Article(id=1241065989073326526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241065978004557893, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202404557, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1714406400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773822789685, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773822789685, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773822789685, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773822789685, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241065978004557893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='4', pageStart='577', pageEnd='768', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773822787047, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773823194927, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241067688831808347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241065978004557893, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241067688831808348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241065978004557893, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=642, endPage=647, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241065991233393123, articleId=1241065989073326526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Study on the effects of leisure activities, dietary diversity and body fat levels on physical-psychological-cognitive comorbidities in the elderly, columnId=1228016572783063333, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Nutrition and Food Hygiene, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the effects of leisure activities (LA), dietary diversity score (DDS) and body fat levels(BMI, WHtR, WC)on the prevalence of physical-psychological-cognitive comorbidities in the elderly.

Methods

Based on the CLHLS—2018 data, the comorbidities of the elderly aged 65 and above from 2017 to 2019 were described. The Chi-square and t test were used to compare differences between groups, and multi-factor logistic regression and restricted cubic splines were used to explore the effects of leisure activities, dietary diversity and body fat indicators on the prevalence of comorbidities in the elderly.

Results

A total of 12 047 subjects were included in the study, and the prevalence of comorbidities was 42.60%, with more females than males. Multivariate regression showed that compared with the Q1 group of LA, the OR and 95% CI of the Q3 group: 0.575 (0.513-0.645); The DDS group OR and 95% CI of the Q3 group: 0.853 (0.774-0.939), Ptrend=0.002; Among body fat indicators, only BMI has a significant association. The risk of disease in group Q3 is 1.195 times that of group Q1 (95% CI: 1.065-1.342), Ptrend=0.003. Further nonlinear tests indicate that LA and WHtR have non-linear relationships with comorbidities (both Pnon-linear< 0.05).

Conclusion

Reasonably controlling body fat levels, increasing engagement in leisure activities, and improving dietary diversity may be effective measures to prevent physical-psychological-cognitive comorbidities in the elderly.

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目的

探究休闲活动(LA)、膳食多样性评分(DDS)及体脂水平(BMI、WHtR、WC)对老年人身心脑共病患病的影响。

方法

基于CLHLS—2018年数据,描述65岁及以上老年人2017—2019年身心脑共病状况,采用χ2检验、t检验比较组间差异,运用多因素logistic回归及限制性立方样条探究休闲活动、膳食多样性及体脂水平对老年身心脑共病的影响。

结果

共纳入12 047名研究对象,身心脑共病患病率为42.60%,女性多于男性。多因素回归显示与LA的Q1组相比,Q3组OR和95% CI:0.575(0.513~0.645);DDS组中,Q3组OR和95% CI:0.853(0.774,0.939),Ptrend=0.002;体脂水平中,仅BMI存在显著关联,Q3组患病可能性是Q1组的1.195倍(95% CI:1.065~1.342),Ptrend=0.003。非线性检表明LA、WHtR与身心脑共病有非线性关系(Pnon-linear均<0.05)。

结论

合理控制体脂水平,提高休闲活动水平和改善膳食多样性是缓解老年人身心脑共病的重要干预措施。

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王茜,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华预防医学会和本刊编委会的观点,除非特别声明。, copyrightOwner=中华预防医学会和四川大学华西公共卫生学院, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=3axJcIlx4CCu9iGIHQib7w==, magXml=Ah2X4cr3XvcrP7KWr+3mSw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=PQueSp54AwKMHFkfLPJrMw==, pdfFileSize=705902, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=i+TR/yHeJ6/EVNyCZrhPbA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=8kW/c7LijIqXK4HnpVtAJg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

何福逵(1998—),男,硕士,医士,研究方向:卫生政策与管理

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何福逵(1998—),男,硕士,医士,研究方向:卫生政策与管理

