Article(id=1241065993359905384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241065978004557893, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202410260, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729180800000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773822790707, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773822790707, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773822790707, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773822790707, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241065978004557893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='4', pageStart='577', pageEnd='768', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773822787047, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773823194927, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241067688831808347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241065978004557893, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241067688831808348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241065978004557893, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=690, endPage=696, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241065995146678923, articleId=1241065993359905384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Pathway analysis of the effect of arthritis on cognitive functioning status in the elderly: the mediating effect of activities of daily living and the moderating role of social engagement, columnId=1228016572451718132, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Health and Social Behavior, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the relationship between the prevalence of arthritis and cognitive function in the elderly and to verify the mediating effect of activities of daily living(ADL) and the moderating effect of social engagement to provide a reference point for promoting active aging.

Methods

This study based on the data of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) in 2020, a moderated mediated-effects model was constructed using the PROCESS 4.1 program to analyze the mechanisms of ADL and social engagement in the effects of arthritis on cognitive function in the elderly.

Results

A total of 5 882 elderly were enrolled in this study. The prevalence of arthritis in the elderly had a significant negative effect on cognitive function (β=-1.050, P<0.001); ADL partially mediated between the two, with a significant mediating effect (95% CI:-0.430--0.194), and an effect value of -0.306, with an effect percentage of 29.1%; social engagement significantly moderated the effect of ADL on cognitive function (β=1.594, P<0.001), and the predictive effect of ADL on cognitive function was more significant for the elderly with low social engagement.

Conclusion

ADL mediates the relationship between arthritis prevalence and cognitive function in the elderly; social engagement moderates the relationship between ADL and cognitive function; the elderly should be more aware of precautions to reduce the incidence of the disease; family doctor service teams should strengthen the health management and early intervention of arthritis in the elderly and provide scientific guidance on the use of medication; enhance the ADL of the elderly; and encourage the social engagement of the elderly to strengthen their cognitive function and achieve active ageing.

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目的

探讨老年人关节炎患病与认知功能的关系,并验证日常活动能力的中介作用和社会参与的调节作用,为促进积极老龄化提供参考依据。

方法

本研究基于2020年中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)数据,采用PROCESS 4.1程序构建有调节的中介效应模型,分析日常活动能力及社会参与在老年人关节炎对认知功能影响中的作用机制。

结果

共有5 882名老年人纳入本研究。关节炎对老年人认知功能具有显著的负向影响(β=-1.050,P<0.001);日常活动能力在两者之间起部分中介作用,中介效应显著(95% CI:-0.430~-0.194),效应值为-0.306,效应占比为29.1%;社会参与显著调节日常活动能力对认知功能的影响(β=1.594,P<0.001),对于低社会参与的老年人,日常活动能力对认知功能的预测作用更显著。

结论

日常活动能力在老年人关节炎患病与认知功能之间起中介作用;社会参与在日常活动能力和认知功能之间起调节作用;老年人应提高防范意识,减少该疾病的发生;家庭医生服务团队应加强对老年人关节炎的健康管理和早期干预,提供科学用药指导;加强老年人日常活动能力的提升;鼓励老年人多参与社会活动,增强其认知功能,实现积极老龄化。

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马东平,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=ajzS2DKUuaNg2jvOVe/bSA==, magXml=S70BL6dbwPdW953EHDftIg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=ZvpTqfdIbP155eQ560CZLA==, pdfFileSize=798995, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=wSFeQORnF+NbXdcbumw9dg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=SkmVhn5Kzdb6coCZCN75tA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

牟艺帆(2001—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生管理与政策研究

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2.“健康山东”重大社会风险预测与治理协同创新中心
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牟艺帆(2001—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生管理与政策研究

