Article(id=1241067199444611962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241067197318091153, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411457, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732464000000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773823078261, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1741536000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773823078261, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773823078261, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773823078261, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241067197318091153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='5', pageStart='769', pageEnd='960', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773823077754, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773823268053, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241067995544482681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241067197318091153, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241067995544482682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241067197318091153, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=774, endPage=778, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241067203047519111, articleId=1241067199444611962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Analysis of malaria disease burden and trends in China from 1990 to 2021, columnId=1240413921954295836, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the malaria disease burden and trends in China from 1990 to 2021, providing a feasibility basis for malaria prevention and control strategies in the context of globalization.

Methods

Based on the 2021 Global Burden of Disease (GBD 2021) study data, we obtained malaria prevalence, incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALY),and their age-standardized rates in China from 1990 to 2021. The Join point model was used to analyze the average annual percentage change (AAPC) in malaria disease over the years.

Results

In 1990, there were in total 292 387 malaria cases, 787 611 prevalent cases, and 997 deaths in all age groups in China, with an absolute number of DALY of 64 233. The age-standardized incidence, prevalence, mortality, and DALY rates were 24.48/100 000, 66.10/100 000, 0.08/100 000, and 5.18/100 000, respectively. All age-standardized rates showed a significant downward trend from 1990 to 2021 (AAPC=-61.90%,-68.77%, -51.36%, and -66.25%, all P < 0.05). From 1990 to 2021, the number of cases, prevalence, and deaths among males were consistently higher than those among females, although the absolute number of DALY gradually fell below that of females over the years. In 1990, the highest malaria incidence was observed in the 15 to 49 age group (29.06/100 000), while the lowest was in the under-5 age group (9.08/100 000). The highest prevalence occurred in the 5 to 14 age group (89.90/100 000), and the lowest in those aged 70 and above (59.17/100 000). The mortality rate was highest in those aged 70 and above (0.09/100 000) and lowest in the under-5 age group (0.05/100 000), with a 100.00% reduction in all age group indicators from 1990 to 2021.

Conclusion

China has made significant achievements in malaria prevention and control, but attention must still be given to monitoring malaria in males and the elderly. Strengthening surveillance of imported cases is essential to prevent re- ransmission while improving domestic control efforts.

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目的

分析中国1990—2021年疟疾疾病负担及变化趋势,以期为全球化背景下中国疟疾防控对策提供可行性依据。

方法

基于2021年全球疾病负担(GBD 2021)研究数据,获取1990—2021年中国疟疾患病率、发病率、死亡率、伤残调整寿命年(DALY)及其年龄标准化率等疾病负担数据,利用joinpoint模型分析疟疾疾病年度变化百分比(average annual percentage change,AAPC)。

结果

1990年中国全年龄段疟疾发病292 387例,患病787 611例,死亡997例,DALY绝对数64 233例,年龄标化发病率、患病率、死亡率、DALY率分别为24.48/10万、66.10/10万、0.08/10万、5.18/10万,各年龄标化率在1990—2021年均呈显著下降趋势(AAPC=-61.90%、-68.77%、-51.36 %、-66.25%,均P<0.05)。1990—2021年中国男性发病数、患病数、死亡数每年均高于中国女性,但DALY绝对数随着年份的增长出现逐渐低于女性的情况。1990年中国各年龄组疟疾发病率以15~49岁组最高(29.06/10万),<5岁组最低(9.08/10万);患病率以5~14岁最高(89.90/10万),≥70岁组最低(59.17/10万);死亡率以≥70岁组为最高(0.09/10万),<5岁年龄组最低(0.05/10万),1990—2021年中国各年龄组指标下降幅度均为100.00%。

结论

中国疟疾防控取得较好成就,但仍要注重男性、老年人群疟疾监测,做好自身防控工作时也需加强境外传染源监测,防止输入性病例再传播。

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龙江,E-mail:
赵金华,E-mail: :
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=HuwN2ST+v7gpO3mWn+Zvdg==, magXml=nJKScGUY2bkZqWbR0xSE8g==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=AnH8TiVx2g7ROHsEJKjdIA==, pdfFileSize=1049993, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=5HFDM61+8crj3tCwZdjxNg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=0XM/MLAF81RCFSzLZDjY5A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