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Maturitas, 2018, 113: A1-A2., articleTitle=Traditional body mass index cut-offs in older People: Time for a rethink with altered fat distribution, sarcopenia and shrinking height, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241065993338933860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065989073326526, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241065993368293994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065989073326526, companyId=1241065993338933860, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=The Center for Disease Prevention and Control of the Seventh Division of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Huyanghe, Xinjiang 834034, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241065993376682603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065989073326526, companyId=1241065993338933860, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.新疆生产建设兵团第七师疾病预防控制中心,新疆维吾尔自治区 胡杨河市 834034)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241065993515094644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065989073326526, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241065993527677557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065989073326526, companyId=1241065993515094644, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.湖北医药学院卫生管理与卫生事业发展研究中心)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241065995033432706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065989073326526, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241065995041821317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065989073326526, companyId=1241065995033432706, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.大理大学护理学院)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241065999810745218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065989073326526, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=The Relationship Between LA, DDS, BMI, WHtR, WC, and the Risk of physical-psychological-cognitive comorbidities, figureFileSmall=jQr7socWONkuzxnS4vAbbw==, figureFileBig=i+TR/yHeJ6/EVNyCZrhPbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241065999928185736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065989073326526, language=CN, label=图1, caption=LA、DDS、BMI、WHtR、WC与身心脑共病风险的关系, figureFileSmall=jQr7socWONkuzxnS4vAbbw==, figureFileBig=i+TR/yHeJ6/EVNyCZrhPbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241066000129512344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065989073326526, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic Characteristics of reasearch objects[(), n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量非共病
(n=6 911 )
共病
(n=5 136)
tχ2P
LA5.10±2.973.95±3.0420.819<0.001
DDS9.59±2.579.06±2.6311.029<0.001
BMI(kg/m2)22.65±3.7822.43±3.963.0520.002
WHtR0.55±0.070.55±0.07-3.1970.002
WC(cm)85.45±10.0584.71±10.463.856<0.001
年龄(岁)81.40±10.8485.44±10.98-20.110<0.001
居住地6.0790.014
城镇3 853(55.75)2 979(58.00)
农村3 058(44.25)2 157(42.00)
性别125.595<0.001
3 535(51.15)2 098(40.85)
3 376(48.85)3 038(59.15)
婚姻状况200.822<0.001
未在婚3 397(49.15)3 192(62.15)
在婚3 514(50.85)1 944(37.85)
受教育水平254.613<0.001
2 606(37.71)2 686(52.30)
4 305(62.29)2 450(47.70)
年收入(元)4.1240.042
≤20 0003 663(53.00)2 818(54.87)
>20 0003 248(47.00)2 318(45.13)
健康保险0.0060.937
2 619(37.90)1 950(37.97)
4 292(62.10)3 186(62.03)
吸烟43.545<0.001
1 259(18.22)705(13.73)
5 652(81.78)4 431(86.27)
饮酒82.134<0.001
1 246(18.03)616(11.99)
5 665(81.97)4 520(88.01)
体育锻炼54.294<0.001
2 593(37.52)1 595(31.06)
4 318(62.48)3 541(68.94)
睡眠时长(h)73.391<0.001
<62 546(36.84)2 007(39.08)
6~82 782(40.25)1 699(33.08)
>81 583(22.91)1 430(27.84)
), ArticleFig(id=1241066000221787039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065989073326526, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究对象基本情况[(), n(%)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量非共病
(n=6 911 )
共病
(n=5 136)
tχ2P
LA5.10±2.973.95±3.0420.819<0.001
DDS9.59±2.579.06±2.6311.029<0.001
BMI(kg/m2)22.65±3.7822.43±3.963.0520.002
WHtR0.55±0.070.55±0.07-3.1970.002
WC(cm)85.45±10.0584.71±10.463.856<0.001
年龄(岁)81.40±10.8485.44±10.98-20.110<0.001
居住地6.0790.014
城镇3 853(55.75)2 979(58.00)
农村3 058(44.25)2 157(42.00)
性别125.595<0.001
3 535(51.15)2 098(40.85)
3 376(48.85)3 038(59.15)
婚姻状况200.822<0.001
未在婚3 397(49.15)3 192(62.15)
在婚3 514(50.85)1 944(37.85)
受教育水平254.613<0.001
2 606(37.71)2 686(52.30)
4 305(62.29)2 450(47.70)
年收入(元)4.1240.042
≤20 0003 663(53.00)2 818(54.87)
>20 0003 248(47.00)2 318(45.13)
健康保险0.0060.937
2 619(37.90)1 950(37.97)
4 292(62.10)3 186(62.03)
吸烟43.545<0.001
1 259(18.22)705(13.73)
5 652(81.78)4 431(86.27)
饮酒82.134<0.001
1 246(18.03)616(11.99)
5 665(81.97)4 520(88.01)
体育锻炼54.294<0.001
2 593(37.52)1 595(31.06)
4 318(62.48)3 541(68.94)
睡眠时长(h)73.391<0.001
<62 546(36.84)2 007(39.08)
6~82 782(40.25)1 699(33.08)
>81 583(22.91)1 430(27.84)
), ArticleFig(id=1241066000326644647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065989073326526, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The impact of LA, DDS, and Body Fat levels on physical-psychological-cognitive comorbidities in the elderly