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2.“健康山东”重大社会风险预测与治理协同创新中心
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(In Chinese), articleTitle=The relation and causal effect between rheumatoid arthritis and cognitive function, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241066006781677733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065993359905384, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=40, issue=5, pageStart=426, pageEnd=430, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=王尧, 左智炜, 石颖, journalName=第三军医大学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王尧,左智炜,石颖,等.类风湿关节炎患者皮层形态改变与认知损害的相关性分析[J].第三军医大学学报2018, 40(5):426-430., articleTitle=类风湿关节炎患者皮层形态改变与认知损害的相关性分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241066006848786600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065993359905384, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=40, issue=5, pageStart=426, pageEnd=430, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=3, authorNames=Wang Y, Zuo ZW, Shi Y, journalName=Journal of Third Military Medical University, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang Y, Zuo ZW, Shi Y, et al. 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A study on the relationship between social participation,cognitive function and frailty of middle-aged and elderly groups in China[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2024, 51(11): 2055-2060. (In Chinese), articleTitle=A study on the relationship between social participation,cognitive function and frailty of middle-aged and elderly groups in China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241066011286360319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065993359905384, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=71, issue=12, pageStart=2141, pageEnd=2149, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=39, authorNames=Levasseur M, Richard L, Gauvin L, journalName=Social Science & Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Levasseur M, Richard L, Gauvin L, et al. Inventory and analysis of definitions of social participation found in the aging literature:proposed taxonomy of social activities[J]. Social Science & Medicine, 2010, 71(12): 2141-2149., articleTitle=Inventory and analysis of definitions of social participation found in the aging literature:proposed taxonomy of social activities, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241066006538408088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065993359905384, awardId=72004164, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金青年项目(72004164), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241065997206082359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065993359905384, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241065997214470968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065993359905384, companyId=1241065997206082359, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Management, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241065997222859577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065993359905384, companyId=1241065997206082359, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.山东第二医科大学管理学院,山东 潍坊 261053)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241065997331911487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065993359905384, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241065997336105794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065993359905384, companyId=1241065997331911487, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.“健康山东”重大社会风险预测与治理协同创新中心)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241065997512266565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065993359905384, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241065997520655176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065993359905384, companyId=1241065997512266565, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.健康风险预警治理协同创新中心)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241066004550307906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065993359905384, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Hypothetical model of the relationship of the variables, figureFileSmall=D9E2ObIodBYEnmtCyBM8Ew==, figureFileBig=wSFeQORnF+NbXdcbumw9dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241066004671942728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065993359905384, language=CN, label=图1, caption=各变量关系的假设模型, figureFileSmall=D9E2ObIodBYEnmtCyBM8Ew==, figureFileBig=wSFeQORnF+NbXdcbumw9dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241066004881657940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065993359905384, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Moderating role of social engagement between activities of daily living and cognitive functioning, figureFileSmall=g9WZ0woLREbQARbcYSaesw==, figureFileBig=QTt2YS8M4kAbEZGKQ5pk3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241066004990709849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065993359905384, language=CN, label=图2, caption=社会参与在日常活动能力与认知功能之间的调节作用, figureFileSmall=g9WZ0woLREbQARbcYSaesw==, figureFileBig=QTt2YS8M4kAbEZGKQ5pk3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241066005087178846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065993359905384, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic information on survey respondents

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变量样本例数(n构成比(%)认知功能得分(tF)值P
性别-0.3410.733
2 82948.111.21±4.39
3 05351.911.25±4.29
年龄(岁)193.060a<0.001
60~693 57060.711.97±4.25
70~791 77830.210.58±4.12
≥805349.18.46±4.16
居住地0.2620.794
城镇2 13236.211.25±4.25
农村3 75063.811.22±4.39
婚姻状态-5.538<0.001
在婚4 49676.411.40±4.33
非在婚1 38623.610.67±4.34
受教育程度1.388a0.250
文盲或半文盲3 07252.211.14±4.42
小学毕业1 20620.511.29±4.27
初中及以上1 60427.311.35±4.24
自评健康3 000.988a<0.001
1 78430.310.96±2.63
3 00751.113.57±3.24
1 09118.55.22±3.17
吸烟-3.948<0.001
1 68528.611.58±3.93
4 19771.411.09±4.49
饮酒-14.188<0.001
2 32039.412.21±3.86
3 56260.610.59±4.51
关节炎5.459<0.001
5609.510.28±4.27
5 32290.511.33±4.34
合计5 882100.011.23±4.34
), ArticleFig(id=1241066005166870627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065993359905384, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

