[7-8],本研究以青年人口流入较多的杭州市为例,以500 m×500 m人口格网为需求点的最小空间尺度对杭州市托育机构的可达性进行研究,旨在为杭州市托育资源的优化配置及其他类似地区对托育资源的部署提供参考。
杭州市地处长江三角洲,土地面积16 850平方千米,现辖10个市辖区、2个县,代管1个县级市,共设23个乡,75个镇和93个街道。全市丘陵山地占总面积的65.6%,集中分布在西部、中部和南部,由于这些地区可规划建设空间有限,限制了经济发展和人口增长,相比之下,地理面积小的东北中心城区由于处于平原地区,交通便利,吸引了大量产业聚集及人口就业和定居。为便于描述,本文将西南部人口密度低的富阳区、临安区、桐庐县、淳安县和建德市统称为“西南五区县”,将东北部居于中心的人口密度高的拱墅区、上城区和滨江区统称为“东北中心城区”,东北中心城区周围的西湖区、临平区、余杭区、萧山区和钱塘区,人口密度介于东北中心城区和西南五区县中间,统称为“东北周边城区”。
近年来杭州以其数字经济和互联网产业的发展与优厚的人才政策吸引了许多年轻群体,成为全国人才流入量最大的城市之一[9],2023年杭州人才净流入占比仅次于北上广深,位于二线城市榜首。然而近些年来,杭州市出生率不断下降,与2022年相比,2023年出生率下降0.5个千分点[10]。由于外来人口占比高,隔代抚育的难度增加,青年人群高强度的工作使得婴幼儿照料难题更加突出,对托育机构的需求更大。
两步移动搜索法(two-step floating catchment area,2SFCA)由Radke和Mu于2000年提出,该方法以供给点和需求点为基础,以搜索阈值为半径,移动搜索2次,用供需比的形式反映需求点获得供给点服务的机会累计值[11-12],本文以路网距离3 km作为搜索阈值[13]
高斯两步移动搜索法引入了高斯函数为落在搜索域内的要素点赋予权重,从搜索中心到搜索极限处,权重由1到0衰减。高斯函数的计算方式如公式(1),G(dij)为高斯函数的结果,i为需求点,j为供给点,d0为搜索阈值,dij为需求点i与供给点j之间的距离或者时间。
在本研究中,高斯两步移动搜索法的计算步骤如下:
(1)首先计算每个供给点j的供需比RjSj为供给点j的规模,k为以供给点为质心的落在搜索阈值内的需求点,G(dkjd0)为公式(1)高斯函数的结果,Pk为需求点k的需求值。Rj的计算见公式(2):
(2)第二步计算每个需求点i的可达性AiAi值越大,表明该需求点的可达性越高,l为以需求点i为质心落在搜索阈值d0内的供给点,G(dild0)是根据公式(1)计算的需求点i和供给点l距离的高斯函数的结果,Rl为公式(2)计算的供给点l的供需比,Ai计算见公式(3):
本研究的供给点信息来源于杭州市卫生健康委官网公布的备案托育机构白名单[14]及杭州市卫生健康委设立的小程序“善育在杭”中可检索到的托育机构信息;需求点信息来源于WorldPop 100 m分辨率网格人口数据(https://hub.worldpop.org/),杭州市及各区县的地图来源于国家地理信息中心,路网信息来源于OpenStreetMap网站(https://openmaptiles.org/)。
将原始数据导入ArcGIS10.8软件中,通过网络分析工具中的构建服务区工具绘制杭州市托育机构3 km服务区;建立OD成本矩阵,得到3 km路网距离的起始点和目的地信息,根据公式(1)、(2)、(3)计算每个需求点的可达性值,使用反距离权重法进行插值计算,使用自然间断法将可达性分为低、较低、一般、较高和高五个等级,绘制可达性分布图,使用ArcGIS的“分割”、“合并”及“几何计算”等工具计算面积。
截至2024年7月20日,杭州市通过备案的托育机构共有456家,共计托位21 353个,其中,普惠托育机构338家,非普惠托育机构118家。各区县全部及分类型的托育机构数量及规模分布见图1
整体来看,杭州市托育机构呈现东北多、西南少的趋势,东北区域与西南区域单位面积拥有托育机构数之比为31.38。上城区托育机构数最多,为74家,其次是拱墅区和萧山区,最少的为建德市,仅有5家。在西南五区县,托育机构多为单中心聚集或一大一小两中心聚集分布,聚集点位于各自区县政府附近。分类型来看,普惠性托育机构与全部托育机构分布特征类似,单位面积普惠托育机构数量排前三的均为东北中心城区;非普惠托育机构更集中分布在东北部,有56.78%分布在东北中心城区的拱墅区和上城区,在西南的临安区、淳安县和建德市尚未分布。
