Article(id=1241065986640638818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241065978004557893, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202408467, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725033600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773822789105, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773822789105, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773822789105, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773822789105, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241065978004557893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, year='2025', volume='52', issue='4', pageStart='577', pageEnd='768', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773822787047, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773823194927, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241067688831808347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241065978004557893, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241067688831808348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, issueId=1241065978004557893, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=608, endPage=615, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241065987005543294, articleId=1241065986640638818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, language=EN, title=Trends in the burden of chronic respiratory diseases and age-period-cohort analysis in China’s elderly population, columnId=1228016567443718970, journalTitle=Modern Preventive Medicine, columnName=Epidemiology and Statistical Methods Advances, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the changing trends of CRD disease burden in China’s elderly population from 1990 to 2021, and to provide a reference for the development and adjustment of chronic disease prevention and treatment strategies for the elderly in China.

Methods

Based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database on the burden of disease of CRD in China between 1990 and 2021, we described the burden of disease of CRD in China by gender and age groups, and used Joinpoint regression to analyse the temporal trends of age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR) of CRD, age-standardised mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardised disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rate (ASDR). The age, period and cohort effects of CRD incidence and mortality in the elderly in China were estimated using the Age-Period-Cohort (APC) model.

Results

Compared with 1990, there was an overall fluctuating downward trend in the number of CRD incidence, death, and DALY in China in 2021, and a decreasing trend in the ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR, with the annual average percentage change (AAPC) of -1.05%, -3.68%, and -3.56%, respectively P < 0.001, and the ASIR, ASMR and ASDR were higher in males than in females. The results of the incidence rate APC model showed that, for the age effect, the relative risk (RR) values of the risk of CRD incidence in elderly Chinese men ranged from 0.448 to 1.872, and the RR values of the risk of CRD incidence in elderly women ranged from 0.438 to 1.679; for the period effect, the RR values of the risk of CRD incidence for men in all periods ranged from 0.960 to 1.051, and the RR values of the risk of CRD incidence for women ranged from 0.921 to 1.139; for the cohort effect, the RR values of morbidity risk ranged from 0.687 to 1.221 for men and from 0.714 to 1.345 for women. The results of the mortality APC model showed that, for the age effect, the RR values of mortality risk of CRD in elderly Chinese men ranged from 0.134 to 5.053, and in elderly Chinese women, the RR values ranged from 0.130 to 5.090; for the period effect, the RR values of mortality risk for males in each period ranged from 0.826 to 1.221, and the RR values of morbidity risk for females ranged from 0.697 to 1.479; for the cohort effect, the RR values of mortality risk for males ranged from 0.374 to 1.693, and those for females ranged from 0.374 to 1.724, and the results of the APC model test showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). The differences were statistically different (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

The burden of CRD disease in China from 1990 to 2021 showed a decreasing trend, and the burden was significantly heavier in men than in women. The risk of CRD incidence and mortality in the elderly increased with age, decreased over time, and decreased with the development of birth cohorts. In the future, the focus should be on men and the elderly population, and active measures should be taken to address them.

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目的

分析1990—2021年中国老年人群-慢性呼吸系统疾病(Chronic respiratory diseases,CRD)疾病负担变化趋势,为我国制定和调整老年人慢性病防治策略提供参考。

方法

基于全球疾病负担研究(Global Burden of Disease, GBD)2021数据库中1990—2021年间中国CRD疾病负担数据,按性别、年龄分组对中国CRD疾病负担进行描述,运用Joinpoint回归方法分析CRD年龄标化(简称标化)发病率、标化死亡率和标化伤残调整生命年(Disability-Adjusted Life Years, DALYs)率时间变化趋势,并通过年龄-时期-队列(Age-Period-Cohort, APC)模型估算中国老年人CRD发病率和死亡率的年龄、时期和队列效应。

结果

与1990年相比,2021年中国CRD的发病人数、死亡人数、DALY人数整体呈波动下降趋势,标化发病率、标化死亡率和标化DALY率呈下降趋势,年度平均变化百分比(AAPC)分别为-1.05%、-3.68%、-3.56%(P<0.001),男性标化发病率、标化死亡率和标化DALY率均高于女性。发病率APC模型结果显示,年龄效应方面,中国老年男性CRD发病风险相对危险度(RR)值范围为0.448~1.872,老年女性发病风险RR值范围为0.438~1.679;时期效应方面,各时期男性发病风险RR值范围为0.960~1.051,女性发病风险RR值范围为0.921~1.139;队列效应方面,男性发病风险RR值范围为0.687~1.221,女性RR值范围为0.714~1.345。死亡率APC模型结果显示,年龄效应方面,中国老年男性CRD死亡风险RR值范围为0.134~5.053,老年女性死亡风险RR值范围0.130~5.090;时期效应方面,各时期男性死亡风险RR值范围为0.826~1.221,女性发病风险RR值范围为0.697~1.479;队列效应方面,男性死亡风险RR值范围为0.374~1.693,女性RR值范围为0.374~1.724,APC模型检验结果差异具有统计学差异(P<0.001)。

结论

1990—2021年中国CRD疾病负担呈下降趋势,男性负担明显重于女性。老年人CRD发病和死亡风险随年龄增长而升高,随时期推移而降低,随出生队列的发展而降低。未来应重点关注男性与老年居民,采取积极措施应对。

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张真真,E-mail:
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张真真(1997—),女,本科,护师,研究方向:临床护理