龙江与赵金华为共同通信作者

姜雨淇(2001—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

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姜雨淇(2001—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

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Epidemiological characteristics analysis of imported malaria cases in Beijing from 2014 to 2023[J/OL]. Journal of Parasites and Medical Entomology: 1-11[2025-01-26]. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3158.R.20241212.1149.002.html.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Epidemiological characteristics analysis of imported malaria cases in Beijing from 2014 to 2023, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241067225562542840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241067199444611962, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=17, issue=1, pageStart=429, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=30, authorNames=Ashton RA, Chanda B, Chishya C, journalName=Parasites & Vectors, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ashton RA, Chanda B, Chishya C, et al. Why does malaria transmission continue at high levels despite Universal vector control?Quantifying persistent malaria transmission by Anopheles funestus in Western Province, Zambia[J]. 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Global burden of 288 causes of death and Life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021[J].Lancet, 2024, 403(10440): 2100-2132., articleTitle=Global burden of 288 causes of death and Life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241067225772258052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241067199444611962, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=26, issue=6, pageStart=684, pageEnd=690, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=32, authorNames=卢添欢, 宇传华, journalName=中华疾病控制杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=卢添欢, 宇传华.基于全球视角的中国痴呆症疾病负担现状及趋势分析[J].中华疾病控制杂志202226(6):684-690., articleTitle=基于全球视角的中国痴呆症疾病负担现状及趋势分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241067225885504263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241067199444611962, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=26, issue=6, pageStart=684, pageEnd=690, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=33, authorNames=Lu TH, Yu CH, journalName=Chinese Journal of Disease Control & Prevention, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lu TH, Yu CH. Analysis on the status and trend of dementia burden in China based on the global perspective[J]. Chinese Journal of Disease Control & Prevention, 2022, 26(6): 684-690.(In Chinese), articleTitle=Analysis on the status and trend of dementia burden in China based on the global perspective, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241067217056494084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241067199444611962, awardId=12371503, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金委员会项目(12371503), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241067217152963086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241067199444611962, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=2024年度国家公共卫生人才培养支持项目, fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241067217270403605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241067199444611962, awardId=青卫健办[2021]104号, language=CN, fundingSource=“昆仑英才·高原名医”培养人才项目(青卫健办[2021]104号), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241067206851752951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241067199444611962, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241067206868530169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241067199444611962, companyId=1241067206851752951, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241067206876918779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241067199444611962, companyId=1241067206851752951, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.青海大学医学院公共卫生系,青海 西宁 810001)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241067206985969666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241067199444611962, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241067206994358276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241067199444611962, companyId=1241067206985969666, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.青海省疾病预防控制中心,青海 西宁 810007)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241067207174713355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241067199444611962, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241067207183101964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241067199444611962, companyId=1241067207174713355, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.重庆市疾病预防控制中心,重庆 北碚 400700)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241067215794008471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241067199444611962, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Trends in age-specific malaria standardization rates in China, 1990—2021, figureFileSmall=YtQtEX48THl/cGtRHoNNbw==, figureFileBig=5HFDM61+8crj3tCwZdjxNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241067215898866082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241067199444611962, language=CN, label=图1, caption=1990—2021年中国疟疾各年龄标化率变化趋势, figureFileSmall=YtQtEX48THl/cGtRHoNNbw==, figureFileBig=5HFDM61+8crj3tCwZdjxNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241067216146330038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241067199444611962, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Biaxial plot of malaria sex-specific disease standardization rates in China, 1990—2021, figureFileSmall=ZcWgcL5NdOQpm3+UcSL4cw==, figureFileBig=dQx1RFGTMf/f2XqjwROG1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241067216272159168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241067199444611962, language=CN, label=图2, caption=1990—2021年中国疟疾分性别疾病标化率双轴图, figureFileSmall=ZcWgcL5NdOQpm3+UcSL4cw==, figureFileBig=dQx1RFGTMf/f2XqjwROG1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241067216406376901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241067199444611962, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Malaria burden and AAPC situation in China from 1990 to 2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别1990年2021年1990—2021年
AAPC[(%)(95%CI)]
绝对数[n(95%UI)]年龄标化率(/10万)
(95%UI
绝对数 [n(95%UI)]年龄标化率(/10万)
(95%UI
发病292 387 (248 129~382 526)24.48 (20.75~32.10)0 (0~0)0.00 (0.00~0.00)-61.90 (-70.22~-51.26)*
患病787 611 (445 839~961 472)66.10 (37.29~80.76)0 (0~0)0.00 (0.00~0.00)-68.77 (-80.73~-49.39)*
死亡997 (1~11 660)0.08 (0.01~0.97)0 (0~0)0.00 (0.00~0.00)-51.36 (-63.02~-36.03)*
DALY64 233 (3 111~703 999)5.18 (0.26~56.52)0 (0~0) 0.00 (0.00~0.00)-66.25 (-70.48~-61.40)*
), ArticleFig(id=1241067216477680075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241067199444611962, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