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 1模型 2模型 3模型 4
LA分组
Q1组1.00(ref)1.00(ref)1.00(ref)1.00(ref)
Q2组0.540(0.495~0.589)0.622(0.568~0.682)0.640(0.584~0.702)0.647(0.589~0.710)
Q3组0.439(0.397~0.485)0.539(0.483~0.600)0.563(0.504~0.630)0.575(0.513~0.645)
Ptrend<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
LA每增加1 s0.711(0.682~0.741)0.770(0.736~0.805)0.782(0.747~0.818)0.786(0.749~0.824)
DDS分组
Q1组1.00(ref)1.00(ref)1.00(ref)1.00(ref)
Q2组0.867(0.792~0.948)0.868(0.793~0.950)0.870(0.795~0.953)0.881(0.804~0.965)
Q3组0.828(0.754~0.909)0.835(0.759~0.917)0.836(0.759~0.92)0.853(0.774~0.939)
Ptrend<0.001<0.0010.0010.002
DDS每增加1 s0.925(0.889~0.962)0.915(0.88~0.952)0.915(0.878~0.952)0.922(0.885~0.961)
WC分组
Q1组1.00(ref)1.00(ref)1.00(ref)1.00(ref)
Q2组0.874(0.781~0.977)0.995(0.886~1.117)1.000(0.890~1.124)1.006(0.895~1.131)
Q3组0.689(0.592~0.801)0.871(0.742~1.023)0.885(0.753~1.039)0.893(0.760~1.050)
Ptrend<0.0010.1010.1490.187
WC每增加1 s0.763(0.707~0.823)0.922(0.841~1.011)0.927(0.845~1.018)0.932(0.849~1.022)
WHtR分组
Q1组1.00(ref)1.00(ref)1.00(ref)1.00(ref)
Q2组1.068(0.956~1.194)0.941(0.839~1.055)0.934(0.833~1.049)0.932(0.831~1.047)
Q3组1.468(1.276~1.689)1.105(0.948~1.288)1.087(0.931~1.268)1.079(0.924~1.259)
Ptrend<0.0010.1690.2480.290
WHtR每增加1 s1.318(1.224~1.419)1.065(0.971~1.169)1.059(0.964~1.164)1.054(0.959~1.158)
BMI分组
Q1组1.00(ref)1.00(ref)1.00(ref)1.00(ref)
Q2组0.938(0.852~1.033)1.018(0.923~1.123)1.023(0.927~1.129)1.024(0.928~1.130)
Q3组1.033(0.924~1.155)1.185(1.056~1.330)1.191(1.061~1.337)1.195(1.065~1.342)
Ptrend0.6820.0040.0030.003
BMI每增加1 s1.029(0.982~1.079)1.085(1.034~1.139)1.085(1.034~1.140)1.086(1.034~1.141)
), ArticleFig(id=1241066000439890860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065989073326526, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

休闲活动、膳食多样性及体脂水平对老年人身心脑共病的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 1模型 2模型 3模型 4
LA分组
Q1组1.00(ref)1.00(ref)1.00(ref)1.00(ref)
Q2组0.540(0.495~0.589)0.622(0.568~0.682)0.640(0.584~0.702)0.647(0.589~0.710)
Q3组0.439(0.397~0.485)0.539(0.483~0.600)0.563(0.504~0.630)0.575(0.513~0.645)
Ptrend<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
LA每增加1 s0.711(0.682~0.741)0.770(0.736~0.805)0.782(0.747~0.818)0.786(0.749~0.824)
DDS分组
Q1组1.00(ref)1.00(ref)1.00(ref)1.00(ref)
Q2组0.867(0.792~0.948)0.868(0.793~0.950)0.870(0.795~0.953)0.881(0.804~0.965)
Q3组0.828(0.754~0.909)0.835(0.759~0.917)0.836(0.759~0.92)0.853(0.774~0.939)
Ptrend<0.001<0.0010.0010.002
DDS每增加1 s0.925(0.889~0.962)0.915(0.88~0.952)0.915(0.878~0.952)0.922(0.885~0.961)
WC分组
Q1组1.00(ref)1.00(ref)1.00(ref)1.00(ref)
Q2组0.874(0.781~0.977)0.995(0.886~1.117)1.000(0.890~1.124)1.006(0.895~1.131)
Q3组0.689(0.592~0.801)0.871(0.742~1.023)0.885(0.753~1.039)0.893(0.760~1.050)
Ptrend<0.0010.1010.1490.187
WC每增加1 s0.763(0.707~0.823)0.922(0.841~1.011)0.927(0.845~1.018)0.932(0.849~1.022)
WHtR分组
Q1组1.00(ref)1.00(ref)1.00(ref)1.00(ref)
Q2组1.068(0.956~1.194)0.941(0.839~1.055)0.934(0.833~1.049)0.932(0.831~1.047)
Q3组1.468(1.276~1.689)1.105(0.948~1.288)1.087(0.931~1.268)1.079(0.924~1.259)
Ptrend<0.0010.1690.2480.290
WHtR每增加1 s1.318(1.224~1.419)1.065(0.971~1.169)1.059(0.964~1.164)1.054(0.959~1.158)
BMI分组
Q1组1.00(ref)1.00(ref)1.00(ref)1.00(ref)
Q2组0.938(0.852~1.033)1.018(0.923~1.123)1.023(0.927~1.129)1.024(0.928~1.130)
Q3组1.033(0.924~1.155)1.185(1.056~1.330)1.191(1.061~1.337)1.195(1.065~1.342)
Ptrend0.6820.0040.0030.003
BMI每增加1 s1.029(0.982~1.079)1.085(1.034~1.139)1.085(1.034~1.140)1.086(1.034~1.141)
), ArticleFig(id=1241066000540554164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065989073326526, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Different Leisure Activities and Dietary Categories on physical-psychological-cognitive comorbidities