杭州市全部托育机构3 km服务区如图2A所示,呈现东北中心城区服务区占比大、东北周边城区次之、西南五区县服务区占比小的分布。东北中心城区均有90%以上的面积处在服务区内,东北周边城区的临平区、西湖区有50%~70%的区域处于服务区范围内,而余杭区、萧山区和钱塘区服务区范围占比约有25%~35%,且服务区均靠近东北中心城区。在西南五区县仅有1%~7%的面积位于服务区范围内,在富阳区、桐庐县和临安区,服务区覆盖了多个乡镇(街道),在淳安县和建德市,服务区仅覆盖1~2个乡镇(街道)。
分类型的3 km服务区如图2B、C所示,普惠托育机构与全部托育机构服务区分布相似,服务区面积有所减小的区域主要在西湖区的西湖街道、转塘街道和双浦镇;而非普惠托育机构服务区更加集中在东北地区,在东北中心城区的拱墅区和上城区,服务区面积占到区总面积的90%以上。
2.3.1 全部托育机构可达性与托育机构的分布情况有所区别杭州市全部托育机构3 km可达性如图3A所示,整体来看,可达性的高值区面积小且并未分布在托育机构数量最多的区县,东北中心城区大面积区域可达性处于一般及以下水平,东北周边城区的可达性整体状况优于东北中心城区,西南五区县可达性相对高的区域面积占比小,且集中分布在区县政府所在地附近。
从不同级别可达性区域的分布来看,杭州市全部托育机构可达性高值区主要分布在余杭区的仓前街道和闲林街道交界处以及淳安县千岛湖景区内,从500 m×500 m格网和托育机构的分布情况可看出,这两处可达性高值区域人口密度低而托育机构资源相对多。可达性较高区域的面积整体呈现出东北部中心城区分布少或无、东北周边城区分布多且靠近中心城区、西南个别区县的个别街道有分布的局面。东北周边城区的萧山区、余杭区、临平区、西湖区、西南的淳安县和富阳区可达性相对高的面积较大,位于东北中心城区的拱墅区和上城区可达性相对高值的面积少,上城区可达性较高及以上的区域位列第七,处于中等水平,拱墅区无可达性较高的区域,可达性一般及以上的区域位列第十二。
2.3.2 普惠托育机构与全部托育机构可达性类似杭州市普惠托育机构3 km可达性如图3B所示,与全部托育机构可达性的大部分区域分布类似,在西湖区、拱墅区和上城区这三个东北部城区可达性相比全部托育机构降低较为明显。上城区可达性一般及以上的区域面积排名第9,主要分布在丁桥街道和彭埠街道。西湖区无可达性较高的区域,可达性一般的区域主要分布在三墩镇,拱墅区无可达性一般及以上的区域。
2.3.3 非普惠托育机构可达性相对高的区域更集中分布于东北部靠近中心城区杭州市非普惠托育机构3 km可达性如图3C所示。整体来看,相比全部托育机构和普惠托育机构,非普惠托育机构可达性相对高的区域更集中地分布在东北城区,西南五区县可达性进一步降低,仅有富阳区和桐庐县有可达性较低及以上的区域分布。
可达性的高值区在余杭区,主要位于五常街道的西北部,在仓前街道的东南区和闲林街道的北部也有少许分布,西南五个区县由于非普惠托育机构少或无,因此均为可达性低值区,就可达性较高及以上的区域面积而言,除富阳区排名第四外,前七名均为东北部城区,可达性较高及以上的区域面积占区面积比例前六名均为东北部城区。
本文对杭州市托育机构的分布、3 km服务区范围和可达性进行了分析。整体而言,普惠托育机构的可达性与托育机构的分布有所区别,托育机构密度大且服务区覆盖比例高的东北部中心城区普惠托育机构可达性较低;东北周边城区尤其是靠近东北中心城区的区域普惠托育机构可达性相对较高,托育资源数量充裕的地区可能会因为人口密度大导致可达性相对低,在成都市托育机构空间分布情况的研究中也表现出相似的结果[7];西南部五个区县可达性相对高的区域主要聚集在区县政府附近,也有高值区的分布。非普惠托育机构的可达性与人口密度和托育机构分布状态类似,呈现东北部城区可达性高、西南五区县可达性低的状态。
托育服务体系的建设是一项系统工程,“可获得性”需与“可负担性”和“有质量”协同发挥作用,需求和供给之间也存在复杂的相互作用。目前,我国存在着托育需求率远高于入托率与托位实际使用率不高共存的情形,由于0~3岁婴幼儿照护的特殊性,即使“可获得性”条件得到满足,由于托育机构的服务对象年龄小,对照护依赖性高,提供父母能够信任的托育服务至关重要[15],对托育服务缺乏了解、托育服务与需求的不匹配以及对质量及价格的担忧都可能阻碍家长群体对于托育服务的利用[16-17],从而会影响托育服务提供的动力及定价和质量,同时,政府也可使用多种政策工具影响托育机构开办的动力及托育服务的利用,推动形成托育资源总量增多与托育需求扩大二者互相促进的良性循环。