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Changes in the burden of disease for CRD in China, 1990-2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份发病死亡
例数(万,95% UI标化率(每10万,95% CI例数(万,95% UI标化率(每10万,95% CI
1990802.55(688.53~970.94)800.16(698.65~950.80)128.83(110.76~143.80)239.34(205.82~265.39)
1995785.81(682.60~951.15)758.84(662.17~907.79)138.84(122.64~151.30)218.67(191.68~237.20)
2000696.50(618.87~816.53)669.36(588.70~790.87)140.13(126.78~152.35)189.13(168.85~204.67)
2005626.17(565.17~713.23)571.75(504.63~671.24)132.66(122.93~142.01)154.52(141.59~165.63)
2010691.82(625.51~794.26)594.48(518.64~716.23)121.05(109.26~131.56)114.30(102.04~124.65)
2015767.32(684.31~887.37)612.88(523.09~757.81)114.16(99.24~128.42)85.06(73.39~95.32)
2020836.60(744.46~969.21)585.09(500.23~713.53)128.60(106.91~150.36)76.49(63.86~88.85)
2021844.75(753.22~971.12)583.53(497.86~714.12)133.25(108.20~159.45)75.81(61.99~89.88)
EAPC(%)-1.05(-1.47~-0.63)a-4.06(-4.79~-3.33)a
年份DALY
例数(万,95% UI标化率(每10万,95% CI
19902914.81(2 555.69~3 264.44)4 166.47(3 642.02~4 623.95)
19953 010.22(2 673.35~3 269.76)3 760.86(3 343.82~4 079.92)
20002 902.53(2 649.11~3 139.76)3 194.45(2 911.99~3 448.97)
20052 680.28(2 494.24~2 855.95)2 579.60(2 393.15~2 747.39)
20102 423.18(2 229.72~2 609.29)1 955.62(1 792.59~2 106.85)
20152 299.69(2 067.16~2 565.30)1 529.29(1 372.01~1 702.58)
20202 510.14(2 152.48~2 861.46)1 383.24(1 189.38~1 578.46)
20212 582.87(2 187.88~3 046.87)1 371.00(1 168.85~1 598.92)
EAPC(%)-3.95(-4.50~-3.40)a
), ArticleFig(id=1241065993481548081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065986640638818, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

1990—2021年中国CRD疾病负担变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份发病死亡
例数(万,95% UI标化率(每10万,95% CI例数(万,95% UI标化率(每10万,95% CI
1990802.55(688.53~970.94)800.16(698.65~950.80)128.83(110.76~143.80)239.34(205.82~265.39)
1995785.81(682.60~951.15)758.84(662.17~907.79)138.84(122.64~151.30)218.67(191.68~237.20)
2000696.50(618.87~816.53)669.36(588.70~790.87)140.13(126.78~152.35)189.13(168.85~204.67)
2005626.17(565.17~713.23)571.75(504.63~671.24)132.66(122.93~142.01)154.52(141.59~165.63)
2010691.82(625.51~794.26)594.48(518.64~716.23)121.05(109.26~131.56)114.30(102.04~124.65)
2015767.32(684.31~887.37)612.88(523.09~757.81)114.16(99.24~128.42)85.06(73.39~95.32)
2020836.60(744.46~969.21)585.09(500.23~713.53)128.60(106.91~150.36)76.49(63.86~88.85)
2021844.75(753.22~971.12)583.53(497.86~714.12)133.25(108.20~159.45)75.81(61.99~89.88)
EAPC(%)-1.05(-1.47~-0.63)a-4.06(-4.79~-3.33)a
年份DALY
例数(万,95% UI标化率(每10万,95% CI
19902914.81(2 555.69~3 264.44)4 166.47(3 642.02~4 623.95)
19953 010.22(2 673.35~3 269.76)3 760.86(3 343.82~4 079.92)
20002 902.53(2 649.11~3 139.76)3 194.45(2 911.99~3 448.97)
20052 680.28(2 494.24~2 855.95)2 579.60(2 393.15~2 747.39)
20102 423.18(2 229.72~2 609.29)1 955.62(1 792.59~2 106.85)
20152 299.69(2 067.16~2 565.30)1 529.29(1 372.01~1 702.58)
20202 510.14(2 152.48~2 861.46)1 383.24(1 189.38~1 578.46)
20212 582.87(2 187.88~3 046.87)1 371.00(1 168.85~1 598.92)
EAPC(%)-3.95(-4.50~-3.40)a
), ArticleFig(id=1241065995012469054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065986640638818, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Segmentation and APC changes in CRD ASIR, ASMR and ASDR in China, 1990-2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
趋势分段发病死亡DALY
时期(年)APC(95% CI)时期(年)APC(95% CI)时期(年)APC(95% CI)
11990—1996-1.15(-1.34~-0.95)a1990-1994-1.62(-2.46~-0.76)a1990-1994-1.83(-2.57~-1.08)a
21997—2000-2.79(-3.34~-2.24)a1995-2004-3.00(-3.19~-2.81)a1995-2004-3.35(-3.51~-3.19)a
32001—2005-3.28(-3.61~-2.96)a2005-2007-8.36(-10.04~-6.66)a2005-2007-7.69(-9.03~-6.33)a
42006—20140.92(0.78~1.05)a2008-2010-3.68(-5.60~-1.72)a2008-2010-3.48(-5.09~-1.85)a
52015—2021-0.84(-1.02~-0.66)a2011-2015-5.95(-6.64~-5.24)a2011-2015-4.97(-5.55~-4.40)a
62016—2021-1.85(-2.46~-1.23)a2016-2021-1.78(-2.26~-1.30)a
AAPC(%,95% CI)1990-2021-1.05(-1.15~-0.94)a1990-2021-3.68(-3.95~-3.38)a1990-2021-3.56(-3.81~-3.31)a
), ArticleFig(id=1241065995150881096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065986640638818, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

1990—2021年中国CRD标化发病率、标化死亡率和标化DALY率的分段情况和APC变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
趋势分段发病死亡DALY
时期(年)APC(95% CI)时期(年)APC(95% CI)时期(年)APC(95% CI)
11990—1996-1.15(-1.34~-0.95)a1990-1994-1.62(-2.46~-0.76)a1990-1994-1.83(-2.57~-1.08)a
21997—2000-2.79(-3.34~-2.24)a1995-2004-3.00(-3.19~-2.81)a1995-2004-3.35(-3.51~-3.19)a
32001—2005-3.28(-3.61~-2.96)a2005-2007-8.36(-10.04~-6.66)a2005-2007-7.69(-9.03~-6.33)a
42006—20140.92(0.78~1.05)a2008-2010-3.68(-5.60~-1.72)a2008-2010-3.48(-5.09~-1.85)a
52015—2021-0.84(-1.02~-0.66)a2011-2015-5.95(-6.64~-5.24)a2011-2015-4.97(-5.55~-4.40)a
62016—2021-1.85(-2.46~-1.23)a2016-2021-1.78(-2.26~-1.30)a
AAPC(%,95% CI)1990-2021-1.05(-1.15~-0.94)a1990-2021-3.68(-3.95~-3.38)a1990-2021-3.56(-3.81~-3.31)a
), ArticleFig(id=1241065995293487439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065986640638818, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