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
休闲活动共病[n(%)]OR(95% CIPtrend膳食类别共病[n(%)]OR(95% CIPtrend
家务活动<0.001水果<0.001
从不2 463(48.0)1.00(Ref)从不1 349(26.3)1.00(Ref)
有时624(12.1)0.983(0.864~1.120)有时2 750(53.5)0.904(0.819~0.997)
经常2 049(39.9)0.769(0.697~0.849)经常1 037(20.2)0.795(0.702~0.901)
户外活动0.023蔬菜0.001
从不3 537(68.9)1.00(Ref)从不184(3.6)1.00(Ref)
有时793(15.4)0.968(0.865~1.083)有时1 717(33.4)0.803(0.623~1.035)
经常806(15.7)0.918(0.820~1.028)经常3 235(63.0)0.746(0.581~0.957)
园艺活动0.257肉类0.271
从不4 245(82.7)1.00(Ref)从不467(9.1)1.00(Ref)
有时267(5.2)0.963(0.812~1.141)有时2 645(51.5)0.990(0.846~1.157)
经常624(12.1)1.134(1.006~1.279)经常2 024(39.4)0.920(0.783~1.080)
阅读书报0.008鱼类0.029
从不4 127(80.4)1.00(Ref)从不1 080(21.0)1.00(Ref)
有时490(9.5)0.955(0.834~1.094)有时3 622(70.5)0.989(0.886~1.105)
经常519(10.1)0.814(0.711~0.932)经常434(8.5)0.868(0.735~1.025)
饲养动物0.727蛋类0.814
从不4 104(79.9)1.00(Ref)从不511(9.9)1.00(Ref)
有时228(4.4)0.993(0.826~1.194)有时2 677(52.1)0.945(0.818~1.093)
经常804(15.7)1.040(0.933~1.158)经常1 948(37.9)0.951(0.818~1.107)
打牌/麻将0.075豆制品0.034
从不4 324(84.2)1.00(Ref)从不801(15.6)1.00(Ref)
有时516(10.0)1.002(0.884~1.135)有时3 721(72.4)0.864(0.767~0.973)
经常296(5.8)0.939(0.804~1.097)经常614(12.0)0.880(0.750~1.032)
看电视<0.001咸菜0.036
从不1 519(29.6)1.00(Ref)从不2 107(41.0)1.00(Ref)
有时884(17.2)0.853(0.752~0.968)有时2 336(45.5)1.043(0.957~1.137)
经常2 733(53.2)0.747(0.672~0.829)经常693(13.5)1.230(1.086~1.393)
社交活动0.195大蒜0.362
从不4 470(87.0)1.00(Ref)从不1 258(24.5)1.00(Ref)
有时521(10.1)0.982(0.862~1.118)有时2 783(54.2)0.895(0.810~0.990)
经常145(2.8)1.299(1.032~1.634)经常1 095(21.3)1.085(0.961~1.224)
0.499
从不3 846(74.9)1.00(Ref)
有时434(8.5)0.990(0.863~1.135)
经常856(16.7)1.073(0.965~1.193)
), ArticleFig(id=1241066000662188988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065989073326526, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同休闲活动和膳食类别对身心脑共病的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
休闲活动共病[n(%)]OR(95% CIPtrend膳食类别共病[n(%)]OR(95% CIPtrend
家务活动<0.001水果<0.001
从不2 463(48.0)1.00(Ref)从不1 349(26.3)1.00(Ref)
有时624(12.1)0.983(0.864~1.120)有时2 750(53.5)0.904(0.819~0.997)
经常2 049(39.9)0.769(0.697~0.849)经常1 037(20.2)0.795(0.702~0.901)
户外活动0.023蔬菜0.001
从不3 537(68.9)1.00(Ref)从不184(3.6)1.00(Ref)
有时793(15.4)0.968(0.865~1.083)有时1 717(33.4)0.803(0.623~1.035)
经常806(15.7)0.918(0.820~1.028)经常3 235(63.0)0.746(0.581~0.957)
园艺活动0.257肉类0.271
从不4 245(82.7)1.00(Ref)从不467(9.1)1.00(Ref)
有时267(5.2)0.963(0.812~1.141)有时2 645(51.5)0.990(0.846~1.157)
经常624(12.1)1.134(1.006~1.279)经常2 024(39.4)0.920(0.783~1.080)
阅读书报0.008鱼类0.029
从不4 127(80.4)1.00(Ref)从不1 080(21.0)1.00(Ref)
有时490(9.5)0.955(0.834~1.094)有时3 622(70.5)0.989(0.886~1.105)
经常519(10.1)0.814(0.711~0.932)经常434(8.5)0.868(0.735~1.025)
饲养动物0.727蛋类0.814
从不4 104(79.9)1.00(Ref)从不511(9.9)1.00(Ref)
有时228(4.4)0.993(0.826~1.194)有时2 677(52.1)0.945(0.818~1.093)
经常804(15.7)1.040(0.933~1.158)经常1 948(37.9)0.951(0.818~1.107)
打牌/麻将0.075豆制品0.034
从不4 324(84.2)1.00(Ref)从不801(15.6)1.00(Ref)
有时516(10.0)1.002(0.884~1.135)有时3 721(72.4)0.864(0.767~0.973)
经常296(5.8)0.939(0.804~1.097)经常614(12.0)0.880(0.750~1.032)
看电视<0.001咸菜0.036
从不1 519(29.6)1.00(Ref)从不2 107(41.0)1.00(Ref)
有时884(17.2)0.853(0.752~0.968)有时2 336(45.5)1.043(0.957~1.137)
经常2 733(53.2)0.747(0.672~0.829)经常693(13.5)1.230(1.086~1.393)
社交活动0.195大蒜0.362
从不4 470(87.0)1.00(Ref)从不1 258(24.5)1.00(Ref)
有时521(10.1)0.982(0.862~1.118)有时2 783(54.2)0.895(0.810~0.990)
经常145(2.8)1.299(1.032~1.634)经常1 095(21.3)1.085(0.961~1.224)
0.499
从不3 846(74.9)1.00(Ref)
有时434(8.5)0.990(0.863~1.135)
经常856(16.7)1.073(0.965~1.193)
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休闲活动、膳食多样性及体脂水平对老年人身心脑共病的影响研究
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何福逵 1 , 周钰山 2 , 王欣 3 , 谢松洪 2 , 王茜 2
现代预防医学 | 营养与食品卫生 2025,52(4): 642-647
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现代预防医学 | 营养与食品卫生 2025, 52(4): 642-647
休闲活动、膳食多样性及体脂水平对老年人身心脑共病的影响研究
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何福逵1, 周钰山2, 王欣3, 谢松洪2, 王茜2
作者信息
  • 1.新疆生产建设兵团第七师疾病预防控制中心,新疆维吾尔自治区 胡杨河市 834034
  • 2.湖北医药学院卫生管理与卫生事业发展研究中心
  • 3.大理大学护理学院
  • 何福逵(1998—),男,硕士,医士,研究方向:卫生政策与管理