调查对象基本情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量样本例数(n构成比(%)认知功能得分(tF)值P
性别-0.3410.733
2 82948.111.21±4.39
3 05351.911.25±4.29
年龄(岁)193.060a<0.001
60~693 57060.711.97±4.25
70~791 77830.210.58±4.12
≥805349.18.46±4.16
居住地0.2620.794
城镇2 13236.211.25±4.25
农村3 75063.811.22±4.39
婚姻状态-5.538<0.001
在婚4 49676.411.40±4.33
非在婚1 38623.610.67±4.34
受教育程度1.388a0.250
文盲或半文盲3 07252.211.14±4.42
小学毕业1 20620.511.29±4.27
初中及以上1 60427.311.35±4.24
自评健康3 000.988a<0.001
1 78430.310.96±2.63
3 00751.113.57±3.24
1 09118.55.22±3.17
吸烟-3.948<0.001
1 68528.611.58±3.93
4 19771.411.09±4.49
饮酒-14.188<0.001
2 32039.412.21±3.86
3 56260.610.59±4.51
关节炎5.459<0.001
5609.510.28±4.27
5 32290.511.33±4.34
合计5 882100.011.23±4.34
), ArticleFig(id=1241066005267533928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065993359905384, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Correlation between arthritis, activities of daily living, cognitive function and social engagement

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量关节炎日常活动能力得分认知功能得分社会参与得分
关节炎1.000---
日常活动能力得分0.083a1.000--
认知功能得分-0.071a-0.253a1.000-
社会参与得分-0.019-0.107a0.199a1.000
), ArticleFig(id=1241066005397557355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065993359905384, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

关节炎、日常活动能力、认知功能、社会参与的相关性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量关节炎日常活动能力得分认知功能得分社会参与得分
关节炎1.000---
日常活动能力得分0.083a1.000--
认知功能得分-0.071a-0.253a1.000-
社会参与得分-0.019-0.107a0.199a1.000
), ArticleFig(id=1241066005540163696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065993359905384, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Test table of mediating effects

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变量模型1模型2模型3
βtβtβt
关节炎-1.050-5.460a0.8946.389a-0.744-3.982a
日常活动能力-0.342-19.683a
R20.0050.0070.067
F29.806a40.822a209.594a
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中介效应检验表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量模型1模型2模型3
βtβtβt
关节炎-1.050-5.460a0.8946.389a-0.744-3.982a
日常活动能力-0.342-19.683a
R20.0050.0070.067
F29.806a40.822a209.594a
), ArticleFig(id=1241066005758267511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065993359905384, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Bootstrap mediation effect test of activities of daily living between arthritis and cognitive function in the elderly

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效应效应值标准误Bootstrap 95% CI效应占比
(%)
下限上限
总效应-1.0500.192-1.427-0.673100.0
直接效应-0.7440.187-1.111-0.37870.9
中介效应-0.3060.061-0.430-0.19429.1
), ArticleFig(id=1241066005863125120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065993359905384, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

日常生活活动能力在老年人关节炎、认知功能之间的Bootstrap中介效应检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
效应效应值标准误Bootstrap 95% CI效应占比
(%)
下限上限
总效应-1.0500.192-1.427-0.673100.0
直接效应-0.7440.187-1.111-0.37870.9
中介效应-0.3060.061-0.430-0.19429.1
), ArticleFig(id=1241066005938622593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065993359905384, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Mediation effects test with moderation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量认知功能
setβ(95% CI)
关节炎0.184-3.843-0.707a(-1.067~-0.346)
日常活动能力0.019-15.294-0.292a(-0.329~-0.255)
社会参与0.3075.1951.594a(0.993~2.196)
社会参与×日常活动能力0.024-2.957-0.071a(-0.119~-0.024)
R20.098
F158.851a
), ArticleFig(id=1241066006072840328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065993359905384, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