APC model analysis of CRD incidence in Chinese elderly from 1990 to 2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素男性女性
RR(95% CI)SEZPRR(95% CI)SEZP
年龄(岁)
60~640.448(0.444~0.452)0.004-192.08<0.0010.438(0.436~0.440)0.002-362.73<0.001
65~690.677(0.673~0.681)0.003-128.52<0.0010.660(0.658~0.662)0.002-248.14<0.001
70~740.841(0.838~0.845)0.002-86.49<0.0010.852(0.850~0.854)0.001-133.61<0.001
75~790.937(0.935~0.940)0.001-47.85<0.0010.973(0.971~0.975)0.001-28.06<0.001
80~841.125(1.121~1.129)0.00271.50<0.0011.203(1.201~1.206)0.001162.33<0.001
85~891.293(1.286~1.300)0.00396.01<0.0011.378(1.373~1.382)0.002193.40<0.001
90~941.535(1.522~1.547)0.004102.04<0.0011.497(1.490~1.504)0.002163.65<0.001
≥951.872(1.845~1.900)0.00783.77<0.0011.679(1.666~1.692)0.004127.28<0.001
时期(年)
1990—19941.051(1.043~1.059)0.00413.47<0.0011.139(1.134~1.143)0.00264.34<0.001
1995—19991.039(1.033~1.044)0.00314.76<0.0011.084(1.081~1.087)0.00252.81<0.001
2000—20040.999(0.996~1.002)0.001-0.610.541.010(1.008~1.012)0.0019.05<0.001
2005—20090.972(0.971~0.974)0.001-34.08<0.0010.932(0.931~0.934)0.001-82.21<0.001
2010—20140.964(0.961~0.966)0.001-26.08<0.0010.921(0.920~0.923)0.001-81.40<0.001
2015—20190.960(0.956~0.965)0.003-16.13<0.0010.948(0.946~0.951)0.001-36.93<0.001
2020—20211.019(1.012~1.027)0.0045.11<0.0010.985(0.981~0.989)0.002-7.40<0.001
队列(年)
1895—18991.221(1.142~1.305)0.0345.85<0.0011.345(1.300~1.392)0.01717.03<0.001
1900—19041.163(1.130~1.197)0.01510.22<0.0011.203(1.183~1.223)0.00821.88<0.001
1905—19091.13(1.108~1.1520)0.0112.22<0.0011.102(1.089~1.114)0.00617.18<0.001
1910—19141.090(1.073~1.107)0.00810.70<0.0011.060(1.050~1.069)0.00412.97<0.001
1915—19191.078(1.064~1.092)0.00711.36<0.0011.061(1.053~1.068)0.00416.07<0.001
1920—19241.095(1.083~1.106)0.00516.91<0.0011.080(1.074~1.087)0.00326.19<0.001
1925—19291.098(1.089~1.106)0.00422.59<0.0011.085(1.080~1.090)0.00235.41<0.001
1930—19341.069(1.063~1.076)0.00322.93<0.0011.051(1.047~1.054)0.00228.79<0.001
1935—19391.039(1.036~1.043)0.00221.26<0.0011.002(0.999~1.004)0.0011.510.131
1940—19440.996(0.994~0.998)0.001-4.39<0.0010.962(0.960~0.964)0.001-41.19<0.001
1945—19490.929(0.927~0.931)0.001-60.84<0.0010.913(0.911~0.915)0.001-89.24<0.001
1950—19540.837(0.833~0.840)0.002-79.81<0.0010.841(0.838~0.843)0.001-122.30<0.001
1955—19590.747(0.742~0.752)0.003-85.24<0.0010.768(0.765~0.771)0.002-130.81<0.001
1960—19640.687(0.681~0.694)0.005-76.72<0.0010.714(0.709~0.718)0.003-106.87<0.001
截距0.0250.003-1 094.60<0.0010.0220.002-2 157.70<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241065995427705174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065986640638818, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