通讯作者:

王茜,E-mail:
Study on the effects of leisure activities, dietary diversity and body fat levels on physical-psychological-cognitive comorbidities in the elderly
Fu-kui HE1, Yu-shan ZHOU2, Xin WANG3, Song-hong XIE2, Qian WANG2
Affiliations
  • The Center for Disease Prevention and Control of the Seventh Division of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Huyanghe, Xinjiang 834034, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202404557
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目的

探究休闲活动(LA)、膳食多样性评分(DDS)及体脂水平(BMI、WHtR、WC)对老年人身心脑共病患病的影响。

方法

基于CLHLS—2018年数据,描述65岁及以上老年人2017—2019年身心脑共病状况,采用χ2检验、t检验比较组间差异,运用多因素logistic回归及限制性立方样条探究休闲活动、膳食多样性及体脂水平对老年身心脑共病的影响。

结果

共纳入12 047名研究对象,身心脑共病患病率为42.60%,女性多于男性。多因素回归显示与LA的Q1组相比,Q3组OR和95% CI:0.575(0.513~0.645);DDS组中,Q3组OR和95% CI:0.853(0.774,0.939),Ptrend=0.002;体脂水平中,仅BMI存在显著关联,Q3组患病可能性是Q1组的1.195倍(95% CI:1.065~1.342),Ptrend=0.003。非线性检表明LA、WHtR与身心脑共病有非线性关系(Pnon-linear均<0.05)。

结论

合理控制体脂水平,提高休闲活动水平和改善膳食多样性是缓解老年人身心脑共病的重要干预措施。

休闲活动  /  膳食多样性  /  体脂水平  /  身心脑共病  /  影响因素
Objective

To explore the effects of leisure activities (LA), dietary diversity score (DDS) and body fat levels(BMI, WHtR, WC)on the prevalence of physical-psychological-cognitive comorbidities in the elderly.