有调节的中介效应检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量认知功能
setβ(95% CI)
关节炎0.184-3.843-0.707a(-1.067~-0.346)
日常活动能力0.019-15.294-0.292a(-0.329~-0.255)
社会参与0.3075.1951.594a(0.993~2.196)
社会参与×日常活动能力0.024-2.957-0.071a(-0.119~-0.024)
R20.098
F158.851a
), ArticleFig(id=1241066006194475148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065993359905384, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Analysis of the effect of activities of daily living on cognition with different amounts of social engagement

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社会参与水平βsetP95% CI
M-SD-0.2920.019-15.294<0.001(-0.329, -0.255)
M-0.3540.021-16.612<0.001(-0.396, -0.312)
M+SD-0.4310.042-10.203<0.001(-0.513, -0.348)
), ArticleFig(id=1241066006311915665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065993359905384, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同数量的社会参与下日常活动能力对认知的影响分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
社会参与水平βsetP95% CI
M-SD-0.2920.019-15.294<0.001(-0.329, -0.255)
M-0.3540.021-16.612<0.001(-0.396, -0.312)
M+SD-0.4310.042-10.203<0.001(-0.513, -0.348)
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关节炎对老年人认知功能的影响路径分析:日常活动能力的中介作用和社会参与的调节作用
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牟艺帆 1, 2, 3 , 孙嘉颖 1, 2, 3 , 罗金萍 1, 2, 3 , 张宝轩 1, 2, 3 , 耿铭慧 1, 2, 3 , 尹文强 1, 2, 3 , 陈钟鸣 1, 2, 3 , 马东平 1, 2, 3
现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2025,52(4): 690-696
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现代预防医学 | 健康与社会行为 2025, 52(4): 690-696
关节炎对老年人认知功能的影响路径分析:日常活动能力的中介作用和社会参与的调节作用
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牟艺帆1, 2, 3, 孙嘉颖1, 2, 3, 罗金萍1, 2, 3, 张宝轩1, 2, 3, 耿铭慧1, 2, 3, 尹文强1, 2, 3, 陈钟鸣1, 2, 3, 马东平1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.山东第二医科大学管理学院,山东 潍坊 261053
  • 2.“健康山东”重大社会风险预测与治理协同创新中心
  • 3.健康风险预警治理协同创新中心
  • 牟艺帆(2001—),女,硕士在读,研究方向:卫生管理与政策研究

通讯作者:

马东平,E-mail:
Pathway analysis of the effect of arthritis on cognitive functioning status in the elderly: the mediating effect of activities of daily living and the moderating role of social engagement
Yi-fan MOU1, 2, 3, Jia-ying SUN1, 2, 3, Jin-ping LUO1, 2, 3, Bao-xuan ZHANG1, 2, 3, Ming-hui GENG1, 2, 3, Wen-qiang YIN1, 2, 3, Zhong-ming CHEN1, 2, 3, Dong-ping MA1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • School of Management, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202410260
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目的

探讨老年人关节炎患病与认知功能的关系,并验证日常活动能力的中介作用和社会参与的调节作用,为促进积极老龄化提供参考依据。

方法

本研究基于2020年中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)数据,采用PROCESS 4.1程序构建有调节的中介效应模型,分析日常活动能力及社会参与在老年人关节炎对认知功能影响中的作用机制。

结果

共有5 882名老年人纳入本研究。关节炎对老年人认知功能具有显著的负向影响(β=-1.050,P<0.001);日常活动能力在两者之间起部分中介作用,中介效应显著(95% CI:-0.430~-0.194),效应值为-0.306,效应占比为29.1%;社会参与显著调节日常活动能力对认知功能的影响(β=1.594,P<0.001),对于低社会参与的老年人,日常活动能力对认知功能的预测作用更显著。

结论

日常活动能力在老年人关节炎患病与认知功能之间起中介作用;社会参与在日常活动能力和认知功能之间起调节作用;老年人应提高防范意识,减少该疾病的发生;家庭医生服务团队应加强对老年人关节炎的健康管理和早期干预,提供科学用药指导;加强老年人日常活动能力的提升;鼓励老年人多参与社会活动,增强其认知功能,实现积极老龄化。

关节炎  /  老年人  /  认知功能  /  日常活动能力  /  社会参与
Objective

To explore the relationship between the prevalence of arthritis and cognitive function in the elderly and to verify the mediating effect of activities of daily living(ADL) and the moderating effect of social engagement to provide a reference point for promoting active aging.