1990—2021年中国老年人CRD发病率APC模型分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素男性女性
RR(95% CI)SEZPRR(95% CI)SEZP
年龄(岁)
60~640.448(0.444~0.452)0.004-192.08<0.0010.438(0.436~0.440)0.002-362.73<0.001
65~690.677(0.673~0.681)0.003-128.52<0.0010.660(0.658~0.662)0.002-248.14<0.001
70~740.841(0.838~0.845)0.002-86.49<0.0010.852(0.850~0.854)0.001-133.61<0.001
75~790.937(0.935~0.940)0.001-47.85<0.0010.973(0.971~0.975)0.001-28.06<0.001
80~841.125(1.121~1.129)0.00271.50<0.0011.203(1.201~1.206)0.001162.33<0.001
85~891.293(1.286~1.300)0.00396.01<0.0011.378(1.373~1.382)0.002193.40<0.001
90~941.535(1.522~1.547)0.004102.04<0.0011.497(1.490~1.504)0.002163.65<0.001
≥951.872(1.845~1.900)0.00783.77<0.0011.679(1.666~1.692)0.004127.28<0.001
时期(年)
1990—19941.051(1.043~1.059)0.00413.47<0.0011.139(1.134~1.143)0.00264.34<0.001
1995—19991.039(1.033~1.044)0.00314.76<0.0011.084(1.081~1.087)0.00252.81<0.001
2000—20040.999(0.996~1.002)0.001-0.610.541.010(1.008~1.012)0.0019.05<0.001
2005—20090.972(0.971~0.974)0.001-34.08<0.0010.932(0.931~0.934)0.001-82.21<0.001
2010—20140.964(0.961~0.966)0.001-26.08<0.0010.921(0.920~0.923)0.001-81.40<0.001
2015—20190.960(0.956~0.965)0.003-16.13<0.0010.948(0.946~0.951)0.001-36.93<0.001
2020—20211.019(1.012~1.027)0.0045.11<0.0010.985(0.981~0.989)0.002-7.40<0.001
队列(年)
1895—18991.221(1.142~1.305)0.0345.85<0.0011.345(1.300~1.392)0.01717.03<0.001
1900—19041.163(1.130~1.197)0.01510.22<0.0011.203(1.183~1.223)0.00821.88<0.001
1905—19091.13(1.108~1.1520)0.0112.22<0.0011.102(1.089~1.114)0.00617.18<0.001
1910—19141.090(1.073~1.107)0.00810.70<0.0011.060(1.050~1.069)0.00412.97<0.001
1915—19191.078(1.064~1.092)0.00711.36<0.0011.061(1.053~1.068)0.00416.07<0.001
1920—19241.095(1.083~1.106)0.00516.91<0.0011.080(1.074~1.087)0.00326.19<0.001
1925—19291.098(1.089~1.106)0.00422.59<0.0011.085(1.080~1.090)0.00235.41<0.001
1930—19341.069(1.063~1.076)0.00322.93<0.0011.051(1.047~1.054)0.00228.79<0.001
1935—19391.039(1.036~1.043)0.00221.26<0.0011.002(0.999~1.004)0.0011.510.131
1940—19440.996(0.994~0.998)0.001-4.39<0.0010.962(0.960~0.964)0.001-41.19<0.001
1945—19490.929(0.927~0.931)0.001-60.84<0.0010.913(0.911~0.915)0.001-89.24<0.001
1950—19540.837(0.833~0.840)0.002-79.81<0.0010.841(0.838~0.843)0.001-122.30<0.001
1955—19590.747(0.742~0.752)0.003-85.24<0.0010.768(0.765~0.771)0.002-130.81<0.001
1960—19640.687(0.681~0.694)0.005-76.72<0.0010.714(0.709~0.718)0.003-106.87<0.001
截距0.0250.003-1 094.60<0.0010.0220.002-2 157.70<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241065995561922907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065986640638818, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

APC model analysis of CRD mortality in Chinese elderly from 1990 to 2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素男性女性
RR(95% CI)SEZPRR(95% CI)SEZP
年龄(岁)
60~640.134(0.133~0.135)0.003-579.48<0.0010.130(0.129~0.130)0.003-809.60<0.001
65~690.235(0.234~0.236)0.003-566.21<0.0010.232(0.231~0.233)0.002-760.42<0.001
70~740.489(0.488~0.491)0.002-401.16<0.0010.494(0.493~0.496)0.001-474.49<0.001
75~790.811(0.809~0.813)0.001-156.45<0.0010.863(0.861~0.865)0.001-115.62<0.001
80~841.438(1.433~1.442)0.001246.97<0.0011.562(1.558~1.565)0.001356.16<0.001
85~893.212(3.199~3.225)0.002566.61<0.0012.600(2.592~2.607)0.001646.66<0.001
90~945.053(5.023~5.083)0.003535.49<0.0013.774(3.759~3.789)0.002670.13<0.001
≥953.421(3.381~3.462)0.006203.30<0.0015.090(5.059~5.121)0.003517.73<0.001
时期(年)
1990—19941.221(1.214~1.228)0.00369.60<0.0011.479(1.474~1.484)0.002236.89<0.001
1995—19991.156(1.151~1.161)0.00267.80<0.0011.374(1.370~1.378)0.001215.04<0.001
2000—20041.125(1.122~1.128)0.00181.14<0.0011.219(1.216~1.222)0.001150.39<0.001
2005—20090.965(0.962~0.967)0.001-30.78<0.0010.957(0.955~0.960)0.001-32.92<0.001
2010—20140.875(0.873~0.878)0.001-91.39<0.0010.777(0.775~0.779)0.001-176.12<0.001
2015—20190.826(0.823~0.830)0.002-90.98<0.0010.697(0.695~0.699)0.002-231.04<0.001
2020—20210.903(0.898~0.909)0.003-34.97<0.0010.778(0.776~0.781)0.002-140.06<0.001
队列(年)
1895—18991.485(1.411~1.562)0.02615.32<0.0011.724(1.686~1.763)0.01147.94<0.001
1900—19041.693(1.662~1.724)0.00955.77<0.0011.682(1.664~1.701)0.00692.27<0.001
1905—19091.555(1.534~1.577)0.00762.09<0.0011.595(1.583~1.607)0.004119.68<0.001
1910—19141.554(1.536~1.572)0.00673.83<0.0011.517(1.508~1.527)0.003130.60<0.001
1915—19191.556(1.541~1.571)0.00588.65<0.0011.454(1.447~1.462)0.003138.03<0.001
1920—19241.413(1.402~1.425)0.00484.71<0.0011.343(1.337~1.349)0.002125.38<0.001
1925—19291.256(1.248~1.264)0.00370.50<0.0011.213(1.209~1.218)0.00294.31<0.001
1930—19341.103(1.098~1.108)0.00240.37<0.0011.086(1.082~1.090)0.00244.92<0.001
1935—19390.963(0.960~0.967)0.002-21.08<0.0010.952(0.948~0.955)0.002-27.92<0.001
1940—19440.833(0.830~0.836)0.002-118.06<0.0010.838(0.834~0.841)0.002-90.40<0.001
1945—19490.697(0.694~0.699)0.002-191.95<0.0010.701(0.698~0.704)0.002-150.26<0.001
1950—19540.565(0.562~0.568)0.003-220.11<0.0010.570(0.567~0.573)0.003-193.18<0.001
1955—19590.458(0.454~0.461)0.004-212.86<0.0010.466(0.462~0.469)0.004-195.26<0.001
1960—19640.374(0.369~0.379)0.007-148.25<0.0010.374(0.368~0.380)0.008-120.22<0.001
截距0.0170.003-1 598.74<0.0010.010.001-3 264.87<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241065995679363428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1227665162245664772, articleId=1241065986640638818, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