1990—2021年中国疟疾疾病负担及AAPC情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别1990年2021年1990—2021年
AAPC[(%)(95%CI)]
绝对数[n(95%UI)]年龄标化率(/10万)
(95%UI
绝对数 [n(95%UI)]年龄标化率(/10万)
(95%UI
发病292 387 (248 129~382 526)24.48 (20.75~32.10)0 (0~0)0.00 (0.00~0.00)-61.90 (-70.22~-51.26)*
患病787 611 (445 839~961 472)66.10 (37.29~80.76)0 (0~0)0.00 (0.00~0.00)-68.77 (-80.73~-49.39)*
死亡997 (1~11 660)0.08 (0.01~0.97)0 (0~0)0.00 (0.00~0.00)-51.36 (-63.02~-36.03)*
DALY64 233 (3 111~703 999)5.18 (0.26~56.52)0 (0~0) 0.00 (0.00~0.00)-66.25 (-70.48~-61.40)*
), ArticleFig(id=1241067216569954772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241067199444611962, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Malaria disease burden in different age groups in China from 1990 to 2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄组(岁)发病率(/10万)患病率(/10万)死亡率(/10万)
1990年2021年变化率(%)1990年2021年变化率(%)1990年2021年变化率(%)
<59.080.00-100.0086.050.00-100.000.050.00-100.00
5~16.900.00-100.0089.900.00-100.000.080.00-100.00
15~29.060.00-100.0061.450.00-100.000.090.00-100.00
50~28.540.00-100.0050.420.00-100.000.090.00-100.00
≥7025.800.00-100.0049.170.00-100.000.090.00-100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241067216708366818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241067199444611962, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

1990—2021年中国不同年龄组疟疾疾病负担情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄组(岁)发病率(/10万)患病率(/10万)死亡率(/10万)
1990年2021年变化率(%)1990年2021年变化率(%)1990年2021年变化率(%)
<59.080.00-100.0086.050.00-100.000.050.00-100.00
5~16.900.00-100.0089.900.00-100.000.080.00-100.00
15~29.060.00-100.0061.450.00-100.000.090.00-100.00
50~28.540.00-100.0050.420.00-100.000.090.00-100.00
≥7025.800.00-100.0049.170.00-100.000.090.00-100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241067216825807344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241067199444611962, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of Joinpoint analysis of malaria burden of disease indicators in China, 1990—2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标化率区间段(年)APC(%)(95%CItP
ASIR1990—2008-9.57(-12.70~-6.33)-5.89<0.001
2008—2015-61.74(-67.00~-55.64)-13.41<0.001
2015—2021-97.17(-99.25~-89.33)-5.55<0.001
ASPR1990—2010-7.02(-9.40~-4.58)-5.80<0.001
2010—2018-48.12(-51.86~-44.09)-18.11<0.001
2018—2021-99.99(-100.00~-98.94)-3.85<0.001
ASMR1990—2011-20.43(-30.83~-8.46)-3.370.003
2011—2018-92.27(-95.84~-85.64)-8.52<0.001
2018—2021-13.38(-89.87~1169.54)0.110.915
ASDR1990—2018-23.99(-25.66~-22.28)-25.27<0.001
2018—2021-99.98(-100.00~-99.93)-12.38<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241067216918082042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241067199444611962, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