Methods

Based on the CLHLS—2018 data, the comorbidities of the elderly aged 65 and above from 2017 to 2019 were described. The Chi-square and t test were used to compare differences between groups, and multi-factor logistic regression and restricted cubic splines were used to explore the effects of leisure activities, dietary diversity and body fat indicators on the prevalence of comorbidities in the elderly.

Results

A total of 12 047 subjects were included in the study, and the prevalence of comorbidities was 42.60%, with more females than males. Multivariate regression showed that compared with the Q1 group of LA, the OR and 95% CI of the Q3 group: 0.575 (0.513-0.645); The DDS group OR and 95% CI of the Q3 group: 0.853 (0.774-0.939), Ptrend=0.002; Among body fat indicators, only BMI has a significant association. The risk of disease in group Q3 is 1.195 times that of group Q1 (95% CI: 1.065-1.342), Ptrend=0.003. Further nonlinear tests indicate that LA and WHtR have non-linear relationships with comorbidities (both Pnon-linear< 0.05).

Conclusion

Reasonably controlling body fat levels, increasing engagement in leisure activities, and improving dietary diversity may be effective measures to prevent physical-psychological-cognitive comorbidities in the elderly.

Leisure activities  /  Dietary diversity  /  Body fat levels  /  Physical-Psychological-Cognitive comorbidities  /  Influencing factors
何福逵, 周钰山, 王欣, 谢松洪, 王茜. 休闲活动、膳食多样性及体脂水平对老年人身心脑共病的影响研究. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (4) : 642 -647 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202404557
Fu-kui HE, Yu-shan ZHOU, Xin WANG, Song-hong XIE, Qian WANG. Study on the effects of leisure activities, dietary diversity and body fat levels on physical-psychological-cognitive comorbidities in the elderly[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (4) : 642 -647 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202404557
老年“身心脑”共病是指在老年阶段身体、心理和大脑功能协同或共同出现的多种慢性疾病或问题的现象,这些疾病相互影响,显著降低老年人的生活质量[1]。“身心脑”共病研究从较为全面的视角,整体性多维度分析了身体、心理和认知功能之间的相互影响,能帮助识别老年人特定共病问题下的风险因素。研究发现休闲活动(leisure activities)、膳食多样性(dietary diversity)及体脂水平是影响老年共病的重要因素,但其与身心脑共病的关系仍不清楚。已有研究表明,老年人共病集群与休闲减少有关,其中与多系统共病的关系尤为突出[2];休闲活动不仅能够降低肥胖相关合并症的发生率,还能显著改善老年人的心肺健康和生活质量,提高共病老人的幸福感[3-4];“轻度”和“中度”水平的身体活动能显著降低帕金森患者共患抑郁症的风险[5]。