1990—2021年中国老年人CRD死亡率APC模型分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素男性女性
RR(95% CI)SEZPRR(95% CI)SEZP
年龄(岁)
60~640.134(0.133~0.135)0.003-579.48<0.0010.130(0.129~0.130)0.003-809.60<0.001
65~690.235(0.234~0.236)0.003-566.21<0.0010.232(0.231~0.233)0.002-760.42<0.001
70~740.489(0.488~0.491)0.002-401.16<0.0010.494(0.493~0.496)0.001-474.49<0.001
75~790.811(0.809~0.813)0.001-156.45<0.0010.863(0.861~0.865)0.001-115.62<0.001
80~841.438(1.433~1.442)0.001246.97<0.0011.562(1.558~1.565)0.001356.16<0.001
85~893.212(3.199~3.225)0.002566.61<0.0012.600(2.592~2.607)0.001646.66<0.001
90~945.053(5.023~5.083)0.003535.49<0.0013.774(3.759~3.789)0.002670.13<0.001
≥953.421(3.381~3.462)0.006203.30<0.0015.090(5.059~5.121)0.003517.73<0.001
时期(年)
1990—19941.221(1.214~1.228)0.00369.60<0.0011.479(1.474~1.484)0.002236.89<0.001
1995—19991.156(1.151~1.161)0.00267.80<0.0011.374(1.370~1.378)0.001215.04<0.001
2000—20041.125(1.122~1.128)0.00181.14<0.0011.219(1.216~1.222)0.001150.39<0.001
2005—20090.965(0.962~0.967)0.001-30.78<0.0010.957(0.955~0.960)0.001-32.92<0.001
2010—20140.875(0.873~0.878)0.001-91.39<0.0010.777(0.775~0.779)0.001-176.12<0.001
2015—20190.826(0.823~0.830)0.002-90.98<0.0010.697(0.695~0.699)0.002-231.04<0.001
2020—20210.903(0.898~0.909)0.003-34.97<0.0010.778(0.776~0.781)0.002-140.06<0.001
队列(年)
1895—18991.485(1.411~1.562)0.02615.32<0.0011.724(1.686~1.763)0.01147.94<0.001
1900—19041.693(1.662~1.724)0.00955.77<0.0011.682(1.664~1.701)0.00692.27<0.001
1905—19091.555(1.534~1.577)0.00762.09<0.0011.595(1.583~1.607)0.004119.68<0.001
1910—19141.554(1.536~1.572)0.00673.83<0.0011.517(1.508~1.527)0.003130.60<0.001
1915—19191.556(1.541~1.571)0.00588.65<0.0011.454(1.447~1.462)0.003138.03<0.001
1920—19241.413(1.402~1.425)0.00484.71<0.0011.343(1.337~1.349)0.002125.38<0.001
1925—19291.256(1.248~1.264)0.00370.50<0.0011.213(1.209~1.218)0.00294.31<0.001
1930—19341.103(1.098~1.108)0.00240.37<0.0011.086(1.082~1.090)0.00244.92<0.001
1935—19390.963(0.960~0.967)0.002-21.08<0.0010.952(0.948~0.955)0.002-27.92<0.001
1940—19440.833(0.830~0.836)0.002-118.06<0.0010.838(0.834~0.841)0.002-90.40<0.001
1945—19490.697(0.694~0.699)0.002-191.95<0.0010.701(0.698~0.704)0.002-150.26<0.001
1950—19540.565(0.562~0.568)0.003-220.11<0.0010.570(0.567~0.573)0.003-193.18<0.001
1955—19590.458(0.454~0.461)0.004-212.86<0.0010.466(0.462~0.469)0.004-195.26<0.001
1960—19640.374(0.369~0.379)0.007-148.25<0.0010.374(0.368~0.380)0.008-120.22<0.001
截距0.0170.003-1 598.74<0.0010.010.001-3 264.87<0.001
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中国老年人慢性呼吸系统疾病负担趋势及年龄-时期-队列分析
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张真真 , 张艳燕 , 郭盟凡
现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2025,52(4): 608-615
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现代预防医学 | 流行病与统计方法 2025, 52(4): 608-615
中国老年人慢性呼吸系统疾病负担趋势及年龄-时期-队列分析
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张真真 , 张艳燕, 郭盟凡
作者信息
  • 中国人民解放军总医院第一医学中心呼吸与危重症医学科,北京 100039
  • 张真真(1997—),女,本科,护师,研究方向:临床护理

通讯作者:

张真真,E-mail:
Trends in the burden of chronic respiratory diseases and age-period-cohort analysis in China’s elderly population
Zhen-zhen ZHANG , Yan-yan ZHANG, Meng-fan GUO
Affiliations
  • Department of Respiration, the First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202408467
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目的

分析1990—2021年中国老年人群-慢性呼吸系统疾病(Chronic respiratory diseases,CRD)疾病负担变化趋势,为我国制定和调整老年人慢性病防治策略提供参考。

方法

基于全球疾病负担研究(Global Burden of Disease, GBD)2021数据库中1990—2021年间中国CRD疾病负担数据,按性别、年龄分组对中国CRD疾病负担进行描述,运用Joinpoint回归方法分析CRD年龄标化(简称标化)发病率、标化死亡率和标化伤残调整生命年(Disability-Adjusted Life Years, DALYs)率时间变化趋势,并通过年龄-时期-队列(Age-Period-Cohort, APC)模型估算中国老年人CRD发病率和死亡率的年龄、时期和队列效应。

结果

与1990年相比,2021年中国CRD的发病人数、死亡人数、DALY人数整体呈波动下降趋势,标化发病率、标化死亡率和标化DALY率呈下降趋势,年度平均变化百分比(AAPC)分别为-1.05%、-3.68%、-3.56%(P<0.001),男性标化发病率、标化死亡率和标化DALY率均高于女性。发病率APC模型结果显示,年龄效应方面,中国老年男性CRD发病风险相对危险度(RR)值范围为0.448~1.872,老年女性发病风险RR值范围为0.438~1.679;时期效应方面,各时期男性发病风险RR值范围为0.960~1.051,女性发病风险RR值范围为0.921~1.139;队列效应方面,男性发病风险RR值范围为0.687~1.221,女性RR值范围为0.714~1.345。死亡率APC模型结果显示,年龄效应方面,中国老年男性CRD死亡风险RR值范围为0.134~5.053,老年女性死亡风险RR值范围0.130~5.090;时期效应方面,各时期男性死亡风险RR值范围为0.826~1.221,女性发病风险RR值范围为0.697~1.479;队列效应方面,男性死亡风险RR值范围为0.374~1.693,女性RR值范围为0.374~1.724,APC模型检验结果差异具有统计学差异(P<0.001)。