1990—2021年中国疟疾各疾病负担指标joinpoint分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标化率区间段(年)APC(%)(95%CItP
ASIR1990—2008-9.57(-12.70~-6.33)-5.89<0.001
2008—2015-61.74(-67.00~-55.64)-13.41<0.001
2015—2021-97.17(-99.25~-89.33)-5.55<0.001
ASPR1990—2010-7.02(-9.40~-4.58)-5.80<0.001
2010—2018-48.12(-51.86~-44.09)-18.11<0.001
2018—2021-99.99(-100.00~-98.94)-3.85<0.001
ASMR1990—2011-20.43(-30.83~-8.46)-3.370.003
2011—2018-92.27(-95.84~-85.64)-8.52<0.001
2018—2021-13.38(-89.87~1169.54)0.110.915
ASDR1990—2018-23.99(-25.66~-22.28)-25.27<0.001
2018—2021-99.98(-100.00~-99.93)-12.38<0.001
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1990—2021年中国疟疾疾病负担及变化趋势分析
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姜雨淇 1 , 龙江 3 , 赵金华 1, 2 , 邓萍 1 , 张阳 1 , 覃胜林 1
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2025,52(5): 774-778
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现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2025, 52(5): 774-778
1990—2021年中国疟疾疾病负担及变化趋势分析
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姜雨淇1, 龙江3 , 赵金华1, 2 , 邓萍1, 张阳1, 覃胜林1
作者信息
  • 1.青海大学医学院公共卫生系,青海 西宁 810001
  • 2.青海省疾病预防控制中心,青海 西宁 810007
  • 3.重庆市疾病预防控制中心,重庆 北碚 400700
  • 姜雨淇(2001—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:流行病与卫生统计学

通讯作者:

龙江,E-mail:
赵金华,E-mail: :
Analysis of malaria disease burden and trends in China from 1990 to 2021
Yu-qin JIANG1, Jiang LONG3 , Jin-hua ZHAO1, 2 , Ping DENG1, Yang ZHANG1, Sheng-lin QIN1
Affiliations
  • Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810001, China
出版时间: 2025-03-10 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411457
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目的

分析中国1990—2021年疟疾疾病负担及变化趋势,以期为全球化背景下中国疟疾防控对策提供可行性依据。

方法

基于2021年全球疾病负担(GBD 2021)研究数据,获取1990—2021年中国疟疾患病率、发病率、死亡率、伤残调整寿命年(DALY)及其年龄标准化率等疾病负担数据,利用joinpoint模型分析疟疾疾病年度变化百分比(average annual percentage change,AAPC)。

结果

1990年中国全年龄段疟疾发病292 387例,患病787 611例,死亡997例,DALY绝对数64 233例,年龄标化发病率、患病率、死亡率、DALY率分别为24.48/10万、66.10/10万、0.08/10万、5.18/10万,各年龄标化率在1990—2021年均呈显著下降趋势(AAPC=-61.90%、-68.77%、-51.36 %、-66.25%,均P<0.05)。1990—2021年中国男性发病数、患病数、死亡数每年均高于中国女性,但DALY绝对数随着年份的增长出现逐渐低于女性的情况。1990年中国各年龄组疟疾发病率以15~49岁组最高(29.06/10万),<5岁组最低(9.08/10万);患病率以5~14岁最高(89.90/10万),≥70岁组最低(59.17/10万);死亡率以≥70岁组为最高(0.09/10万),<5岁年龄组最低(0.05/10万),1990—2021年中国各年龄组指标下降幅度均为100.00%。

结论

中国疟疾防控取得较好成就,但仍要注重男性、老年人群疟疾监测,做好自身防控工作时也需加强境外传染源监测,防止输入性病例再传播。

疟疾  /  疾病负担  /  Joinpoint回归模型  /  伤残寿命调整年  /  时间趋势
Objective

To analyze the malaria disease burden and trends in China from 1990 to 2021, providing a feasibility basis for malaria prevention and control strategies in the context of globalization.