Methods

This study based on the data of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) in 2020, a moderated mediated-effects model was constructed using the PROCESS 4.1 program to analyze the mechanisms of ADL and social engagement in the effects of arthritis on cognitive function in the elderly.

Results

A total of 5 882 elderly were enrolled in this study. The prevalence of arthritis in the elderly had a significant negative effect on cognitive function (β=-1.050, P<0.001); ADL partially mediated between the two, with a significant mediating effect (95% CI:-0.430--0.194), and an effect value of -0.306, with an effect percentage of 29.1%; social engagement significantly moderated the effect of ADL on cognitive function (β=1.594, P<0.001), and the predictive effect of ADL on cognitive function was more significant for the elderly with low social engagement.

Conclusion

ADL mediates the relationship between arthritis prevalence and cognitive function in the elderly; social engagement moderates the relationship between ADL and cognitive function; the elderly should be more aware of precautions to reduce the incidence of the disease; family doctor service teams should strengthen the health management and early intervention of arthritis in the elderly and provide scientific guidance on the use of medication; enhance the ADL of the elderly; and encourage the social engagement of the elderly to strengthen their cognitive function and achieve active ageing.

Arthritis  /  Elderly  /  Cognitive function  /  Activities of daily living  /  Social engagement
牟艺帆, 孙嘉颖, 罗金萍, 张宝轩, 耿铭慧, 尹文强, 陈钟鸣, 马东平. 关节炎对老年人认知功能的影响路径分析:日常活动能力的中介作用和社会参与的调节作用. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (4) : 690 -696 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202410260
Yi-fan MOU, Jia-ying SUN, Jin-ping LUO, Bao-xuan ZHANG, Ming-hui GENG, Wen-qiang YIN, Zhong-ming CHEN, Dong-ping MA. Pathway analysis of the effect of arthritis on cognitive functioning status in the elderly: the mediating effect of activities of daily living and the moderating role of social engagement[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (4) : 690 -696 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202410260