结论

1990—2021年中国CRD疾病负担呈下降趋势,男性负担明显重于女性。老年人CRD发病和死亡风险随年龄增长而升高,随时期推移而降低,随出生队列的发展而降低。未来应重点关注男性与老年居民,采取积极措施应对。

慢性呼吸系统疾病  /  老年  /  全球疾病负担研究  /  Jointpoint回归模型  /  年龄-时期-队列模型
Objective

To analyze the changing trends of CRD disease burden in China’s elderly population from 1990 to 2021, and to provide a reference for the development and adjustment of chronic disease prevention and treatment strategies for the elderly in China.

Methods

Based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database on the burden of disease of CRD in China between 1990 and 2021, we described the burden of disease of CRD in China by gender and age groups, and used Joinpoint regression to analyse the temporal trends of age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR) of CRD, age-standardised mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardised disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rate (ASDR). The age, period and cohort effects of CRD incidence and mortality in the elderly in China were estimated using the Age-Period-Cohort (APC) model.

Results

Compared with 1990, there was an overall fluctuating downward trend in the number of CRD incidence, death, and DALY in China in 2021, and a decreasing trend in the ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR, with the annual average percentage change (AAPC) of -1.05%, -3.68%, and -3.56%, respectively P < 0.001, and the ASIR, ASMR and ASDR were higher in males than in females. The results of the incidence rate APC model showed that, for the age effect, the relative risk (RR) values of the risk of CRD incidence in elderly Chinese men ranged from 0.448 to 1.872, and the RR values of the risk of CRD incidence in elderly women ranged from 0.438 to 1.679; for the period effect, the RR values of the risk of CRD incidence for men in all periods ranged from 0.960 to 1.051, and the RR values of the risk of CRD incidence for women ranged from 0.921 to 1.139; for the cohort effect, the RR values of morbidity risk ranged from 0.687 to 1.221 for men and from 0.714 to 1.345 for women. The results of the mortality APC model showed that, for the age effect, the RR values of mortality risk of CRD in elderly Chinese men ranged from 0.134 to 5.053, and in elderly Chinese women, the RR values ranged from 0.130 to 5.090; for the period effect, the RR values of mortality risk for males in each period ranged from 0.826 to 1.221, and the RR values of morbidity risk for females ranged from 0.697 to 1.479; for the cohort effect, the RR values of mortality risk for males ranged from 0.374 to 1.693, and those for females ranged from 0.374 to 1.724, and the results of the APC model test showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). The differences were statistically different (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

The burden of CRD disease in China from 1990 to 2021 showed a decreasing trend, and the burden was significantly heavier in men than in women. The risk of CRD incidence and mortality in the elderly increased with age, decreased over time, and decreased with the development of birth cohorts. In the future, the focus should be on men and the elderly population, and active measures should be taken to address them.