Methods

Based on the 2021 Global Burden of Disease (GBD 2021) study data, we obtained malaria prevalence, incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALY),and their age-standardized rates in China from 1990 to 2021. The Join point model was used to analyze the average annual percentage change (AAPC) in malaria disease over the years.

Results

In 1990, there were in total 292 387 malaria cases, 787 611 prevalent cases, and 997 deaths in all age groups in China, with an absolute number of DALY of 64 233. The age-standardized incidence, prevalence, mortality, and DALY rates were 24.48/100 000, 66.10/100 000, 0.08/100 000, and 5.18/100 000, respectively. All age-standardized rates showed a significant downward trend from 1990 to 2021 (AAPC=-61.90%,-68.77%, -51.36%, and -66.25%, all P < 0.05). From 1990 to 2021, the number of cases, prevalence, and deaths among males were consistently higher than those among females, although the absolute number of DALY gradually fell below that of females over the years. In 1990, the highest malaria incidence was observed in the 15 to 49 age group (29.06/100 000), while the lowest was in the under-5 age group (9.08/100 000). The highest prevalence occurred in the 5 to 14 age group (89.90/100 000), and the lowest in those aged 70 and above (59.17/100 000). The mortality rate was highest in those aged 70 and above (0.09/100 000) and lowest in the under-5 age group (0.05/100 000), with a 100.00% reduction in all age group indicators from 1990 to 2021.

Conclusion

China has made significant achievements in malaria prevention and control, but attention must still be given to monitoring malaria in males and the elderly. Strengthening surveillance of imported cases is essential to prevent re- ransmission while improving domestic control efforts.