饮食多样性与老年人更好的记忆状态及较低的全因死亡率呈负相关,在预防心脑共病中是可改变的风险因素[6-7];如水果和蔬菜摄入与老年记忆丧失和心脏病共病存在因果关联[8];禽畜肉、蛋类可延缓老年人认知减退;较高膳食多样指数与延缓老年人认知变化有显著关联[9];膳食多样性是老年人肌少症的保护因素,采用多样化的饮食可能会降低老年人肌少症的风险[10]。体质水平上国内外研究指出BMI、腰围(waist circumference)和腰高比(waist-to-height ratio)的增加与高血压-糖尿病共病风险的增加有关[11],但也有研究表明适度超重可能是健康衰老的标志之一,并在一定程度上能预防共病的发生[12]。Guh等人[13] 对BMI与共病关系的综述分析也发现了矛盾结果,表明共病研究领域的复杂性和必要性。因此,进一步理解休闲活动、膳食多样性及体脂水平对老年身心脑共病的影响,对于制定有效的老年健康政策和共病干预措施具有重要的意义。
本研究数据来源于2018年的中国老年健康影响因素跟踪调查(CLHLS)数据(仅2018年的调查含有老年人焦虑抑郁的信息),剔除有关慢性病、认知功能、心理健康状况数据中缺失和异常值的样本后,保留12 047个样本,并对其中连续性变量异常值进行了缩尾处理,对自变量、协变量缺失值进行了多重插补,共插补10次,计算克朗巴哈系数来反映每组插补数据的内部信度,最终选取克朗巴哈系数最大的数据集作为此次研究数据。
1.1.1 身心脑共病是本研究因变量,涉及老年人慢性病患病、心理健康及认知功能状况。慢性病通过老年人自报的相关疾病进行评价,包括高血压、心脏病、中风/脑血管疾病等24项慢性非传染性疾病,如诊断确定其中一项即为患病。心理健康采用流行病学研究中心简化的中文版10项抑郁评估量表来衡量调查对象的抑郁症状,总分为0~30分,得分越高表明抑郁症状越严重,参照既往研究10分定义为阈值分数,得分≥10分者被认为出现抑郁症状。采用简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)评估认知功能,包括五个领域:一般能力、反应能力、注意力和计算能力、记忆能力、语言理解和协调能力。除第六题外(满分7分),其他题目如果答案正确则记1分,答案错误或“无法回答”则记0分,总 MMSE 得分范围为0~30分,得分越高,认知功能越好,本研究中分数低于18分提示存在认知障碍[14],分数18分及以上表示认知正常。由于“身心脑共病”是一个综合性的健康指标[1],本研究中共患上述三种疾病中两种及以上的定义为“身心脑共病”患病。
1.1.2 休闲活动
根据CLHLS问卷及有关研究[15],定义了家务活动、朋友交谈、户外活动、园艺、阅读书报、饲养活动、打牌/麻将、看电视/听广播共8类典型休闲活动类别,出于研究的简化和暴露因素的考量,对每一个活动选项重新编码赋值,将其中“几乎每天”编码赋值为2,表示经常参与;“不是每天,但每周至少一次”、“不是每周,但每月至少一次”、“不是每月,但有时”编码赋值为1,表示有时参与该项活动;“不参与”则重新编码赋值为0,表示参与率较低。8项休闲类别相加总分作为老年休闲活动评分,分数越高,代表休闲活动参与率越高。
1.1.3 膳食多样性评分
根据有关研究[16],对老年人食用肉类、海鲜鱼类、蛋类、豆类、水果、咸菜、茶、大蒜、新鲜蔬菜9类相关的食物频率问卷进行评估,记录为经常(≥5次/周)、偶尔(1~4次/周)或很少(<1次/周),9个食物组的得分分别为0(很少)、1(偶尔)和2(经常),相加构成DDS总评分,范围在0-18分,其中0~6分定义为低水平、7~12为中等水平、13~18 为高水平。
1.1.4 体脂水平
体脂水平包括BMI、腰围(WC)、腰高比(WHtR),BMI计算公式为体重(kg) /身高(m2),WHtR计算为腰围(cm)/身高(cm),本研究中BMI、WC和WHtR根据各自百分位数被划分为了三个组别。
连续变量用描述,分类变量按n(%)表示,采用χ2检验和t检验比较老年人中是否患有“身心脑共病”的变量平均水平。应用多因素logistic回归分析休闲活动、膳食多样性评分及体脂水平与“身心脑共病”的关系,指标以分类变量形式纳入,计算OR及95% CI,并对各自变量分组的中位数值进行了线性趋势分析。此外,在logistic模型中使用了四个节点的限制性立方样条来表征剂量-反应关系,并检验这三项指标与身心脑共病风险之间是否存在非线性,在RCS分析中,根据Akaike信息准则(AIC)确定节点数,节点的位置是相应变量的中位数。最后,进一步分析了8类休闲活动及9类膳食指标与身心脑共病的关联。统计分析使用R软件(版本4.3.3)进行,检验水准α=0.05。
研究共纳入12 047名受试者(46.80%为男性),平均年龄为83.12岁,标准差为11.08;身心脑共病患病率为42.60%,城镇多于农村、女性多于男性。两组间的特征比较如下表1所示。不同年龄、性别、文化程度、吸烟饮酒状况、LA、DDS、BMI、WHtR、WC均存在差异(P均<0.05)。
表2显示共五项指标(LA、DDS、BMI、WHtR、WC)与身心脑共病患病风险的关联,在基准模型(模型1)中,影响均显著,逐步调整混杂因素后(模型4),LA每增加1个s,患病风险降低21.4%;与LA的Q1组相比,Q2组和Q3组显示较低的共病风险,OR及95% CI分别为0.647 (0.589~0.710)和0.575 (0.513~0.645)。在DDS组中,每增加1个s,风险降低7.8%,与Q1组相比,Q2和Q3组OR及95% CI分别为0.881 (0.804~0.965)、0.853 (0.774~0.939)。体脂水平中,仅BMI存在显著关联,每增加1个s风险增加8.6%,相较于Q1组,Q3组患病风险较高(95% CI:1.065~1.342)。在LA、DDS及BMI中,观察到显著的线性趋势(Ptrend均<0.05)。