Chronic respiratory disease  /  Elderly  /  GBD  /  Jointpoint regression model  /  APC model
张真真, 张艳燕, 郭盟凡. 中国老年人慢性呼吸系统疾病负担趋势及年龄-时期-队列分析. 现代预防医学, 2025 , 52 (4) : 608 -615 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202408467
Zhen-zhen ZHANG, Yan-yan ZHANG, Meng-fan GUO. Trends in the burden of chronic respiratory diseases and age-period-cohort analysis in China’s elderly population[J]. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2025 , 52 (4) : 608 -615 . DOI: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202408467
CRD包括慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)、哮喘、尘肺病、间质性肺病和肺结节等,具有高患病率、高致残率、高病死率和高疾病负担的特点。CRD是中国和全球主要的非传染性死因之一[1],占我国2020年老年人重大慢性疾病死亡的第3位,全人群标化死亡率为381.90/10万[2]。CRD不仅会严重威胁生命健康,而且可能致残,影响患者的生活质量,给家庭和社会带来沉重负担[3-4]。随着中国迈入老龄化社会,老年人健康问题需要得到更多关注,老年人由于生理功能逐渐下降,抵抗力减弱,更容易受到CRD的影响,如我国老年人群COPD的患病率已经高达30%以上[5]。因此,本研究将使用GBD 2021数据库,采用Joinpoint回归方法对1990—2021年中国老年CRD疾病负担的长期变化趋势进行分析,并使用APC模型说明年龄、时期和队列因素对老年CRD的影响,为我国老年人群CRD防治工作提供参考。
本研究所用的全部数据均来自美国华盛顿大学健康测量和评价研究院官网(https://www.healthdata.org/)发布的GBD2021数据。本研究通过《国际疾病分类》第10版(ICD-10)的标准对CRD进行编码,具体疾病的编码范围可查询文献[6]
本研究选取GBD数据库中1990年至2021年中国人群的CRD数据进行分析,采用不同年份、性别及各年龄段CRD发病数/率、死亡数/率和DALY/率量化中国老年人群CRD的疾病负担情况。共提取60~64岁、65~69岁、70~74岁、75~79岁、80~84岁、85~89岁、90~94岁、≥95岁等8个年龄段,对老年人年龄进行分段,在1990—2021年的全部观察时期内,为防止相邻出生队列出现时间重叠,采用时间点值进行分析(1990,1994……)。以时期减去年龄,计算出生队列。
采用Excel 2021软件对1990—2021年中国老年人群CRD数据进行归纳整理,采用发病数、死亡数、DALY数和标化发病/死亡/DALY率对中国CRD疾病负担描述。应用Joinpoint Regression Program 4.9.1.0软件进行Joinpoint回归模型分析,探讨CRD标化发病率、标化死亡率和标化DALY率变化趋势,通过对数线性回归方法计算各指标年度变化百分比(Annual percentage change,APC)、估计平均年度变化百分比(Estimated APC,EAPC)及平均年度变化百分比(Average APC,AAPC)[7]
采用年龄、时期、队列各组系数之和为零的内生因子估计法[8]来构建APC模型,该模型可以更好地估计疾病受年龄、时期和队列因素影响的变动情况。APC模型将通过Stata 14.0和R 4.4.1软件实现。默认中心年龄组、时期和出生队列作为参照组,如果组数为偶数,则将参照组设定为两个中心值中的较小值。估计年龄、时期、出生队列效应,对效应系数进行自然对数转换,计算相对危险度(relative risk, RR)以观察年龄、时期、出生队列对死亡率的效应趋势,RR值>1时表示风险增加,RR值<1时表明风险降低,数值越高风险越高。检验水准为双侧检验α=0.05。
1990—2021年中国CRD的发病人数呈先降后升趋势,发病人数从802.55万升至844.75万;死亡人数呈上下波动趋势,从128.83万升至133.25万;DALY数表现为先升后降,从2 914.81万人年降至2 582.87万人年。同时,标化发病率、标化死亡率和标化DALY率总体呈下降趋势,标化发病率从800.16/10万降至583.53/10万,EAPC=-1.05%(P<0.001);标化死亡率从239.34/10万降至75.81/10万,EAPC=-4.06%(P<0.001);标化DALY率从4 166.47/10万下降至1 371.00/10万,EAPC=-3.95%(P<0.001)。见表1
基于Joinpoint回归,分析1990—2021年中国CRD标化死亡率、标化发病率、标化DALY率的趋势变化,结果显示,1990—2021年中国CRD年龄标化发病率共有4个转折点,分为5个趋势分段,总体趋势呈现波动式下降,APC变化范围为-3.28%~0.92%(均P<0.001),AAPC=-1.05%(P<0.001)。CRD年龄标化死亡率共有6个趋势分段:1990—1994年、1995—2004年、2005—2007年、2008—2010年、2011—2015年、2016—2021年,其中2005—2007年期间标化死亡率降低最为明显,其它5个趋势分段下降较平稳,APC变化范围为-8.36%~-1.62%(均P<0.001),AAPC=-3.68%(P<0.001)。标化DALY率的分段变化趋势与标化死亡率的基本一致,APC变化范围为-7.69%~1.78%(均P<0.001),AAPC=-3.56%(P<0.001)。见表2
与1990年相比,2020年男女标化发病率、标化死亡率和标化DALY率均明显降低,且男性均高于女性。2020年男女标化发病率分别为641.2/10万和527.5/10万,与1990年相比,男性标化发病率下降了201.5/10万(23.91%),女性下降了229.2/10万(30.28%),男性的下降幅度略小于女性的;男女标化发病率整体呈现下降趋势,但在2006年出现波谷,随后缓慢上升再下降。2020年男女标化死亡率分别为110.9/10万和54.6/10万,男性标化死亡率下降了183.9/10万(62.38%),女性下降了150.4/10万(73.36%),男女标化死亡率均呈现逐年下降的趋势。2020年男女标化DALY率分别为1 797.1人年/10万和1 085.3人年/10万,分别下降了3 123.9人年/10万(63.48%)和2538.1人年/10万(70.05%),男性的下降幅度小于女性的,整体下降趋势类似标化死亡率。中国不同性别CRD疾病负担存在明显性别差异,见图1A~C
中国老年人CRD发病率APC模型检验结果显示,除男性组2000—2004年(P=0.54)时期及女性组1935—1939年出生队列(P=0.131)的检验结果外,其余结果均有统计学意义(P<0.001)。年龄效应结果显示,中国老年男性CRD发病风险随年龄增大而单调升高,60~64岁发生风险最低(RR=0.448),95岁及以上发生风险最高(RR=1.872);老年女性CRD发病风险随年龄增长的变化趋势基本与男性一致,各年龄组的RR值范围为0.438~1.679。时期效应结果显示,中国老年男性CRD发病风险随时期推移先降后升,2015—2019年发生转折,在1990—1994年RR值最高(RR=1.051),在2015—2019年RR值最低(RR=0.960);老年女性CRD发病风险的时期效应变化趋势基本与男性一致,各时期的RR值范围为0.921~1.139。队列效应结果显示,中国老年男性CRD发病风险随出生队列发展总体缓慢下降,在1920—1929年出生队列略有起伏,1895—1899年出生的队列RR值最高(RR=1.221),1960—1964年出生的队列RR值最小(RR=0.687);老年女性CRD发病风险的队列效应变化趋势基本与男性一致,各出生队列RR值范围为0.714~1.345。见图2表3