Malaria  /  Disease burden  /  Join point regression model  /  Disability-adjusted life years  /  Temporal trends
姜雨淇, 龙江, 赵金华, 邓萍, 张阳, 覃胜林. 1990—2021年中国疟疾疾病负担及变化趋势分析. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (5) : 774 -778 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411457
Yu-qin JIANG, Jiang LONG, Jin-hua ZHAO, Ping DENG, Yang ZHANG, Sheng-lin QIN. Analysis of malaria disease burden and trends in China from 1990 to 2021[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (5) : 774 -778 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411457
疟疾(malaria)是一种由疟原虫引起,并通过受感染的雌性按蚊叮咬传播给易感人群的虫媒传染病,给全球造成了巨大的经济负担[1]。目前WHO仍把疟疾、艾滋病、结核并列为全球最重要的三大公共卫生问题之一[2-3]。世界卫生组织发布的《世界疟疾报告》显示,2022年疟疾仍在85个国家流行,约有2.49亿疟疾病例发生,60.8万例人死亡,病例数量有所回升[4]
中国曾是疟疾重灾区,经过多年的科学防治,取得了显著成效[5],2021年6月30日我国正式获得WHO消除疟疾认证[6]。然而随着与国外交流合作的增加及旅游开放的力度加大,中国赴非洲、东南亚等疟疾流行区的人员日益增多,输入性疟疾逐渐成为了疟疾防控的重大威胁[7]。在全球化背景下,掌握疟疾流行态势对控制流行十分必要。近年来有文献对于中国不同地区疟疾流行特征进行了分析,但对于中国整体疟疾疾病负担的研究仍然较少。本研究基于2021年全球疾病负担(Global Burden of Disease 2021,GBD 2021)数据库,对1990—2021年中国疟疾疾病负担及变化趋势分析描述性分析,以期为全球化背景下评价中国疟疾防控效果提供可行性依据。
资料来源于GBD 2021数据库(http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-2021),涵盖204个国家与地区369种疾病的数据,利用分层贝叶斯建模工具DisMod-MR 2.1使疾病负担指标具有一致性,死因整体模型分解不同原因的死亡率[8-9]。GBD 2021数据库综合测算了广泛的数据来源,包括各国健康调查、行政报告、流行病学研究,其中中国的数据主要来自疾病监测系统、死因报告系统、其他发表以及未发表的报告等[10]
计算年龄标化率(age-standardized rate,ASR)、年龄标化发病率(age-standardized incidence rate,ASIR)、年龄标化患病率(age-standardized prevanlence rate,ASPR)、年龄标化死亡率(age-standardized mortality rate,ASMR)、年龄标化DALY率(age-standardized DALY rate,ASDR),各指标均以95%不确定区间(uncertainty interval,UI)生成,研究采用公开数据不涉及医学伦理及知情同意。
采用Excel 2019软件进行数据预处理;Origin 2024软件进行数据可视化;Joinpoint 4.2.0.1软件对我国疟疾疾病进行趋势分析,分析指标为年度变化百分比(annual percentage change,APC)、平均年度变化百分比(average annual percentage change,AAPC)、95%置信区间(confidence interval,CI);R 4.3.1软件统计分析1990—2021年中国疟疾性别、年龄等分布情况,变化率=(2021年指标值-1990年指标值)/1990年指标值×100%。检验水准α=0.05。
Joinpoint 4.2.0.1软件由美国国家癌症研究所维护,旨在通过识别模型拐点将时间序列数据分割成多个线性区间,并通过网格搜索法在时间序列中寻找可能的连接点,每个趋势段可以用一条直线来表示,而这些直线在不同的连接点处可以相连[11-12]。APC>0则提示该段区间呈上升趋势,反之则下降。模型与APC、AAPC的公式如下:
公式(1)为joinpoint模型公式,其中e为自然对数,β0为不变参数,β1δk为回归系数,k表示转折点的个数;公式(2)、(3)分别为APC与AAPC公式,其中βii个年份分段的斜率系数,wi为第i个年份分段的年份长度。
1990年,中国疟疾发病数、患病数、死亡数、DALY分别为292 387(95%UI:248 129~382 526)例、787 611(95%UI:445 839~961 472)例、997(95%UI:1~11 660)例、64 233(95%UI:3 111~703 999)人年;ASIR、ASPR、ASMR 、ASDR分别为24.48(95%UI:20.75~32.10)/10万、66.10(95%UI:37.29~80.76)/10万、0.08(95%UI:0.01~0.97)/10万、5.18(95%UI:0.26~56.52)/10万。
1990—2021年,中国疟疾各指标均呈显著下降趋势,其中ASIR-AAPC=-61.90%(95%CI:-72.22%~-51.26%)(P<0.001)、ASPR-AAPC=-68.77%(95%CI:-80.73%~-49.39%)(P<0.001)、ASMR-AAPC=-51.36 %(95%CI:-63.02%~-36.03%)(P<0.001)、ASDR-AAPC=-66.25%(95%CI:-70.48%~-61.40%)(P<0.001)。2016年后未发生疟疾死亡病例,2017年后未出现相关病例发生报道,2019年后疟疾患病数、DALY均为零,2021年各指标均下降为0,下降率均达到100%。见表1图1