韩国通过政府对供需双方提供补贴、要求用人单位提供托育服务和志愿机构资助构建托育服务体系,发展了托育机构强制认证评估体系,将评估结果公开并与补贴挂钩,2020年,韩国的3岁以下婴幼儿入托率已达62.7%,居国际前三[18]。我国部分地区也在托育服务提供方面开展了积极探索,例如广州市卫健委组织专家对参与申报的托育机构进行星级评估并公示结果,北京市个别区为有托育需求且首次入托的孩子发放托育消费体验券、举办“托育服务宣传活动”,很好地增进了家长群体与托育服务机构的互相了解。基于以上分析,我们提出如下建议:
第一,衡量托育资源配置公平性时,应综合考虑托育机构数量与需求人口的数量分布,同时也需要关注低人口密度区域的托育需求。对杭州市而言,拱墅区和上城区的部分区域普惠托育机构可达性相对薄弱,需根据托育服务利用情况逐步提高普惠托育资源的供给,也需要重视西南区县中心乡镇(街道)之外地区及东北各区的可达性低区域的托育服务的提供。第二,构建多层次、多元化的托育服务,允许非普惠托育机构解决有经济能力的居民的托育需求,缓解托育资源紧缺状态,并引导和鼓励多种灵活创新的普惠托育机构的开办,落实税费优惠、政府补贴、奖励先进、金融支持等激励措施,帮助普惠托育机构降低运营成本。第三,发挥地区托育服务中心的示范引领作用,完善行业准入和监管相关法律法规、人才培训和晋升体系建设机制,举办多元化的活动增进家长与托育服务机构的互相了解,系统性提高托育服务的质量并为社会提供公开透明的信息,促进托育机构的可持续发展。
本研究的局限性在于,在计算托育机构可达性时,未将其他可能影响居民选择的因素纳入考虑。托育机构设施及人员配备情况、社会声誉等方面的相对水平会影响对周边居民的吸引力从而影响辐射半径和服务人群的数量,在托育机构相对水平高的区域周围,真实的可达性可能会有所降低,青年群体比例高低可能影响0~3岁婴幼儿密度从而影响托育需求,在托育需求更大的区域真实的可达性可能也会更低。另外,不同交通条件的居民选择出行方式不同,可能会影响其到达托育机构的时间从而影响其选择意愿。进一步的研究可在托位数的基础上,增加托育机构的质量评估等影响因素,并对杭州市0~3岁婴幼儿分布情况及托育意愿进行调查以准确评估托育需求的分布,采用多因素综合评价方法以优化可达性计算模型,并探索基于居民实际出行行为和路径选择偏好的可达性方法,使用地图网站的路径规划功能更精确地计算通行时间,对本研究做更细致的改进,从而构建更完善的托育机构可达性评估体系,提高研究结果的实用性。
  • 国家卫健委2024年人口高质量发展研究揭榜攻关活动入围项目——普惠托育服务发展研究
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2025年第52卷第5期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411212
  • 接收时间:2024-11-14
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-14
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国家卫健委2024年人口高质量发展研究揭榜攻关活动入围项目——普惠托育服务发展研究
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    四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院,四川 成都 610041

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朱梦蓉,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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