随着我国人口老龄化程度不断加深,认知功能障碍已成为一个重大的公共卫生问题,显著影响着老年人的健康状态和生活质量[1],给家庭和社会带来了沉重的负担。深入探讨我国老年人认知功能的影响因素并探索有效的干预措施,对于推动我国成功老龄化的进程具有极为重要的现实意义。关节炎是中老年群体中的常见疾病,既有研究表明,关节炎患者常伴有轻度认知功能障碍[2],面临更高的痴呆风险[3]。然而,目前对于关节炎与老年人认知功能具体影响机制的研究尚不深入。因此,本研究拟探究关节炎对老年人认知功能的影响路径。基于上述分析,本研究提出假设H1:关节炎对老年人认知功能具有负向预测作用。
相关研究表明,关节炎会造成患者关节疼痛、活动受限,进而损害其日常活动能力[4],而另有研究显示,老年人的日常活动能力与他们的认知功能之间存在紧密关联,老年人的日常活动能力越强,出现认知功能障碍的可能性越低[5]。既往文献多证实关节炎、日常活动能力、认知功能之间的两两相关,但三者关系研究较为欠缺。基于上述分析,本文提出研究假设H2:日常活动能力受损对老年人认知功能具有负向预测作用和H3:日常活动能力在关节炎与认知功能之间起中介作用。
此外,相关研究表明,积极参与社会活动的老年人通常展现出较强的身体活动能力,有助于延缓机体认知功能的衰退,降低晚年罹患老年痴呆的风险[6],而社会参与能力受损的老年人更容易发生日常活动能力失能[7]。因此,本研究提出假设H4:社会参与在日常活动能力和认知功能之间起调节作用。综上所述,本研究以日常活动能力为中介变量,以社会参与为调节变量,旨在探析关节炎对老年人认知功能的影响路径,为减缓老年人认知衰退,促进老年人健康水平提升提供理论依据。具体模型假设见图1
本研究数据来源于2020年中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)。CHARLS是一项覆盖全国28个省(自治区、直辖市)的高质量全国调查,采用分层多阶段按人口规模成比例的概率抽样方法,以45岁及以上人群为调查对象。根据研究目的,本研究最终纳入5 882名研究对象。纳入标准:(1)年龄≥60岁;(2)人口学信息、日常活动能力量表、认知功能、社会参与测量指标数据完整者。排除标准:(1)未参与评估者;(2)研究变量不符合逻辑及缺失者。
本研究选取的社会人口学特征主要包括性别、年龄、居住地、婚姻、受教育程度等。
通过问卷问题“是否有医生曾告诉过您患有关节炎或风湿病?”确定关节炎患者,回答“是”则判断为患有关节炎,“否”为未患有关节炎。
使用基础性日常活动能力(basic activities of daily living, BADL)与工具性日常活动能力(instrumental activities of daily living, IADL)量表对老年人的日常活动能力进行测量。BADL包括穿衣、洗澡、吃饭、上下床、上厕所、控制大小便;IADL包括做家务、做饭、购物、打电话、吃药、管钱。每项内容分为没有困难、有困难但仍可以完成、有困难需要帮助、无法完成四个等级,分别赋值1、2、3、4,总分在12~48分之间,分数越高代表日常活动能力受损越严重[8]
通过询问受访者在“过去一个月是否进行了下列社交活动”作为老年人社会活动参与衡量指标,CHARLS数据库2020年的调查问卷中共包含9个选项,参加一项记一分,未参与(选项9)则为0分,总分0~8分之间。
调查对象的认知功能评分由心智状况和情景记忆能力两部分问卷评分组成。心智状况评分包括时间定向力(涵盖年、月、日、季节及星期几的识别)、计算力(通过连续五次从100减去7的测试)、视觉空间能力(要求受访者画出特定图形)三部分,每项测试回答正确得一分,单一个体在此维度的总得分范围为 0~11 分。
情景记忆能力的评分根据即时记忆与延迟记忆两项测试的平均成绩判定,单一个体在此维度的总得分范围为 0~10 分。心智状况和情景记忆能力得分之和为调查对象总体认知功能得分,单一个体的总得分范围为 0~21 分。认知功能评分越高说明调查对象认知功能状况越好[9]
本研究采用SPSS 27.0 软件进行统计分析,计数资料采用频数以及百分比表示,计量资料采用均值±标准差()表示,不同组别认知得分比较采用t检验或方差分析,用Pearson相关分析方法探讨关节炎、日常活动能力、认知功能、社会参与之间的相关性,使用SPSS PROCESS 4.1程序中的模型4和模型14分别检验中介效应和调节效应,双侧检验水准α=0.05。