图1展示了身心脑共病风险与五个测试指标(LA、DDS、BMI、WHtR、WC作为连续变量)的限制性立方样条曲线,其中LA曲线近似呈“L”形(Pnon-linear<0.001),即有阈值效应,表明LA对于降低共病风险并非线性累积的,而是在某点之后可能出现递减或逆转趋势。DDS的非线性检验(Pnon-linear=0.424)则进一步支持了DDS与共病风险间的线性关联。体脂水平中,WHtR存在显著的阈值效应(WHtR的Pnon-linear=0.045),而WC、BMI与共病风险存在线性趋势(Pnon-linear均>0.05)。
进一步分析不同休闲和膳食类别与身心脑共病的关系,两模型分别校正了性别、年龄、居住地、婚姻状况、年收入水平、吸烟、饮酒、规律体育锻炼和睡眠时长等协变量,结果见表3。休闲活动中,家务活动率高的相对于参与率低的老年人,身心脑共病风险降低23.1%,此外,阅读(OR=0.814,95% CI:0.711~0.932)、看电视(OR=0.747,95% CI:0.672~0.829)活动水平较高的老年人风险较低。膳食类别组中,适量的豆制品摄入(OR=0.864,95% CI:0.767~0.973),及摄入较多水果(OR=0.795,95% CI:0.702~0.901)、蔬菜(OR=0.746,95% CI:0.581~0.957)的老年人共病风险较低,而过多的咸菜摄入则增加了共病风险(OR=1.230,95% CI:1.086~1.393)。
本研究发现,2017至2019年65岁及以上老年人身心脑共病患病率为42.6%、高于欧洲国家的33.0% [17]。女性共病现状比男性更常见(女:59.15% vs 男:40.85%),这可能是女性的寿命长导致患病率较高的原因[18],从既定影响因素分析来看,BMI的增加与身心脑共病风险增加有关;DDS评分越高,共病风险越低,两者存在线性关系,趋势检验也说明了这一点;而LA与共病风险存在非线性关联。具体而言,较高水平的家务、阅读、看电视休闲活动及摄入多的水果、蔬菜类膳食有助于降低身心脑共病风险,咸菜除外。
生活方式与共病之间有明显联系,研究显示低水平的身体活动其共病风险增加45% [19]。本文研究发现较高水平的休闲活动有利于降低共病风险,与以往研究结果一致[20]。本研究还揭示了休闲活动的阈值效应,即适度的休闲活动才可能降低共病风险。此外,家务、阅读、看电视频率较高的老年人共病风险较低,家务等身体活动可能通过多种途径保护大脑健康,如降低患心血管病风险,促进神经可塑性[21]。但也有研究指出了看电视对认知障碍的负面影响[22],久坐不动会增加共病风险[23]
本研究表明不同的饮食类别与身心脑共病存在关联,食用更多的水果、蔬菜和全谷物等食物可以降低共病风险,但不包括盐的过多摄入[24]。相关研究也证明,水果、蔬菜和多种营养素的摄入量越高,心脏代谢疾病的共病风险越低[25],共病患者代谢综合征的风险也越低[26]。有关RCT也明确了其中膳食营养素的作用,例如抗氧化食物有利于维持体内的抗氧化状态[27],强调了饮食在预防和管理共病方面的重要性。
此外,研究发现,BMI、WC和WHtR作为体脂水平指标,在共病风险预测中表现不同。其中,BMI与共病风险增加呈线性关系,WHtR呈非线性,而WC未见显著关联。这可能与老年人体脂分布方式、腹部脂肪模式以及个体生理差异有关,还与研究的样本特征、健康状况及社会经济因素相关[28-29]。有研究认为,老年人群体中BMI的增高可能与身体的生理性缩短有关,而非单纯由脂肪组织的积累引起[30]
综上,本文探究了休闲活动、膳食多样性及体脂水平与身心脑共病的关系,发现我国65岁及以上老年人身心脑共病患病率高于欧洲等国,休闲活动与共病风险存在非线性关联,膳食多样性呈现线性关系;在体脂水平中,BMI的增加与共病风险增加有关,而WHtR呈非线性关系。但本研究是一项横断面研究,无法分析上述指标与身心脑共病间的因果关系,未来研究可考虑将其他的生活方式及身体测量指标纳入分析,并考虑更精确的身心脑共病测量方法,探究在不同的共病模式下,具体指标的作用效果,以期为相关共病干预和预防研究提供指导。
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202404557
  • 接收时间:2024-04-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-30
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    1.新疆生产建设兵团第七师疾病预防控制中心,新疆维吾尔自治区 胡杨河市 834034
    2.湖北医药学院卫生管理与卫生事业发展研究中心
    3.大理大学护理学院

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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