1990—2021年中国男性疟疾发病数、患病数、死亡数每年均高于中国女性。1990年男性疟疾发病数、患病数、死亡数分别为150 813、407 175和573例,而1990年女性分别为141 574、380 436和424例。1990年男性疟疾DALY绝对数高于女性(男性35 757例、女性28 475例),但随着年份的增长逐渐出现低于女性的情况。
年龄标化率方面,中国男性疟疾ASIR、ASPR、ASMR、ASDR由1990年24.24/10万、66.07/10万、0.09/10万、5.64/10万下降至2021年各指标均为零,降幅为100.00%。中国女性1990年疟疾ASIR、ASPR略高于男性,分别为24.47/10万、66.09/10万;ASMR和ASDR则相较于男性较低,分别为0.07/10万、4.68/10万,各指标随着年份增长略有波动。1990—2021年中国男女性疟疾ASIR、ASPR、ASMR、ASDR差距较小,且均呈下降趋势,见图2
1990年中国各年龄组疟疾发病率以15~49岁组最高(29.06/10万),<5岁组最低(9.08/10万);患病率以5~14岁最高(89.90/10万),≥70岁组最低(59.17/10万);死亡率以≥70岁组为最高(0.09/10万),<5岁年龄组最低(0.05/10万)。1990—2021年中国各年龄组指标下降幅度均为100.00%,见表2
Joinpoint回归分析结果表示,1990—2021年中国疟疾ASIR、ASPR、ASMR、ASDR整体均呈下降趋势(AAPC=-61.90%、-68.77%、-51.36 %、-66.25%,均P<0.001),下降趋势最为明显的年段分别为2015—2021年(APC=-97.17%,P<0.001)、2018—2021年(APC=-99.99%,P<0.001)、2011—2018年(APC= -92.27%,P<0.001)、2018—2021年(APC=99.88%,P<0.001),见表3
1990—2021年中国疟疾发病数、患病数、死亡数、DALY由1990年292 387(95%UI:248 129~382 526)例、787 611(95%UI:445 839~961 472)例、997(95%UI:1~11 660)例、64 233(95%UI:3 111~703 999)人年下降至各指标均为零,下降幅度100.00%。疟疾ASIR、ASPR、ASMR、ASDR均呈显著下降趋势(AAPC=-61.90%、-68.77%、-51.36 %、-66.25%,均P<0.001),表明我国疟疾防控取得了较大效果,从事实上完成了WHO提出的到2020年消除疟疾的目标[13]。但全球疟疾发病、患病率仍然维持在较高水平[14],输入性疟疾防范工作仍然严峻,我国仍要按照《防止疟疾输入再传播管理办法》等工作要求,采取综合防控措施(如蚊媒监测)、跨境联防联控工作,防范境外传染源输入[3,15]
1990—2021年中国男性发病数、患病数、死亡数每年均高于中国女性,1990年男性发病数、患病数、死亡数分别为150 813、407 175和573例,而1990年女性分别为141 574、380 436和424例,与福州[16]、桂平[17] 研究结果一致,男性由于更有可能从事户外研究工作,接触按蚊(疟疾主要传播媒介)的概率大大增加。1990年男性DALY绝对数高于女性(男性35 757例、女性28 475例),但随着年份的增长逐渐出现低于女性的情况,这可能与女性生理、免疫系统的差异有关,女性在感染疟疾时可能遭受更严重的健康影响,需要加强女性感染疟疾时的健康防护[18]
年龄层面,1990年中国各年龄组疟疾发病率以15~49岁组最高(29.06/10万),和北京市研究结果一致[19],青壮年由于活动范围较广、接触蚊虫机会较多(疟疾由按蚊叮咬传播)[20],疟疾感染风险更高。死亡率以≥70岁组为最高(0.09/10万),随着免疫功能下降,老年人对于疟原虫的抵抗力降低,应加强口岸地区的蚊媒监测,鼓励老年人定期进行疟疾筛查[21]
综上所述,1990—2021年中国疟疾疾病负担呈快速下降趋势,但仍需加强境外病例监测,开展跨境联防联控工作。本研究也存在也存在一定局限性,首先,GBD 2021不是原始数据,主要来源于国家卫生统计局以及研究文献,数据结果可能存在不确定性。其次,GBD 2021的数据分析主要集中在国家层面,无法细分到省份、地区和县级。最后,GBD数据库为针对人群的研究,难以避免生态学谬误的产生[22]
  • 国家自然科学基金委员会项目(12371503)
  • 2024年度国家公共卫生人才培养支持项目
  • “昆仑英才·高原名医”培养人才项目(青卫健办[2021]104号)
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2025年第52卷第5期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202411457
  • 接收时间:2024-11-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-25
基金
国家自然科学基金委员会项目(12371503)
2024年度国家公共卫生人才培养支持项目
“昆仑英才·高原名医”培养人才项目(青卫健办[2021]104号)
作者信息
    1.青海大学医学院公共卫生系,青海 西宁 810001
    2.青海省疾病预防控制中心,青海 西宁 810007
    3.重庆市疾病预防控制中心,重庆 北碚 400700

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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