结果显示,纳入的5 882名老年人中,平均年龄(68.99±6.89)岁,认知功能平均得分(11.23±4.34)分。其中女性3 053人(51.9%);年龄60~69岁3 570人(60.7%);居住地为农村3 750人(63.8%);婚姻状况为在婚4 496人(76.4%);文化程度为文盲或半文盲3 072人(52.2%);自评健康为一般3 007人(51.1%);不吸烟者4 197人(71.4%);不饮酒者3 562人(60.6%)。t检验或方差分析结果显示,老年人认知功能在不同年龄、婚姻状态、自评健康、吸烟、饮酒方面的差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。本研究共有关节炎患者560例,占总人数的9.5%。具体见表1
Pearson相关分析显示,老年人关节炎患病与日常活动能力受损呈正相关(r=0.083, P<0.01),与认知功能呈负相关(r=-0.071, P<0.01)。日常活动能力受损与认知功能呈负相关(r=-0.253, P<0.01),社会参与与日常活动能力受损呈负相关(r=-0.107, P<0.01),与认知功能呈正相关(r=0.199, P<0.01),具体见表2
本研究在控制社会人口学特征的基础上,以关节炎为自变量,以认知功能为因变量,以日常活动能力为中介变量。首先采用SPSS PROCESS插件Model 4,对日常活动能力在老年人关节炎与认知功能之间的中介效应进行检验。
结果表明,关节炎对认知功能具有负向预测作用(β=-1.050,P<0.001),关节炎对日常活动能力具有正向预测作用(β=0.894,P<0.001),在引入日常活动能力得分变量后,关节炎和日常活动能力得分均对认知功能具有负向预测作用(β=-0.744、-0.342,P<0.001)。这一结果与假设H1和假设H2相吻合。关节炎的偏回归系数值由-1.050上升为-0.744,说明日常活动能力在关节炎和老年人认知功能中起部分中介作用,具体见表3
Bootstrap中介效应检验结果显示,95%置信区间不包含0,表明日常活动能力在老年人关节炎与认知功能间的中介作用成立,中介效应值为-0.306(95% CI:-0.430~-0.194),占总效应的29.1%,假设H3得到验证。老年人关节炎对认知功能的直接效应值为-0.744(95% CI:-1.111~-0.378),占总效应的70.9%,具体见表4
在中介效应的基础上,进一步探究社会参与的调节效应。采用Process宏程序进行模型验证。结果显示,采用Model 14进行模型检验的结果显著。具体而言,社会参与与日常活动能力的交互项对认知功能(β=-0.071,t=-2.957,P<0.001)的影响具有统计学上的显著性,同时老年人关节炎患病对认知功能表现出负向预测作用(β=-0.707,t=-3.843,P<0.001),表明社会参与能够在老年人关节炎通过日常活动能力影响认知功能这一中介过程中起调节效应,证实了假设H4的有效性。详见表5
为了更详尽地阐释社会参与的调节作用,本研究在不同社会参与水平下对关节炎通过日常活动能力这一中介变量与认知功能的关系进行了深入探究。具体而言,在社会参与水平较低(M-SD)的情境下,日常活动能力对认知功能负向预测作用较强(β=-0.292, t=-15.294, P<0.001),相对地,在社会参与水平较高时(M+SD),日常活动能力对认知功能的负向预测作用有所减弱(β=-0.431,t=-10.203,P<0.001)。由此可见,随着社会参与水平的提高,日常活动能力对认知功能的负向预测作用逐渐削弱。为进一步揭示调节效应的具体模式,绘制社会参与在日常活动能力和老年人认知功能间的简单斜率检验图。分析结果表明,随着日常活动能力受损的加重,社会参与水平较高的老年人展现出更强的认知能力,具体见图2
研究发现,关节炎患病对于老年人认知功能具有负向影响,与杨莉等[10]的研究结果一致:与普通人群相比,关节炎患者更易发生轻度认知功能障碍,面临更高的痴呆发病风险。相关研究也表明,炎症因子异常分泌、免疫功能紊乱均参与关节炎的病理过程[11],李悦等[12]认为,关节炎患者受长期炎症反应及疼痛刺激等影响,血脑屏障受损,炎症介质经血脑屏障进入脑组织,影响大脑的正常生理功能,使患者发生定向、延迟回忆等方面的认知功能损害。同时,关节炎患者的免疫系统可能存在异常,对神经细胞造成损伤,导致认知功能下降。此外,药物治疗是导致关节炎患者认知功能损害的另一重要因素。具体而言,某些常用药物如免疫抑制剂甲氨蝶呤[13]和糖皮质激素[14],已被发现具有潜在的副作用,能够直接导致患者认知功能受损或心理状态异常。