中国老年人CRD死亡率APC模型检验结果显示,各组差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001)。年龄效应结果显示,中国老年男性CRD死亡风险随年龄增大先升后降,在90~94岁发生转折,60~64岁发生风险最低(RR=0.134),90~94岁发生风险最高(RR=5.053);老年女性CRD死亡风险随年龄增大单调递增,RR值范围为0.130~5.090。时期效应结果显示,中国老年男性CRD死亡风险随时期推移先降后升,在2015—2019年发生转折,在1900—1994年RR值最高(RR=1.221),在2015—2019年RR值最低(RR=0.826);老年女性CRD死亡风险的时期效应变化趋势基本与男性一致,各时期的RR值范围为0.697~1.479。队列效应结果显示,中国老年男性CRD死亡风险随出生队列发展先升后降,1990—1904年出生的队列RR值最高(RR=1.693),1960—1964年出生的队列RR值最小(RR=0.374);老年女性CRD死亡风险的队列效应变化趋势表现为平缓下降趋势,各出生队列RR值范围为0.374~1.724。见图3表4
本研究通过对GBD 2021中国老年CRD疾病负担数据的分析,探讨我国老年CRD的变化趋势和流行病学特征。结果显示,1990—2021年中国老年人群CRD疾病负担呈下降趋势,标化发病率、标化死亡率和标化DALY率平均每年下降1.05%、3.68%和3.56%。为调整年龄和时期效应的混杂,本研究采用APC模型分析了年龄效应、时期效应和出生队列效应对老年CRD发生率和死亡率的影响。结果显示,男性疾病负担明显重于女性;年龄越大,发病和死亡风险越高;随时期推移,发病和死亡风险先降后升;随出生队列发展,发病和死亡风险逐渐降低。
随着我国老龄化的逐步发展,作为老年人四大主要慢性病之一的CRD在老年群体中的发生率显著提高,已成为我国老年人第三大非传染性疾病死因[9],且该病病程长,恢复慢,常伴多种并发症,需要长时间的精心治疗与护理,给患者和家庭都带来不小的经济负担和精神压力。我国社会对慢性病防治的重视程度不够,自我保健意识薄弱,尽管医学检查和治疗水平不断提高,CRD防治形势依然严峻[10]。由于国家政策导向和CRD防治的现实需求,当前需要更注重对老年CRD的提前防控和早期健康教育,积极推进CRD的分级诊疗,以提高老年人的预期寿命[11]
本研究结果显示,我国老年人群CRD疾病负担存在明显的性别差异[12],老年男性的标化发病率、标化死亡率和标化DALY率均高于老年女性,这可能与吸烟有关。吸烟是造成CRD的主要因素[13-14],而我国成人吸烟率一直处于较高水平,且男性吸烟率明显高于女性[15]。相较于女性,男性在慢性病防治素养及接受度方面更低,如缺乏戒烟自主性,一定程度上表明缺乏自我健康管理意识。值得注意的是,2006—2014年间CRD的标化发病率呈现上升趋势,可能与此时期环境颗粒污染物增加有关[16]。研究显示,环境颗粒污染物已经成为CRD的第二大致病因素[17],对老年CRD构成的威胁程度增加。此外,我国老年人口CRD的标化发病率和标化死亡率的降低幅度明显高于全球水平,我国CRD防治成效优于全球水平,侧面说明了我国经济水平、医疗水平、居民健康意识和营养水平得到了较大提升[18]
年龄效应结果显示,老年CRD的发病和死亡风险随年龄增长而升高[16],即年龄越大,老年CRD发病和死亡风险越高。95岁及以上发病率最高,60~64岁最低,男性95岁及以上发病风险是60~64岁的4.18倍,女性为3.83倍;男性90~94岁死亡风险最高,60~64岁最低,前者是后者37.71倍,女性则是95岁以上死亡率最高,60~64岁最低,39.15倍。随着年龄增长,老年人的生理功能逐渐下降,免疫功能减弱,加之长期暴露于如吸烟、室内外空气污染等风险因素,加之常伴有多种慢性基础疾病,这些基础疾病与CRD共同作用,增加了CRD发病和死亡风险。我国老龄化社会的特点之一就是老龄化人口中高龄化速度过快,根据预测到2050年80岁以上高龄老人将达到1亿人,提示我们未来CRD的关注重点应为高龄老年人。
时期效应结果显示,老年人CRD的发病和死亡风险随时期推移先降后升。结果显示,发病高峰期集中在1990—2004年(RR>1),与1990—1994年相比,男性在2020—2021年发病风险降低了3.04%,女性降低了13.52%。死亡高峰期也集中在1990—2004年(RR>1),与1990—1994年相比,男性在2020—2021年死亡风险降低了38.82%。女性降低了47.40%。医疗水平有限,对疾病的认识和控制不足,医疗资源不能满足我国CRD患者的医疗需求,可能是早期老年CRD患者发病率和死亡率较高的原因之一。但近年来,我国医疗保障体系逐渐完善,医疗水平不断提高,CRD疾病管理水平有所提高[19],因此我国老年CRD发病率和死亡率呈下降趋势[20]。老年CRD在2020—2021年间发病和死亡风险发生逆转,可能与COVID-19流行有关,COVID-19感染会削弱老年人免疫系统,使老年人更易受到CRD的侵袭。
队列效应结果显示,老年CRD的发病和死亡风险随出生队列的发展呈缓慢下降趋势,即出生越晚,老年CRD发病和死亡风险越低。与1895—1900年出生的队列相比,1960-1964年出生的老年男性发病风险下降了43.73%,死亡风险下降了74.81%,老年女性发病风险下降了46.91%,死亡风险下降了78.31%。老年女性相较于老年男性,发病和死亡风险下降幅度更大[21]。CRD的疾病负担存在地区差异,社会人口指数与CRD死亡负担呈负相关,在高经济水平区域死亡率显著降低,在低经济水平区域死亡率增加,老龄化和人口增长是这一变化的主要驱动力[12]。到2019年,全球和5个不同社会人口指数地区的标化患病率、标化死亡率和标化DALY率分别下降了0.64%、1.92%和1.72%,但由于人口老龄化和人口增长,全球CRD患者数量相较于1990年增长了39.8%[13]。在此背景下,尽管老年CRD发病率和死亡率下降,但由于绝对数量和率的反向变化,在此期间老年CRD发病和死亡的人口绝对数量并没有明显降低,老年CRD的发病和死亡控制工作仍然不容松懈。
本研究仍存在一定的局限性:①尽管GBD2021采用了许多策略来提高数据质量和准确性,但误差是不可避免的,这可能会影响最终分析结果的准确性。②GBD2021对中国老年人群的CRD疾病负担是在中国整体上进行的数据展示,没有在省市、地区层次上进行展示。
综上所述,在我国老龄化逐步加深的背景下,明确老年CRD疾病负担和人群特征具有现实意义。1990—2021年中国老年人群CRD疾病负担呈下降趋势,男性负担重于女性,发病和死亡风险随年龄增长而升高,随时期推移而下降,随出生队列发展而下降,应继续采取积极策略进一步降低其疾病负担。
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2025年第52卷第4期
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doi: 10.20043/j.cnki.MPM.202408467
  • 接收时间:2024-08-31
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-31
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    中国人民解放军总医院第一医学中心呼吸与危重症医学科,北京 100039

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张真真,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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