鉴于此,老年人应提高关节炎预防意识,及时关注自身健康状况,减少该疾病的发生,以降低对认知功能的损害;家庭医生服务团队应加强对老年人关节炎的健康管理和早期干预,充分调动老年个体的主动参与性,与患者共同制定个性化的治疗方案,提供用药指导,减少药物副作用的风险,确保治疗的安全性与有效性。
本研究结果显示,日常活动能力在关节炎与老年人认知功能间存在部分中介作用。即老年人关节炎患病不仅直接影响认知功能,还可以通过日常活动能力间接影响认知功能。老年关节炎患者在发病初期往往出现低热、体重减轻及疲乏感等症状,这些症状若未得到及时有效的控制,会导致其失去基本生活能力[15]。关节炎患者的主要临床表现为关节僵硬、关节疼痛等,严重时出现畸形或残疾,进而导致病人日常活动受限[16],影响大脑思维、记忆、推理等高级功能,从而使认知功能受到损害[17]
有研究显示,日常活动能力受损一定程度上会限制老年人的日常生活和社交参与,直接增加抑郁的风险[18],而抑郁作为关节炎患者的常见临床表现,会影响患者小脑微循环的正常运作,削弱老年人的认知能力[19]。此外,日常活动能力受损还间接影响老年人的饮食习惯与营养摄入。申小颖等[20]认为,由于身体活动的限制,老年人难以获得多样化的食物,或者因生活方式的改变而摄入不健康的食品,这种饮食模式的转变也会增加老年人罹患轻度认知障碍的风险。
因此,要加强老年人日常活动能力的提升,鼓励老年人进行适量的运动,选择散步、太极等低强度的运动方式,增强关节的灵活性和肌肉的力量,减少认知功能下降;关注老年人精神和心理健康,缓解老年人抑郁等负面情绪;饮食方面,倡导老年人多摄入蔬菜水果,适量摄入坚果,保持健康、均衡饮食。
研究结果表明,社会参与在老年人日常活动能力与认知功能之间起着显著的调节作用,即与社会参与水平较低相比,在社会参与水平较高时,老年人日常活动能力受损对认知功能的负向预测作用有所减弱。通过简单斜率图发现,相较于社会参与水平较低的老年人,社会参与水平较高的老年人在日常活动能力受损加重的情况下,其认知功能依然保持较高水平,且整体而言,高水平社会参与者的认知功能始终高于低水平社会参与者。可能因为社会参与是老年人发生认知障碍的保护因素[21],积极的社会参与有助于老年人获得认知刺激,促进大脑功能运转,同时保持较好的身体活动能力,帮助老年人维持良好的认知水平[22]。此外,在社会参与过程中,老年人能够获得更多的物质和情感支持,促进积极情绪的产生,减少抑郁、焦虑等负面情绪对认知带来的不良影响[23]
鉴于此,应鼓励老年人多参与社会活动,缓解其认知功能下降,实现积极老龄化。国家应创造有利于老年人社会参与的政策环境,通过社区、老年大学、老年活动中心等载体,为老年人提供参与社会活动的平台;同时,加大对老年友好型社会的财政投入,优化公共环境与服务设施,加强适老化设施建设,为老年人参与社会活动提供硬件支持。
本研究系统探讨了关节炎患病对老年人认知功能的影响,以及日常活动能力和社会参与在其中的作用。研究发现,日常活动能力在老年人关节炎患病与认知功能之间存在中介效应,且社会参与在日常活动能力与认知功能之间存在调节效应,从而为改善老年关节炎患者认知功能、促进成功老龄化提供参考。
此外,本研究是横断面研究,不能对变量间因果关系进行验证,存在一定局限性,后续会从纵向角度完善研究设计,考察变量间的因果关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年项目(72004164)
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2025年第52卷第4期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202410260
  • 接收时间:2024-10-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-18
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国家自然科学基金青年项目(72004164)
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    1.山东第二医科大学管理学院,山东 潍坊 261053
    2.“健康山东”重大社会风险预测与治理协同创新中心
    3.健康风险预警治理协同创新中心

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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